DOCSLIB.ORG

ESCMID Online Lecture Library © by Author

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ESCMID Online Lecture Library © by Author Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH A taxonomic life between between Scylla© and by Charybdis author ESCMIDErko Online Stackebrandt, Lecture DSMZ Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Content • A brief history of taxonomy – Faces and achievements – What is a “species”: Rules and nomenclature – The molecular revolution I: the beginning • The first clash • Reconsolidating polyphasic taxonomy • The molecular revolution II • The second clash © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Growth of number of validly published species names since 1980 1792 in 2017 © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library The situation of taxonomists before the identification of a new bacterial species Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH The driving forces of systematics Louis Pasteur (1822‐1985) Among others (1873‐1891) Mycobacterium© lepraeby author Bacillus anthracis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Robert Koch (1843‐1910) Paul Ehrlich Salmonella typhii (1854ESCMID‐1915) Erysipelothrix Online rusiopathiae Lecture Library Streptococcus pyogenes Christian Vibrio cholerae Gram Clostridium speticum (1853‐1938) Corynebacterium diphtheriae Stain 1884 Julius Petri Malleomyces mallei (1852‐1921) Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH The discovery of physiology Sigurd Orla‐Jensen. 1870‐1949 Sergei Winogradsky 1856‐1953 Martinus Willem © by author Beijerinck, 1851‐1931 Alber Jan ESCMIDKluyver Online Lecture Library 1888‐1956 Roger Stanier, 1916‐1982 Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH What is a ‘species’? In bacteriology, species is a definition, not a concept Arbitrary, random Artificial, man‐made Pragmatic, satisfying the needs of the user © by author Buchanan (1955): a species is “ the type culture together with such other cultures or strains of ESCMIDbacteria that are Online accepted Lecture by bacteriologists Library as sufficiently closely related” Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH The community of taxonomists Reviewers Species description (polyphasic) The Code ©The by author author Minimal standards Approved Lists Always test a range of ESCMIDCharacterization Online LectureIdentification Libraryclosest relatives A strain Known species Microbiology Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Delineating species Brian McCarthy and E. T. Bolton, 1961, described a method to compare genetic material from different species using DNA‐DNA hybridization. 70% similarity is the recognized threshold value for species Different hybridization formats, 1960‐1970: Josef de Ley © by author John L. Johnson DonESCMID Brenner: reliable Online basis for theLecture classification Library of clinical isolates among members of the Enterobacteriaceae Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Recognizing the semantides Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling Different types of molecules are discussed in relation to their fitness for providing the basis for a molecular phylogeny. Best fit are the"semantides", i.e. the different types of macromolecules that carry© the by genetic author information or a very extensive translation thereof. ESCMID Online Lecture Library J. Theoret Biol.( 1965), 357‐366 Linus Pauling Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History (1901‐1994) Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Ernst H. Haeckel, 1834‐1919 Carl© Woese, by author 1927‐2012 ESCMID Online Lecture Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH 1872 ‐ 1980 1978 - 1985 The first clash © by author PhenotypeESCMID Onlineversus Lecture Library16S rRNA‐ based genotype Pheno‐species polyphasic geno‐species Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Wayne et al., 1987 (IJSB 37, 463‐464) There was general agreement that the complete deoxyri‐ bonucleic acid (DNA) sequence would be the reference standard to determine phylogeny and that phylogeny should determine taxonomy. It is recommended that a distinct genospecies that cannot be differentiated© fromby author another genospecies on theESCMID basis of any Online known phenotypic Lecture property Library not be named until they can be differentiated by some phenotypic property. Microbiology Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Methods generating DNA patterns Chromosomes Gene/protein Genes Genomes patterns RFLP Ribotyping MLST RAPD MALDI‐TOF MLSA ERIC ARDRA, T‐RFLP rrn genes BOX Spacers© by ITS author Pearson correlation (Opt:1.20%) [0.0%-100.0%] REP Cluster Strain 100 70 80 90 DSM 20577T O. turbata I PFGEESCMID Online Lecture LibraryDSM 43878 III DSM 43852T O. enterophila DSM 46000 (F)AFLP II DSM 46001 DSM 46097 DSMZ IV DSM 14281 Deutsche MLVA Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Pierre-Edouard Fournier, Didier Raoult, Michel Drancourt «New Species Announcement», a new format to prompt the description of new human microbial species Human Microbiome Journal, 2016, Available online 30 May 2016 Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library http://enve-omics.ce.gatech.edu/ani/ Das Bild kann nicht angezeigt werden. Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Nov 29; 361(1475): 1929–1940. The bacterial species definition in the genomic era Konstantinos T Konstantinidis,*Alban Ramette, and James M Tiedje © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH From 2010 on The second clash © by author PolyphasicESCMID Onlineversus Lecture genomeLibrary‐based Apparently teadious ease, shortcut Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Planctomycetales –two genera become five genera © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Kindly provided by Hans-Peter Klenk Leibniz‐Institut DSMZ‐Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH Conclusions •Taxonomy is a highly conserved discipline and taxonomists do not like to see changes •Changes are adopted, though with low speed •The crux in taxonomy is that all species are treated like a closely related taxon •Within the next few years wet lab DNA-DNA-hybridizations (DDHs) will be fully replaced by digital DDHs (depending on the progress in sequencing type strains) © by author •Soon we will see more and more whole genome sequence-based phylogenies and less 16S rRNA trees •GenomeESCMID sequences Onlinewill be an integral Lecture part of species Librarydescription .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genetic Markers and Plant Genetic Resource Management P
    NCRPIS Publications and Papers North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station 1995 Genetic Markers and Plant Genetic Resource Management P. K. Bretting United States Department of Agriculture Mark P. Widrlechner Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ncrpis_pubs Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ ncrpis_pubs/75. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NCRPIS Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Plant Breeding Reviews, Volume 13 Edited by Jules Janick © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-57343-2 12 P. K. BRETTING AND M. P. WIDRLECHNER C. Maintenance 1. Maintaining Trueness-to-Type a. Morphological Traits b. Secondary Metabolites c. Isozymes, Seed Proteins, and DNA Markers d. Comparative Studies e. Pollination Control Methods 2. Monitoring Shifts in Population Genetic Structure in Heterogeneous Germplasm a. Deviations from Random Mating b. Regeneration of Autogamous Species 3. Monitoring Genetic Shifts Caused by Differential Viability in Storage 4. Monitoring Genetic Shifts Caused by In Vitro Culture 5. Monitoring Germplasm Viability and Health D. Utilization 1. Developing Optimal Utilization Strategies from Genetic Marker Data 2.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,348,854 Webster, Jr
    US00534.8854A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,348,854 Webster, Jr. 45) Date of Patent: Sep. 20, 1994 54 METHOD FORDETECTINGPROKARYOTIC vol. 10, No. 2, "Overview of Automation and Identifi ORGANISMS cation,” pp. 18-20, William J. Martin (1979). 76 Inventor: John A. Webster, Jr., 5 Kenmar Dr., American Society for Microbiology News, vol. 49, No. 2, Bldg. 5, Apt. 21, Billerica, Mass. "Impact of Modern Taxonomy on Microbiology,” Don 01821 J. Brenner. International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria and 21) Appl. No.: 21,551 Selected Statutes... Bacteriological Code, 1976 Revi 22 Filed: Mar. 2, 1987 sions; ASM, Washington, D.C. (1975). Arnot et al., Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 3:47-56 (1981). Related U.S. Application Data Dunn et al., Cell 12:23-36 (1977). Mattei et al., Chem. Absts, vol. 86, No. 19, p. 267, Ab 63) Continuation of Ser. No. 695,223, Jan. 25, 1985, aban doned, Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 305,498, Sep. stract No. 1362(e) (1977). 25, 1981, Pat. No. 4,717,653. Moseley, S. L. et al., J. Infect. Dis. 142:892-898 (1980). Acore, R. U., Current Topics in Microbiology and Im 51 Int. Cl. ............................................... C12Q 1/68 munobiology 64:105-128 (1974), edited by Springer, 52 U.S. C. .......................................... 435/6; 435/34; New York. 435/172.1; 435/810; 436/504; 436/545; 436/501; 436/804 Boros et al., Nucl. Acids Res, 6:1817-1830 (1979). 58) Field of Search .................. 435/6, 34, 172.1, 810; Saillard, Colette, J. N. Bove, "Methods in Mycro 436/504, 543, 545, 801, 501; 535/695, 223, 78, plasma,’ vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizing the Diversity of Active Bacteria in Soil by Comprehensive Stable Isotope Probing of DNA and RNA 18 with H2 O Elizabeth A
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH Characterizing the diversity of active bacteria in soil by comprehensive stable isotope probing of DNA and RNA 18 with H2 O Elizabeth A. Rettedal1 & Volker S. Brozel€ 1,2 1Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0004, South Africa Keywords Abstract 18 Bacterial diversity, DNA, H2 O, RNA, SIP, soil. Current limitations in culture-based methods have lead to a reliance on cul- ture-independent approaches, based principally on the comparative analysis of Correspondence primary semantides such as ribosomal gene sequences. DNA can be remarkably Elizabeth A. Rettedal, Department of Biology stable in some environments, so its presence does not indicate live bacteria, but and Microbiology, South Dakota State extracted ribosomal RNA (rRNA) has previously been