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Integrated Pest Management in Central Asia Proceedings of the Central Asia Region Integrated Pest Management Stakeholders Forum Dushanbe, Tajikistan. May 27 - 29, 2007 Sponsored by the USAID IPM-Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP)

Proceedings Edited by: Dr. Karim M. Maredia andProceedings Dr. Dieudonné Edited N. Baributsa by: Karim Maredia, Program Director CentralDieudonné Asia IPM CRSP Baributsa, Program, Program Michigan Associate State University Central Asia Participants to the Central Asia Region IPM Forum, Dushanbe-Tajikistan; May 27-29, 2007.

Opening remarks by Dr. Robert Hedlund Forum participants visiting a private biolaboratory from USAID, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. in Tajikistan

Acknowledgements: The financial support was from the USAID IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) managed by the Virginia Tech University, CGIAR ICARDA-Project Facilitation Unit, and the Oxfam-Great Britain Office in Tajikistan. The Tajik Academy of Agri- cultural Sciences hosted the Forum and assisted with visa processing; we greatly appreciated their support. The programmatic and logistical support provided by the IPM CRSP team members based in Central Asia--Dr. Nurali Saidov, Dr. Murat Aitmatov and Dr. Barno Tashpulatova--contributed significantly to the success of this regional forum. Special thanks to Dr. Muniappan, Ms. Betty Watts, Ms. Patricia Sutherland and Ms. Dilshani Sarathchandra for reviewing and providing useful comments to this proceeding. Integrated Pest Management in Central Asia

Proceedings of the Central Asia Region Integrated Pest Management Stakeholders Forum Dushanbe, Tajikistan. May 27 - 29, 2007

Sponsored by the USAID IPM-Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP)

Proceedings Edited by: Dr. Karim M. Maredia, Program Director Dr. Dieudonné N. Baributsa, Program Associate Central Asia IPM CRSP Program, Michigan State University Table of Contents

2 Foreword

PART ONE: Introduction

3 Welcoming remarks 4 Key note address 5 Summary of Recommendations by Stakeholders

PART TWO: Regional Collaborative IPM Program

6 Ecologically-Based Participatory and Collaborative Research and Capacity Building in Integrated Pest Management Program in the Central Asia Region 13 A History of Habitat Management in the Former USSR and the Commonwealth of Independent States and Current Research in Central Asia. 21 Enhancing the Efficiency and Product Lines of Biolaboratories in Central Asia 27 Development and Dissemination of IPM knowledge throught Outreach and University Education Programs in Central Asia

PART THREE: National IPM Programs

31 Pest Management Practices and Strategies in Tajikistan 37 Current State and Prospects for Integrated Pest Management in Tajikistan 41 Integrated Pest Management in Uzbekistan 47 State of the Integrated System for Plant Protection in Kazakhstan 55 Integrated Pest Management Programs in Kyrgyzstan: Experience of the Advisory Training Center 59 Major Virus Diseases of Crops in Uzbekistan

PART FOUR: Linking Central Asia Region with International IPM Programs

61 Integrated Pest Management of Sunn Pest in West and Central Asia: Status and Future Plans 67 Preliminary Implementations of Information Technology in IPM 72 An Integrated Pest Management Approach for Mitigating the Impact of Thrips-borne Tospoviruses in Vegetable Cropping Systems 79 Oxfam GB in Tajikistan. Current and Future Programs

PART FIVE: Special Workshops

83 Landscape Ecology and Management of Natural Enemies in IPM Systems 89 Connecting IPM Research with Extension

PART SIX: Program for Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forum and list of Participants

91 Program for Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forum 95 List of Participants: Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forurm

1 Foreword

The Central Asia region was isolated from the rest of the world for more than 50 years during the former Soviet Union era. Central Asia is a center of diversity for many important crops, providing excellent opportunities for IPM and sustainable agriculture. Government policies are moving toward diversification of agriculture to meet the challenges of local food security, environmental quality, and natural resource management. To achieve this, countries in Central Asia are also looking for ecologically based, environmentally friendly approaches for crop production including Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs that rely less on chemical inputs and are sustainable.

In this context, through the funding from the USAID sponsored IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) at Virginia Tech University and Michigan State University in collaboration with University of California-Davis, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), and other institutions in the Central Asia region are implementing a multi-year ecologically-based collaborative research and capacity building program in IPM. This regional program is implemented through a Project Facilitation Unit (PFU) of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) based at ICARDA Regional office in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The project has three components: enhance the efficiency and product lines of biolaboratories, enhance biological control of pests through landscape ecology/ habitat management, and strengthen IPM outreach and education.

As a part of the regional networking and information sharing process, a regional IPM Forum was held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan from May 27 – 29, 2007. The goal of this regional forum was to share the knowledge and experiences of IPM CRSP projects and other national and international programs with IPM stakeholders in the region. More than 50 participants, including policymakers, researchers, representatives of international research centers and NGOs from four Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan) attended this forum. The key recommendations that emerged from this forum are included in this proceeding. The need for a long-term regional IPM program, continued networking and information exchange, and expansion of IPM programs to vegetable crops was greatly emphasized.

The Forum served as an excellent platform for networking and knowledge sharing among IPM specialists in the region and the international IPM community. We hope this proceeding will serve as a useful resource for enhancing the use and integration of new approaches for IPM programs in the Central Asia Region.

With Best Wishes,

Karim M. Maredia Program Director, Central Asia IPM CRSP Program Michigan State University East Lansing, U.S.A.

2 PART ONE: Introduction

Welcoming Remarks

Dear participants!

On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Tajikistan I would like to welcome all of you to our Forum and wish you a pleasant stay in Dushanbe.

After the collapse of Soviet Union, Tajikistan farmers faced various problems. Currently one of the major problems in increasing agricultural production in our country is pest control. Annually, 30—40% of crop yields are lost due to pest damage. The evidence is that in Tajikistan alone more than 100,000 ha of agricultural crops were attacked by locusts in 2006-2007. In this context, there is a need for increased use/adoption of Integrated Pest Management to control agricultural pests.

The implementation of the Central Asia IPM CRSP Project in Tajikistan is a valuable contribution to increase researchers’ knowledge on conducting state-of-the-art research and development of the pest control methods. Successful implementation of the IPM CRSP project activities would trigger an increase in crop production, which is one of the main visions of Tajikistan Poverty Reduction Strategy and solving the food security problems.

I believe this Forum and its key recommendations on IPM would definitely help strengthen partnership and collaboration between the researchers of Central Asia and other countries.

I am sure that the fruitful cooperation of Central Asian researchers with the International Research Centers such as ICARDA and Michigan State University gives an impulse in exchanging experiences and implementation of progressive pest control methods in agriculture within our region.

I wish the participants to this Forum fruitful work and success in maintaining sustainable agriculture development and strengthening of cooperation in the area of a science in our countries.

Dr. Tolib Nabiev Academician President of Academy of Agricultural Science Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Protection

3 Key Note Address —Dr. Robert Hedlund, USAID, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Dr. Tolib Nabiev, President of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dr. Karim Maredia, Leader of the Central Asia project of the Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program, esteemed colleagues and participants from Central Asian Republics, ICARDA and U.S. universities, it is my honor and pleasure to welcome you here on behalf of the United States Agency for International Development and its IPM CRSP. We very much appreciate the support given to this workshop by our hosts here in Tajikistan. USAID is very pleased that this project was proposed through the IPM CRSP and that such an impressive group of collaborators has been assembled. The goals and objectives of the Central Asia IPM CRSP project focus on collaborative research, outreach, and capacity building in IPM in Central Asia region with the following objectives:

N Help improve the efficiency and expand product lines of more than 800 biolaboratories in the region. N Initiate research in landscape ecology to enhance biodiversity and biological pest management in the Central Asia region. N Enhance the capacity of IPM specialists from the Central Asia region to provide leadership for promoting ecologically-based IPM research and outreach programs. N Develop and integrate ecologically-based IPM information into educational packages in crop management programs in the region through training the trainers approach. N Synergize interaction among scientists and institutions in the region through networking among IPM specialists and institutions and with the international IPM community. N Integrate socio-economic and gender issues in the program.

To achieve these objectives, the project is focusing on three major components: 1) enhancing the efficiency and product lines of biolaboratories through collaborative research with UC-Davis, 2) Enhancing biological control of pests through collaborative research focusing on landscape ecology/habitat management, and 3) Strengthening of IPM outreach/education programs through collaborative linkages with MSU, UC-Davis and other local NGOs and universities.

