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St Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire

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St Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire St Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Recording Action for the Parochial Church Council by Sian Anthony Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code NCRG03/24 December 2003 Summary Site name: St Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire Grid reference: SU7263 8231 Site activity: Archaeological Recording Action Date and duration of project: 7th October – 12th December 2003 Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Sian Anthony Site code: NCRG 03/24 Area of site: c. 72 sq m Summary of results: Many burials of different periods were recovered, including small amounts of coffin fittings and furniture of possible 18th- to 19th-century date. Small amounts of pottery recovered from features suggest early medieval dates for other graves. A medieval ditch with several recuts and a possible pit were located at the southern limit of the site and appears to represent the orignal boundary of the churchyard. Two sherds of Roman pottery point to a little activity of this period in the area. Monuments identified: Original southern churchyard boundary Location and reference of archive: The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will partly be deposited with Oxfordshire Museum Service in due course, partly retained by the church. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 23.12.03 Steve Preston9 23.12.03 i St Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Recording Action by Sian Anthony Report 03/24 Introduction This report documents the results of an archaeological recording and monitoring action carried out at St. Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys, Oxfordshire (SU7263 8231) (Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Lt Col. G. P. Blaker of Greys Piece, Rotherfield Greys, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire RG9 4QG, on behalf of the Parochial Church Council, St. Nicholas Church, Rotherfield Greys. Planning permission has been granted (PO1/S0547) by South Oxfordshire District Council for an extension of the existing building to create a hall and other offices for church use. A faculty for the same has also been obtained from the Diocese of Oxford. Permission was subject to a condition which requires the implementation of a programme of archaeological work; the first stage of field evaluation took place in May 2002 (OA 2002), an historic building survey of the Church was also carried out in 2001. A Faculty was granted by the Chancellor of the Diocese to disturb the human remains, but none was to be removed from the premises. This is in accordance with the Department of the Environment’s Planning Policy Guidance, Archaeology and Planning (PPG16 1990), and South Oxfordshire District’s policies on archaeology. The field investigation was carried out to a specification approved by Mr Paul Smith, County Archaeological Officer. The fieldwork was undertaken by Sian Anthony, Sarah Coles, Nick Digby, Simon Cass, Danielle Colls, Natasha Bennett, and Rachel Winfield between 7th October and 12th December 2003, the site code is NCRG 03/24. The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will be retained by the client, with a copy of the results also deposited at Oxfordshire County Museums Service in due course. Location, topography and geology The site is located in the hills of the dispersed village of Rotherfield Greys situated to the west of Henley-on- Thames and the River Thames. The site lies to the south-east of the main concentration of the village and to the south of Greys Court, a National Trust house and original house site of the lords of the manor. Natural geology is River terrace gravels between the 6th (Rassler) and 7th (Harefield) terrace deposits (BGS 1980); this was confirmed in the excavation as a reddish brown sandy gravel that was observed in the areas that contained 1 natural ground. The site’s elevation is 95.63m above Ordnance Datum at the edge of the church, there is a small rise in ground level to maximum of 96.08m which then levels out again to 95.8m AOD. Archaeological background The church was originally constructed during the 13th century and although much was rebuilt in 1865 by W. Woodman, some of the 13th-century features survive in the round-headed doorway in the north wall and the chancel. The church was also extended at the western end: it is this extension to which the new development will attach, on the south wall, thus having little or no impact on the surviving medieval fabric of the Church (Munby 2002). The field evaluation consisted of three trenches placed on the foundation line of the proposed building. It was concluded that at least fourteen burials would be disturbed and estimated a total figure of c. 20 would need to be removed. Many intercutting features thought to be graves were observed but not excavated. Some 18th- or 19th-century coffin fittings were recorded from Trench 3. The archaeological potential was summarised by Oxfordshire County Archaeological Services in the design brief for this project (OCAS 2002). Objectives and methodology The purpose of the archaeological recording and monitoring action was to excavate any archaeological deposits and burials within the area of development (Fig. 2). This was to involve examination of areas stripped of topsoil and excavation of subsidiary works for a new septic tank and drainage gullies to the west of the main building. Machining was supervised at all times by an archaeologist, and then deposits were hand cleaned and excavated. The original methodology was to excavate the deposits and graves that were affected by the footing trenches only, and all graves that were affected by these trenches were to be excavated fully. The methodology was revised when the entire area of the building had to be excavated and levelled down to 94.93m AOD, then the footing trenches were excavated a further 300mm to a depth of 94.63m. A smaller area butting the church wall was only excavated to 95.23m AOD, and no further footings were placed in this area, only one grave was affected by this and removed. The new ground works substantially increased the amount of graves affected by the new building. Revisions to the methodology were also made at the eastern boundary of the site: an existing double grave stone was not to be disturbed by the building works, this lay directly over the edge of the excavation and many graves. These could not be fully excavated due to health and safety implications: a stepped-in edge was left in 2 around this monument to minimize risk, and no excavation took place near this edge to a level deeper than 1.2m lower than ground level around the grave stone. Graves were located by uncovering the grave cut with a machine under supervision, then cleaned and excavated by hand. A photographic record was made, then a scaled plan. Graves that were not to be directly disturbed by the groundworks were recorded and given a context number but not excavated. An area to the west of the main excavation was excavated for a new septic tank, and a service trench running from the main building to the tank area was excavated under constant archaeological supervision. The area covered by the septic tank area was to be excavated to over 2.5m deep, so all graves located here were to be lifted (Fig. 6). Details of all features located are summarized in Appendix 1. Results The Churchyard boundary ditch A ditch, 0.7m wide was uncovered at the southern boundary of the excavation area (Fig. 3, Plate 1) aligned in a NW–SE direction approximately 7m in observable length. On excavation it was shown to consist of an original ditch (22) with two recuts on the northern side (20, 27). The original ditch is almost totally truncated by the later activity, it may have been shallower but with a rounded profile, it is only present at the eastern portion of the ditch and has been totally truncated by pit 25 at the south-west corner. The ditch fill was a dark brown gravelly silt, and pottery recovered from it is dated to the 12th century. The recuts were of a similar shape with a rounded base and 45 degree sides. Feature 25 also had a rounded base and was of a similar depth to the later recuts, the fill on these features was a very similar dark yellow-brown sandy silt with occasional pieces of tile, pebbles and gravel. Finds from the fill of recut (20) combine with some from feature (25) indicating the mixing of the two fills but overall both give a date in the 13th century. A single piece of pottery recovered from the fill of the second recut (27) was dated to the mid 16th century, this may be an intrusive piece or could indicate the real longevity of the boundary ditch as a feature in the landscape. A series of 30L samples was taken from the ditch and its recuts for environmental processing but no finds or charred seeds were recovered. The ditch was partially excavated and erroneously recorded as a grave in evaluation trench 1. A possible pit (25) was also recorded in the south-western corner of the excavation. As the full shape could not be ascertained, it is possible it could be another ditch recut. It cut the first ditch recut (20) but not the second recut (27) (Fig. 7). 3 Victorian Soakaway The area butting the church wall was severely truncated at the north-western corner by a large soakaway (36) constructed for the Victorian additions. The drainage was still present and in working order when uncovered by groundworks, draining from gutters from the church roof.
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