DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical and Non-Technical Issues Towards the Commercialisation of Wave Energy Converters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical and Non-Technical Issues Towards the Commercialisation of Wave Energy Converters Technical and Non-Technical Issues towards the Commercialisation of Wave Energy Converters Technical and Non-Technical Issues towards the Commercialisation of Wave Energy Converters Revised Version PhD Thesis Defended in public at Aalborg University March 15, 2013 Julia Fernandez´ Chozas Department of Civil Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering and Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark ISBN 978-87-93102-53-8 (e-book) Published, sold and distributed by: River Publishers Niels Jernes Vej 10 9220 Aalborg Ø Denmark Tel.: +45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com Copyright for this work belongs to the author, River Publishers have the sole right to distribute this work commercially. All rights reserved c 2013 Julia Fern´andez Chozas. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Publisher. i “Se queres aprender a rezar, entra no mar” (“If you want to learn how to pray, go to sea”) Portuguese proverb “La mobilité et l’inégalité successive des vagues, après s’être élevées comme des montagnes, s’affaissent l’instant après, entraînant dans leurs mouvements tous les corps qui surnagent, quels que soient leur poids et leur volume. La masse énorme d’un vaisseau de ligne, qu’aucune puissance connue ne serait capable de soulever, obéit cependant au moindre mouvement de l’onde” (“The motion and successive inequality of waves, which after having been elevated like mountains fall away in the following instant, take into their motion all bodies which float on them, regardless their weight or volume. The imposing mass of a vessel, which no other known force is capable of lifting, responds to the slightest wave motions”) Girard father and son, Paris, 1799 “Glendenning … said that much of it would be inaccessible for economic exploitation, as the line extended well north of the Hebrides and transmission became difficult, if not impossible. But that was said in 1977. No one would say it today (1992), when the oil industry has shown that inaccessible areas suddenly become reachable when there is energy to be won” David Ross, Energy from Ocean Waves, 1992 iii Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... v Summary in English ................................................................................................................. vii Dansk resumé ............................................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... xi List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................ xiii List of appended papers ............................................................................................................ xv Preface .................................................................................................................................... xvii Chapter I – Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 I.1 General introduction .......................................................................................................... 2 I.2 Structure of the thesis ........................................................................................................ 3 Chapter II – History and prospects of wave energy ................................................................... 5 II.1 Introduction to wave energy ............................................................................................ 6 II.2 Advantages and disadvantages of wave energy ............................................................... 7 II.3 Recommended bibliography to wave energy ................................................................... 8 II.3.1 European projects relevant to the thesis .................................................................... 9 Chapter III – Rationale ............................................................................................................. 13 III.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14 III.2 State of the art of development programmes ................................................................ 14 III.2.1 Examples of development programmes ................................................................. 17 III.3 Research interest ........................................................................................................... 20 III.3.1 Overview of a proposed wave energy converter development .............................. 21 III.3.2 Research focus ....................................................................................................... 23 Chapter IV – Review of identified issues towards wave energy commercialisation ............... 27 IV.1 Regulatory frameworks .............................................................................................. 28 IV.2 Public opinion on wave energy .................................................................................... 32 IV.3 Performance assessment of wave energy converters ................................................... 35 IV.4 Grid connection and integration of wave energy in European offshore grids .............. 39 IV.5 Diversified renewable systems with wave and offshore wind production ................... 41 IV.6 Wave and wind forecasting and balancing costs .......................................................... 45 IV.7 Economic assessment of wave energy projects ............................................................ 51 v Chapter V – Summary of results .............................................................................................. 55 V.1 Overview of results ........................................................................................................ 56 V.2 Further recommended work ........................................................................................... 60 References ................................................................................................................................ 63 Appendix – Papers enclosed to the thesis ................................................................................ 75 Paper A: State of the Art of Wave Energy in Spain ............................................................. 