Biography STRATEGIES & SKILLS

Comprehension ELL Vocabulary Strategy: Ask and Answer encouraged, expand, preserve Questions Marjory Stoneman Skill: Problem and Solution Content Standards Science Douglas Vocabulary Life Science export, glistening, influenced, GUARDIAN OF THE landscape, native, plantations, restore, urged BY JANE KELLEY Word Count: 1,828**

Photography Credit: (bkgd) Digital Vision/Punchstock, (tr) Orlando Sentinel/Tribune News Service/Getty Images **The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions, labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.

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ISBN: 978-0-02-118775-1 MHID: 0-02-118775-4 PAIRED Printed in the United States of America. The Story of the Tree Musketeers READ 8 9 10 11 12 DOC 22 21 20 19 18 E Genre Biography Introduction Essential Question The Everglades are an area of southern Florida . Early What impact do our actions have on our world? English settlers called this area the Everglades because the glades, or grassy places, seemed to go on forever . Water flows all across the area . The ground is too wet for planting crops or building houses . Most people looked at the landscape and Marjory Stoneman thought it was a useless swamp . Writer and environmentalist Douglas thought differently . Douglas thought the Everglades had a rich RGLADES GUARDIAN OF THE EVE variety of life . She wrote that the Everglades were, “unique … in the simplicity, the diversity, the related harmony of the BY JANE KELLEY forms of life they enclose ”. Douglas described the beauty of the Everglades: “The miracle of the light pours over the green and brown expanse of saw grass and of water, shining and slow-moving below …” Introduction ...... 2 Chapter 1 Early Life ...... 3 MedioImages/PunchStock Chapter 2 A River of Grass ...... 7

Chapter 3 This area of grassland Fighting On ...... 10 in the Everglades Conclusion ...... 14 National Park is called a freshwater prairie. Respond to Reading ...... 15 grass PAIRED READ The Story of the Tree Musketeers . . . .16 Glossary/Index ...... 19

Digital Vision/Punchstock Digital Focus on Science ...... 20

2 CHAPTER ONE In 1908, Marjory attended Wellesley College . She was happy to be with other young women who also liked books . In her Early Life senior year, Marjory was editor of the college yearbook . She was the class orator because she was good at giving speeches .

Marjory Stoneman Douglas did not grow up in Florida . However, she influenced many people’s perspectives about the Everglades through her writing . Marjory was born in Minneapolis on April 7, 1890 . She spent most of her childhood with her mother’s family in Massachusetts . Marjory liked to visit libraries and discover things in books . She read every book she could find . Marjory did not realize it then, but she was acquiring skills to conduct research . Later in life, she would use these skills as a writer . Marjory attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts.

Language But is a Marjory graduated from college in 1912 . At that time, Detective conjunction. women were not encouraged to have careers . Marjory wanted What does it do? to be a writer, but she did not think she could earn a living as a writer . So Marjory worked at a department store in Newark, New Jersey . She taught grammar and math to the sales clerks . This photograph was taken when Marjory was Marjory married Kenneth Douglas in 1914 . The marriage one and a half years old. ended in 1915, and Marjory moved to Miami, Florida, where her father lived . In Other Words make money to live on. En español, earn a living quiere decir ganar suficiente dinero. (cr) Courtesy of Special Collections, University of Miami Libraries, Coral Gables, Florida, Florida, Gables, Coral of Miami University Courtesy Libraries, of Special Collections, (cr) Vision/Punchstock (t) Digital McDonald, and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel Globe/Getty Boston L Ryan/The (b) Images, (t) David

3 4 Marjory Douglas’s father, After World War I, Douglas returned to Miami in 1920 . Frank Stoneman, was editor- The population of Miami had quadrupled . The city needed in-chief of The Miami Herald to expand to provide land for all the new people . Developers newspaper . He hired her to decided that the Everglades was a good place . They dug canals write the society column to drain the wetlands . Building in the Everglades would in the newspaper . Douglas destroy the native animals and plants, such as alligators, liked her new job . Her father egrets, mangroves, and sawgrass . told her about his wish to Douglas had become the assistant editor of The Miami preserve Miami’s older Herald newspaper . She wrote a weekly column about important neighborhoods and the social issues, such as decent living conditions for people and Everglades, an area women’s rights . Douglas wrote about the Everglades and urged to make it a national park . Then the area would be protected . outside Miami . Marjory Douglas’s father, When World War I Frank Stoneman, hired her to started, Douglas quit her write for The Miami Herald. job at the newspaper and worked for the Red Cross in Draining the wetlands

