A Series of Review Articles Genetic Regulation of Branching
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Structure of Pronephros and Development of Mesonephric Kidney in Larvae of Russian Sturgeon, Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii Brandt (Acipenseridae)
Zoologica5 PRONEPHROS Poloniae-AND (2012)-MESONEPHRIC 57/1-4: 5-20-KIDNEY-IN-LARVAE-OF-A.-GUELDENSTAEDTII 5 DOI: 10.2478/v10049-012-0001-6 STRUCTURE OF PRONEPHROS AND DEVELOPMENT OF MESONEPHRIC KIDNEY IN LARVAE OF RUSSIAN STURGEON, ACIPENSER GUELDENSTAEDTII BRANDT (ACIPENSERIDAE) L.S. KRAYUSHKINA*1, A.A. GERASIMOV1, A.A. KIRSANOV1, M.V. MOSYAGINA1, A. OGORZA£EK2 1Department of Ichthyology and Hydrobiology, St. Petersburg State University, 16-th Line 29, 199178, St. Petersburg, Russia, [email protected] 2 Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland. *Corresponding author Abstract. The structure of the pronephros and development of mesonephric kidney in Russian sturgeon larvae, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt at different stages of early postembryonic development (from hatching to 14 days), were studied with histological and electronic microscopy methods. The larval pronephros is represented by the system of bilaterally located pronephric tubules with ciliated nephrostomes and funnels and exog- enous single glomus, which is not integrated directly into pronephric tubules and located in the pronephric chamber. The glomus is positioned below the dorsal aorta and vascular- ized by its capillaries. The glomus has the same features of the thin structure that are typical of and necessary for the function of a filtering organ. The structure of the prone- phros in acipenserids is discussed and compared with teleosts and amphibians. Histogen- esis of the mesonephric kidney is observed during the period of pronephros functioning; it is complete by the time the larvae transfer to exogenous feeding. At this moment, the pronephros undergoes significant structural degradation. -
Prospective Isolation of NKX2-1–Expressing Human Lung Progenitors Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells
The Journal of Clinical Investigation RESEARCH ARTICLE Prospective isolation of NKX2-1–expressing human lung progenitors derived from pluripotent stem cells Finn Hawkins,1,2 Philipp Kramer,3 Anjali Jacob,1,2 Ian Driver,4 Dylan C. Thomas,1 Katherine B. McCauley,1,2 Nicholas Skvir,1 Ana M. Crane,3 Anita A. Kurmann,1,5 Anthony N. Hollenberg,5 Sinead Nguyen,1 Brandon G. Wong,6 Ahmad S. Khalil,6,7 Sarah X.L. Huang,3,8 Susan Guttentag,9 Jason R. Rock,4 John M. Shannon,10 Brian R. Davis,3 and Darrell N. Kotton1,2 2 1Center for Regenerative Medicine, and The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 3Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA. 4Department of Anatomy, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. 5Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 6Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 7Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 8Columbia Center for Translational Immunology & Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. 9Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 10Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. It has been postulated that during human fetal development, all cells of the lung epithelium derive from embryonic, endodermal, NK2 homeobox 1–expressing (NKX2-1+) precursor cells. -
Stem Cells in the Embryonic Kidney R Nishinakamura1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector http://www.kidney-international.org mini review & 2008 International Society of Nephrology Stem cells in the embryonic kidney R Nishinakamura1 1Division of Integrative Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan The mammalian kidney, the metanephros, is formed by a STRATEGY TOWARD KIDNEY RECONSTITUTION USING reciprocally inductive interaction between two precursor PROGENITOR CELLS tissues, the metanephric mesenchyme and the ureteric bud. Stem cells are defined by two criteria: self-renewal and The ureteric bud induces the metanephric mesenchyme to multipotency. Few reports in the kidney field have addressed differentiate into the epithelia of glomeruli and renal tubules. both of these criteria at a clonal level, so it is better to use the Multipotent renal progenitors that form colonies upon Wnt4 term ‘progenitor’ rather than ‘stem cells.’ In this review, renal stimulation and strongly express Sall1 exist in the progenitors in the embryonic kidney, not those in the adult metanephric mesenchyme; these cells can partially kidney, from the viewpoint of developmental biology and reconstitute a three-dimensional structure in an organ stem/progenitor cell biology will be discussed. To generate culture setting. Six2 maintains this mesenchymal progenitor multiple cell lineages for kidney regeneration, the identifica- population by opposing Wnt4-mediated epithelialization. tion of renal progenitors is a prerequisite. Furthermore, there Upon epithelial tube formation, Notch2 is required for the exist three obstacles to be overcome: (1) derivation of the differentiation of proximal nephron structures (podocyte and renal progenitors; (2) expansion of the renal progenitors; and proximal tubules). -
Secreted Molecules in Metanephric Induction