77 Paper B: Toward Best Practices for Public Acceptability in Wave Energy: Whom, How and When to Address .................................................................................................................. 81 Paper C: Toward Best Practices for Public Acceptability in Wave Energy: Issues Developers Need to Address ................................................................................................ 91 Paper D: Performance Assessment of the Wave Dragon Wave Energy Converter Based on the EquiMar Methodology.................................................................................................. 103 Paper E: Integration of Wave and Offshore Wind Energy in a European Offshore Grid .. 115 Paper F: Combined Production of a full-scale Wave Converter and a full-scale Wind Turbine – a Real Case Study .............................................................................................. 125 Paper G: Predictability of the Power Output of Three Wave Energy Technologies in the Danish North Sea ................................................................................................................ 135 Paper H: Economic Benefit of Combining Wave and Wind Power Productions in Day- Ahead Electricity Markets .................................................................................................. 147 vi Summary in English The thesis “Technical and non-technical issues towards the commercialisation of wave energy converters” elaborates on the necessary steps and on the different difficulties that appear during the development of a wave energy converter (WEC). It focuses on seven key areas which appear when a WEC is going through sea trials. As examined throughout the thesis, all these subjects are of relevance to successfully reach the commercialisation of WECs and need attention from the sector as such, not least from device developers. The thesis is presented in two parts: a main introduction and a collection of papers. The first part provides a brief history of wave energy, introduces the research topic, describes the different disciplines addressed in the thesis and relates them. The eight papers comprise the core part of the work. The papers address the research topic in different ways: from a legal, social, technical and economic viewpoint, and from various WEC development stages. All the analyses are carried out from the perspective of device developers. The understanding of WEC developments has been central to the outline of the thesis, as it has formed the framework of the work. Therefore, the rationale behind the thesis has been firstly, to identify the primary phases that generally appear within the development of a WEC, until it becomes a commercial reality; secondly, within that development, to determine the issues or phases where
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sustainable Communities and Wind Energy Project Acceptance in Massachusetts
    Sustainable Communities and Wind Energy Project Acceptance in Massachusetts Maria A. Petrova, PhD* I. Background ..................................................................... 530 II. Study Context ................................................................. 534 III. Literature Review and Research Questions .................. 539 IV. Methods ........................................................................... 543 V. Results............................................................................. 544 VI. Discussion and Conclusion ............................................. 551 The State of Massachusetts is one of the most progressive U.S. states in advancing sustainability through energy conservation and renewable energy. The Green Communities Act,1 signed into law by Governor Deval Patrick in 2008, has awarded 110 communities with the title “Green Communities” in the last five years.2 The title is earned after communities achieve “five clean energy benchmarks,”3 two of which are the provision of “as-of-right” siting for renewable/alternative energy generation and the adoption of an expedited application © 2014 Maria A. Petrova, PhD * Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 160 Packard Ave, Medford, MA 02155, [email protected]. This work was done as a Postdoctoral Scholar at the Energy, Climate, and Innovation (ECI) Program in the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy (CIERP) at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. Financial support was provided through a grant to ECI from BP Group and Barbara Kates- Garnick. I am grateful for the review assistance of Professor Kelly Sims Gallagher and the research help of students Allison Thompson, Elena Nikolova, and Chantal Davis. 1. An Act Relative to Green Communities, 2008 Mass. Acts 308–80. 2. Press Release, Mass. Exec. Office of Energy & Envtl. Affairs, Patrick- Murray Administration Energy Officials Present Green Communities Award (Apr.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling and Simulation of an Hvdc Network for Offshore Wind Farms”
    Project Report – Budget TREBALL DE FI DE GRAU “MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN HVDC NETWORK FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS” TFG presentat per optar al títol de GRAU en ENGINYERIA DE L’ENERGIA per Joan-Bartomeu Pons Perelló Barcelona, 09 de Juny de 2015 Director: Arnau Dòria Cerezo Codirector: Sergio Zlotnik Departament d’Enginyeria Elèctrica (EE – 709) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Project Report “MODELING AND SIMULATION OF AN HVDC NETWORK FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS” TFG presentat per optar al títol de GRAU en ENGINYERIA DE L’ENERGIA per Joan-Bartomeu Pons Perelló Barcelona, 09 de Juny de 2015 Director: Arnau Dòria Cerezo Codirector: Sergio Zlotnik Departament d’Enginyeria Elèctrica (EE – 709) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i List of Figures . iii List of Tables . v Abstract . vii Resum . vii Resumen . vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Aim and goals of this project . 1 1.2 Context and motivation . 1 1.2.1 Wind power and offshore wind farms . 2 1.2.2 HVDC transmission . 4 1.3 Project Report outline . 6 Chapter 2: Modeling of an HVDC network 7 2.1 Analytical model . 7 2.1.1 HVDC lines . 7 2.1.2 Voltage Source Converters . 9 2.1.3 General model . 10 2.1.4 Wind energy conversion model . 11 2.1.5 Control scheme: Droop control . 14 2.2 Case Studies . 16 2.2.1 Case Study 1: 4-terminal, 3-line system . 16 2.2.2 Case Study 2: 5-terminal, 6-line system . 17 2.2.3 Case Study 3: North Sea Transnational Grid .
