ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL014 World Archaeology: the Deep History of Human Societies

Institute of Archaeology

Note: Information regarding teaching, learning and assessment in this handbook endeavours to be as accurate as possible. However, in light of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the changeable nature of the situation, and the possibility of updates in government guidance, there may need to be changes during the course of the year. UCL will keep current students updated of any changes to teaching, learning and assessment on the Students’ webpages, which includes Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) to help you with any queries that you may have.

ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL014 World Archaeology: The Deep History of Human Societies

2020-21, Term 1

Year 1 module – 15 / 30 credits

Term 1 co-ordinator: Dr Manuel Arroyo-Kalin ([email protected]) Room 401, UCL Institute of Archaeology. UG Office hours: (09:30-11:00am on Tuesdays) https://outlook.office365.com/owa/calendar/[email protected]/bookings/

Please refer to the online IoA Student Handbook and IoA Study Skills Guide for instructions on coursework submission, IoA referencing guidelines and marking criteria, as well as UCL policies on penalties for late submission.

ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - World Archaeology, Term 1

1. WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY: MODULE OVERVIEW Module description The overarching mission of archaeology is to produce an empirically-grounded historical account of how humankind came to be. This narrative, reaching beyond and before transmitted memories and written histories, is fundamental to discuss who we are as a species; to understand the social institutions that structure how we live; and to decipher the history of the places and landscapes that we have inhabited and transformed over time.

World Archaeology offers a broad overview of the global database of empirical observations that underpins this time-deep narrative. Drawing primarily on archaeological research from across the world, it provides a broad-ranging introductory synthesis to the major global patterns of social, cultural, economic, and political change that make up time-deep human history, i.e. from the earliest “prehistory” to the beginnings of the so-called Modern era. During Term 1, the module reviews the evolution of hominins and subsequent human dispersals to all parts of the world. It then examines on a region by region basis some of the key processes that took place during the Holocene: the adoption of sedentism, plant and animal domestication and husbandry, human population growth, and the development of social complexity. During Term 2, World Archaeology focuses on later prehistoric and historic polities, empires and civilizations of Eurasia, Africa and the Americas, as well as their expansion and periodic collapse. It also considers the ‘exploration’ of the globe by Europeans from the 15th century onwards and the socio-economic consequences of such early globalizing connections.

If students have queries about the objectives, structure, content, assessment and/or organisation of the module: for Term 1 they should consult Dr Manuel Arroyo-Kalin ([email protected]) for Term 2 they should consult Professor Kevin MacDonald ([email protected]).

Module Aim The aim of the module is to provide students with a broad-ranging introductory synthesis of the major patterns of global social, cultural, economic and political change from earliest “prehistory” to the beginnings of the modern era, as can be inferred from archaeological evidence from across the world.

Learning Outcomes On successful completion of the module students should be able to demonstrate improved skills of observation and critical reflection on archaeological topics that have been covered in seminars and assessed work during each term. Students should be able to map in time and space some of the broad patterns that define global human history and have a good grasp of the processes that have been proposed to explain these patterns. Students should also be able to critically appraise received and popular narratives about time-deep human history and social evolution from the vantage point of up-to-date knowledge about past and ongoing archaeological research.

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Methods of Assessment The module is assessed through written essays. For each essay, students are expected to synthesise relevant archaeological literature pertaining to specific topics. There are different weightings for assessment depending on the module students are registered for:

 ARCL0002 is the module’s 30-credit version– i.e. taken by most students in the first year of their BA or BSc Archaeology [other than the BA in Archaeology and Anthropology]. Assessment during term 1 is based on two c. 1500-word essays, each contributing 25% to the final grade of the 30-credit module. The deadlines for Term 1 are: 9 November 2020 and 14 December 2020. Please note that assignments for the second half of the course (during Term 2) will be made be available at the start of Term 2.  ARCL0003 is the 15-credit version of the module running in Term 1 and taken by the BA in Archaeology of Egypt and Sudan, BASc students, Affiliate students, and other non- Archaeology students. For ARCL0003 students the module is assessed by two 1500-word essays, each contributing 50% to the final grade for the module. Deadlines are as above for ARCL0002: 9 November 2020 and 14 December 2020.  ARCL0014 is the module’s 15-credit version for BA Archaeology and Anthropology students. Term 1 is assessed by one 1500-word essay, which contributes 50% to the final grade of two terms. The deadline for the essay is 9 November 2020. Please remember that you must submit all assessments to complete and pass this module. Submission of assessments is done by uploading them to the appropriate submission link in the ARCL0002 Moodle page.

Week-by-week summary Week Date Topic Lecturers 1 09 Oct 2020 Two Cultures, One Deep History MAK 2 16 Oct 2020 Before us: The origins of the human genus CS 3 23 Oct 2020 Rise, dispersal and social complexity of Modern Humans AG 4 30 Oct 2020 Forging the Neolithic DF, LM, MAK 5 06 Nov 2020 The Neolithic in the Fertile Crescent and Africa KW, KM 6 READING WEEK 7 20 Nov 2020 The Neolithic in Asia DF 8 27 Nov 2020 The Neolithic colonisation of Europe MPP 9 4 Dec 2020 Why the state has no origin DW 10 11 Dec 2020 The “Neolithic” in the Americas MAK 11 18 Dec 2020 Back-sighting: review of Term 1 of World Archaeology MAK Lecturers: Manuel Arroyo-Kalin (MAK), Ceri Shipton (CS), Andrew Garrard (AG), Dorian Fuller (DF), Louise Martin (LM), Karen Wright (KW), Kevin MacDonald (KM), Mike Parker Pearson (MPP), David Wengrow (DW)

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Weekly Module Plan

Term 1 of World Archaeology is taught by multiple lecturers, each of whom is knowledgeable in one or more fields of archaeology, including regional specialisms. The module, therefore, has many flavours: students should be aware that each participating lecturer may approach their teaching in a slightly different way.

On a weekly basis, the module is based on Pre-recorded Lectures, Readings, and Live Seminars. Pre-recorded Lectures introduce weekly topics and are made available via Moodle ahead of each Friday Live Seminar: with their associated essential readings, they provide an indispensable background to the Live Seminars. A Hot Questions link for every weekly seminar can be populated with questions ahead of the Live Seminars themselves, during which lecturers will provide further content related to the lectures (for instance they might unpack specific case studies and use these to highlight in more detail some of the issues introduced via the Pre- recorded Lectures). Students will need engage with content offered in the Live Seminars during the weekly Friday meetings. Lecturers will then ask students to discuss these contents and explore their implications for the broader topics outlined in the pre-recorded lectures. In short, Live Seminars on Fridays are designed to explore contents in more detail, provide an opportunity to ask questions, and allow for broader discussion of each weekly topic. Important: please see the section on Preparation for Class, Basic Texts and Online Resources, below, for further details.