Europe to contribute to the war effort . Douglas wrote about McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel B/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty(bc) Mathy (b) Images, affected the animals and the work that the Red Cross was doing . She urged people to plants living there. support the Red Cross’s efforts . Douglas saw the plight of refugees who were forced to leave their homes after the war . As a result, she was always sympathetic to people in trouble .

alligator Language And is a conjunction. Detective What does it do?

mangrove

STOP AND CHECK What did Douglas write about in her (tr) University of Miami Libraries, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) of Miami(tr) University Libraries, newspaper column? 5 6 CHAPTER TWO Hervey Allen was editing books about great rivers . Douglas suggested writing a book about the Everglades instead of the A River of Grass Miami River . Allen agreed . Douglas immediately got down to business . She decided to include In addition to editing the newspaper and writing her the history of the Native column, Douglas also started campaigns to help people . One Americans who lived in the campaign provided milk to poor families in Miami . Everglades and discuss the In 1924, Douglas quit geology of the area . dugout her job at the newspaper canoe beak She interviewed many and concentrated on writing people to learn more about short stories . She sold her feathers the region . When she was stories to magazines . Some of This Seminole man rowed talking with a hydrologist, a dugout canoe through the stories were about social she described the Everglades the Everglades in 1921. issues . Her story “Plumes” was as a glistening “river about birds that were killed to of grass ”. provide feathers for hats . In her book, called The Everglades: River of Grass, Douglas Although she won awards described the Everglades as a very special place in the world: for her stories, sometimes it This great egret lives in There are no other Everglades in the world . They was difficult to earn a living . the Everglades. are… one of the unique regions of the earth… Nothing Then in 1941, Douglas’s friend anywhere else is like them; their vast glittering Hervey Allen asked her to write a book about openness… the racing free saltness and sweetness of their the Miami River . massive winds, under the dazzling blue heights of space .

In Other Words started working seriously. En español, got down to business quiere decir empezó a trabajar. (tr) Historical/Corbis Historical/Getty Images, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel Historical/Getty (b) (tr) Historical/Corbis Images, (cr) Chase Swift/CORBIS, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald, (t) Digital Vision/Punchstock (t) Digital McDonald, and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) Chase Swift/CORBIS, (cr)

7 8 What makes the CHAPTER THREE Everglades unique? Look at THE ECOSYSTEM the large lake in the center The Everglades have many Fighting On of the map below . Water habitats. A different group of living things live in each overflows the lake’s basin, habitat. The living things or area that catches rainfall . interact with each other and The water then travels south the environment to form The Everglades: River of Grass was published in November across limestone . Sawgrass an ecosystem. 1947. Douglas was 57 years old. The first printing of grows on top of the limestone . Each habitat must have 7,500 copies sold out in one month. Readers appreciated the This kind of water flow the right conditions for beautiful descriptions of the Everglades and the explanation does not occur anywhere living things to survive. If of how people are connected to the Everglades ecosystem. the temperature isn’t right else in the world . or there isn’t enough food or She explained that the “river of grass” nourishes the plants water, then the ecosystem and animals in the Everglades and provides water to the could collapse. people who live in the area. If the Everglades were drained, then water would not flow into the aquifers underneath the (br) Chuck Fadely/Newscom, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald, (t) Digital Vision/Punchstock (t) Digital McDonald, and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) (br) Chuck Fadely/Newscom, WATER FLOW THROUGH THE EVERGLADES sawgrass. Then southern Florida KEY would become a semitropical desert. Everglades One month after the book Water flow FLORIDA was published, President Truman N Kissimmee declared about 1.5 million acres River W E basin of the Everglades as a national park. S water travels across limestone Lake Okeechobee