    [Show full text]
  • EWEA Offshore Report 2009
    Oceans of Opportunity Harnessing Europe’s largest domestic energy resource A report by the European Wind Energy Association Oceans of opportunity Europe’s offshore wind potential is enormous and able to power Europe seven times over. Huge developer interest Over 100 GW of offshore wind projects are already in various stages of planning. If realised, these projects would produce 10% of the EU’s electricity whilst avoiding 200 million tonnes of CO2 emissions each year. Repeating the onshore success EWEA has a target of 40 GW of offshore wind in the EU by 2020, implying an average annual market growth of 28% over the coming 12 years. The EU market for onshore wind grew by an average 32% per year in the 12-year period from 1992-2004 – what the wind energy industry Oceans of Opportunity has achieved on land can be repeated at sea. Building the offshore grid EWEA’s proposed offshore grid builds on the 11 offshore grids currently operating and 21 offshore grids currently being considered by the grid operators in the Baltic and North Seas to give Europe a truly pan-European electricity super highway. Realising the potential Strong political support and action from Europe’s policy-makers will allow a new, multi-billion euro industry to be built. EWEA Results that speak for themselves This new industry will deliver thousands of green collar jobs and a new About EWEA renewable energy economy and establish Europe as world leader in EWEA is the voice of the wind industry, actively promoting the utilisation of offshore wind power technology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development and Improvement of Instructions
    COMMUNITY BENEFIT FUNDS AND WIND POWER: A SCOTTISH CASE STUDY Dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WIND POWER PROJECT MANAGEMENT Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences, Campus Gotland Adam Christopher Mathers COMMUNITY BENEFIT FUNDS AND WIND POWER: A SCOTTISH CASE STUDY Dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN WIND POWER PROJECT MANAGEMENT Uppsala University Department of Earth Sciences, Campus Gotland Approved by: Supervisor, Dr Sanna Mels Examiner, Dr Heracles Polatidis Oct 2018 iii ABSTRACT The Scottish government’s aim of deriving 100 per cent of the nation’s electricity from renewable sources is dependent on the utilisation of wind energy. Social barriers, however, have continued to threaten these targets. Community benefit funds have often been paraded as the most common way of improving public attitudes towards wind farms in the United Kingdom, although little empirical evidence exists to support this notion. Using the proposed Ourack wind farm, approximately three and a half miles north of Grantown-on-Spey in the Scottish Highlands, this case study, consisting of a sequential explanatory research design comprised of an initial close-ended survey followed by in-depth semi-structured interviews, sought to explore the community’s perceptions of community benefits, identify the type of fund that the community wanted, and investigate the role of such benefit provisions in altering perceptions of wind farms. The key findings indicated that the majority of participants were in favour of benefits being provided, they preferred funding to be directed towards community organisations, and approximately one third of research participants (31.6 per cent) perceived the proposed wind farm in a more positive light after considering the possible benefits the region would accrue.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Wave and Offshore Wind Energy in a European Offshore Grid