Project Partners In Central Asia Region Include: N Implementation is enhanced through the Project Facilitation Unit (PFU)-Tashkent, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)-Uzbekistan N Advisory Training Center of Rural Advisory Service (ATC-RAS)-Kyrgyzstan N Uzbek Institute for Plant Protection (IPP)-Uzbekistan N Private Biolaboratory in Samarqand-Uzbekistan N Botanical Research Institute of Academy of Sciences- Kyrgyzstan N Bio-soil research Institute of Academy of Sciences-Kyrgyzstan N Institute of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Sciences-Tajikistan N Tajik State Agrarian University Tajikistan In the past couple of days I have seen significant impact of CRSP activities here in Tajikistan. With such a large contingent of competent partners, I look forward to hearing about your progress and plans throughout the region. Thank you for your participation 4 and support. Summary of Recommendations by the Stakeholders –Dr. Karim Maredia and Dr. Dieudonné Baributsa

Through an open and interactive N Develop simple and rapid methods discussion, the stakeholders made the for virus detection: Expedite joint following recommendations for enhancing R&D efforts to build capacity for and implementing IPM programs in the research on virus diseases detection Central Asia region. and management. N N Need for a Long-term Regional IPM English Language Training: English Program: Develop a well-coordinated, is not the native and official language long-term regional IPM Program in of communication. Support local collaboration with all the stakeholders programs that provide English lan- in the Central Asia region. guage training to IPM researchers and educators. N Foster Interactions among IPM N Stakeholders: Organize regular Habitat management for enhancing meetings of IPM specialists, policy Biological Control: Develop joint a makers, researchers, NGO personnel proposal on the use of natural and other key stakeholders to develop habitats for enhancing natural and implement action plans relevant to enemies and biological control of the region. Sunn pest (ICARDA, NARS of West and Central Asia and MSU). N Expand ICARDA’s IPM Activities: Re N quest ICARDA to expand their IPM Enhance research and extension program activities to include Tajikistan linkages: Enhance research and and Kyrgyzstan and seek ICARDA’s extension linkages for transferring support for the dissemination of local new knowledge and technologies findings on entomophages and efficiently to farmers. Include invasive pest species. participation of NGOs and farmers associations. N Develop and implement IPM Programs N beyond cotton crops: Develop IPM Regional IPM Data Network: programs for vegetable crops and Considering that the Central Asian non-conventional techniques for pest countries have many pest problems control that are affordable to farmers. in common, develop a regional network for exchanging research results. N Development of a Biolabs Network: N Maintain contact and form collabora- Publications and Information Sharing: tive network of biolabs for supplying Publish and make available news- biological control agents to farmers/ letters and quarterly publications on extension centers across the region. IPM to share research results among N various stakeholders working on Expand University educational curricu- various aspects of IPM, and support lum: Provide in-service training pro- local scientists to publish their grams and vocational training to research findings in international university faculty focusing on journals. ecologically-based IPM. Develop and provide training materials for Farmer Field Schools (FFS) and Training of Trainers (ToT).

5 PART TWO: Regional Collaborative IPM Program Ecologically-Based Participatory and Collaborative Research and Capacity Building in Integrated Pest Management Program in the Central Asia Region1 —Karim Maredia and Dieudonné Baributsa Institute of International Agriculture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Summary Background On Agricultural Development Issues In Michigan State University (MSU) and Central Asia the University of California (UC)-Davis, in collaboration with the International Center After more than 50 years of isolation, for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas countries in the Central Asia region (ICARDA) and various National (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Agricultural Research Institutions and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) are Universities in Central Asia are transitioning from the centrally planned implementing a regional Integrated Pest economy of the former Soviet Union to a Management (IPM) Program. This market-oriented system (Babu and program was designed based on the Pinstrup-Andersen, 2000). Agriculture is priorities and the needs identified by expected to play a key role in the economic stakeholders through a regional IPM forum revitalization of the region. During the organized in Tashkent, Uzbekistan in May Soviet Union era, countries in the Central 2005. The project takes an integrated and Asia followed a broad policy of regionally participatory approach and includes two based agriculture production that collaborative research projects and an IPM promoted monoculture through state- outreach and education component. The owned farms. The institutional linkages first research project focuses on and collaborations were generally very weak. enhancing efficiency and product lines of The policy reforms during the past 15 Central Asian biolaboratories. The second years have led to land reforms from state project is on landscape ecology and ownership to private enterprises. In enhancing biological control of pests. The addition, the agricultural policies of these IPM outreach and educational component countries are moving away from is targeting IPM specialists working with monoculture systems to more diversified farmers, NGOs, and local universities. A systems to meet the challenges of local three-member team of IPM specialists food security, environmental quality, and from the Central Asia region is based at natural resource management. With the ICARDA’s regional office in Tashkent to agrarian reforms, farmers who are starting implement the activities of this project. To up their own farms need technical foster networking, a directory of IPM assistance and institutional support with specialists from the region has been enterprise development and crop developed and distributed. In addition, the diversification to restore sustainability, project has provided memberships in the which has been severely damaged by the International Association for the Plant large-scale monocropping approach of the Protection Sciences (IAPPS) to IPM Soviet era. specialists from Central Asia. The overall As agriculture is expected to play a key goal is to build a team and a regional role in the economic revitalization of the network of IPM specialists and stake- region, this transition requires a well- holders that can continue to provide organized and technically competent leadership in IPM research, education, agricultural research, education, and and outreach in the region using ecologi- outreach system to assist farmers who cally-based and innovative IPM approaches. are emerging as private farm owners

1The Regional IPM Program in Central Asia is funded though a grant to Michigan State University from 6 the USAID IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) managed by the Virginia Tech University in the USA. (Sulaiman and Hall, 2004). The practice of of natural enemies via landscape manage- monoculture (e.g. cotton and wheat) during ment is a key to ecologically-based IPM the Soviet era was accompanied by heavy systems (Landis et al., 2000). Insect reliance on applications of chemical natural enemies (predators and parasites) pesticides to help manage crop pests. frequently require plant-based resources While pesticides were extensively used in such as pollen, nectar, and shelter to Central Asian countries during the 1950s- enhance their survival and fecundity in 70s, their use declined due to development agricultural landscapes. However, of resistance, recognition of pesticide agricultural systems often lack the non- pollution and the loss of naturally occurring crop habitats that provide these resources. entomophages (biological control agents) Increasingly, research on landscape (Sugonyaev 1994). Since independence in ecology is focusing on finding native plants 1991, economic challenges have further for their use in habitat management that is limited pesticide use in Central Asia and compatible with other functions in the promoted a strong tradition of large-scale agricultural landscape. Carefully selected rearing and mass release of natural native plants may be incorporated into enemies to control key pests. Many agricultural landscapes to assess their governments are enacting programs that attractiveness to natural enemies and promote the use of environmentally friendly biological control of crop pests in technologies and new IPM and crop agricultural production systems. management approaches to reduce In the former Soviet Union, agricultural reliance on the excessive use of chemical extension was designed for large-scale pesticides (Quamar, 2002). farms run by the government. The Ecologically-based IPM that relies on transition from collectives to private biological control can play an important role holdings requires a new approach in in reducing losses due to pests, minimizing disseminating agricultural information to reliance on chemical pest control and newly formed individual farms and self- thereby fostering the long-term sustain- managed cooperatives. Participatory ability of agro-ecosystems. Biolaboratories training methods in which farmers are in that produced large-scale biological control the center of learning are most appropriate agents for pest control in cotton during the to empower farmers with skills and Soviet era still exist and shape the positive knowledge to help them make their attitude of scientists and policymakers own decisions. toward IPM in the region (Walter-Echols, Currently, in the absence of formal 2005). These biolaboratories are run either government-run extension system, non- by the government or by private owners. governmental organizations (NGOs), Currently, the parasitoids Trichogramma farmers associations and biolaboratories spp., Habrobracon hebetor and Chryso- are involved in providing training and perla carnea—the green lacewing—reared outreach services to farmers. The in the extensive network of biolaboratories governments in the region are also are the primary entomophages being encouraging agricultural universities to produced for release. Various institutions play a proactive role in outreach and working on these species would like to extension education and services. expand their current research activities to Because agricultural ecosystems are improve the efficiency of rearing methods constantly changing and the metho- and introduce new biological agents to dologies of IPM continually improving, it is diversify their product lines. imperative to enhance the IPM capacity- There is increasing recognition among building attributes of the existing biological control researchers and institutions involved in training farmers and practitioners worldwide that conservation the next generation of scientists/leaders.