J Am Soc Nephrol 11: S116–S119, 2000 Secreted Molecules in Metanephric Induction THOMAS J. CARROLL and ANDREW P. McMAHON Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Abstract. Nearly 50 yr ago, Clifford Grobstein made the ob- the classic model of metanephric induction. The studies of the servation that the ureteric bud induced the nephrogenic mes- classic ureteric inducer performed to date have most likely enchyme to undergo tubulogenesis. Since that discovery, sci- been characterizations of a mesenchyme-specific inducer, entists have attempted to characterize the molecular nature of Wnt-4, and its role in tubulogenesis. Ureteric induction most the inducer. To date, no single molecule that is both necessary likely involves a series of distinct events that provide prolif- and sufficient for nephric induction has been identified. Be- erative, survival, and condensation signals to the mesenchyme, cause of recent insights regarding the role of several secreted integrating the growth of the ureteric system with tubulogen- molecules in tubulogenesis, it has become necessary to revise esis. The developmental biologic processes of the kidney have been logenesis. The conclusion drawn from this discovery was that the subject of intense study for more than 100 yr (for review, the ureteric bud induces tubulogenesis within the surrounding see reference (1). All three vertebrate kidney types (pro- mesenchyme. During further investigation, it was discovered nephros, mesonephros, and metanephros) are derivatives of a that a number of tissues, including, most notably, a dorsal region of the embryo known as the intermediate mesoderm. In portion of the embryonic spinal cord, are able to substitute for mice, a portion of the mesonephric duct, known as the meta- the ureter in this inductive interaction. -
Embryology of the Kidney Rizaldy Paz Scott | Yoshiro Maezawa | Jordan Kreidberg | Susan E
1 Embryology of the Kidney Rizaldy Paz Scott | Yoshiro Maezawa | Jordan Kreidberg | Susan E. Quaggin CHAPTER OUTLINE MAMMALIAN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT, 2 MOLECULAR GENETICS OF MODEL SYSTEMS TO STUDY KIDNEY NEPHROGENESIS, 22 DEVELOPMENT, 8 GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MAMMALIAN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT, 15 KEY POINTS • The development of the kidney relies on reciprocal signaling and inductive interactions between neighboring cells. • Epithelial cells that comprise the tubular structures of the kidney are derived from two distinct cell lineages: the ureteric epithelia lineage that branches and gives rise to collecting ducts and the nephrogenic mesenchyme lineage that undergoes mesenchyme to epithelial transition to form connecting tubules, distal tubules, the loop of Henle, proximal tubules, parietal epithelial cells, and podocytes. • Nephrogenesis and nephron endowment requires an epigenetically regulated balance between nephron progenitor self-renewal and epithelial differentiation. • The timing of incorporation of nephron progenitor cells into nascent nephrons predicts their positional identity within the highly patterned mature nephron. • Stromal cells and their derivatives coregulate ureteric branching morphogenesis, nephrogenesis, and vascular development. • Endothelial cells track the development of the ureteric epithelia and establish the renal vasculature through a combination of vasculogenic and angiogenic processes. • Collecting duct epithelia have an inherent plasticity enabling them to switch between principal and intercalated cell identities. MAMMALIAN KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT The filtration function of the kidneys is accomplished by basic units called nephrons (Fig. 1.1). Humans on average have 1 million nephrons per adult kidney but the range of ANATOMIC OVERVIEW OF THE 4 MAMMALIAN KIDNEY total nephrons is highly variable across human populations. Each mouse kidney may contain up to 12,000–16,000 nephrons The kidney is a sophisticated, highly vascularized organ that depending on the strain.5 This wide range in nephron number plays a central role in overall body homeostasis. -
Urinary System
OUTLINE 27.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 818 27.2 Kidneys 820 27 27.2a Gross and Sectional Anatomy of the Kidney 820 27.2b Blood Supply to the Kidney 821 27.2c Nephrons 824 27.2d How Tubular Fluid Becomes Urine 828 27.2e Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 828 Urinary 27.2f Innervation of the Kidney 828 27.3 Urinary Tract 829 27.3a Ureters 829 27.3b Urinary Bladder 830 System 27.3c Urethra 833 27.4 Aging and the Urinary System 834 27.5 Development of the Urinary System 835 27.5a Kidney and Ureter Development 835 27.5b Urinary Bladder and Urethra Development 835 MODULE 13: URINARY SYSTEM mck78097_ch27_817-841.indd 817 2/25/11 2:24 PM 818 Chapter Twenty-Seven Urinary System n the course of carrying out their specific functions, the cells Besides removing waste products from the bloodstream, the uri- I of all body systems produce waste products, and these waste nary system performs many other functions, including the following: products end up in the bloodstream. In this case, the bloodstream is ■ Storage of urine. Urine is produced continuously, but analogous to a river that supplies drinking water to a nearby town. it would be quite inconvenient if we were constantly The river water may become polluted with sediment, animal waste, excreting urine. The urinary bladder is an expandable, and motorboat fuel—but the town has a water treatment plant that muscular sac that can store as much as 1 liter of urine. removes these waste products and makes the water safe to drink. -