viewed as an indicator of University, Brookings SD 57007. active cells. Stable isotope probing (SIP) involves the incorporation of heavy Tel: + 45 4525 2506; Fax: + 45 4593 2809; isotopes into newly synthesized nucleic acids, and can be used to separate newly E-mail: [email protected] 18 synthesized from existing DNA or rRNA. H2 O is currently the only potential universal bacterial substrate suitable for SIP of entire bacterial communities. Funding Information The aim of our work was to compare soil bacterial community composition as We thank our reviewers for their helpful revealed by total versus SIP-labeled DNA and rRNA. Soil was supplemented 18 comments and suggestions. This research with H2 O and after 38 days the DNA and RNA were co-extracted. Heavy was funded by SD00H296-081HG from the nucleic acids were separated out by CsCl and CsTFA density centrifugation.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Small Endogenous Viral Elements Within Host
    IDENTIFICATION OF SMALL ENDOGENOUS VIRAL ELEMENTS WITHIN HOST GENOMES by Edward C. Davis, Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science Boise State University May 2016 c 2016 Edward C. Davis, Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Edward C. Davis, Jr. Thesis Title: Identification of Small Endogenous Viral Elements within Host Genomes Date of Final Oral Examination: 04 March 2016 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Edward C. Davis, Jr., and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Timothy Andersen, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Amit Jain, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Gregory Hampikian, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Timothy Andersen, Ph.D., Chair, Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College by John R. Pelton, Ph.D., Dean of the Graduate College. Dedicated to Elaina, Arianna, and Zora. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express gratitude to the members of the supervisory com- mittee for providing guidance and patience. v ABSTRACT A parallel string matching software architecture has been developed (incorpo- rating several algorithms) to identify small genetic sequences in large genomes. En- dogenous viral elements (EVEs) are sequences originating in the genomes of viruses that have become integrated into the chromosomes of sperm or egg cells of infected hosts, and passed to subsequent generations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Bioinformatics.Pdf
    PERSPECTIVES d’éthique en désaccord avec la directive européenne. Le Medicine in the 21st Century, December 4–5, 1998, 2nd nomic environment that includes various Monde 15 June (2000). edn 47–53 (AACC, Washington DC, 1998). social values, research practices and business 7. Kolata, G. Special Report: Who owns your genes? New 26. Caulfield, T. & Gold, E. R. Genetic testing, ethical York Times 15 May (2000). concerns, and the role of patent law. Clin. Genet. 57, pressures. We are mindful that, in some situa- 8. Ramirez, A. School given patent to clone humans. 370–375 (2000). tions, modifying patent law may reduce one National Post 16 May (2000). 27. Bruzzone, L. The research exemption: a proposal. Am. 9. Sagar, A., Daemmrich, A. & Ashiya, M. The tragedy of Intell. Prop. Law Assoc. QL 21, 52 (1993). problem (such as permitting more competi- commoners: biotechnology and its publics. Nature 28. Parker, D. Patent infringement exemptions for life science tion), while magnifying others (such as Biotechnol. 18, 2–4 (2000). research. Houston J. Intl Law 16, 615 (1994). 10. Angell, M. Is academic medicine for sale? N. Engl. J. 29. Gold, E. R. in Commercialization of Genetic Research: reducing incentives to conduct research and Med. 20, 1516–1518 (2000). Ethical, Legal and Policy Issues (eds Caulfield, T. & development). Nevertheless, although care 11. Pottagem, A. The inscription of life in law: gene, patents, Williams–Jones, B.) 63–78 (Plenum, New York, 1999). and bio-politics. The Modern Law Review 61, 740–765 30. Schissel, A., Merz, J. F. & Cho, M. K. Survey confirms must be taken, this debate needs to progress (1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Presentations
    DanBIF Conference on Molecular Biodiversity March 11 - 12, 2004 Venue: Festsal at Geocenter Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Organiser: DanBIF, Danish National Node of GBIF, Global Biodiversity Information Facility Presentations: Welcome & Introduction: The three main levels of biodiversity (Molecular, Organismic, Ecological); Why is molecular biodiversity important to GBIF/DanBIF? Professor Henrik Enghoff Director, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen. email: [email protected] Abstract: Biodiversity is an immensely complex concept but can be construed as being organised according to three main "axes": Organismic biodiversity deals with entire animals, plants, fungi and micro- organisms and includes such aspects as morphology, distribution, phylogeny, naming, preservation of specimens in collections. Molecular biodiversity focuses on DNA, RNA and proteins and is the main subject of the present conference. Ecological biodiversity is about such things as, e.g., communities and interactions between species. Although research along each of the three