7 Design And Formulation of a identify constraints and priorities for IPM Regional IPM Program In research and capacity building in the Central Asia region. The U.S. team also visited research institutes, universities, and public A. Background on IPM and private biolaboratories and met with CRSP Program farmers in the Samarqand area. The assessment of the stakeholders was The IPM CRSP was established in as follows: 1993 through funding from the USAID. The IPM CRSP is a global program that 1. Cotton is a dominant crop in many supports agricultural research programs countries in the region. Besides wheat, the to improve crop yields through importance of other food crops such as ecologically sound practices potatoes, tomatoes and fruit crops in the (http://www.oired.vt.edu/ipmcrsp). The pro- region is growing. As a result of these gram is funded in 5-year phases. During changes, there is a need to conduct the first phase, the program activities research that assesses the impacts of focused in four countries (Uganda, agricultural diversification on the dynamics Guatemala, Jamaica and the Philippines). of pests and beneficial organisms. During the second phase which began in 1998, 6 more countries were added to the 2. The current emphasis of biological IPM CRSP (Honduras, Ecuador, Albania, control and IPM programs in Central Asia Mali, India and Bangladesh). In October is on augmentation through mass rearing 2004, the USAID through Virginia Tech and release of bio-control agents by a University announced a US $12 million network of insectaries known as grant for Phase III of the program. 'biolaboratories'. There are no programs that promote conservation of natural B. Approach and process of the enemies and biodiversity in the agricultural design of a regional IPM program in landscape. Therefore, there is a need to Central Asia enhance IPM practices via landscape ecology and biodiversity. For Phase III of the IPM CRSP project, Virginia Tech initiated new activities 3. Well-trained human resources are through competitive Proposal Planning available. However, research facilities and Grant (PPG) for regional IPM Programs infrastructure need to be upgraded and and IPM Global Themes. Michigan State modernized. There is also a need to University was awarded a PPG grant to diversify the production of bioagents for visit and interact with IPM stakeholders in pests in newly introduced food crops. For Central Asia Region. As part of the PPG example, there are more than 800 grant, MSU organized a regional IPM biolaboratories in Uzbekistan alone that stakeholders forum in Tashkent rear and provide bio-control agents to Uzbekistan in May 2005. The goal of the farmers. These biolaboratories would IPM Forum was to assess the needs and benefit from outside collaboration to identify key collaborators for initiating a introduce new predatory mite species and collaborative and participatory regional to develop methodologies that would help IPM program. More than 50 participants improve their efficiency. from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan attended this regional forum. 4. In the absence of a formal government- Participants represented governments, run extension system, NGOs and NGOs, universities, international farmer organizations provide farmer organizations, and inter-governmental training, technology transfer, and outreach organizations (see annex 1). During the services. There is a lack of IPM compo- forum, breakout sessions were formed to nents in these outreach and farmer train- 8 ing programs. There is a need to develop 5. Help break the isolation of scientists and IPM packages that can be integrated into institutions in the region through network- farmer field schools and other outreach ing among IPM specialists and institutions programs. in the region and with the international IPM community. 5. Although components of IPM programs are in place, there is a need for 6. Integrate socio-economic and gender collaboration among institutions and issues in the program development and between countries to benefit from these implementation. human resources and experiences. Communication and interaction with IPM D. Program Implementation specialists outside the region is lacking due For the project implementation, MSU is to language barriers and limited financial working closely with ICARDA taking resources. Therefore, there is a need for advantage of its well-established Project collaborative projects and networking Facilitation Unit (PFU) and a regional activities to foster interaction and exchange network in Central Asia. Through the IPM of knowledge and information. CRSP project MSU is the first U.S. university to become a member of the Using the inputs and feedback from the CGIAR-PFU Network in the Central Asia regional stakeholders, a full proposal was region. In cooperation with ICARDA-PFU, developed and MSU received a four-year a three-member team from the Central grant for implementing a regional IPM Asia region (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and program in Central Asia. Uzbekistan) was identified through a competitive process. This team is based at C. Program Goals and Objectives the ICARDA-PFU in Tashkent, Uzbekistan The IPM CRSP project in Central Asia and is implementing the project activities began on October 1, 2005 with a focus on in collaboration with component leaders collaborative research, outreach, and from MSU, UC-Davis and local/regional capacity building in IPM. The project partners. The IPM CRSP team works with includes the following objectives: Figure 1: Collaboration framework for Central Asia IPM Program 1. Help improve the efficiency and expand product lines of biolaboratories in the region.

2. Introduce emerging research concepts of landscape ecology to enhance biodiversity and biological pest management.

3. Train and build a team of IPM specialists from the Central Asia region that could provide leadership and support to various stakeholders (e.g.,governments, universities, NGOs) for promoting ecologically-based IPM research and outreach programs in the region.

4. Develop and integrate ecologically- research institutes, universities, NGOs, based IPM information into educational pack- private sector and farmer associations in ages in crop management programs in the the region. region through Training of Trainers (ToT) The MSU-UC Davis-led consortium is approach and Farmers Field Schools (FFS). taking a participatoryandintegratedapproach

9 to research, training, outreach,and pest problems. The focus of this institutional capacity building (Figure 1). component is to enhance the efficiency of With limited funding from the IPM CRSP Central Asian biolaboratories by project, our initial approach is to develop introducing new candidate entomophages and implement a collaborative research, to control spider mites, thrips, leafminers extension, training and institutional and whiteflies of vegetables crops. In capacity-building project in Uzbekistan, addition, this research component is Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan and then scale looking at developing efficient methods for up to other countries in the region rearing the entomophages and identifying depending on the availability of financial appropriate timing and methods for their resources. release. This collaborative research is MSU, UC-Davis, and ICARDA are conducted by a research fellow from working with government institutions, Uzbekistan, Dr. Barno Tashpulatova, in universities, NGOs, and international collaboration with Dr. Frank Zalom at the organizations for the implementation of the UC Davis and other biolaboratories in the project activities. The project partners region (Tashpulatova and Zalom, 2007). include: ICARDA-PFU in Uzbekistan, the Advisory Training Center of Rural Advisory b. Collaborative research on landscape Service (ATC-RAS) in Kyrgyzstan, the ecology and biological control of pests Institute for Plant Protection (IPP) in The focus of the landscape ecology Uzbekistan, Private Biolaboratory in collaborative research project is to Samarqand in Uzbekistan, the Botanical enhance biological control through the Research Institute of Academy of application of the principles of landscape Sciences in Kyrgyzstan, the Bio-soil ecology and habitat management for research Institute of Academy of Sciences enhancing biological control of pests. This in Kyrgyzstan, the Institute of Zoology and approach is new to the Central Asia region. Parasitology Academy of Sciences in This research project includes Tajikistan and the Institute of Plant identification, screening and field-testing of Protection and Quarantine in Tajikistan. native plants from the Central Asia region E. Project components that could be used in various cropping systems. The research is focusing on field Given the limited funding and based on the evaluation of the attractiveness of these priorities identified by the regional native plants to natural enemies of crop stakeholders, the Regional IPM CRSP in pests and identification of the plant Central Asia is focusing on the following characteristics most strongly associated three components: a) Collaborative with attractiveness. Once the most research on enhancing efficiency and attractive plants have been identified, they product lines of biolaboratories, b) would be tested individually in laboratory Collaborative research on landscape or greenhouse settings to determine if the ecology and biological control of pests, resources they provide actually enhance and c) Strengthening IPM outreach and the longevity or fecundity of natural educational programs. enemies. This collaborative research is a. Collaborative research on enhancing conducted by a research fellow from efficiency and product lines of Tajikistan, Dr. Nurali Saidov, in biolaboratories collaboration with Dr. Douglas Landis at MSU, Dr. Mustapha Bohssini at ICARDA, As stated earlier, there are more than 800 and other research institutes in the region biolaboratories in Central Asia that (Saidov et al., 2007). produce entomphages for field release. Various institutions working on these c. Strengthening IPM outreach and species would like to expand their current education programs research activities to address additional The IPM outreach/education component 10 aims at strengthening current crop stakeholders in the region was developed management outreach/education pro- and distributed to key institutions and IPM grams by introducing ecologically-based specialists in the region. This directory is IPM information and materials into existing also posted on the IPM CRSP project farmers training programs such as the website at: http://www.oired.vt.edu/ipm training of trainers (ToT), farmer field crsp/regional/IPM%20Directory%202006C schools (FFS), and the development of entral%20Asia.pdf IPM educational materials (extension The IPM CRSP team members regularly bulletins, leaflets, flyers, etc). In addition, attend regional meetings and conferences ecologically-based IPM educational to present the project activities. In addition, materials are introduced into local the team members have organized special university curriculum in the Central Asia training programs in the region to explain region. An outreach fellow from and share the ecologically-based IPM Kyrgyzstan, Dr. Murat Aitmatov, coordi- approach to scientists and outreach nates this component in collaboration with specialists in the region. The project Dr. George Bird and Dr. Walter Pett at progress/achievements were presented MSU and other NGOs, universities and research institutes in the region (Aitmatov during the 5th National IPM Symposium in et al., 2007). St. Louis, Missouri in April 2006. Efforts are underway to foster collaboration between Training and Team Building the Central Asia regional IPM Program and other regional programs and Global To help promote and implement an Themes of the IPM CRSP Project. This will ecologically-based regional IPM program provide opportunities for exchange of IPM in Central Asia, the three team members experiences and information within the of the IPM CRSP Project were trained at global community. The ultimate goal of this MSU and UC-Davis in summer 2006. regional IPM program is to build a team During this visit to the U.S., the three team and network of IPM specialists in Central members also attended the two-week Asia, which can carry forward ecologically- international short course on agroecology, based IPM research, education and IPM, and sustainable agriculture at MSU. outreach programs in the region. In addition, the Deputy Director of Winrock International Farmer to Farmer program in Uzbekistan also attended this course. The Annex 1. National and International training of the Deputy Director of Winrock Institutions and NGOs represented International was aimed at helping to link at the Stakeholders IPM Forum in our project activities with already Central Asia, May 4-6, 2005, established farmers training programs and Tashkent, Uzbekistan. the network of NGOs in the region. The N Michigan State University, USA. three IPM CRSP Project team members N have also attended various training pro- University of California-Davis, USA. grams organized by ICARDA in the region. N Virginia Tech University, USA. N United States Agency for International Networking in the Region Development (USAID) and Internationally: N The Science and Technology Center To foster networking among IPM of Ukraine (STCU), Uzbekistan N specialists in the region and with Tashkent State Agrarian University, international IPM communities, the IPM Uzbekistan CRSP project has provided memberships N Samarqand Agricultural University, in the International Association for the Uzbekistan Plant Protection Sciences (IAPPS). In N Institute for Plant Protection, Uzbekistan addition, a directory of IPM professionals/ 11 N Institute of Genetics and Experimental References Biology, Uzbekistan Aitmatov, M., G. Bird, and W. Pett. (2007). 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The Transition to a Market Economy Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in Agriculture, in Keith Griffin, ed., Social Policy and Economic Transformation in Uzbekistan, N Asian Vegetable Research and Geneva: ILO. Development Center (AVRDC) Landis, D.A., S.D. Wratten, and G. M. Gurr.(2000). N “Habitat management to conserve natural International Finance Corporation enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture.”Annual (IFC), The World Bank Review of Entomology 45: 175-201. N Quamar, M.K. (2002). Global trends in agricultural United Nation Development Program extension: Challenges facing Asia and the Pacific (UNDP) region. SD Dimensions: Knowledge: September N 2002 (Food and Agricultural Organization of the International Potato Center (CIP) United Nations, Rome). http://www.fao.org/sd/2002/KN0903a_en.ht N Japan International Cooperation Agency Saidov, N., D. Landis and M. Bohssini.(2007). A History (JICA) of Habitat Management in the Former USSR and N United Nations Educational, Scientific and Common Independent States and Current Re- Cultural Organization (UNESCO) search in Central Asia. Proceedings of the Central N Asia Regional IPM stakeholders Forum, German Association of Technical Dushanbe, Tajikistan, May 27-29, 2007. Cooperation (GTZ) Sugonayaev, E.S. (1994). Cotton pest management: part 5. “A Commonwealth of Independent States perspective.” Annual Review of Entomology 39:579-92.