Miami

This is the original cover of Douglas’s book. 0 50 100 MILES STOP AND CHECK What did Douglas write about (bc) Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) Wisdom, High(bc) Mountain Maps/Digital in her book? 9 10 Despite the success of her book and the establishment of Then in 1969, developers planned to build an airport in the , Douglas continued to work. She the Everglades. Joe Browder, a former TV reporter and an wrote other nonfiction books about Florida. Two of her books environmentalist, asked Douglas to help him stop the plans for are Freedom River and Alligator Crossing. the airport. Douglas agreed. She formed an organization called Douglas continued to talk to people about the Everglades. Friends of the Everglades. Her reputation as a protector of the Although one-third of the Everglades were protected as a Everglades helped gather support against the airport project. national park, the other parts were still in danger. The owners In the end, the airport was not built. However, Douglas of local sugar plantations wanted water from the Everglades wanted to restore water to the to grow more sugarcane. The Army Corps of Engineers had parts of the Everglades that PROTECTING OTHER dug canals to drain the water away from the sawgrass marshes. had already been drained. WETLANDS Developers wanted more land to build housing. She wanted to get rid of the All around the world, canals that diverted water people are working to protect the special places in from the area. She also their communities. In 1990, worked to make polluters Rosa Hilda Ramos formed clean up the water. Communities United Against Contamination in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico. The group worked to force polluting companies to clean up pollution and pay fines.

The money was used to McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel (b) Prize, courtesy Goldman(bc) Photo Environmental Douglas helped purchase Las Cucharillas save the Florida Marsh. This area of wetland is Everglades. a sanctuary for birds, and it helps to prevent flooding.

marsh

This bird is foraging for food in Las Cucharillas Orlando Sentinel/Tribune News Service/Getty Images, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel Service/Getty News (b) Images, Orlando Sentinel/Tribune Marsh, Puerto Rico.

11 12 Douglas continued to fight. In the early 1980s, she spoke Douglas fought alligator out when developers threatened the Everglades once again. hard to preserve the variety of plants She was in her 90s, but she was forceful. Sam Poole, the and animals found executive director of the South Florida Water Management in the Everglades. District, described Douglas, “She just stood her ground. That was a very hostile crowd. She was very diminutive but cast a giant shadow over the Everglades. One small person can make a difference. She made a huge difference.” Douglas received many awards, including the Medal of Conclusion Freedom. The citation said her work “enhanced our nation’s respect for our precious environment by reminding all of us In 1994, the Florida Legislature passed the Everglades of nature’s delicate balance.” Forever Act. The purpose of the act is to preserve and restore the water quality in the Everglades ecosystem. Douglas knew that laws weren’t enough to protect the STOP AND CHECK Everglades. People also needed to protect the Everglades. She What did Douglas do to founded the Friends of the Everglades. “Take the children protect the Everglades? out to the Glades and let them learn,” Douglas declared. “Education will be the only way to save the Glades. Tell them the Everglades isn’t saved yet! The children are our future, and we can’t do without that!” In 1997, 1.3 million acres of the Everglades were named the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness. The next year, Douglas died at the age of 108. Her books and life still inspire people who want to make a difference in the world. (tb) James Zipp/Science Source/Getty Images, (b) Digital Vision/Punchstock (b) Digital (tb) James Zipp/Science Source/Getty Images, In 1993, President Clinton presented Douglas with Doug Mills/AP Images, (b) Wetzel and Company/Janice McDonald and Company/Janice Wetzel Doug Mills/AP (b) Images, the Medal of Freedom.

13 14 Genre Expository Text

Compare Texts Read about a girl who took action by planting trees. Summarize Problem Solution Use important details from Marjory Stoneman Douglas to summarize the text. Your graphic The Story of the organizer may help you. Tree Musketeers In 1987 in California, Tara Church was eight years old. Text Evidence Her scout troop was going on a camping trip. Her troop had to decide whether to take paper or tin plates. If they used 1. How can you tell that this text is a biography? paper plates, they would save water because they would not Give examples from the text to support your answer. have to wash the plates. If they used tin plates, they would GENRE save trees because paper comes from trees. The girls talked about tin and paper plates, and they decided to plant trees. 2. Reread page 12. What problem threatened the Everglades? How did Douglas help solve the problem? PROBLEM AND SOLUTION Campers can also reduce waste by using foldable utensils like 3. What is the meaning of plumes on page 7? Use this one with a fork on one end clues in the paragraph to figure it out, and find a and a spoon on the other. Photo Stock (br) JoeFox/Alamy Pics, Keith Levit/Design (bkgd) nearby synonym that can also help you determine the meaning. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS

4. Use examples from the text to write about how Douglas helped the Everglades and the people of Florida. WRITE ABOUT READING

15 16 Tree Musketeers was ready to export internationally. The Trees are an important resource. Tree roots help prevent soil group exchanged ideas with chapters all over the world. Today from being washed away. Trees produce oxygen and help clean Tara and her friends are too old to be members of the Tree the air. They also provide food and shelter for other living Musketeers. However, their efforts have led many kids to help things. The leaves provide shade, which reduces temperatures. the environment. So people use less air-conditioning. The Tree Musketeers has projects such as the One in a Tara and her troop planted their first tree on Imperial Million tree-planting program and Partners for the Planet. Avenue in El Segundo, California. They named the tree Marcie Trees are being planted in countries such as Kenya and the Marvelous Tree. Romania, and all over the United States. Next, they planted more trees and persuaded other scout Marcie the Marvelous Tree is now more than 50 feet tall! It groups to do the same. They called their group the Tree is still helping to cool the city, Musketeers after the heroes in the book The Three Musketeers. clean the air, and inspire kids The organization grew. People liked the organization to make a difference. because it was run by children. Kids taught other children how to help the environment. Children learned how to plant trees, Planting trees is an easy way for how to take care of them, and how to get other kids involved. kids to help the environment in their communities. In 1988, the Tree Musketeers received an environmental youth award in Washington, D.C. (bkgd) Keith Levit/Design Pics, (br) liquidlibrary/Getty Pics, Images Keith Levit/Design Plus/Getty(bkgd) Images

Make Connections Why do you think Tara’s ideas have spread so far around the world? ESSENTIAL QUESTION Compare Douglas in Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Guardian of the Everglades with Tara in The Story of the Tree Musketeers. How are they alike? How are they different? TEXT TO TEXT

17 18 Glossary aquifers layers of soil or rock that can hold or carry water  (page 10) campaigns organized actions to bring about change (page 7) Purpose To learn about threats to your local environment and developers businesspeople who build houses or other to take action structures (page 6) environmentalist a person who cares for and helps protect Procedure the environment (page 2) Step 1 With a partner or group, research a local environmental geology the rocks and other materials that make up Earth problem, such as providing clean drinking water, and its features (page 8) getting people to recycle, or cleaning up a trash- hydrologist a person who studies the movement, location filled park. and quality of water (page 8) orator a person who gives a speech in public (page 4) Step 2 Choose a problem you would like to help with. Ask your teacher to approve your choice. Identify the cause wetlands areas saturated with water, such as swamps (page 6) or causes of the problem. Has anything been done to solve the problem? Suggest something people could do to help, for example, removing trash.

Step 3 With the help of your teacher and other adults, plan a work day at the site. What supplies will you need? What Index kind of help is needed? How will you let people in your community know what you’re doing? Allen, Hervey, 7, 8 Miami Herald, The, 5, 6 Church, Tara, 16–18 Red Cross, 5 Step 4 After you’ve had your work day, report back to the class. Everglades Forever Act, 14 Stoneman, Frank, 5 What did you do? How was the site restored? Everglades: River of Grass, Tree Musketeers, 16–18 The, 10, 11 Young Friends of the How was the environment impacted by your Friends of the Everglades, Everglades, 14 Conclusion actions? What else needs to be done? 12 Medal of Freedom, 13

19 20 Literature Circles Making a Difference Science GR T • Benchmark 50 • Lexile 790 Nonfiction Thinkmark

Text Structure How does the author organize information in Marjory Stoneman Douglas: Guardian of the Everglades?

Vocabulary What are the key words in this text that relate to the topic?

Conclusions What conclusions can you draw about the kinds of people who work to help preserve the environment?

Author’s Purpose Why do you think the author wrote The Story of the Tree Musketeers?

Make Connections WondersMHE.com How is the biography of Marjory Stoneman Douglas like other biographies you have read? Can you see yourself doing something like what Tara and her friends did? Why or why not?