Communications  The ARCL0002 Moodle page is the main hub of communication for this course. During Term 1, this also includes ARCL0003 and ARCL00014).  Important information will be posted by staff in the Announcements Section of the Moodle page - you will automatically receive an email notification for these.  Please post any general queries relating to module content, assessments and administration in the Moodle Q&A. The forum will be monitored regularly.  For specific queries related to Term 1, book a meeting or contact the coordinator by email.  Links to Live Seminars can be found on the ARCL0002 Moodle page

Workload

The total workload during term 1 is approximately 150 hours. Students will need to devote on average 1 hour per week in order to watch, in their own time, the pre-recorded lecturers plus 2 hours per week in Live Seminars with lecturers, for a total of 30 hours. During the term, students can expect to undertake 60 hours of reading and use 60 hours to produce marked assignments.

2. ASSESSMENT The module is assessed through written essays which must be based on the contents covered in lectures and seminars. Note, however, that you are expected to synthesise relevant archaeological literature (drawn from the module’s reading list, as well as from the literature

3 ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - World Archaeology, Term 1 cited therein and further afield) in order to discuss specific topics. That is, it is important that you reference and discuss scholarly sources in your essays rather than simply refer to teaching materials. This means you must research the broader literature for scholarly presentation of the concepts, processes, and case studies mentioned in lectures and seminars.

The IoA Study Skills Guide provides useful guidance on writing different types of assignment. Note that there are penalties for late submission: see UCL guidance on penalties (Academic Manual 3.12). - Note also that penalties will also be imposed if you exceed word limits set out below.

Essay 1 – 50% - 1500 words – deadline: 9 November 2020.

The goal of essay 1 is for students to integrate and synthesise the contents covered during the first four weeks of the module.

Choose one of the following three essay titles: 1. Outline and discuss the key factors (climatic, cultural, and physiological factors) used by archaeologists to understand the spread of either a) hominins, or b) anatomically modern humans

2. Outline and discuss the key processes used by archaeologists to understand the “Neolithic Revolution”

3 How does archaeological evidence inform our current understanding of cultural and biological diversity?

Essay 2 – 50% 1500 words – deadline 14 December 2020.

The goal of essay 2 is for students to examine specific archaeological case studies and, from an appraisal of archaeological evidence, highlight how they inform broader archaeological questions. Students should draw on the entire contents covered in the module (up to week 10), with special emphasis on regional case studies pertinent to topics discussed in weeks 5-10. Use two archaeological case studies from the following list:

Huaca Prieta Abu Hureyra Stonehenge Kanjera Tichitt Mezhirich Mammoth houses San Jacinto Nevelibka Göbekli Tepe Olduvai Gorge Kuk Swamp Giza Pyramid Lomekwi Caral South Indian Ashmounds Monteverde Poverty Point Çatalhöyük Meadowcroft Rockshelter Great Ziggurat of Ur Nabta Playa

4 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1

Assignments and possible approaches to them will be discussed by the co-ordinator in advance of submission deadlines. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should in the first instance use the class Moodle forum to ask questions (the forum is monitored by the co-ordinator). Additional questions and doubts can be sent by email to the Co-ordinator (be patient – I will reply in due course) or may be discussed during office hours. Please do not leave your questions about assessment until the last few days before a deadline.

With regard to assessed work, once submitted and marked, you will receive feedback on your written coursework via Moodle. You may discuss your marks and feedback with the co- ordinator by booking a time during office hours. The IoA marking criteria can be found in the IoA Student Handbook (Section 12- information on assessment).

3. PREPARATION FOR CLASS, BASIC TEXTS AND ONLINE RESOURCES

Preparation for class Pre-recorded lectures will be made available through Moodle ahead of each Friday meeting. It is essential that students watch the Pre-recorded Lecturers in their own time and before the Live Seminar each Friday. It is also essential that students do the indicated readings ahead of the Live Seminar: they are crucial for your effective participation in the activities and discussions that we will do, and they will greatly enhance your understanding of the material covered. Questions are very welcome and can be posted (even anonymously) via the Hot Questions link associated with each week’s meeting. Note that Further Readings are provided in the reading list (both in the final section of this handbook and through the UCL online reading list). These are useful for you to get a sense of the range of current work on a given topic and to draw from when preparing your assessments (essays).

Online reading list: https://rl.talis.com/3/ucl/lists/2A4F0924-7C10-EF2C-FF45-05F728FF29DB.html

Recommended basic texts and online resources

There is no single handbook for the entire module, nor indeed should there be, given the diversity of themes and approaches that make up the archaeology of deep-time world history! The following multi-authored books, however, are excellent sources of overviews for many of the periods, regions and issues covered:

Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. (eds.) 2014. The Cambridge World Prehistory Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Scarre, C (ed.) 2013. The Human Past. World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies (3rd revised edition). London: Thames and Hudson.

Of the above, purchase of The Human Past. World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies is highly recommended.

1 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1

Note that chapters in these books do not replace the specific readings for each lecture. However, they do provide a useful anchor or initial introduction on the topics. Their bibliographies also provide further reading that can help with your assessments.

4. SYLLABUS AND ESSENTIAL READINGS

Week 1 (Friday, 09 October) Introducing World Archaeology: Two Cultures, One Deep History Manuel Arroyo-Kalin

An introductory Pre-recorded Lecture during the first session offers an overview of the World Archaeology module. During the Live Seminar, we will a) expand on how the course is structured and assessed, b) examine how archaeology helped to formulate the very idea of a deep human past, and c) review some of the complicated premises that archaeological thinking used to develop an account of deep human history.

Essential Readings Pre-recorded Lecture: Smith ME (1992) Braudel’s temporal rhythms and chronology theory in archaeology. In (ed AB Knapp (ed.) Archaeology, Annales, and Ethnohistory, 23–34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (doi:10.1017/CBO9780511759949.003) Brooks, Nick (2006). "Cultural responses to aridity in the Middle Holocene and increased social complexity." Quaternary International 151 (1):29-49. Live Seminar: Yoffee, N. (2005). Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of the Earliest Cities, States and Civilizations, Chapter 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Politis G. (1996). Moving to produce: Nukak mobility and settlement patterns in Amazonia. World Archaeology 27, 492–511. Wengrow, D and Graeber, D. 2015 ’Farewell to the ‘childhood of man’: ritual, seasonality, and the origins of inequality’ Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (NS) 21(3):597- 619

Week 2 (Friday, 16 October) Before Us: the origins of the human genus - Ceri Shipton

What are the biological and cultural origins of the genus Homo, those that allowed our ancestors to carve out a niche distinct from the other Great Apes? The Pre-recorded Lecture by Ceri Shipton examines our genus as defined by hominin fossils alongside the emergence of the archaeological record itself. We will look at the changes in behaviour that led to the creation of archaeological sites from 3.3 to 1.7 million years ago and their relationship to Plio-Pleistocene climate change. We will consider what it means to be a member of the genus Homo by examining

2 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1 the lifeway that allowed hominins to expand their range far beyond our eastern and southern African homeland. The Live Seminar will examine archaeological evidence from two key case studies: the purported earliest stone artefacts from Lomekwi; and the transition to the Acheulean, by far the longest lasting archaeological culture, at Olduvai Gorge.