Sulaiman, R. and A. Hall. (2004). Extension policy at the national level in Asia.http://www.regional.org.au/au/cs/2004/symposia/4/4/ Sulaiman, V.R. and A. Hall. (2004). Towards extension plus: Opportunities and challenges. Policy Brief # 17, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi. Tashpulatova, B., and F. Zalom. (2007). Enhancing the Efficiency and Product Lines of Biolaboratories in Central Asia. Proceedings of the Central Asia Re- gional IPM stakeholders Forum, Dushanbe, Tajik- istan, May 27-29, 2007. Walter-Echols, G. (2005). “Opportunities for IPM in Tajikistan.” Consultancy Report. FAO/TCIE.

12 A History of Habitat Management in the Former USSR and the Commonweatlh of Independent States and Current Research in Central Asia —Nurali S. Saidov1, Douglas A. Landis 2 and Mustapha Bohssini 3

1 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), IPM CRSP project, P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Tashkent 700000 2 Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, Michigan 48824 3 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Syria.

Literature Review utilizing the plant or a case of them requiring similar abiotic conditions. The early recommendations for the use The composition and nature of of habitat management to enhance vegetation around agricultural crops can biological control in this region preceded a provide natural enemies with additional modern understanding of the science. food sources such as plant nectar. Skrzhinskaya (1936) pointed to the treatise For example, the egg-parasitoids of Albert Veliki in the thirteenth century, Microphanurus vassilievi Mayr. and which stated, "To avoid generating bad M semistriatus Nees, which attack sunn- animals with vegetables... plant also in pest, benefit from the presence of various many places amongst vegetables— Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) around the field particularly among cabbages—mint”. A (Rubtsov, 1944). It has also been shown modern understanding of the advantages that the bark of mulberry, apricot, and of plant diversification to enhance other trees form ridges where beneficial biological control was first published by insects congregate for overwintering Frederic (1932). He suggested that the (Rubtsov 1948). Finally, the wildflowers presence of artificial plantings near grape Ferula assa-foetida, F. badrakema, Senecio vineyards reduced tortricid moth damage subdentatus, Lepidium draba and Anethum by supporting alternate hosts for their graveolens attract parasitic Braconidae parasites and predators. Similarly, Telenga wasps in natural landscapes of Tajikistan et al. (1936 a, b) noted increased para- and Turkmenistan (Tobias, 1964; Tobias sitism of a grape leaf-roller moth in Crimea et al., 1992; Saidov, 1996, 2000). (Ukraine) in proximity to forest plantations Several researchers noted greater where they believed the parasitoid found abundance of parasitoids in proximity to additional food and shelter. nectar plants than in control fields. Melinichenko (1938) pointed out the Schumakova (1959) found that the useful role of insectivorous birds in absolute number of parasitoids of protecting forest plantations from insects. Aspidiotus californicus on apple trees as Stark (1940 a, b) noted that tiphiid and 10 times higher in the presence of scoliid wasps were particularly effective phacelia than on trees in the control area. where they were attracted to the plants on Feeding on nectariferous plants has also which they foraged for pollen and nectar; been found to enhance the fecundity and on this basis he recommended sowing longevity of many natural enemies attractive plants in proximity to where pests (Kopvillem, 1960, 1962; Adashkevich, occur. Flandres (1940) reported that the 1970). Adashkevich (1974) studied the parasitoid Anarhopus sydneyensis Timb., predator population dynamic on introduced against Pseudococcus nectariferous plants in the steppes of adonidum, performed best where the Moldova and found that they attracted Dracaena plant occurs in abundance. primarily predators. However, outside the range of this plant, Shumakov and Schepetilnikova (1970) either the parasite did not establish or was suggested that it may be possible to otherwise less efficient. It is unclear if this increase the efficiency of parasitoids by was an observation of the parasitoid creation of multi-tiered habitats consisting 13 of flowering plants, blooming bushes and with wild flowering vegetation and high-density forest stands. Work at the identified 60 adult tachinid species feeding Moscow station of the Soviet Union Plant on 39 plant species from 15 families. The Protection Institute (VIZR) and the most widespread were plants in the family Vegetable Industry Institute showed that of Umbelliferae (13 species), Compositae the Tachinid fly Ernestia sp. was attracted (7 species) and Cruciferae (5 species). to flowering carrot, dill, and onion plants in Among the tachinid flies collected on proximity to cabbage and suppressed the flowering cow parsnip, wild carrot, and cabbage moth up to 60-90%. Increasing bishop’s goutweed, the most numerous the concentration of Ageniaspis sp. were a species from the genera: Tachina, (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) on dill and Limnaemyia, Frontina, Leskia, buckwheat and Aphytis sp. (Hymenoptera, Cylindromyia, and others which contain Aphelinidae) on phacelia plantations in a parasites of silkworms, cutworms, garden increased the efficiency of these glasswings, leaf-roller moths, and other parasitoids in biological control of the fruit garden pests. moth and black pine-leaf scale (Aspidiotus Vorotynseva (1975) studied the californicus). Thus, provision of pollen and influence of nectariferous plants on nectar may be accomplished by careful parasitism of the codling moth association of crop plants as well as non- (Laspeyresia pomonella pomonella L.), crop plantings (Shumakov and and apple-leaf moths (Lithocolletis Schepetilinikova 1970; Adashkevich, corylipholiella Hb. and Lithocolletis 1971). Aliev (1971) also noted the pyripholiella Gtsm.) for the purpose importance of flowering vegetation such as allocating flowering vegetation in complex white mustard and clover in the attraction orchard landscapes. The results of her of insect parasitoids in Azerbaijan. studies have shown that parasitism of the Galunko and Dyadechko (1971) found that codling moth by parasitoids in the genera in Ukraine’s woodlands and forest-steppe Microdus, Ascogaster and Pimpla region, seeding phacelia in pea plantations decreased with the distance of apple tree attracted 86 different species of natural rows from nectariferous areas. Frunze enemies, many of which are important in (1988) recommended sowing early- reducing pea pests. blooming nectar plants such as; hyssop, Eremenko (1971) found that the celery and spring rape to attract predatory fecundity and efficiency of parasitoids of thrips in onion fields. Mikhalsev (1994) the winter moth (Agrotis segetum Schiff), studied the influence of nectar plants on such as Apanteles congestus Nees, cabbage pests and their natural enemies Microplitis spectabilis Hal., Ambliteles by planting cabbage at varying distances panzeri Wesm, and tachinid flies from flowering plants. He determined that depended on their feeding in adult stage. nectar plants should be placed every 50- The results of his studies showed that 60m to enhance fecundity of the majority feeding these parasitoids on a 20% sugar of natural enemies. Finally, many years of solution, winter cress, carrot, or onion study by Nagirnyaka and Krasavina (2005) nectar increased their longevity 2-3 fold have shown that sowing peppermint - and promoted egg maturation. In Mentha piperita, clary - Salvia selarea particular, he noted that under field melissa- Melissa officinalis, sweet basil- conditions of the Tashkent region of Ocimum basilicum, caraway - Carum carvi, Uzbekistan, parasitism of caterpillars and anise - Pimpinella anisum, onion - Allium pupae during the winter month was greater nutans, and leek - A. porrum is effective in in experimental plots close to nectariferous attracting natural enemies of various plants when compared with the control. vegetable pests in north-west Russia. Rogochaya (1971) conducted the studies on the food relationships of tachinid flies 14 Current Research in 3. To investigate and implement the most Central Asia promising landscape management techniques in partnership with governmental Ecologically-based IPM seeks to agencies, universities, NGOs, and farmers maximize the suppression of insect, weed in the region. and disease pests by enhancing the effectiveness of their natural enemies.Prior Methods research has shown that many natural The experiment site was a research enemies are enhanced by landscape field located at the Institute of Zoology and diversity (Lee et al., 2001; Thies et al., Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences 2003). Recently, there has been a of Tajikistan in the Rudaki district of the significant interest in managing agricultural Hissar valley. This land was previously landscapes to benefit natural enemy used for vegetable production for several communities, reduce reliance on years. The Hissar valley is one of the basic pesticides, and increase agricultural areas of agriculture in Tajikistan and sustainability (Altieri and Letourneau, consists of typical sierozem and gray- 1982; Pickett and Bugg, 1998; Gurr et al., brown soils (Tajikistan, Nature and Natural 2000; Landis et al., 2000). The presence Resources, 1982). In the Hissar valley, of diverse habitats in or near crops can be high temperatures in the summer can important in sustaining natural enemies of reach 43-47°C, with the average monthly crop pests. In particular, plant pollen and temperature of the hottest month (July) nectar are frequently utilized by natural between 29-31°C. The area receives 600- enemies for energy and, reproduction, and 700 mm of rainfall per year and typically to survive periods of prey scarcity. Diverse accumulates 5000-5500 degree days. plant communities also provide shelter and In 2006 we established preliminary re- alternate prey for many natural enemies search plots to test the attractiveness of (Landis et al., 2000). 12 known and potential resource plants Landscape diversity can be increased currently available in Central Asia (table by preserving, restoring, or creating plant 1). The experiment was conducted in a communities that provide needed continuous single block design with one resources to natural enemies. In the replicate of each plant species in a block. intensively farmed landscapes of Central Plants were established in 2 m2 plots Asia the latter is required while in parts of spaced 0.5 m apart except for two plants, the region preservation or restoration may Ocimum basilicum L. and Helianthus an- be appropriate. The practice of managing nuus L., which were planted in narrow 0.5 plant communities for natural enemies is m strips 20 m in length and parallel with termed habitat management (Landis et al., both side blocks separately. 2000).

