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Ï. Okada & Y. Nagahama IUBS Edited by ï. OKADA & Y. NAGAHAMA BIOTECHNOLOGY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS Proceedings of an IUBS symposium organized on 25-27 November, 1991, in Toba City. Mie Prefecture, Japan Edited by Tokindo Okada Biohistory Research haii. Murasakicho 1- 1. Takatsuki 569. Japan Yoshitaka Nagahama National Institute for Basic Biology 38 Nishigonaka. Myodaijicho. Okasakf, 444 Japan Special Issue-28 Biology International (C) 1993 The Intemational Union of Biological Sciences News Magazine Biology International (Special Issue No28 - 1993) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, by T.S. Okada 5 A New Approach in Aquaculture: A Must for Feeding a Rapidly Increasing World Population and for Meeting the Ecological Demands of the 2 1st Century. by P.G.W.J. van Oordt 9 Biotechnology of Aquatic Animals: A New Frontier with Implications for Both Basic and Applied Research, by D.A. Powem. T.T. Chen. & RADunharn 17 Regulation of Oocyte Maturation in Aquatic Animais: The Comparative and Generai Aspects. by Y. Nagahama 27 Glycosphingolipids: Important Membrane Components Rather Neglected in Biotechnology, by Motonori Hoshi Hatching Enzyme of Medaka: Molecular Aspects of Its Formation and Packaging in the Hatching Gland Cells, by K. Yamagami, S. Yasumasu, H. Shimada, & 1. Iuchi Differential Response to Mutagenesis Arnong the Spermatogenic Stages of a Fish, the Japanese Medaka Oryzias h.flpes.by A. Shima & A. Shimada Somatolactin, a New Member of the Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family from the Pars Intermedia of Teleost Fish, by Hiroshi Kawauchi cDNA Cloning and Structure of Teleost Growth Hormones and the Growth Promoting Activity of Recombinant Hormones, by K. Nakashima, M. Watahiki. & M. Tanaka Genome Transfer in Teleosts, by Yan Shaoyi Biology International (Special Issue No 28 - 1993) Induced Fusion of Oocytes and Embryonic Cells, by ,S.G. Vassetzky. A.A. Bilinkis. G.G. Sekirina. & M.N. Skoblina 65 Direct Production of the Super Male 0by Androgenesis in Amago Salmon. by H. Onozato 69 Studies on Chromosome Manipulation in Cyprinid Loach (Misgurnus ang uillicaudatus), Cornmon Carp (Cyprlnus carpio), and Small Abalone (Haliotfs diversicolorj , by N.H. Chao. C.P. Yang, H.P. Tsat. W.H. Liang, &LC. Uao The Development of Technologies for The Control and Detemination of Sex in Aquacultured Salmonids, by Edward M. Donaldson. Robert H. Deviin. Francesc Piferrer. & Igor 1. Solar Transgenic Salmon with Enhanced Growth and Freeze Resistance, by C.L. Hew. SJ.Du. Z Gong. P.L. Davies. S.Y. Gauthier. MA. Shears. M.J. King, & G.L. Fletcher 87 Transgene Transmission and Expression in Rainbow Trout and Tilapia. by Norman Maclean, Arati Iyengar. Azfi Rahman. Zorah Sulaiman. & David Penman 95 Transgenic Technology in Fish, by Daniel Chourrout 99 Gene Transfer in Medaka, by K. Ozato 107 Summary, by C.L. Hew 111 Introduction by T.S. Okada Biohisto~yResearch Hall. Murasaki-cho 1-1. Takatsuid 569, Japan This "Special Issue" of Biology International consists of the papers presented at the International Union of Biological Sciences' Symposium on Biotechnology in Aquatic Animals, which was held in Toba City. Mie Prefecture, Japan, on 25-27 November. 1991. Thanks to an enthusiastic collaboration of the speakers who willingly took the trouble to write the manuscripts as well as to a generous arrangement by the IUBS, this publication is very timely to promote the researches of the subject at the global level. It is particularly so, since an introduction of new technologies in this area is so swift and a request to gain knowledge of forefront is eager for the researchers working in both academic and practical fields throughout the world. In this introduction, 1 briefly summarize the background and specific aims of the Symposium. A short report on the Symposium has already appeared in Biology International NO24 in January, 1992. NBS Programme on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture (RBA) Needless to Say. a number of devices in aquaculture have long benefited human life. Nevertheless, recent demand to utilize aquatic resources for biological production is more acute than before. On the scientific side, the development of technologies to be applied for aquaculture is somewhat revolutionary. Having recognized such a situation, the IUBS 23rd Generd Assembly (Canberra, Australia, 1988) accepted to look into a proposal made for an international project on reproductive biology in aquaculture as one of its Scientific Programmes. This was formally adopted at the Union's 24th General Assembly, held in Amsterdam. Netherlands, in 199 1. The time between these two Assemblies was an important and necessary "prelude". We should like to refer to the hard work and leadership of Professor P.G.W.J. van Oordt (Utrecht, Netherlands) with great admiration. He made an