Essential Readings: Pre-recorded lecture: Plummer, T.W. and Bishop, L.C. (2016). Oldowan hominin behavior and ecology at Kanjera South, Kenya. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 94: 29-40 Live Seminar: Díez-Martín, F., Yustos, P.S., Uribelarrea, D., et al. (2015). The origin of the Acheulean: the 1.7 million-year-old site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Scientific Reports 5: 1-9. Harmand, S., Lewis, J.E., Feibel, C.S., et al. ., (2015). 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 521: 310-315.

Week 3 (Friday, 23 October) Modern Humans: rise, dispersal, social complexity - Andrew Garrard

The Pre-recorded Lecture by Andrew Garrard briefly examines the evolution of biologically and cognitively “modern humans” in Africa and their subsequent spread via the Middle East into Southern Asia, Australasia, Europe and the Americas. It reviews both the biological and archaeological evidence for their emergence, and the technological, economic and social adaptations that enabled the colonization of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene world. The Live Seminars will compare archaeological evidence for the peopling of Australia and the Americas, with a particular emphasis on whether humans were responsible for megafauna extinctions in each of these regions.

Essential Readings: Pre-recorded lecture: McBrearty, S. & Brooks, A. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal Human Evolution 39: 453-563.. Scarre, C. (ed.) (2013). The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies. (Chapter 4). London: Thames and Hudson.

Live Seminar: Balme, J. (2013). Of boats and string: the maritime colonization of Australia. Quaternary International 285: 68-75. Haynes G. (2013) Extinctions in North America’s late Glacial landscapes. Quaternary International 285: 89-98.

3 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1 Week 4 (Friday, 30 October) Forging the Neolithic - Dorian Fuller, Louise Martin, Manuel Arroyo-Kalin

"Once upon a time we (humanity) were all hunter-gatherers; and then something happened". This is perhaps the most fundamental premise inscribed into multiple accounts of what changed in human history during the terminal Pleistocene and the early-middle Holocene. While the domestication of plants and animals, the emergence of sedentary lifestyles, and the development of social complexity unfolded in many regions, these were not concomitant nor fundamentally concurrent processes. This session explores the foundations of the Neolithic Process. The Pre- Recorded Lecture by Dorian Fuller introduces the concept of the "Neolithic Revolution", and the various impacts on human societies that are associated with it: sedentism, population growth, increasing social complexity, and use of material symbols. It also begins to explore the broader global, comparative study of domestication and agricultural origins. Three Short Live Seminars, led by Dorian Fuller, Louise Martin, and Manuel Arroyo-Kalin, respectively examine in more detail (1) the concepts of cultivation, the “domestication syndrome” and agriculture; (2) the importance of secondary products in animal husbandry; and (3) the new epidemiological order that emerged as sedentary lifestyles were adopted.

Essential readings Pre-recorded lecture (Dorian Fuller) Hodder, I., (2018). Things and the slow neolithic: the middle eastern transformation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 25(1):155-177. Larson, G., Piperno, D.R., Allaby, ,et al., (2014). Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17):6139-6146. Short Live Seminar 1 – D Fuller SLS2 – L Martin SLS3 – M Arroyo-Kalin

Harris D.R., Fuller D.Q. (2014) Larson, Greger, and Scott, James C. (2017) Agriculture: Definition and Dorian Q. Fuller. (2014) Zoonoses: A Perfect Overview. In: Smith C. The Evolution of Epidemiological Storm. In (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Animal Domestication. Against the Grain, 93–115. Archaeology. Springer, New Annual Review of New Haven, CT: Yale York, NY. Ecology, Evolution, and University Press. Kennedy, J. 2012 Agricultural Systematics 45(1):115–36. Wolfe, Nathan D, Claire systems in the tropical Greenfield, H.J. (2010). The Panosian Dunavan, and forest: a critique framed by Secondary Products Jared Diamond. (2007) tree crops of Papua New Revolution: the past, the ‘Origins of Major Human Guinea. Quaternary present and the future. Infectious Diseases’. International 249: 140-150 World Archaeology, Nature 447(7142):279–83. [other papers in this same 42(1):29-54. volume may of interest too]

4 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1 Week 5 (Friday, 6 November) The Neolithic process in the Fertile Crescent and Africa - Karen Wright & Kevin MacDonald

This double session inaugurates a comparative approach to examining the early-middle Holocene archaeological sequence in multiple regions of the planted. The specific focus this week is archaeological evidence for the Neolithic Process in two neighbouring regions: the Fertile Crescent and Africa. Pre-Recorded Lecture 1 by Karen Wright examines the archaeological sequence from the terminal Pleistocene to the middle Holocene in the Fertile Crescent. This lecture provides an essential background to review two emblematic archaeological case studies during Live Seminar 1: Göbekli Tepe and Çatalhöyük. Pre- Recorded Lecture 2 by Kevin MacDonald shifts our attention to the alternate pathways to agriculture that characterised Africa during the same period. This lecture, at variance with the conventional models drawn from the Fertile Crescent, looks at a different sequence of events, whereby ceramics precede domestication and cattle precede crops. Live Seminar 2 then examines the important archaeological case study of Tichitt.

Essential Readings Pre-recorded lecture 1 – Pre-recorded lecture 2 – Karen Wright Kevin MacDonald

Kuijt, I. and Goring-Morris, A. N. (2002). Gifford-Gonzalez, D. and O. Hanotte (2011). Foraging, farming and social complexity in Domesticating Animals in Africa: the pre-pottery Neolithic of the southern Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Levant: a review and synthesis. Journal of Findings. Journal of World Prehistory 24:1- World Prehistory 16(4): 361-439. 23. Sagona, A. and Zimansky, P. (2009). Ancient Manning, K. (2010). A developmental history Turkey. London: Routledge. Chapter 3, “A of West African agriculture. In P. new social order,” 37-78; Chapter 4, Allsworth Jones (ed.), pp.43-52, West “Anatolia transformed,” 82-139. African Archaeology: New Developments, New Perspectives. BAR International Series 2164. Archaeopress: Oxford.