main axes can give wonderful results, it is in the conceptual planes defined by two or in the conceptual space defined by all three of the axes that the really exciting discoveries are most likely to be made. GBIF has chosen initially to focus on the organismic level of biodiversity. However, when Denmark presented her bid to host the GBIF secretariat, much emphasis was put on exploring the interaction between organismic and molecular biodiversity. The present conference, arranged by DanBIF – GBIF's Danish node – represents an attempt to stimulate collaboration between molecular and organismic biodiversity researchers. Session 1 – What is molecular biodiversity? - Presentation of the three molecular levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Be1! & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor Ml 48106-1346 USA 313 761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9031164 Substrate recognition properties of the tRNA^P intron endonuclease from the archaebacteriumHalobacterium volcanii Thompson, Leo Douglas, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny Based on 16S Rrna/DNA
    Phylogeny Based on Secondary article 16S rRNA/DNA Article Contents . Introduction Erko Stackebrandt, DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, . Semantic Macromolecules: a Basis for Phylogenetic Braunschweig, Germany Studies . Sequence Determination, Sequence Alignment and Determination of Sequence Similarities Modern systematics of prokaryotes is based on comparative analysis of the evolutionarily . Recognition of the Higher Taxa of Prokaryotes conservative genes coding for 16S ribosomal RNA. Dendrograms of phylogenetic . Polyphasic Approach to Bacterial Systematics relatedness show the order in which organisms evolved in time, thus providing a basis for . The Taxonomic Rank ‘Species’ in Bacteriology their classification. Introduction are the historical record of evolution, and the determina- In contrast to more highly evolved eukaryotes, in which tion of their primary structure provides a powerful means complex morphologies visibly reflect their evolutionary by which evolutionary relationships can be measured. In history, the microscopic and ultrastructural features of essence, two organisms possessing a given stretch of microorganisms cannot be used to deduce the way in which semantides which differ in only a few changes (mutations, the prokaryotes and the morphologically simple eukar- nucleotide order or amino acid positions) are more closely yotic forms evolved. Before 1960 taxonomists were unable related to each other than those organisms in which a to appreciate the complexity of microbial systematics and higher number of changes have accumulated. Thus these to recognize that groups based on superficial properties molecules can be considered as chronometers. As different alone did not necessarily reflect those which arose due to genes are subjected to different rates of changes (same evolutionary processes.
    [Show full text]
  • History, Objectivity, and the Construction of Molecular Phylogenies
    Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 39 (2008) 451–468 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies Edna Suárez-Díaz a, Victor H. Anaya-Muñoz b a National University of Mexico and Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, DF 04510, México b Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universtiät zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin 10115, Germany article info abstract Article history: Despite the promises made by molecular evolutionists since the early 1960s that phylogenies would be Received 18 November 2007 readily reconstructed using molecular data, the construction of molecular phylogenies has both retained Received in revised form 10 July 2008 many methodological problems of the past and brought up new ones of considerable epistemic relevance. The field is driven not only by changes in knowledge about the processes of molecular evolution, but also by an ever-present methodological anxiety manifested in the constant search for an increased objectivity— or in its converse, the avoidance of subjectivity. Keywords: This paper offers an exhaustive account of the methodological and conceptual difficulties embedded in Molecular phytogenies each of the steps required to elaborate molecular phytogenies. The authors adopt a historical perspective Objectivity Character weighting on the field in order to follow the development of practices that seek to increase the objectivity of their Quantification methods and representations. These include the adoption and development of explicit criteria for evalu- Statistical Methods ation of evidence, and of procedures associated with methods of statistical inference, quantification and Automation automation.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques Used for Systematic Investigation