extensive survey of active researchers in this subject al1 over the world, and succeeded in coordinating the international network for developing the programme. Professor van Oordt edited a "Special Issue" (N026) of Biology International entitled "Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture: A Proposal for an International Collaborative Programme of Research, which not only reported upon his energetic campaign, but also summarized the present status of basic research on the subject, including morphology, developmental biology, endocrinology, biochemistry, and others. Before the officia1 start of the RBA programme, Our Taiwan colleagues volunteered to organize the IUBS international symposium on Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture. in Aprii. 1991, in Taipei. A volume of the proceedings from this successful meeting is now in print (Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Monograph 16). AU these endeavours revealed a Bwlogy Internationai (Special Issue N28 -1993) keen interest on this subject at the international level with high expectations for the present programme. Introduction of Molecular and Cellular Techniques into RBA Studies A recent introduction of techniques of cell and gene manipulation to the study of aquaculture looks to somehow revolutionize the studies in this field. The technical advancement to uWe these approaches in various aquatic animais is rapid. more rapid than was anticipated five or ten years ago. It promises new perspectives in the studies of reproduction of aquatic anirnals. An introduction to these techniques was achieved earlier in the field of reproductive and developmental biology of terrestrial plants. It seems to alter the basic pattern of agriculture which human beings have continued to develop ever since the initiation of civilization. Why do we not expect a similar situation in aquaculture? Soon, we can "design" more profitable aquatic animals for human life and well reproduce them in the near future. In fact. the first step toward such a goal has been successfully started as reported in some of the papers in this volume. A rise of "transgenic fish is undoubtedly one key subject of the area. Readers may refer also to an excellent review by C.L. Hew and 2. Gong (Biology International N0Z4). A manipulation of ce11 and chromosomes is no less important. of course, in parallel with some developmental biological technologies like a production of chimerae in aquatic animais. Several small fish like zebrafish, medaka, and others are becoming indispensable laboratory materials to serve as mode1 systems for understanding the basic mechanisms of development in vertebrates. In fact, al1 modern technologies are now easily adoptable to these aquatic organisms. After having observed these circumstances in the present-day studies of RBA. the organizers of the IUBS Toba Symposium decided to make biotechnology as applied to fish as a core, without eliminating important topics on endocrinology, biochemistry, and others. NBS Toba Symposium In relation to a nature of tle subject to be discussed, we thought it more appropriate to choose a place dong the seaside, rather than cities like Tokyo or Osaka. The city of Toba is located in the central part of Japan facing the Ise Bay, and long enjoys its farne as one of the uniquely traditional centers of aquaculture in Japan, particularly the cultivation of pearls. The Symposium, held on 25-27 November. 1991, was organized by the National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki. Japan, in cooperation with the Japanese IUBS National Committee of Biological Sciences of the Science Council of Japan. Professor Y. Nagaharna and 1 had the pleasure of chairing the Bwlogy Irilcrnatio~l (Spccial Is~vcN78 -1993) organizing cornmittee. Participants included 19 speakers from 9 nations and approximately 60 Japanese participants, among which were many "young scientists". There was a half-day "General Discussion" regarding the future prospects of new technologies for both basic and applied studies of RBA. Other topics of discussion included the establishment of an effective international network on transgenic fish under the auspices of the IUBS. and an evolution of several smalî teleost fish as a mode1 system for analytical studies for the problems related to RBA. Financial support was provided by the Japan Ministry of Education. Science, and Culture, as well as the Mie Prefecture Government and several research foundations of Japan, to which 1 am most grateful. Finally. 1 would like to thank aii the participants. particularly Our overseas visitors. who enthusiasticaily joined this occasion. References HEW. C.L. & GONG. Z. 1992. Transgenic Fish: a New Technology of Fish Biology and Aquaculture. B[dogy InteniatlonaL 24-2-10. van OORDT. P.G.W.J. 1991. Reproductive Biology in Aquaculture: a Proposal for
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