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Live Seminar 1: Gobekli Tepe and Çatalhöyuk Live Seminar 2 – Tichitt

Schmidt, K. (2011). Göbeklitepe, a Neolithic MacDonald, K.C. (2015). The Tichitt site in southeastern Turkey. In: Steadman, Tradition in the West African Sahel, in G. S. and McMahon, G. (eds.) The Oxford Barker and C. Goucher eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, 10,000-323 World History, Volume II: A World with BCE. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Agriculture 12,000 BCE – 500 CE, Hodder, I. (2011). Çatalhöyük: a prehistoric Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. settlement on the Konya Plain. In: Holl, A. (1993). Late Neolithic cultural Steadman, S. and McMahon, G. (eds.) The landscape in southeastern Mauritania: an Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, essay in spatiometrics. In Spatial 10,000-323 BCE. Oxford: Oxford Boundaries and Social Dynamics: Case University Press. Studies from Food-producing societies, eds. A. Katherine I. Wright (2014) Domestication and Holl and T. E. Levy. Ann Arbor: inequality? Households, corporate groups International Monographs in Prehistory, and food processing tools at Neolithic pp. 95-133 Çatalhöyük. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 33:1-33.

Week 6 (no classes - READING WEEK)

Week 7 (Friday, 20 November) The Neolithic in Asia - Dorian Fuller

During this week we examine the regional environments and early cultivation systems of seasonal monsoon Asia, especially China and India. The Pre-Recorded Lecture by Dorian Fuller, reviews the evidence for the domestication of rice and the emergence of sedentism in the Yantgze valley. Live Seminar 1 will focus on the origins of millet agriculture and the emergence of millet- based cultivation, pigs, and villages in northern China, with a specific emphasis on variable trajectories in terms of seasonal mobility, land productivity, craft production, and the eventual emergence of larger settlements and social complexity. Live Seminar 2 will examine the origins of agriculture in semi-arid tropics of India, including Gujarat and South India, which involves both local domestication of crops and introduction of crops and livestock ultimately from Southwest Asia. We will consider the evidence for cattle-sheep-goat pastoralism alongside native crops on South India, and discuss the distinctive ashmounds of South India.

Essential readings: Pre-recorded lecture David J. Cohen (2011) The beginnings of agriculture in China: a multiregional view. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S273-S293

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Fuller, Dorian Q & Qin, Ling (2009) Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice. World Archaeology 41(1): 88-111 Live Seminar 1- China Live Seminar 2- India

Peterson, C.E. and Shelach, G., (2012). Roberts, P., Boivin, N., Petraglia, M., Masser, P., Jiangzhai: Social and economic Meece, S., Weisskopf, A., Silva, F., Korisettar, R. organization of a Middle Neolithic and Fuller, D.Q., (2016). Local diversity in Chinese village. Journal of settlement, demography and subsistence across the Anthropological Archaeology, 31(3): southern Indian Neolithic-Iron Age transition: site 265-301. Doi: growth and abandonment at Sanganakallu-Kupgal. 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.007 Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 8(3): 575- 599.

Week 8 (Friday, 27 November) The Neolithic in Europe - Mike Parker Pearson

As we saw in Week 5, the oldest known pathway to agriculture originated in the Fertile Crescent and spread over the next thousands of years beyond that region. Archaeological evidence suggests agriculture began to be practiced in Southeast Europe around 6500 BC and its arrival in Britain around 4000 BC. The Pre-Recorded Lecture by Mike Parker Pearson examines how the Neolithic shaped mid Holocene Europe: how people changed from hunting and gathering to cultivating domesticated crops and rearing domesticated cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. Although the transition took place at different rates and in different ways across Europe, it was an irreversible transformation that foretold the sporadic and generally late emergence of state polities in Western Europe before the expansion of the Roman Empire. During the Live Seminar we will examine megalith building, one of the main forms of monumentality that appeared in Europe between the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age, focusing on its most impressive example: Stonehenge.

Essential readings Pre-recorded lecture Shennan, S.J. (2018). The First Farmers of Europe: an evolutionary perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Especially Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. Live Seminar Parker Pearson, M. (2013). Researching Stonehenge: theories past and present. Archaeology International 16:72-83.

Week 9 (Friday, 4 December) Why the state has no origin - David Wengrow

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The Pre-Recorded Lecture by David Wengrow reviews what archaeologists have in mind when they talk about "early state formation" in cases such as Shang China, the Classic Maya, the Inka Empire, the Old Kingdom in Egypt, and Early Dynastic Mesopotamia. During the Live Seminar we will focus on the latter two examples and ask whether the concept of "the state" is really useful in understanding the early social and political transformations in western Eurasia and North- East Africa.

Essential readings: Pre-recorded lecture Childe, V Gordon. (1950). ‘The Urban Revolution’. The Town Planning Review 21, no. 1 Wengrow, D. (2015). 'Cities before the state in early Eurasia' (The Jack Goody Lecture). Halle: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology: Wengrow, D (2010) What makes civilization?: the ancient Near East and the future of the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press - READ CHAPTER 5, 'THE ORIGIN OF CITIES'. Seminar Stevenson, A. (2016). 'The Egyptian predynastic and state formation'. Journal of Archaeological Research 24: 421-468. Yoffee, N. (1995). Political economy in early Mesopotamian states. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 281-311.

Week 10 (Friday 11 December) The “Neolithic Process” in the Americas Manuel Arroyo-Kalin

The Pre-Recorded Lecture by Manuel Arroyo-Kalin provides an overview of the so-called Neolithic process in the Americas, which took place independently from processes that unfolded in the Old World, included multiple domestications (mostly of plants; only of few animals), and the led to both persistent forager lifestyles and state formation in the late Holocene. During the Live Seminar we will examine how the adoption of farming, the appearance of sedentary lifestyles, and population growth followed particular and independent pathways in the Americas.