The specific objectives of our study were: 1. To adapt existing principles and practices of landscape management to enhance IPM for use in Central Asian agricultural landscapes.

2. To research the use of native plants for conserving natural enemy communities and enhancing biological control of field crop pests in Central Asia.

15 Table 1. List of plant species established at the research plot in Tajikistan, 2006.

Plant ## Family Genus and species Common Name Type 1 Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Anethum graveolens L. Dill annual 2 Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Coriandrum sativum L. Coriander annual 3 Asteraceae (Compositae) Calendula officinalis L. Marigold annual 4 Amaranthaceae Celosia cristata L. Cockscomb forb 5 Asteraceae (Compositae) Tagetes erecta L. African marigold annual 6 Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sweet fennel forb 7 Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina L. Balsam forb 8 Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Ziziphora interrupta Juz. Interrupta forb 9 Asteraceae (Compositae) Aster Sp. Aster forb 10 Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L. Cockscomb forb 11 Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Ocimum basilicum L. Sweet basil forb 12 Asteraceae (Compositae) Helianthus annuus L. Common sunflower forb

From June through October 2006, Results arthropods were sampled weekly from flowering plants between the hours of 8:00 Plant species were divided into two am-12:00 pm EST on windless, sunny categories according to their bloom period: days. Insects were collected by standard mid season (15 June through 25 August) entomological sweep nets (70 cm long and late season (15 July through 31 with a diameter of 45 cm, Tryapisin V.A. et October) (table 2). al., 1982) with five samples from each The proportion of total natural enemies plant block. Insects were divided collected at all flowering plants by order separately into natural enemies, and family is summarized in tables 3 and herbivores, or other and were identified by 4. The most numerous taxons by order family and counted. Insects from any were Hymenoptera (including the families parasitic or predaceous family, or any of Braconidae, Aphidiidae, Chalcidoidea, genus or species within a family known to Cynipoidea, Ichneumonidae, Sphecidae be parasitic or predaceous, were included and Vespidae), Diptera (Syrphidae and as natural enemies. Insects were counted Tachinidae) and Heteroptera (Antho- as herbivores if they were a member of a coridae and Nabidae). Most number of family known to be broadly herbivorous. taxons identified include the families of Attractiveness here is based on the Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Coccinellidae, number of natural enemy arthropods Chalcidoidea, Sphecidae, Braconidae and collected per sample; therefore, it includes Ichneumonidae. both arthropod attraction to the plant and subsequent retention on it.

16 Table 2. Flowering phenology of nectar plants 2006 in Tajikistan. Plants are listed in order of bloom. I N = peak bloom date, = full bloom, — = in bloom June July August September October Week 3 451234 5 12 34512 345 12 3 4 5 N N I I N N Coriandrum sativum L —— — — Anethum graveolens L. N N I I I N — — — Ziziphora interrupta Juz. N I I I N — — — Ocimum basilicum L. N I I I I N N — — N I I I I N — —

Mid Season Calendula officinalis L. — — — — — Helianthus annuus L. N I I N N —— — Zinnia elegans Jacq. N N I I I I N N N —— — — Celosia cristata L. N I I I I N N — — — — Celosia argentea L. N I I I I N N — — — Impatiens balsamina L. N N I I I N — — N N I I —— I I N N Late Season Tagetes erecta L. — — — — Foeniculum vulgare Mill. N I I I N — — — — — — —

Table 3. Proportion of total natural enemies collected at all flowering plants by order.

Plant species Diptera Odonata Coleoptera Number of samples Neuroptera Arachnida Mantoptera Total Heteroptera Hymenoptera Coriandrum sativum L. 10 35 24 24 89 16 0 14 0 202 Anethum graveolens L. 9 26 28 32 74 21 0 17 1 199 Ziziphora interrupta Juz. 9 25 46 37 107 7211 0 235 Ocimum basilicum L. 12 35 46 45 96 17 2 12 0 253 Calendula officinalis L. 10 29 18 27 69 16 0 15 2 176 Helianthus annuus L. 8 10 85 16 14 15 4 63 Zinnia elegans Jacq. 13 15 25 46 52 12 4 13 3 170 Celosia cristata L. 12 20 14 21 64 2317 0 141 Celosia argentea L. 11 17 11 30 45 5115 0 124 Impatiens balsamina L. 10 8 13 27 111 6080173 Tagetes erecta L. 12 15 53 89 116 11 1 15 0 300 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. 12 21 26 80 116 15 2 13 0 273 Total per taxa 256 312 463 955 142 16 155 10 2309

Table 4. Proportion of total natural enemies collected at all flowering plants by family.

Total Total

202 199 235 253 176 63 170 141 124 173 300 273

Mantidae Mantoptera

Spider Arachnida

Odonata Odonata

Chrysopidae Neuroptera

Vespidae

Sphecidae

Ichneumonidae

Cynipoidea Chalcidoidea

Hymenoptera

Aphidiidae

Braconidae

Tachinidae

Diptera Syrphidae

Nabidae

Heteroptera Anthocoridae

Carabidae

Coccinellidae Coleoptera

218 38 259 53 330 133 171 114 208 46 162 177 77 142 16 155 10 2309

samples ubrof Number 10 31 4 16 8 16 8 20 17 12 6 16 14 4 16 0 14 0 9 208 5 33 10 13 0 23 7 14 1 16 5 15 0 21 4 0 22 0 23 6 0 7 0 2 0 11 10 0 6 14 1 5 4 12 10 5 50 3 66 23 24 16 14 8 20 22 12 11 1 15 0 L. 10 24 5 13 5 19 8 17 8 11 2 14 13 4 16 0 15 2 L. 10 8 0 13 0 19 8 20 10 40 2 17 16 6 6 0 8 0 L. Juz. L. 9 23 3 21 7 27 5 14 15 13 5 15 7 5 21 0 17 1 Mill. 12 19 2 26 0 59 21 18 20 32 6 14 20 6 15 2 13 0 L. L. 12 23 12 35 11 26 19 18 7 19 7 20 16 9 17 2 12 0 L. 11 17 0 11 0 20 10 7 0 15 0 5 14 4 5 1 15 0 L. 12 20 0 12 2 19 2 9 4 24 0 6 15 6 2 3 17 0 L. Plant species ORDER Coriandrum sativum Anethum graveolens Ziziphora interrupta Ocimum basilicum Calendula officinalis Helianthus annuus Zinnia elegan s Jacq.Celosia cristata 13 13 2 22 3 31 15 8 2 7 6 13 7 9 12 4 13 3 Celosia argentea Impatiens balsamina Tagetes erecta Foeniculum vulgare Total per taxa