    Aalborg Universitet Integration of Wave and Offshore Wind Energy in a European Offshore Grid Chozas, Julia Fernandez; Sørensen, H. C.; Korpås, M. Published in: Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Publication date: 2010 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Chozas, J. F., Sørensen, H. C., & Korpås, M. (2010). Integration of Wave and Offshore Wind Energy in a European Offshore Grid. In Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference: Beijing, China, June 20-25, 2010 (Vol. I, pp. 926-933). International Society of Offshore & Polar Engineers. International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Proceedings Vol. 20 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: September 24, 2021 Proceedings of the Twentieth (2010) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Beijing, China, June 2025, 2010 Copyright © 2010 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) ISBN 978-1-880653-77-7 (Set); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set); www.isope.org Integration of Wave and Offshore Wind Energy in a European Offshore Grid J.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Infrastructure
    MJ-30-10-705- EN -C Energy infrastructure PRIORITIES FOR 2020 AND BEYOND ─ A BLUEPRINT FOR AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN ENERGY NETWORK Energy infrastructure PRIORITIES FOR 2020 AND BEYOND ─ A BLUEPRINT FOR AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN ENERGY NETWORK This illustrated brochure comprises the text of the European Commission’s communication ‘Energy infrastructure priorities for 2020 and beyond — A Blueprint for an integrated European energy network’ (COM(2010) 677 final of 17 November 2010) and a foreword by Commissioner Günther Oettinger. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2011 ISBN 978-92-79-18877-0 doi:10.2833/78572 © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Photos courtesy of: European Commission; European Parliament; iStockphoto; Patrick Mascart/European Commission; Shutterstock; Siemens/EWEA. Printed in Belgium FOREWORD Europe is at an unprecedented crossroads for its energy future. We are currently going through a paradigm shift in the way we produce, transmit, distribute and trade energy, as we try to reduce the carbon footprint of the energy sector as a whole. This shift will increase the role of electricity compared to other energy vectors. We will have to get the most promising renewable energy sources where they are, while further integrating the European energy market.
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion Planning of the North Sea Offshore Grid: Simulation of Integrated Governance Constraints
    Energy Economics 72 (2018) 376–392 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eneeco Expansion planning of the North Sea offshore grid: Simulation of integrated governance constraints João Gorenstein Dedecca a,⁎, Sara Lumbreras b, Andrés Ramos b,RudiA.Hakvoorta, Paulien M. Herder a a Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands b Institute for Research in Technology, Comillas Pontifical University, Santa Cruz de Marcenado 26, 28015 Madrid, Spain article info abstract Article history: The development of offshore transmission and wind power generation in the North Sea of Europe is advancing Received 15 October 2017 fast, but there are significant barriers to an integrated offshore grid in the region. This offshore grid is a multi- Received in revised form 18 April 2018 level, multi-actor system requiring a governance decision-making approach, but there is currently no proven Accepted 23 April 2018 governance framework for it, or for the expansion planning of the European power system in general. In addition, Available online 25 April 2018 existing offshore expansion planning models do not endogenously include governance considerations, such as JEL classification: country vetoes to integrated lines. We develop a myopic Mixed-Integer Linear Programming model of offshore C63 generation and transmission expansion planning to study the effect of integrated governance constraints. D7 These constraints limit investments in integrated lines: non-conventional lines linking offshore wind farms to L5 other countries or to other farms. Each constraint affects the system (including the main transmission corridors), L94 transmission technologies and welfare distribution differently.