Essential readings: Pre-recorded lecture Waters et al.(2019). Introduction: The Peopling of the Americas at the End of the Pleistocene SAA Archaeological Record, 19(3):11 Moore, J (2014) A Prehistory of South America. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. Chapters 3, 4, 5 Sassaman, Kenneth E. (2004) ‘Complex Hunter–Gatherers in Evolution and History: A North American Perspective’. Journal of Archaeological Research 12, no. 3; 227–80. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JARE.0000040231.67149.a8. Rosenswig, R.M., (2015). A mosaic of adaptation: The archaeological record for Mesoamerica’s archaic period. Journal of Archaeological Research, 23 (2), 115-162. 8 Syllabus and Essential readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014- Term 1

Seminar: The Neolithic Process in the Americas (case studies will be assigned to groups of students)) Case Study 1. Colonisation CS 2. Cultivation CS3. Aggregation & Settlement

Froese et al. (2019) Bellwood, P. (2005) First Burger, R. L. The Development of Availability and Farmers, especially Early Peruvian Civilisation Viability of the Ice-Free Chapter 8: Early (2600–300 bce). The Cambridge Corridor and Pacific Agriculture in the World Prehistory. C. Renfrew Coast Routes for the Americas. Oxford: and P. Bahn. Cambridge, Peopling of the Blackwell Publishing, Cambridge University Press: Americas. SAA pages 146-179 1075-1097. Archaeological Record, Deborah M Pearsall. Dillehay, Tom D., Steve Goodbred, 19(3): 27-33 (2007) ‘Plant Mario Pino, et al. (2017). ‘Simple Waters, M. (2019) Early Domestication’. In Technologies and Diverse Food Exploration and Encyclopedia of Strategies of the Late Pleistocene Settlement of North Archaeology, edited by and Early Holocene at Huaca America during the Late Deborah M. Pearsall, Prieta, Coastal Peru’. Science Pleistocene. SAA 1822–42. New York: Advances 3, no. 5 Archaeological Record, Academic Press. Focus Kidder, Tristram R., and Sarah C. 19(3): 34-39 on pages 1833-1841 Sherwood. (2017) ‘Look to the Politis, G. & Prates (2019) Kistler, Logan, S. Yoshi Earth: The Search for Ritual in The Pre-Clovis Peopling Maezumi, Jonas the Context of Mound of South America SAA Gregorio de Souza, et Construction’. Archaeological Archaeological Record, al. (2018) ‘Multiproxy and Anthropological Sciences 9, 19(3):40-44 Evidence Highlights a no. 6 (1 September): 1077–99. Jennings and Smallwood Complex Evolutionary Sassaman, K.E. (2005). Poverty (2019) The Clovis Record Legacy of Maize in Point as structure, event, SAA Archaeological South America’. Science process, Journal of Archaeological Record, 19(3):45-50 362, no. 6420: 1309–13. Method and Theory 12: 335-64

Week 11 (Friday 18 December) Back-sighting: reviewing term 1 of World Archaeology: Q&A session

During the final session of term 1 we will look back and pull out some of the important threads that have been examined throughout the previous nine week of teaching. Any necessary readings will be advised before the lecture.

9 Recommended readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - Term 1

5. Week on Week: Recommended readings (useful references for Essay Writing)

Week1 Lowe, J.J. & Walker, M.J.C. 1997. Reconstructing Quaternary Early T, Gamble C, Poinar, H (2011) ‘Migration’. In Deep Environments. 2nd ed. (Chapter 7). London, Longmans. History: The Architecture of Past and Present, edited by Marlowe, F.W. 2005. Hunter-gatherers and human Andrew Shryock and Daniel Lord Smail, 191–218. evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 14: 54-67. London: University of California Press Meltzer, D.J. (2009) First peoples in the New World. (Chapters Grayson, D. (1985). The establishment of human antiquity. 2, 4, 5, 8) University of California Press. New York: Academic Press. Mithen, S. 2003. After the Ice: A Global Human History Lewis, SL, Maslin, MA (2015). "Defining the 20,000-5000 BC. (take your pick of examples from Anthropocene." Nature 519:171-180. around the world in Chapters 3-6, 13-17, 19, 23-28, 33- Lowe, JJ, Walker, MJC, Porter, SC 2007. "Understanding 36, 42, 46-4). London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Quaternary Climate Change." In Encyclopaedia of Pettitt P. (2014) The European Upper Palaeolithic. In Quaternary Science, edited by Scott A. Elias, 26-34 V.Cummings, P.Jordan & M.Zvelebil (eds.) The Oxford Maslin, Mark A., Chris M. Brierley, Alice M. Milner, Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter- Susanne Shultz, Martin H. Trauth, and Katy E. Wilson Gatherers. Oxford University Press: 279-309. (2014) "East African climate pulses and early human Reich D. (2018) Who We Are and How We Got Here. Oxford evolution." Quaternary Science Reviews 101:1-17. doi: University Press. (Chapters 1-3, 7) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.012. Stiner MC, Earle T, Smail DL, Shyrock A (2011) ‘Scale’. In Week 4 Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Present, edited Diamond, J. 2002. Evolution, consequences and future of by Andrew Shryock and Daniel Lord Smail, 242–72. plant and animal domestication, Nature 418, 700-707 London: University of California Press. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01019 Rahmstorf, S. 2007. "Glacial Climates: Thermohaline Harris, David R., and Gordon C. Hillman. Foraging and Circulation." In Encyclopaedia of Quaternary Science, Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. One World edited by Scott A. Elias, 739-750. Archaeology. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. . Piperno, Dolores R., Deborah Pearsall. The Origins of

Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. San Diego:

Academic Press, 1998. Week 2 Rindos, David. The Origins of Agriculture : An Antón, S.C. and Snodgrass, J., 2012. Origins and evolution Evolutionary Perspective. New York: Academic Press, of genus Homo: new perspectives. Current Anthropology 1984. 53: S479-S496. Sterelny, K, T. Watkins. 2015 Neolithization I Southwest Harmand, S., Lewis, J.E., Feibel, C.S., Lepre, C.J., Prat, S., Asia in a context of Niche Construction Theory. Lenoble, A., Boës, X., Quinn, R.L., Brenet, M., Arroyo, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 25(3): 673-691 [with A. and Taylor, N., 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools commentaries] from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 521: Stiner, Mary C., and Gillian Feeley-Harnik. ‘Energy and 310-315. Ecosystems’. In Deep History: The Architecture of Past and Toth, N. and Schick, K., 2009. The Oldowan: the tool Present, edited by Andrew Shryock and Daniel Lord making of early hominins and chimpanzees compared. Smail, 78–102. London: University of California Press, Annual Review of Anthropology 38: 289-305. n.d.