18 Conclusions

Several of the plants tested in this Eremenko, T.S. (1971). Importance of the adult parasite preliminary trial were very attractive to a feeding of winter moth in increasing their efficiency. In the annual “Biological methods of protection variety of natural enemy taxa. Based on fruit and vegetable crops from insect pest, dis- this successful preliminary test, we eases and weed as bases of the integrated systems.” Thesis’ report, October 1971, Kishinev, pp. established two larger trials in 2006-2007 30-31. Kopvillem, H.G. (1960). Journal of Plant to test the attractiveness of a series of Protection, # 5. plants native to the region using the best Kopvillem, H.G. (1962). Biological method of control of these plants and an unmanaged control with pest and disease agricultural crops. Issue 1. Moscow, Selihozizdat, pp. 89-113. strip of weedy vegetation. Initial results Landis, D.A., S.D. Wratten, and G.M. Gurr. (2000). suggest that native plants may be similarly Habitat management to conserve natural enemies attractive to natural enemies and hold of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology 45: 175-201. promise for habitat manipulation in Lee, J.C., F.D. Menalled, and D.A. Landis. (2001). Central Asia. Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide disturbance on carabid beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 472-483. References Melinichenko, A.N. (1938). The birds of forest plantations in steppe Zavolzhiya and Privolzhiya and Adashkevich, B.P. (1970). Proceeding of the Moldavian their economic importance. Scientific review Kuy- Research institute on irrigation and vegetables. byshevsk. Government Pedagogical University Kishinev, Publishing house Central Committee of name after V.V. Kuybysheva, volume 1, pp.3-38 Communistic Party of Moldavia, pp. 121-131. Mikhalsev, V.P. (1994). The ecologically safe and pesti- Adashkevich, B.P. (1971). 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20 Enhancing the Efficiency and Product Lines of Biolaboratories in Central Asia —Barno Tashpulatova1 and Frank Zalom 2 1 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), IPM CRSP project, P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Tashkent 700000 2 Department of Entomology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8584

Introduction use of biological control agents, including microorganisms, to control pest insect Protecting plants from pests, diseases, populations (Rubtsov, 1948; Starets, 1975; and weeds is necessary to enhance crop Tryapitsin, 1965). However, it was productivity, thereby assuring abundant recognized that the complete elimination of food products for the inhabitants of the chemical controls would not be possible Republics of Central Asia as well as raw (Filippov, 1990). Therefore, the resources for their industries. However, development and implementation of new plant protection must be approached with strategies to utilize chemical and biological respect for the environment, using an methods compatibly within an IPM Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program was initiated. Integrated Pest approach. Ecological concerns with the use Management has been an important force of chemical pesticides became widespread in shaping crop protection strategies in throughout the world during the 1960s Central Asia for the past three decades (Maredia et al., 2003). It was during that (Soper et al., 1990). Biological control has time and with shared concerns within the remained the key to IPM as practiced in former Soviet Union that biologists, Central Asia during this period, with agriculturalists, and ecologists began conservation of natural enemies and addressing problems of environmental augmentation using predators and pollution from pesticides. These scientists parasitoids as the most important tactics researched alternative methods of plant employed. However, to implement this protection, building upon the foundation of approach successfully, it was necessary to a number of 19th and early 20th century develop facilities and methods for mass- Russian scientists, who had studied rearing biological control agents, and to biological control of key insect pests such determine how to use them compatibly as Sunn pest and codling moth. The first of with the chemical pesticides needed for these pioneers of biological control was the plant protection (Alimukhamedov and famous Russian scientist I. I. Mechnikov Adilov, 1991). who in 1879 studied the use of fungal In 1970, the government of the former pathogens against cereal beetles and Soviet Union resolved to create a number sugar beet weevil (Rubtsov, 1948). In his of biolaboratories for mass-producing papers devoted to entomophages for entomophages to release on crops against control of Sunn pest, I. A. Rubtsov, pest insects (Shepetilnikova and identified several species of natural Fedorinchik, 1968; Chenkin, 1997). With enemies including Telenomides and this resolution, about 70 biological Micropharunus spp. (Starets, 1975). In laboratories and over 300 farm product line 1903, I. V. Vasiliev obtained 60 % biolaboratories were established for mass parasitism of Sunn pest eggs following field rearing the parasitoid Trichogramma. releases of Micropharunus. Subsequently, the area of entomophage Experiencing success in their own releases in Central Asia increased every research on alternative pest management year. Micropathogen preparation of practices, plant protection researchers of Bacillus thuriengensis bacteria was also the former Soviet Union proposed that the initiated on a large scale targeting government take measures to reduce lepidopteran pests. Concurrently, research pesticide use and instead emphasize the was conducted to identify additional 21 species of biological control agents to and later at the Scientific Research target other crop pests. Institute, which was headed by N. F. Meier A number of important Soviet scientists (Meier, 1940). including I. A. Porginskiy, I. V. Vasiliev, I. V. The initial attempts to mass rear and Kurdyumov, I. Ya. Shevirev, V. P. Pospelov release Trichogramma in the Soviet Union and others worked throughout the 1970s in the manner done in the United States and 1980s, contributing greatly to the failed as it was assumed that only one knowledge of entomophage species and Trichogramma species, T. evanescens, their role in pest control, and eventually was available in the Soviet Union. This leading to effective methods for utilizing species was applied broadly against many entomophages as biological control agents insect pests and on many types of crops. (Chenkin, 1997). The T. evanescens utilized for these Because of the well known efficiency of releases was isolated from the cabbage Trichogramma as a parasitoid in nature, moth in the Krasnodar region, and mass there was considerable emphasis on reared in Leningrad for distribution improving their mass rearing to increase throughout the country (Adilov, 1986). availability for field releases (Adilov, 1986). Later, several scientists at the Soviet In depth studies of Trichogramma releases and Ukrainian Institutes of Plant Protection began in Central Asia in the early 20th identified additional Trichogramma species century. In 1911, A. F. Radzedskiy in and biotypes differing in their biological Samarqand made the first attempt to use characteristics. These additional the Trichogramma species brought from Trichogramma species and biotypes Russia (Povoljie) for codling moth control. proved successful in various regions of the At the Kiev Entomological Station in 1912, Soviet Union and for different types of the famous Russian scientist V. P. pests and crops. At present, different Pospelov began to study the potential for forms of T. evanescens are applied in mass rearing and release of mass releases that target the winter moth, Trichogramma. I. A. Porginskiy used cabbage moth and, other Lepidoptera methods identified by Shepetilnikova to (Adilov, 1986). contribute to this work (Alimukhamedov, Scientists in the former Soviet Union 1986). Further research on Trichogramma have contributed considerably to the biology and ecology identified the development of IPM of cotton pests. They significance of interspecific differences and developed economic damage thresholds the importance of different climatic for different insect pest species and mites conditions on their success (Meier, 1941). and contributed experimental data on Additional work during this time biological control, including entomophage emphasized additional aspects of artificial species composition, ecology, and levels rearing and mass release of Trichogramma of biological efficiency for naturally in the field (Telenga, 1959; Rusnak, 1988). occurring entomophage populations, In 1926, the American scientist S. G. production, and application technologies Flanders identified that Trichogramma for reared entomophages and use of could be mass reared in the laboratory on microbial control agents (Shepetilnikova, grain moth eggs, and from that time this 1968; Chenkin, 1997). approach to mass rearing became favored On the recommendation of V.A. in the Soviet Union as well (Adilov, 1971). Shepetilnikova of the Central Asia Research on the rearing and use of Scientific Research Institute of Plant Trichogramma in the Soviet Union was Protection in 1967, further studies on greatly expanded in 1934, with the Trichogramma applications were establishment of the Biocontrol Laboratory conducted. This research focused on of the Soviet Institute of Plant Protection, comparisons of species and biotype