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Government Good Practice Principles for Community Benefits from Onshore Renewable Energy Developments Cares Supports Local Renewable Energy Generation
    ScottIsh Government Good practIce prIncIples for CommunIty benefIts from Onshore renewable Energy developments CarEs supports Local renewable energy generatIon Contents 1 Foreword ................................................................ 3 2 Introduction and overview ....................................... 4 3 Basic principles of community benefits ...................... 6 4 Community investment ............................................ 8 5 Other forms of community benefit ........................... 10 6 Identification of the community ............................... 12 7 Public consultation on community benefit schemes ... 16 8 Supporting effective fund spend .............................. 20 9 Fund administration and governance....................... 24 10 Ongoing role of developer .................................... 26 11 ANNEXES ............................................................ 28 This document is available alongside the shared ownership annex at: www.localenergyscotland.org/goodpractice Revised September 2015 for accuracy. 2 1 foreword winter 2013/14 and we are grateful for the work Renewable energy in Scotland presents an uprecedented opportunity for communities of the informal stakeholder group, as listed in to share in the benefits of their local energy Annex 11.5, convened under our Community and resources. Renewable Energy Scheme (CARES). We think this has produced a very helpful national reference to The Scottish Government has no powers to guide what is a voluntary local process, and we oblige developers
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment Accompanying the Document Communication from the Commission to the European
    COUNCIL OF Brussels, 21 January 2014 THE EUROPEAN UNION 5526/14 ADD 2 ENER 19 RECH 24 ENV 48 COVER NOTE from: Secretary-General of the European Commission, signed by Mr Jordi AYET PUIGARNAU, Director date of receipt: 20 January 2014 to: Mr Uwe CORSEPIUS, Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union No Cion doc.: SWD(2014) 13 final Subject: Commission Staff Working Document Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Ocean Energy Action needed to deliver on the potential of ocean energy in European seas and oceans by 2020 and beyond Delegations will find attached Commission document SWD(2014) 13 final. ________________________ Encl.: SWD(2014) 13 final 5526/14 ADD 2 JPD/st 1 DG E EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 20.1.2014 SWD(2014) 13 final COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT Accompanying the document Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions Ocean Energy Action needed to deliver on the potential of ocean energy by 2020 and beyond {COM(2014) 8 final} {SWD(2014) 12 final} EN EN TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................... 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 2. Procedural Issues and Consultation of Interested Parties
    [Show full text]
  • (For Official Use Only) PUBLIC PETITION NO. PE1188 Should You Wish to Submit a Public Petition for Consideration by the Public P
    (For official use only) PUBLIC PETITION NO. PE1188 Should you wish to submit a public petition for consideration by the Public Petitions Committee please refer to the guidance leaflet How to submit a public petition and the Guidance Notes at the back of this form. 1. NAME OF PRINCIPAL PETITIONER Nick Dekker 2. TEXT OF PETITION Nick Dekker calling on the Scottish Parliament to urge the Scottish Government to investigate the circumstances whereby it agreed that 60 hydro-power stations could be accredited for subsidy under the Renewables Obligation scheme and that generation capacity could be cut to below the 20megawatt qualification threshold at others to enable accreditation and whether, in the interests of electricity consumers, it will rescind these accreditations. 3. ACTION TAKEN TO RESOLVE ISSUES OF CONCERN BEFORE SUBMITTING THE PETITION I have contacted and have been in correspondence with AuditScotland, OFGEM, Scottish & Southern Energy PLC and ScottishPower PLC. Alex Neil MSP also corresponded with Scottish & Southern Energy. 4. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION See— “The war on climate change – A licence to print money?” “Subsidies and Subterfuge – Hydro-power and the Renewables Obligation” (also on www.swap.org.uk) “ROCs earned by Alcan, SSE and ScottishPower from 'old build' hydro, April 2002 to December 2007” (a report by the petitioners); “Renewable Energy Data for Scotland (Hydro), May 2008” Correspondence generally pertinent to the petition but esp to Question 3 OFGEM’s “Annual Reports on the Renewables Obligation” 2004 to 2008; Press releases and other material referred to in “The war on climate change – a licence to print money?” and elsewhere 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorandum Submitted by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (WIND 01)
    Energy and Climate Change Committee The Economics of Wind Power written evidence REF: Page WIND 01 Department of Energy and Climate Change 5 WIND 02 Maureen Beaumont 9 WIND 03 D E Simmons CEng; MIMechE; CMIOSH; RMaPS 11 WIND 04 Galloway Landscape And Renewable Energy (GLARE) 12 WIND 05 Dr. Ian Woollen 15 WIND 06 Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) 16 WIND 07 Viscount Monckton of Brenchley 18 WIND 08 ABB 21 WIND 09 Roland Heap 24 WIND 10 David Campbell 29 WIND 11 The Renewable Energy Foundation 31 WIND 12 Brian Skittrall 34 WIND 13 Sir Donald Miller 37 WIND 14 Hengistbury Residents' Association (HENRA) 40 WIND 15 Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy ‐ UK 43 WIND 16 REG Windpower Ltd 46 WIND 17 Adrian J Snook 52 WIND 18 Montgomeryshire Local Council Forum; Welshpool Town Council 55 WIND 19 Ian W Murdoch 57 WIND 20 Mrs Brenda Herrick 60 WIND 21 Mr N W Woolmington 62 WIND 22 Professor Jack W Ponton FREng 63 WIND 23 Mrs Anne Rogers 65 WIND 24 Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF) 67 WIND 25 Derek Partington 70 WIND 26 Professor Michael Jefferson 76 WIND 27 Robert Beith CEng FIMechE, FIMarE, FEI and Michael Knowles CEng 78 WIND 28 Barry Smith FCCA 81 WIND 29 The Wildlife Trusts (TWT) 83 WIND 30 Wyck Gerson Lohman 87 WIND 31 Brett Kibble 90 WIND 32 W P Rees BSc. CEng MIET 92 WIND 33 Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 95 WIND 34 Councillor Ann Cowan 98 WIND 35 Ian M Thompson 99 WIND 36 E.ON UK plc 102 WIND 37 Brian D Crosby 105 WIND 38 Peter Ashcroft 106 WIND 39 Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE) 109 WIND 40 Scottish Renewables 110 WIND 41 Greenpeace UK; World Wildlife Fund; Friends of the Earth 114 WIND 42 Wales and Borders Alliance 119 WIND 43 National Opposition to Windfarms 121 WIND 44 David Milborrow 124 WIND 45 SSE 126 WIND 46 Dr Howard Ferguson 129 WIND 47 Grantham Research Institute 132 WIND 48 George F Wood 135 WIND 49 Greenersky.
    [Show full text]
  • TEN-E Financed Projects 1995-2013 for Europa.Xls P Rojec T Referenc E Dec Is Ion 2006 Guidelines Referenc E P Rojec T P Riority
    2013 TEN-E financed projects 1995-2013 for Europa.xls Member Company Description State(s) Decision Priority axe Priority Project reference Project Project priority (*) priority Project Financing by TEN Financing 2006 guidelines reference2006 guidelines E341/13 13-E341/13EL.9 PEI EL.9 IT DII GmbH 206.225 € (GERMANY) + Feasibility study on a submarine electricity interconnection between Italy and North EuropaGrid Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya) for the exchange of renewable electricity between Transmission Europe and North Africa Services Ltd (IRELAND) E344/13 13-E344 EL.7 PEI EL.7 DK Energinet 1.100.000 € Kasso-Tjele Monopiles (DENMARK) E345/13 13-E345 2.23 PCI, PEI DK Energinet 400.000 € Oresund - two new 132 kV interconnectors from Denmark to Sweden (DENMARK) E346/13 13-E346 EL.7 PEI EL.7 DK Energinet 1.100.000 € Synchronous condensers in Fraugde and Herslev (DENMARK) E348/13 13-E348 4.1 PCI IT Feasibility study for a new electrical interconnection through the northern cross border 251.910 € CIE, CVA, SAV, between Italy and Switzerland, by means of the under-construction Gran San Bernardo SITRASB (ITALY) safety gallery and existing highway infrastructures E351/13 13-E351 3.55 PCI BE ELIA Asset 2.000.000 € Offshore Grid and Interconnection Enabler: Stevin Project (BELGIUM) E352/13 13-E352 EL.7 PEI EL.7 LT LITGRID AB Oversight of design and build contract of HVDC back-to-back station interconnecting 50.000 € (LITHUANIA) Lithuanian and Polish power grids in LitPol Link Project E353/13 13-E353 EL.8 PEI EL.8 SK Slovenska 2.338.779 € elektrizacna
    [Show full text]