Zeder, MA. 2015. Core questions in domestication research. Week 3 Proc. Na. Acad. Sci. 112 (11): 3191-3198 Dennell R. & Petraglia, M. (2012) The dispersal of Homo http://www.pnas.org/content/112/11/3191.full sapiens across southern Asia: how early, how often,

how complex? Quaternary Science Review 47: 15-22. Short Seminar 1 – W4 * d’Errico F. et al. (2003) The search for the origins of Fuller, D. and Stevens, C., 2017. Open for competition: symbolism, music and language: a multidisciplinary domesticates, parasitic domesticoids, and the endeavour. Journal World Prehistory 17: 1-70. agricultural niche. Archaeology International, 20, pp.110-

121. https://doi.org/10.5334/ai.359 Seminar (W3) Fuller, DQ, T Denham, M Arroyo-Kalin, L Lucas, CJ Field J. et al. (2013) Looking for the archaeological Stevens, L Qin, RG Allaby, MD Purugganan. 2014 signature in Australian Megafaunal extinctions. Convergent evolution and parallelism in plant Quaternary International 285: 76-88. domestication revealed by an expanding archaeological Humphrey L. & Stringer C. 2018. Our Human Story. record. Proc. Nat. Aca. Sci. 111 (17): 6147–6152 (Chapter 6). London, Natural History Museum. http://www.pnas.org/content/111/17/6147.abstract Klein, R. 2009. The Human Career (3rd edition). (Chapter 7)

Chicago: Chicago University Press. 10 Recommended readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - Term 1

Asouti, E, DQ Fuller. 2013. A contextual approach to the Helmer, D., Gourichon, L. and Vila, E. (2007). The emergence of agriculture in Southwest Asia. Current development of the exploitation of products from Capra Anthropology, 54(3), 299-345. and Ovis (meat, milk and fleece) from the PPNB to the http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670679 [with Early Bronze in the northern Near East (8700 to 2000 BC commentaries] cal.) Anthropozoologica 42 -2, 41 -69. Barton, H, T Denham. 2011. Prehistoric vegeculture and Leonardi M, Gerbault P, Thomas MG, Burger J (2012) The Social Life in island Southeast Asia and Melanesia. In evolution of lactase persistence in Europe. A synthesis Why Cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological of archaeological and genetic evidence. International Approaches to Foraging-Farming Transitions in Southeast Dairy Journal, 22:88 -97 Asia (ed. G. Barker and M. Janowski). Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs. pp. 17-26 Mengoni Gonalons, G. & Yacobaccio, H. (2006). The Denham, T, J Iriarte, L Vrydaghs (eds.). 2007. Rethinking Domestication of South American Camelids — a view Agriculture. Left Coast Press from the South-Central Andes, in M. Zeder, D. Bradley, Denham, T., Barton, H., Castillo, C., Crowther, A., Dotte- E. Emshwiller, B. Smith (eds) Documenting Sarout, E., Florin, S.A., Pritchard, J., Barron, A., Zhang, Domestication — new genetic and archaeological paradigms, Y. and Fuller, D.Q., 2020. The domestication syndrome pp. 228 -244. University of California Press. in vegetatively propagated field crops. Annals of Botany, Ottoni, C., Girdland Flink, L., Evin, A., Geörg, C., De 125(4), pp.581-597. Cupere, B., Van Neer, W., Bartosiewicz, L., Linderholm, Harris, D (ed.). 1996. The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and A., Barnett, R., Peters, J. and Decorte, R., (2013). Pig Pastoralism in Eurasia. London: UCL Press domestication and human-mediated dispersal in Maeda, O., Lucas, L., Silva, F., Tanno, K.I. and Fuller, D.Q., western Eurasia revealed through ancient DNA and 2016. Narrowing the harvest: Increasing sickle geometric morphometrics. Molecular biology and investment and the rise of domesticated cereal evolution, 30(4), pp.824-832. agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. Quaternary Science Outram, Alan K., Natalie A. Stear, Robin Bendrey, Sandra Reviews, 145, pp.226-237. Olsen, Alexei Kasparov, Victor Zaibert, Nick Thorpe, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02773 and Richard P. Evershed (2009). "The earliest horse 79116301780 harnessing and milking." Science 323, no. 5919: 1332- Riehl S, E Asouti, D Karakaya, BM Starkovich, M Zeidi, NJ 1335. Conard NJ. 2015 Resilience at the transition to agriculture: the long-term landscape and resource Salque, M., P.I. Bogucki, J. Pyzel, I. Sobkowiak -Tabaka, R. development at the Aceramic Neolithic tell site of Grygiel, M. Szmyt & R.P. Evershed (2013) Earliest Chogha Golan (Iran). BioMed Res Int 2015: 532481 [doi: evidence for cheese making in the sixth millennium BC 10.1155/2015/532481] in northern Europe. Nature, 493, 522 -525 Willcox, G, D Stordeur. 2012. Large-scale cereal processing Sherratt, A. (1983). 'The secondary exploitation of animals before domestication during the tenth millennium cal in the Old World', World Archaeology 15(1), 90 -104. BC in northern Syria. Antiquity,86(331), 99-114. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fr Zeder, M. and Hesse, B. (2000). The Initial Domestication of omPage=online&aid=9428940&fileId=S0003598X000624 Goats (Capra hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 87 years ago, Science 287, 2254 -2257. Zeder, M.A., (2012). The domestication of animals. Journal Short Seminar 2 (W4) of Anthropological Research, 68(2), pp.161-190. Copley, M. S., R. Berstan, S. N. Dudd, G. Docherty, A. J. Zohary, D., Tchernov, E. and Kolska Horwitz, L. (1998). Mukherjee, V. Straker, S. Payne, and R. P. Evershed The role of unconscious selection in the domestication (2003). Direct chemical evidence for widespread of sheep and goats, Journal of Zoology, London, 245, 129 dairying in prehistoric Britain. Proceedings of the 135. National Academy of Sciences 100(4), 15241529. Cucchi, T., Dai, L., Balasse, M., Zhao, C., Gao, J., Hu, Y., ... Short Seminar 3 (W4) & Vigne, J. D. (2016). Social complexification and pig Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre (2008) Explaining the Neolithic (Sus scrofa) husbandry in ancient China: a combined Demographic Transition. In Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre geometric morphometric and isotopic approach. PloS and Ofer Bar-Yosef (eds.). The Neolithic Demographic one, 11(7), e0158523. Transition and Its Consequences. New York: Springer, 2008. * Wells, Jonathan C. K., and Jay T. Stock. ‘Life Halstead, P. and V. Isaakidou (2011). Revolutionary History Transitions at the Origins of Agriculture: A secondary products: the development and significance Model for Understanding How Niche Construction of milking, animal-traction and wool-gathering in later Impacts Human Growth, Demography and Health’. prehistoric Europe and the Near East, in T. Wilkinson, Frontiers in Endocrinology 11 (21 May 2020): 325. S. Sherratt and J. Bennet (eds), Interweaving Worlds: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00325. Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to 1st Millennia BC. Diamond J. 2002. Evolution, consequences and future of pp. 61 -74. Oxford: Oxbow. DA 150 WIL. plant and animal domestication. Nature 418, 700–707. (doi:10.1038/nature01019) 11 Recommended readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - Term 1