Regulation of Early Lung Morphogenesis: Questions, Facts and Controversies
REVIEW 1611 Development 133, 1611-1624 (2006) doi:10.1242/dev.02310 Regulation of early lung morphogenesis: questions, facts and controversies Wellington V. Cardoso* and Jining Lü During early respiratory system development, the foregut endodermal specification, lung primordium formation, and the endoderm gives rise to the tracheal and lung cell progenitors. regulation of the initial stages of branching morphogenesis and Through branching morphogenesis, and in coordination with differentiation in the embryonic lung. We address questions such as vascular development, a tree-like structure of epithelial ‘when and how is respiratory cell fate established?’, ‘how do lung tubules forms and differentiates to produce the airways and buds form?’, ‘how are stereotypical patterns of airway branching and alveoli. Recent studies have implicated the fibroblast growth cellular diversity generated in the developing lung?’ and ‘which factor, sonic hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein, retinoic pathways and targets are key to these processes?’. Most of what is acid and Wnt signaling pathways, and various transcription described refers to mouse lung development because of the genetic factors in regulating the initial stages of lung development. data available (Table 1). Lung vascular development and later events, However, the precise roles of these molecules and how they such as sacculation and alveoli formation, are not discussed in this interact in the developing lung is subject to debate. Here, we review (for reviews, see Pauling and Vu, 2004; Williams, -
Branching Morphogenesis of the Lung: New Molecular Insights Into an Old Problem
86 Review TRENDS in Cell Biology Vol.13 No.2 February 2003 Branching morphogenesis of the lung: new molecular insights into an old problem Pao-Tien Chuang1 and Andrew P. McMahon2 1Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 2Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA It has been known for decades that branching morpho- This process coincides with the appearance of another genesis of the lung is mediated through reciprocal inter- endodermal derivative, the dorsal pancreatic bud pri- actions between the epithelium and its underlying mordium, whereas the liver and thyroid bud emerge one mesenchyme. In recent years, several key players, in day earlier from the ventral foregut endoderm [5]. The particular members of the major signaling pathways lung primordium is composed of two parts: the future that mediate this interaction, have been identified. Here, trachea and two endodermal buds (primary buds), which we review the genetic and molecular studies of these give rise to the left and right lobes of the distal lung. Both key components, which have provided a conceptual components are composed of an epithelial layer of endo- framework for understanding the interactions of these derm surrounded by splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm major signaling pathways in branching morphogenesis. cells. Initially the primary buds grow ventrally and The future challenge is to translate understanding of caudally, and initiate lateral branches at invariant posi- the signaling cascade into knowledge of the cellular tions, beginning around 10.5 dpc. In this way, five responses, including cell proliferation, migration and secondary buds are generated, four on the right side and differentiation, that lead to the stereotyped branching.* one on the left side, leading to the formation of four right lobes and one left lobe of the mature lung in mice. -
Embryology Dr. Azal N.Al-Nusear Respiratory System 1-Upper
Embryology Dr. Azal N.Al-Nusear Respiratory System 1-Upper Respiratory System: The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharynx, and oropharynx. 2-Lower Respiratory system: The lower respiratory system consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The first sign of development is the formation of the respiratory diverticulum in the ventral wall of the primitive foregut during week 4. The distal end of the respiratory diverticulum enlarges to form the lung bud. The lung bud divides into two bronchial buds that branch into the primary, secondary, tertiary, and subsegmental bronchi. The respiratory diverticulum initially is in open communication with the foregut, but eventually they become separated by mesoderm (tracheoesophageal folds). When the tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to form the tracheoesophageal septum, the foregut is divided into the trachea ventrally and esophagus dorsally. RD: respiratory diverticulum F: foregut. VM: visceral mesoderm. TEF : tracheoesophageal folds the trachea (T) and esophagus (E). B = bronchial buds. LL = left lung; L = right lung; Development of Individual Parts of the Respiratory System Larynx The larynx develops from the cranial part of laryngotracheal diverticulum. The opening of the respiratory diverticulum into the foregut becomes the laryngeal orifice. The mesenchyme (of fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches) surrounding the laryngeal orifice proliferates. As a result, the slit-like laryngeal orifice becomes T shaped. Subsequently laryngeal orifice acquires a characteristic adult shape. The lining epithelium of larynx develops from endoderm of this diverticulum. At first the endodermal cells proliferate and completely obliterate lumen of larynx. Later the cells breakdown and recanalization of larynx take place. -
