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Comunidades De Besouros Rola-Bostas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae): Do Macro a Ecologia De Indivíduos

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Comunidades De Besouros Rola-Bostas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae): Do Macro a Ecologia De Indivíduos UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO COMUNIDADES DE BESOUROS ROLA-BOSTAS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE): DO MACRO A ECOLOGIA DE INDIVÍDUOS MARCELO BRUNO PESSÔA Orientador: Dr. Joaquín Hortal Co-orientador: Dr. Paulo De Marco Júnior Goiânia, Goiás Março, 2019 MARCELO BRUNO PESSÔA COMUNIDADES DE BESOUROS ROLA-BOSTAS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEINAE): DO MACRO A ECOLOGIA DE INDIVÍDUOS Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Goiás como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução para obtenção do título de doutor. Orientador: Dr. Joaquín Hortal Co-orientador: Dr. Paulo De Marco Júnior Goiânia, Goiás Março, 2019 iii iv v vi DEDICO Ao meu avô, que em memória, Será sempre eterno em minhas lembranças. A minha família que entendeu Que o caminho da ciência é árduo E tão significante quanto outro trabalho A minha esposa que sempre me levantou Quando faltava ânimo A todos os mestres da minha vida Que foram os gigantes os quais eu subi nos ombros. vii AGRADECIMENTO Primeiramente a Kephra, deus rola-bosta, que carreia o sol e renasce do pó. Os rola bostas que inspiram minha curiosidade científica. Muito chão percorri até chegar nesse momento. Um sonho infantil talvez, de tentar aprender sempre mais, de conhecer e desvendar novos mistérios. Um sonho desde criança de ser cientista. Incentivado por vários. Desde meu avô, in memorian, que me ensinou a fazer o que eu amasse. Minha família, que embora tenha demorado um pouco, entendeu que fazer ciência é uma coisa importante pra mim, e embora não seja um trabalho “convencional”, merece tanto respeito quanto os outros. Esse sonho foi possível porque essa vontade de conhecer mais foi incentivada pelos meus professores, desde o ensino fundamental, na graduação, mestrado e agora no doutorado. Estes foram os gigantes o qual subi aos ombros e agora ameaço voar. Agradeço aos meus “brothers of metal” Raphael e Lucas, o trio de loucos, que mesmo longe estão juntos. Mesmo o Rapha não entendendo nada quando eu e o Lucas discutia ele sempre tentava entender. Quando o assunto era nerd, aí discutiam os três, mas sempre com bom humor. Aos amigos que conheci nessa trajetória do doutorado. Lilian, Renan, Day, a vilinha ficou muito mais feliz depois que vocês chegaram e especialmente quando a gente fazia nossos jantares de corredor. Os amigos do Methaland, que me receberam muito bem, que renderam sessões de RPG, e jogos de tabuleiro. Aos amigos do “despacho” do Museo de Ciências Naturales de Madrid, em especial a Fernanda, ao Thiago e ao Jorge, embora tenham sido apenas 6 meses, foram muitos aprendizados. Aos orientadores Joaquín e Paulo, que foram sempre muito solícitos e humanos. Que entendiam que por trás do doutorando havia um humano que come, dorme, cansa, e precisa de momentos além da academia. E se cheguei longe nesse sonho foi porque nos últimos 8 anos dessa jornada tive a companhia de uma pessoa que me apoiou sem pedir nada em troca, que esteve do meu lado nos momentos tensos, e principalmente nos bons, que dormiu em aeroportos comigo, que conseguiu aproveitar um pouco da Europa e o sonho de conhecer a Alemanha, que me acompanha nas minhas nerdices e gulodices, minha esposa Tatiana Souza do Amaral, te amo! E por último, agradeço a CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de doutorado, e pela bolsa sanduíche. A todos. Muito obrigado. viii “We must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And this is a proof that scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must be done for itself, for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chance that a scientific discovery may become like the radium a benefit for humanity.” “I am among those who think that science has great beauty. A scientist in his laboratory is not only a technician: he is also a child placed before natural phenomena which impress him like a fairy tale.” Marie Curie ix SUMÁRIO RESUMO ...................................................................................................................................... 16 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 18 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ................................................................................................................... 22 Organização da tese ................................................................................................................ 22 O gradiente de diversidade latitudinal .................................................................................... 23 Funções ecológicas .................................................................................................................. 28 História Natural dos Scarabaeinae .......................................................................................... 34 Atributos Funcionais de Scarabaeinae .................................................................................... 43 Referências .................................................................................................................................. 54 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 61 Thesis organization.................................................................................................................. 61 The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient .......................................................................................... 62 Ecological Functions ................................................................................................................ 67 Dung Beetle Natural History ................................................................................................... 72 Dung Beetle Functional Traits ............................................................................................. 82 References ................................................................................................................................... 97 CAPÍTULO 1 ............................................................................................................................... 104 UNVEILING THE DRIVERS OF DUNG BEETLE LOCAL SPECIES RICHNESS IN THE NEOTROPICS .. 104 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 104 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 106 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 108 Data collection and filtering .............................................................................................. 108 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................................ 113 Results ................................................................................................................................... 115 Multi-hypothesis testing ................................................................................................... 116 Structural Equation Model ................................................................................................ 117 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 118 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 122 References ............................................................................................................................. 123 Capítulo 2 .................................................................................................................................. 129 ASSESSING THE GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS IN THE DETERMINANTS OF DUNG BEETLE LOCAL SPECIES RICHNESS ACROSS THE NEOTROPICS .......................................................................... 129 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 129 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 131 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 133 x Data construction .............................................................................................................. 133 Predictor Variables ............................................................................................................ 134 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................................ 136 Results ................................................................................................................................... 137 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 146 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 149 References ............................................................................................................................
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