Ellis, E. C., et al. (2013). "Used planet: a global history." Neolithic Zhuzhai site in the middle Yellow River Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the region, China. The Holocene, 28(2), pp.195-207 United States of America 110(20): 7978-7985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617721328 Eshed, Vered, Avi Gopher, Ron Pinhasi, and Israel Fuller, D. Q. and Ling Qin (2010) Declining oaks, increasing Hershkovitz. ‘Paleopathology and the Origin of artistry, and cultivating rice: the environmental and Agriculture in the Levant’. American Journal of Physical social context of the emergence of farming in the Lower Anthropology 143, no. 1 (September 2010): 121–33. Yangtze Region. Environmental Archaeology 15 (2): 139- https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21301. 159 Linda A. Newson. ‘A Historical-Ecological Perspective on http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1461410 Epidemic Disease’. In Advances in Historical Ecology, 10X12640787648531 edited by William Balée, 42–62. New York: Columbia Fuller, Dorian Q (2011) Pathways to Asian Civilizations: University Press, 1998. tracing the origins and spread of rice and rice cultures. Morand, Serge, K. Marie McIntyre, and Matthew Baylis. Rice 4: 78-92 ‘Domesticated Animals and Human Infectious http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12284-011- Diseases of Zoonotic Origins: Domestication Time 9078-7 Matters.’ Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Higham, C. 2013 Chapter 7: East Asian Agriculture and its Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Impact, in C Scarre (ed) The Human Past: World Prehistory Infectious Diseases 24 (June 2014): 76–81. and the Development of Societies. London: Thames and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.013. Hudson Liu, L., Chen, X., Wright, H., Xu, H., Li, Y., Chen, G., Zhao, Week 5 H., Kim, H. and Lee, G.A., 2019. Rise and fall of complex societies in the Yiluo region, North China: The Fertile Crescent (W5) spatial and temporal changes. Quaternary Bar-Yosef, O. Earliest food producers: pre-pottery international, 521, pp.4- Neolithic,” In: Levy, T. E. (ed.) 1995. The Archaeology 15.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.025 of Society in the Holy Land. Leicester: Leicester Liu, Li and Xingcan Chen. 2012. The Archaeology of China. University Press. Pp. 190-204 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cauvin, J. 2000. The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Liu, Xinyi, Dorian Q Fuller, Martin Jones (2015) Early Agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. agriculture in China. In The Cambridge World History DBA 100 CAU Volume 2: A World With Agriculture (eds. G. Barker and C. Hodder, I. 2001. Symbolism and the origins of agriculture Goucher) Cambridge University Press. pp. 310-334 in the Near East. Cambridge Archaeology Journal 11: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511978807.013 107-112. Shelach-Lavi, G., Teng, M., Goldsmith, Y., Wachtel, I., Valla, F. 1995. The first settled societies: the Natufian Stevens, C.J., Marder, O., Wan, X., Wu, X., Tu, D., period. In: Levy, T. E. (ed.) 1995. The Archaeology of Shavit, R. and Polissar, P., 2019. Sedentism and plant Society in the Holy Land. Leicester: Leicester cultivation in northeast China emerged during affluent University Press. Pp. 169-187; conditions. PloS one, 14(7), p.e0218751. Wagner, Mayke, Pavel Tarasov, Dominic Hosner, Andreas Africa (W5) Fleck, Richard Ehrich, Xiaocheng Chen, and Christian Close, A. 1995. Few and Far Between: Early Ceramics in Leipe. 2013. Mapping of the spatial and temporal North Africa, In W. Barnett and J. Hoopes (eds.) The distribution of archaeological sites of northern China Emergence of Pottery: technology and innovation in ancient during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Quaternary societies, pp. 23-37, Washington, DC: Smithsonian. International 290-291: 344-357. Drake, N.A., Blench, R.M., Armitage, S.J. Bristow, C.S. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10406 White K.H. 2011. Ancient watercourses and 18212004594 biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the Wagner, Mayke, Pavel Tarasov, Dominic Hosner, Andreas desert, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Fleck, Richard Ehrich, Xiaocheng Chen, and Christian America, 108 (2) 458-462, DOI 10.1073/pnas.1012231108 Leipe. 2013. Mapping of the spatial and temporal Marshall, Fiona 2002. Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings distribution of archaeological sites of northern China of Food Production in Africa. Journal of World Prehistory during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Quaternary 16: 99-143. International 290-291: 344-357. Wendorf, F. and Schild, R. 1994. Are the Early Holocene http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10406 Cattle in the Eastern Sahara Domestic or Wild? 18212004594 Evolutionary Anthropology 3: 118-28. India (W7) Week 7 Allchin, Bridget, and F. Raymond Allchin 1997. Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South China (W7) Asia. New Delhi: Viking Bestel, S., Bao, Y., Zhong, H., Chen, X. and Liu, L., 2018. Wild plant use and multi-cropping at the early 12 Recommended readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - Term 1