Renal Development
RENAL DEVELOPMENT Jon Barasch M.D., Ph.D. Telephone: 305-1890 e-mail: [email protected] SUGGESTED READING: Larsen, 3rd edition, pp 265 (first three paragraphs) - 266, 268-276 and figure 10-10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: You should be able to: 1. Describe the three kidneys that are produced during development and know what happens to each one. 2. Explain what is meant by ‘reciprocal induction’ and why it poses problems in interpreting experiments in developing kidney. 3. Describe the stages of nephron formation from the renal vesicle. 4. Discuss the regulators of mesenchymal to epithelial transition in the intermediate mesoderm and metanephric mesenchyme and name three molecules mediating conversion. 5. Describe branching morphogenesis and name the three patterns in the developing metanephros. 6. Discuss three key important ligands and their receptors. 7. Discuss the classification of congenital renal abnormalities that are associated with urological abnormalities and the possible underlying mechanisms for their association. SUMMARY: The urogenital system derives from mesenchymal cells by a process of conversion to epithelia. The development of the kidney relies on three mechanisms of epithelial morphogenesis. 1. Some newborn epithelia migrate extensively (Wolffian duct), 2. some undergo branching morphogenesis (ureteric bud) and 3. some produce highly segmented tubules (nephrons). GLOSSARY: Angiotensin II: your favorite vasoconstrictor and regulator of proximal tubule reclamation of NaCl and water by receptor type 1. Receptor type-2 modulates cell growth and seems to play a role in congenital abnormalities. Arcade: a tubule of ureteric bud that induces a few nephrons simultaneously. The nephrons join to a common drainage called a connecting tubule that feeds into the ureteric’s collecting duct. -
Kidney Development and Function in the Fetus
Kidney Development, - and Function in the Fetus Bob Caruthers, CST, PhD The kidneys produce urine, a blood filtrate, and regulate uri- can be seen in the fourth week. The pronephros is complete1 nary volume and composition. These regulatory activities regred by the start of the fifth week. The pronephros form involve balancing water and solute transport, conserving and regresses in a cranial-to-caudal sequence. No pronephric nutrients, eliminating waste products, and regulating acid and glomeruli (cluster of capillaries) have been observed, and no bases. The primary purpose of kidney function is to maintain a vesicles are associated with the pronephric duct. The stable environment in which cellular and tissue metabolic pronephros is, therefore, not active in urine producti0n.Y activity can proceed at an optimal level. The kidneys secrete the hormone renin, erythropoietin and 1.25-dihydroxy vita- MPSONEPHROS min D. Renin helps regulate blood pressure. Erythropoietin The mesonephros originates in the nephrogenic cord that is helps regulate erythrocyte production. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin part of the intermediate mesoderm. Early mesonephric forma- D plays a role in calcium metabolism. This article will discuss tion is evident before the pronephros has completed its regre: the development of the kidney, and its role in the fetus."' sion. The mesonephros also degenerates in a cranial-to-cauda Since the kidneys are bilateral structures, development sequence. Some of the cranial structures are degenerating in involves both right and left kidneys. During fetal develop- the fifth week of fetal development while the caudal structun ment, three separate nephric structures develop in succession; are still differentiating. -
Dnmt1 Is Required for Proximal-Distal Patterning of the Lung Endoderm and for Restraining Alveolar Type 2 Cell Fate
Developmental Biology 454 (2019) 108–117 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Developmental Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/developmentalbiology Original research article Dnmt1 is required for proximal-distal patterning of the lung endoderm and for restraining alveolar type 2 cell fate Derek C. Liberti a,b,c,1, Jarod A. Zepp b,c,1, Christina A. Bartoni b,c, Kyle H. Liberti d, Su Zhou c, Minmin Lu c, Michael P. Morley b,c, Edward E. Morrisey a,b,c,e,f,* a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA b Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA c Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA d Middleware Engineering, Red Hat, Westford, MA, 01886, USA e Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA f Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA ABSTRACT Lung endoderm development occurs through a series of finely coordinated transcriptional processes that are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. However, the role of DNA methylation in regulating lung endoderm development remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) is required for early branching morphogenesis of the lungs and for restraining epithelial fate specification. Loss of Dnmt1 leads to an early branching defect, a loss of epithelial polarity and proximal endodermal cell differentiation, and an expansion of the distal endoderm compartment. Dnmt1 deficiency also disrupts epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and leads to precocious distal endodermal cell differentiation with premature expression of alveolar type 2 cell restricted genes.