22 efficacy focusing on entomophages of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor for targeting cotton bollworms and others control of cabbage moth and codling moth, phytophagous species of cotton and other and proposed the development of mass crops. Additional studies on their biological rearing methods for this species using wax features and behaviors, release rates for moths. They also acknowledged the Trichogramma application, and methods significant role of predatory arthropods for their conservation were also conducted such as spiders, lady beetles, lacewings, (Adilov, 1971). In 1970, the government of and predaceous bugs, including Orius Tajikistan SSR established the Central spp., Podisus maculiventris and Perillus Biolaboratory in Dushanbe where bioculatus for management of the Trichogramma biotypes were mass- Colorado potato beetle and Leptinotarsa produced for application against crop decemlineata on early potatoes and pests. Two biotypes introduced initially did eggplants (Mangutova, 1970; Moiseev, not survive the harsh climatic conditions 1973; Adashkevich, 1974; Filippov, 1988,). there and soon died. However, a Research on braconid parasitoids for Trichogramma introduced from the United releases in Central Asia were initiated in States proved to be acclimatized. Its field 1961 by the Soviet scientist V.I. Tobias application was first made later that year (Tobias, 1951). Especially significant was on a Tajikistan collective farm over an area his work on H. hebetor. He found this of 166 ha against the cotton bollworm on ectoparasitoid to be a very effective cotton, and it proved successful biological control agent for a number of (Peregonchenko, 1970). different lepidopteran pests. Since then, Scientists of the former Soviet Union scientists in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan Research Institute in Uzbekistan further have reported that natural populations of improved the mass rearing of this parasitoid could reduce the first Trichogramma by conducting research that generation of bollworms on cotton by 10- led to a process for mechanical rearing of 18 %, with parasitism increasing to about these parasitoids. The authors (S.V 50 % later in the season. They considered Andreev, et al.) of the mechanical line, that the braconid complex, together with together with Institute researchers, other native entomophages, were the established a prototype for the large-scale primary mortality factor limiting the mechanical mass rearing of Trichogramma bollworm population (Hamraev, 1961). The and its host, the grain moth, at the “Mikond” parasitoid was also found to reduce the plant. In the Ministry of Agriculture of the number of bollworms on corn by 15-25 % former Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist and by about 60 % on tomatoes. These Republic, a special department on studies resulted in a resolution issued by assembly, delivery, repair, release, and use the government calling for the mass was created to implement the mechanical rearing of H. hebetor in biolaboratories for rearing approach. The scientific production release on the cotton crop (Adashkevich, department “Agropribor” was created for 1988). technical aspects of the program (Chenkin, In addition to these parasitoids, there 1997). was considerable interest in a During the 1960s, several scientists in polyphagous predator, the green lacewing Russia, Ukraine, and Moldova studied the Chrysopa carnea. The international biology of additional species of literature supported the effectiveness of Lepidopteran larval parasitoids and lacewing releases against pest moths on predators. Most of these parasitoids pears and gardenia plants, and against belonged to the Hymenopteran family bollworms on cotton (Ridgway, 1968). Braconidae (Tobias, 1959). Adashkevich Concurrently in the Soviet Union, scientific and others reported the beneficial features studies indicated that lacewings could

23 reduce populations of a number of key others professionals. Many of the labor- insect pest species, and this research led atory managers and their assistants were to a proposal for their mass rearing and trained in courses at institutions such as release (Luppova, 1969). However, this Tashkent University, the Leningrad Soviet approach could not be pursued initially in Institute of Plant Protection, the Soviet the former Soviet Union because of the Institute of Biocontrol Plant Protection, the lack of suitable methods for mass rearing. Ukrainian Research Institute of Plant A lacewing mass rearing technique Protection and others (Luppova, 1969). developed in the United States and based By 1988, there were 730 biolaboratories upon feeding the lacewing larvae with and an additional 288 biofactories with 553 eggs and larvae of the potato tuber moth mechanical mass rearing lines for could not be used in the Soviet Union Trichogramma in Uzbekistan alone, and because the prey insect was not present more than 3000 biocontrol specialists were in the country and was considered a employed for their operation. potential pest. In 1966, scientists of the Since its independence from the Soviet Biocontrol Laboratory at the Soviet Union in 1991, Uzbekistan has maintained Research Institute of Phytopathology first its focus on biological control releases for developed the technique of mass rearing the cotton crop. Most biolaboratories of lacewings applicable to the Soviet established during the time of the former Union. In the 1970s, G. A. Beglyarov and Soviet Union remain in operation to the others further modified and improved the present time, but biofactories where method of lacewing rearing and evaluated mechanical lines were installed for the its efficiency (Beglyarov, 1967, 1972, production of entomophages have largely Hizhdniak et al, 1971). been abandoned due to the lack of parts The ability to mass rear and release the needed to maintain the equipment. There two parasitoids and the green lacewing, are still more than 900 biolaboratories and the apparent effect of these biological functioning in Uzbekistan, and control agents on pest insect populations, entomophages continue to be released on resulted in a decision by the Cabinet of more than 1.5 million ha of cotton. Ministers in Uzbekistan issued on The USAID IPM CRSP for Central Asia September 20, 1973, CP # 421, “on proposal, of which this biolaboratory measures of enhancing scientific research component is one part was developed and the wide introduction into crop following a Stakeholders Forum held in production of biological control of pests, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in May 2005, at diseases and weeds” which enabled the which the stakeholders present identified establishment of biolaboratories on a as priorities improving efficiency of massive scale. At the Central Asia entomophage production, expanding Scientific Research Institute of Plant biolaboratory product lines to include Protection in Tashkent in 1980, scientists additional entomophages targeting representing several disciplines estab- different pest species than those currently lished a biolaboratory with the ability to produced, and expanding the release of mass produce a product line of local entomophages to include pests of species of Trichogramma, H. hebetor, and additional crops. The sources of new the green lacewing, C. carnea, for biological control agents could include augmentative release on a large area of those which are introduced, established cotton fields for control of phytophagous (previously introduced and now endemic), pests and mites (Shepetilnikova, 1968). or naturally occurring in the region, as well The large-scale introduction of biological as more effective or better acclimatized control agents required extensive training strains of those entomophages already of scientists, technicians, engineers, and in production.

24 Methods

IPM CRSP Project is being conducted Plant Protection and the Kyrgyzstan in partnership with ICARDA. The primary Centre on Biological Facilities Production focus of the project is to enhance the for Plant Protection. Results to date potential of the biolaboratories of Central suggest promise for its application to Asia by introducing new entomophages. commercial crops. Our studies have Our initial focus was on mass rearing and revealed the optimal condition for rearing release of predatory mites of the Acari these predatory mites, and the optimal family, Phytoseiidae, which are predator: prey ratios for their mass rearing successfully utilized in the United States, in culture. For example, we established Europe, and the Middle East for control of that the optimal predator: prey ratio on the spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies. The prey mite, Acarus siro, is 1:5 for A. swirskii project was initiated by the visit of Dr. and 1:7 for A. cucumeris, and on Tashpulatova to the laboratory of Dr. Zalom Tyrophagus putrescentiae 1:7 for A. at UC Davis in May and June of 2006, for swirskii and 1:10 for A. cucumeris. training on predator mite rearing and In the fall of 2006, scientists of the research methodology. Subsequently, and Kyrgyz biolaboratory conducted plots trials after obtaining an importation permit from of A. cucumeris on onions and in winter, the government of Uzbekistan, two species 2006-07 on flowers in laboratory of Phytoseiid mites (Amblyseius cucumeris greenhouses against Thrips tabaci. The and Amblyseius swirskii) were brought to density of thrips on the onion crop was Central Asia for further study. These very high, about 10 per leaf, and the Phytoseiid mites are produced entomophages could not suppress the commercially both in the United States and pest population. However, satisfactory Europe, and are sold and shipped results wereobtained on flowers in the throughout the world. A. cucumeris is greenhouse releases, as the thrips generally regarded as safe to release by population was low when the predators the European and Mediterranean Plant were introduced. With the establish- Protection Organization (EPPO) standards ment of mass rearing of A. cucumeris (OEPP/EPPO, 2002), which provide there is potential for their application for management of spider mites, thrips, and guidelines to national authorities in the whiteflies on cotton, vegetable, fruit, and EPPO region (including Europe, North greenhouse crops. Africa, Russia, Turkey, Israel and Jordan) on the introduction and release of exotic References biological control agents in order to identify and avoid hazards for agricultural and Adashkevich, B.P. (1974). Interaction of aphids and their parasitoids and super parasitoids in agrobio- natural ecosystems. These standards are cenosis in vegetable crops, / Book: Entomophages based on extensive previous knowledge and Microorganisms in Plant Protection, “Bulletin and experience of the use and introduction of Science Technical Information”, pp. 3-20, Kishinev. of entomophages sufficient to indicate the Adashkevich B.P., A.P. Shapova, Z.H. Saidova and S. absence of significant risks. Sh. Nurmuchamedova. (1988). Perspectives of Bracon application for Control of Cotton Results Bollworm on Cotton Plants, Tashkent, UzSSR, NIINTI. Of the Phytoseiids introduced, only A. Adilov, Z.K. (1986). Application of Trichogramma for cucumeris has been successfully colonized Heliothis control on the Cotton Crop in Uzbekistan, under conditions present in the Tashkent,UzSSR. biolaboratories in Uzbekistan and Adilov, Z. K. (1986). General Information NIINTIITES GosplanUzSSR Trichogramma application for Kyrgyzstan. Currently, this species is being Heliothis sp. Control on Cotton Plants in reared at both the Uzbekistan Institute for Uzbekistan, Tashkent, UzSSR.

