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Overview of Challenges and Opportunities for Alternative Fuel Vehicles in the Delaware Valley

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Overview of Challenges and Opportunities for Alternative Fuel Vehicles in the Delaware Valley November 2011 Ready to Roll? Overview of Challenges and Opportunities for Alternative Fuel Vehicles in the Delaware Valley The Delaware Valley Regional Planning The symbol in our logo is Commission is dedicated to uniting the adapted from region’s elected officials, planning the official professionals, and the public with a common DVRPC seal and is designed as a stylized vision of making a great region even greater. image of the Delaware Valley. The outer Shaping the way we live, work, and play, ring symbolizes the region as a whole while the diagonal bar signifies the Delaware River. DVRPC builds consensus on improving The two adjoining crescents represent the transportation, promoting smart growth, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the protecting the environment, and enhancing State of New Jersey. the economy. We serve a diverse region of DVRPC is funded by a variety of funding nine counties: Bucks, Chester, Delaware, sources including federal grants from the Montgomery, and Philadelphia in U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pennsylvania; and Burlington, Camden, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Gloucester, and Mercer in New Jersey. and Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Pennsylvania and New Jersey DVRPC is the federally designated departments of transportation, as well Metropolitan Planning Organization for the as by DVRPC’s state and local member Greater Philadelphia Region — leading the governments. The authors, however, are way to a better future. solely responsible for the findings and conclusions herein, which may not represent the official views or policies of the funding agencies. DVRPC fully complies with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and related statutes and regulations in all programs and activities. DVRPC’s website (www.dvrpc.org) may be translated into multiple languages. Publications and other public documents can be made available in alternative languages and formats, if requested. For more information, please call (215) 238-2871. Table of Contents Ready to Roll? ............................................................................................................... 1 Overview and Context ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 What Is an AFV? .................................................................................................................................................. 2 The Crux of the Challenge ................................................................................................................................... 6 AFVs in the United States ............................................................................................ 7 Federal and State Support for AFVs .................................................................................................................... 7 Issues Associated with Expanded Use of AFVs .......................................................... 9 Fuels: Production, Distribution, Refueling, and Cost ........................................................................................... 9 Fuel Production ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Fuel Distribution and Refueling Infrastructure ............................................................................................. 10 Cost of Fuel ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Other Challenges ................................................................................................................................................ 12 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 15 Detailed Summaries of Alternative Fuel Vehicle Fuels and Technologies ............. 17 Ethanol ...................................................................................................................... 19 Definition ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Fuel Production and Distribution .................................................................................................................. 19 Fuel Infrastructure and Availability .............................................................................................................. 20 Fuel Cost ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 Capital Cost and Availability ........................................................................................................................ 21 Vehicle Performance and Fuel Efficiency ..................................................................................................... 21 Emissions Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Safety............................................................................................................................................................. 22 Biodiesel .................................................................................................................... 23 Definition ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 Fuel Production and Distribution .................................................................................................................. 23 Fuel Infrastructure and Availability .............................................................................................................. 23 Fuel Cost ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 Vehicle Performance and Fuel Efficiency ..................................................................................................... 24 Emissions Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Safety............................................................................................................................................................. 25 Natural Gas ............................................................................................................... 26 Definition ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 Fuel Production and Distribution .................................................................................................................. 26 Fuel Infrastructure and Availability .............................................................................................................. 27 Fuel Cost and Operating and Maintenance Cost ........................................................................................... 27 Vehicle Cost and Availability ....................................................................................................................... 27 Vehicle Performance and Fuel Efficiency ..................................................................................................... 28 Emissions Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Safety............................................................................................................................................................. 29 Local Examples ............................................................................................................................................. 29 Propane ..................................................................................................................... 30 Definition ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 Fuel Production and Distribution .................................................................................................................. 30 Fuel Infrastructure and Availability .............................................................................................................. 30 Fuel Cost ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Vehicle Cost and Availability ....................................................................................................................... 30 Vehicle Performance and Fuel Efficiency ..................................................................................................... 30 Emissions Impacts ......................................................................................................................................... 31 Safety............................................................................................................................................................
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