Fuller, Dorian Q (2011) Finding Plant Domestication in the Bussmann, R. 2014. Scaling the state: Egypt in the third Indian Subcontinent. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S347- millennium BC. Archaeology International 17: 1-15. S362 http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/658900 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ai1708 Fuller, Dorian Q (2011) Finding Plant Domestication in the Clastres, P. 1989. Society Against the State: Essays in Indian Subcontinent. Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S347- Political Anthropology. New York: Zone Books. S362 http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1086/658900 https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs21/Clastres-1989- Fuller, Dorian Q (2011) Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Society_Against_the_State-en-red.pdf tracing the origins and spread of rice and rice cultures. Feinman, G. and Marcus, J. (eds.) 1998. Archaic States. Santa Rice 4: 78-92 Fe: School for Advanced Research. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12284-011- Frangipane, M. 2018. Different trajectories in state 9078-7 formation in Greater Mesopotamia: A view from Fuller, Dorian Q and Charlene Murphy (2014) Overlooked Arslantepe. Journal of Archaeological Research 26: 3-63. but not forgotten: India as a centre of agricultural Pollock, S. 1992. Bureaucrats and managers, peasants and domestication. General Anthropology 21(2): 1, 5-8 pastoralists, imperialists and traders: research on the http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gena.01001/f Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods in Mesopotamia. Journal ull of World Prehistory 6 (3): 297 - 336. García-Granero, J.J., Lancelotti, C., Madella, M. and Richardson, S. 2012. Early Mesopotamia: the presumptive Ajithprasad, P., 2016. Millets and Herders: The Origins state. Past & Present 215 (1): 3-49. of Plant Cultivation in Semiarid North Gujarat (India). Scott, J. 2017. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Current Anthropology,57(2), 149-173. Earliest States. New Haven: Yale University Press. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/6857 Teeter, E. (ed.) 2011. Before the Pyramids: The Origins of 75 Egyptian Civilisation. Chicago: Chicago University Johansen, P.G., 2004. Landscape, monumental architecture, Press. Available online at: and ritual: a reconsideration of the South Indian https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/oimp/oi ashmounds. Journal of anthropological archaeology, 23(3), mp-33-pyramids-origins-egyptian-civilization pp.309-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2004.05.003 Ur, J. 2014. Households and the emergence of cities in Murphy, C. and Fuller, D.Q., 2017. Seed coat thinning ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal during horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) 24 (2): 249-268. domestication documented through synchrotron Wengrow, D. 2010. Chapters 5 and 8: 'The Origin of Cities,' tomography of archaeological seeds. Scientific reports, and 'The Labours of Kingship' in What Makes 7(1), pp.1-9. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598- Civilization? The Ancient Near East and the Future of 017-05244-w the West. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Issue desk Yoffee, N. 2005. Myths of the Archaic State: Evolution of Week 8 the Earliest Cities, States and Civilizations, Chapters 1 Colledge, S., J. Conolly and S.J. Shennan 2006. ‘The and 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Issue evolution of Early Neolithic farming from SW Asian desk YOF 4; INST ARCH BC 100 YOF. origins to NW European limits’, European Journal of Archaeology 8(2): 137-56. Week 10 Darvill, T., Marshall, P., Parker Pearson, M. and Dillehay, T. D. and D. Piperno 2014. Agricultural Origins Wainwright, G.J. 2012. Stonehenge remodelled. and Social Implications in South America. The Antiquity 86: 1021-40. Cambridge World Prehistory. C. Renfrew and P. Bahn. Robb, J. 2013. Material culture, landscapes of action, and Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 970-985. emergent causation: a new model for the origins of the Rosenswig, R. and R. L. Burger (2012). Considering Early European Neolithic. Current Anthropology 54 (6): 657- New World Monumentality. In: Early New World 73. Monumentality, R. L. Burger & R. M. Rosenswig, Eds., Rowly-Conwy, P. 2011. Westward Ho! The Spread of pp. 3-22. University Press of Florida. Agriculture from Central Europe to the Atlantic. Collins, M B. 2014 Initial Peopling of the Americas: Current Anthropology 52 (s4):S431-S451. Context, Findings, and Issues. In: Renfrew, C & Bahn, P Schulz Paulsson, B. 2019. Radiocarbon dates and Bayesian (eds.) The Cambridge World Prehistory. Cambridge: modelling support maritime diffusion model for Cambridge University Press. megaliths in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy for Sciences of the United States of America 116: 3460‒5. Peopling (W10) Shennan, S.J. 2013. ‘Demographic continuities and Ardelean, Ciprian F., Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, Mikkel discontinuities in Neolithic Europe: Evidence, methods Winther Pedersen, Jean-Luc Schwenninger, Charles G. and implications’, Journal of Archaeological Method Oviatt, Juan I. Macías-Quintero, Joaquin Arroyo- and Theory 20 (2):300-311. Cabrales, et al. 2020 ‘Evidence of Human Occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum’. Nature Week 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0. Abrams, P. 1977. “Notes on the difficulty of studying the Davis, Loren G., David B. Madsen, Lorena Becerra- State.” Journal of Historical Sociology 1 (1): 58-89. Valdivia, Thomas Higham, David A. Sisson, Sarah M. 13 Recommended readings - ARCL0002, ARCL0003, ARCL0014 - Term 1

Skinner, Daniel Stueber, et al. ‘Late Upper Paleolithic Smith, B D. 2006. Eastern North America as an Occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA, ~16,000 Independent Center of Plant Domestication. Proceedings Years Ago’. Science 365, no. 6456 (30 August 2019): 891– of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 12223-12228. 97. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9830. Smith, B. D. and R. Yarnell (2009). Initial formation of an Vialou, D, Benabdelhadi, M, Feathers, J, Fontugne, M and indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at Vilhena Vialou, A. 2017. Peopling South America's 3800 B.P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Centre: The Late Pleistocene Site of Santa Elina. 106 no. 16: 6561-6566 Antiquity, 358, 865-884. DOi: http:// VanDerwarker, A.M., et al. 2016. New World doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.101 Paleoethnobotany in the New Millennium (2000-2013). Dillehay, T D, Goodbred, S, Pino, M, Vásquez Sánchez, V Journal of Archaeological Research 24(2): 125-177. F, Tham, T R, Adovasio, J, Collins, M B, Netherly, P J, http://doi.dx.org/10.1007/s10814-015-9089-9 Hastorf, C A, Chiou, K L, Piperno, D, Rey, I and Zarrillo, Sonia, Nilesh Gaikwad, Claire Lanaud, Terry Velchoff, N. 2017. Simple Technologies and Diverse Powis, Christopher Viot, Isabelle Lesur, Olivier Fouet, Food Strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early et al. ‘The Use and Domestication of Theobroma Cacao Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru. Science during the Mid-Holocene in the Upper Amazon’. Advances, 3. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 29 October 2018. Dillehay, Tom D., Carlos Ocampo, José Saavedra, Andre https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0697-x. Oliveira Sawakuchi, Rodrigo M. Vega, Mario Pino, Michael B. Collins, Linda Scott Cummings, Iván Aggregation (W10) Arregui, Ximena S. Villagran, Gelvam A. Hartmann, Barbara Voorhies. Coastal Collectors in the Holocene. The Mauricio Mella, Andrea González, and George Dix Chantuto People of Southwest Mexico. Gainsville: (2015). New Archaeological Evidence for an Early University Press of Florida, 2004. Human Presence at Monte Verde, Chile. PLoS ONE. Haas, Jonathan, and Winifred Creamer. 2012. "Why Do https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141923 People Build Monuments? Late Archaic Platform Politis, G G, Gutiérrez, M A, Rafuse, D J and Blasi, A. 2016. Mounds in the Norte Chico." In Early New World The Arrival of Homo Sapiens into the Southern Cone at Monumentality, edited by Richard L. Burger and Robert 14,000 Years Ago. PLOS ONE, 11, e0162870. DOi: M. Rosenswig, 289-311. Gainsville: University of http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162870 Florida Press. Oyuela-Caycedo, Augusto. ‘The Study of Collector Domestication (W10) Variability in the Transition to Sedentary Food Kistler, Logan, S. Yoshi Maezumi, Jonas Gregorio de Producers In Northern Colombia’. Journal of World Souza, Natalia A. S. Przelomska, Flaviane Malaquias Prehistory 10, no. 1 (March 1996): 49–93. Costa, Oliver Smith, Hope Loiselle, et al. ‘Multiproxy Sandweiss, D. H. Early Coastal South America. The Evidence Highlights a Complex Evolutionary Legacy Cambridge World Prehistory. C. Renfrew and P. Bahn. of Maize in South America’. Science 362, no. 6420 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 1058-1074. (2018): 1309–13. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0207.

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