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Lloyd James Lockwood for the Ph.D. in Genetics-Physiology presented on/4gazeiNz3 Title: Immunoelectrophoretic Techniques Used for Systematic Investigation Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: - / W. P. Stephen Immunotaxonomic studies have largely been based on serology in which either one of two parametershas been used for establishing relationships:(1) the number of precipitin arcs formed on Ouehterlony plates, or (2) the total amount of precipitin resulting from reactions with a standard antiserum. Recognizing the restrictions of both methods, electrophoresis and immunology, it seems desirable to develop and evaluate techniques incorporating these primary tools as a means of determining protein homologies. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis (IEA) has special applicability for it provides a means of more objectively evaluating homologies at the generic and family levels. With the prime purpose of evaluating and develop- ing techniques, two hypotheses are posed:(1) that homologous pairs of proteins are more common in related species and less common in more distantly related species, and (2) that proteins from distantly related organisms with common Rf values, when separated on acrylamide gels, can more likely be considered to be homologous if they exhibit the same antigenic properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which IEA can be used to establish isology and possibly homology among soluble insect proteins. Insect species whose relationships are well known have been used to determine whether IEA reflects on the propinquity of the species tested. The contention and conclusion of this investi- gation was that the techniques presented are of highly significant value in establishing phyletic relationships in closely and distantly related organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Position of Helicobacter Nemestrinae LINDSAY I
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Apr. 1993, p. 386-387 Vol. 43, No. 2 0O20-7713/93/020386-02$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1993, International Union of Microbiological Societies The Phylogenetic Position of Helicobacter nemestrinae LINDSAY I. SLY,' MELINDA A. BRONSDON,2 JOHN P. BOWMAN,l ANDREW HOLMES,' AND ERKO STACKEBRANDT'" Department of Microbiology, Centre for Bacterial Diversity and Identification, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia, ' and Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 981 95= Comparison of the Helicobacter nemestrinae 16s ribosomal DNA with published homologous sequences from members of the genera Helicobacter, WolineUa, and CampyZobacter reveals a close relationship between H. nemestrinae, H. pylori, and H. acinonyx. This finding is unexpected since these species differ significantly in their DNA guanine-plus-cytosine contents (24 to 38 mol%). Recently, a spiral, gram-negative bacterium from the The rather long internode separating the more deeply gastric mucosa of a macaque monkey was described as branching helicobacters from the H. felis-H. nemestrinae Helicobacter nemestrinae (1). This organism phenotypically group, together with the comparatively longer branch resembled Helicobacter pylon and other members of the lengths leading to these species, could be interpreted as the genus Helicobacter but showed little overall DNA similarity result of a significant change in nucleotide substitutions in to certain members of this genus, including H. pylon' ( c 10%) the ribosomal DNA genes that began after the latter group and H. mustelae (<1%). The low DNA base composition of separated from the ancestor that also gave rise to H. 24 mol% guanine plus cytosine (G+C) made the inclusion of muridarum.
    [Show full text]
  • Ï. Okada & Y. Nagahama
    IUBS Edited by ï. OKADA & Y. NAGAHAMA BIOTECHNOLOGY OF AQUATIC ANIMALS Proceedings of an IUBS symposium organized on 25-27 November, 1991, in Toba City. Mie Prefecture, Japan Edited by Tokindo Okada Biohistory Research haii. Murasakicho 1- 1. Takatsuki 569. Japan Yoshitaka Nagahama National Institute for Basic Biology 38 Nishigonaka. Myodaijicho. Okasakf, 444 Japan Special Issue-28 Biology International (C) 1993 The Intemational Union of Biological Sciences News Magazine Biology International (Special Issue No28 - 1993) TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction, by T.S. Okada 5 A New Approach in Aquaculture: A Must for Feeding a Rapidly Increasing World Population and for Meeting the Ecological Demands of the 2 1st Century. by P.G.W.J. van Oordt 9 Biotechnology of Aquatic Animals: A New Frontier with Implications for Both Basic and Applied Research, by D.A. Powem. T.T. Chen. & RADunharn 17 Regulation of Oocyte Maturation in Aquatic Animais: The Comparative and Generai Aspects. by Y. Nagahama 27 Glycosphingolipids: Important Membrane Components Rather Neglected in Biotechnology, by Motonori Hoshi Hatching Enzyme of Medaka: Molecular Aspects of Its Formation and Packaging in the Hatching Gland Cells, by K. Yamagami, S. Yasumasu, H. Shimada, & 1. Iuchi Differential Response to Mutagenesis Arnong the Spermatogenic Stages of a Fish, the Japanese Medaka Oryzias h.flpes.by A. Shima & A. Shimada Somatolactin, a New Member of the Growth Hormone and Prolactin Family from the Pars Intermedia of Teleost Fish, by Hiroshi Kawauchi cDNA Cloning and Structure of Teleost Growth Hormones and the Growth Promoting Activity of Recombinant Hormones, by K. Nakashima, M. Watahiki. & M. Tanaka Genome Transfer in Teleosts, by Yan Shaoyi Biology International (Special Issue No 28 - 1993) Induced Fusion of Oocytes and Embryonic Cells, by ,S.G.
    [Show full text]