25 Adilov, Z.K. (1971). Perspectives of Pests Biocontrol Meier, N.F. (1941). Trichogramma: Ecology and Results Application; Matters of Improving Cotton of its Application for Pest Control,Leningrad. Protection from Pests and Diseases, p. 163-165, Moiseev, E.G. (1973). Efficiency of Lacewings for Aphid Fan, Tashkent, 1969, - P. 163-165, and Adilov Z.K. Control on Vegetable Crops in Greenhouses, State and Perspectives of Ciological and /Dissertation, Leningrad. OEPP/EPPO. (2002). Integrated Pest and Diseases Management on List of Biological Control Agents Widely Used in Crops, p. 5-13, Fan, Tashkent, UzSSR. the EPPO Region. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, V. Alimukhamedov, S., B. Adashkevich, Z. Adilov and S. 32:447-461. Hodjaev. (1986). Biological Control of the Main Peregonchenko, B.M. (1970). Perspectives of Biocontrol Pests in Cotton, Tashkent, UzSSR. Use in the system of IP and DM on Crops: Teth. of Alimukhamedov, S.and Z. Adilov. (1991). Biological Reports, pp. 14-21, -Tashkent, UzSSR. Control and Problems of Ecology, Tashkent, Ridgway, R.L.and S.L. Jones. (1968). Field Cage Uz.SSR. Releases of Chrysopa carnea for suppression of Beglyarov G.A., P.A. Vasiliev and P.I. Hloptseva. (1967). populations of the Bollworm and Tobacco Methodology of Mass Rearing of Predator Mites Budworm on Cotton, Jornal of Economic Phytoseiulus and Testing Their Efficiency in Entomology, 61(4). Controlling Spider Mites in Cucumber Rubtsov, I.A. (1948). Book: Biological Control of Pest Greenhouses, Moscow. Insects, 383 p. Leningrad. Beglyarov, G.A., Yu I. Kuznetsova and A.T. Ushekov. Rubtsov, I.A. (1950). Book: Collection and Isolation of (1972). Methodology of Mass Rearing and Testing Pest Parasitoids. 150 p. Moscow. the Efficiency of Lacewing. Moscow. Rusnak, A.F. (1988). Possibilities of Trichogramma Chenkin, A.F. (1997). History of Development and westwood (Hymenoptera, Trichomatidae) in Problems of Plant Protection, 769 p. Moscow. Orchard Protection. Development of Bracon Filippov, N.A.and B.P. Adashkevich. (1988). Conservation.” Application of Biological Control in Development of Bracon Conservation,/Book: Crop Production, pp. 51- 65,Kishinev. Application of Biological Control in Crop Production, p. 51-65, Kishinev. Shepetilnikova, V.A. and N.S. Fedorinchik. (1968). Biological Control of Crop Pests, Colos, Moscow. Filippov, N.A. (1990). Place of Biocontrol in IPM in the Soper, R.S., N.A. Filippov and S.N. Alinukhamedov. Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; (1990). Foreword, Cotton- Integrated Pest Cotton-Integrated Pest Management: Proceedings Management: Proceedings of a Symposium, of a Symposium, September 3-9, 1990, Tashkent, September 3-9, 1990, Tashkent, UzSSR. UzSSR. Starets, I.V. (1975). Plant Protection of Pests, Kishenev. Hamraev, A.and H. Velnazarov. (1961). Entomophages of Bollworms J. Cotton Production, V. 5, p. 20-21, Telenga, N.A. (1959). Taxonomic and Ecological 1983 (Kurbanov G.G. and Kuliev G.A.). On the Characteristics of Species of the Genus Study of Mass Rearing in Laboratory Conditions Trichogramma (Hymenoptera, Trichogram- of the Parasitoid Habrobracon and some results. matidae), Science works, Ukr.NIIIZR, 8:1224-1230 Izv. AN AzSSR, ser. Biology and Medicine of Tobias, V.I. (1959). Some Aspects on the Biology of Sciences, V.8:37-51. Adult Parasitoids in Connection with Additional Hizhdniak, P.A., G.A. Begliarov, V.G. Statinkin, and A.M. Feeding on Flowering Plants, In Biological Control Nikiforov. (1971). Chemical and Biological Control, of Pests, the Works of the Ukrainian Academy of 211 p. Moscow. Sciences, 350 p. Kiev. Tobias, V.I. (1951). The Systematics and Biology of Luppova, E.P. (1969). The Morphology and Biology of Bracon and Habrobracon Ashm. Genus the Lacewing Chrysopa dubitans Mclachian (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) / Scientific works / (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) in Tajikistan, Izv. AC.Sc. VEO-1961, 48: 129-180. After Bogachev’s studies of Taj.SSR, V. 11(2). (Bogachev A.V.) Predators and Parasitoids, Luppova, E.P. (1969). New for Central Asia Lacewing Eliminating Cotton Bollworm, Works of Krim Species (Chrizopa viridana Schneider) Academy of Sciences, V. 1:31-60. (Neurospora, Chrysopidae), “DAN of Taj.SSR”, V. Tryapitsin, V.A., I.D. Shapiro and V.A. Shepetilnikova. 11(2) (1965). Parasitoids and Predators of Pests on Mangutova, S.A. (1970). Coccinelids as Predators of Crops, 152 p. Leningrad. Aphids on Fruit Crops in Karakalpakii, Aftoref.,/ Dissertation, Tashkent, UzSSR. Maredia, K.M., D. Dakouo and D. Mota-Sanchez. (2003). IPM in the Global Arena, CABI, UK. Meier, N.F.and V.A. Tyumeneva. (1940). Influence of changing temperatures on terms of development of fertility and sex relations of Trichogramma (Trichogramma evanescens Westw), Vestnik Zashity Rasteniy, # 1-2.

26 Development and Dissemination of IPM knowledge through Outreach and University Education Programs in Central Asia —Murat Aitmatov 1, George Bird 2, Walter Pett 2, and Dieudonné Baributsa 3 1 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), IPM CRSP project, P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str.,Tashkent 700000 2 Department of Entomology and Center for Integrated Plant Systems, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 3 Institute of International Agriculture, Michigan State University,East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Introduction skills and knowledge for making their own decisions. The IPM-Farmer Field School After the collapse of the Soviet regime (FFS) concept, which has evolved over the in the 1990s, many independent states last 15 years, could be very appropriate to proceeded with land reform policies. In the provide information to farmers. This former Soviet Union system, agricultural educational approach emphasizes farmer- extension was non-existent. Crop led learning and adaptation to changing management was decided by managers conditions, which are necessary skills for and supporting technical staff of collective farmers to be successful in the new farms. After the transition from agricultural economic system. There is a need to collectives to private farms, crop develop IPM packages that can be management was thrust upon the new integrated into farmer field schools and individual farmers. Farmers were not other outreach programs. prepared to make their own farm decisions. Because agricultural ecosystems are In addition, before the independence, pest constantly changing and the management was characterized by methodologies of IPM are continually overuse of pesticides. However, after 1991, improving, it is imperative for all of those the lack of income by individual farmers to engaged in IPM education to maintain their purchase pesticides presented some real capacities in a way that best uses their challenges for pest management. Some human resources and involves current IPM countries have initiated Integrated Pest technology. This requires comprehensive Management (IPM) programs since it is a training for both teachers and students in comprehensive approach that utilizes all IPM, biological monitoring, environmental available tools and methods for pest monitoring, information management management as an alternative to heavy systems, and the process of decision- use of pesticides. Despite these efforts, the making. The current level of expertise in knowledge generated is insufficient and these components of IPM throughout hardly reaches the end-users, i.e., the Central Asia is variable and there is a individual farmers. distinct need to enhance the IPM capacity- In the absence of a formal government- building attributes of the existing institutions. run extension system, NGOs and farmer Currently, some governments in the organizations provide farmer training, region are also encouraging agricultural technology transfer, and outreach services. universities to play a proactive role in There is a lack of IPM components in these outreach and extension education and outreach and farmer training programs. services. There is a lack of trainers and The absence of a structured extension outreach specialists with appropriate system and lack of structured outreach training and experience in IPM that goes services have created some gaps in beyond biocontrol and integrates all knowledge sharing and dissemination available tools and approaches. To within these independent states. develop a comprehensive IPM outreach Participatory training methods, in which and extension program requires a strategy farmers are in the center of learning, are to build training capacity. It would require most appropriate to empower them with a core group of ToT trainers who can tailor 27 the outreach and educational programs to training programs are being assessed. the needs of different cropping systems, Based on this analysis, the content of a and it requires a cadre of facilitators who pilot IPM course will be developed for the can spread the program to new areas. Kyrgyz Agrarian University. In conjunction Trainers trained through Training of with the development of this course, a Trainers (ToT) could serve in FFS for Student Field School (SFS) was created implementing IPM programs. to provide hands-on experience in farm To help address some of the and pest management decision making. challenges, the IPM-CRSP Project in An IPM training program for SFS on Central Asia has initiated a project on vegetable and wheat has been developed. strengthening IPM outreach and university In collaboration with the project on education in the Central Asia region. To landscape ecology, successful local nectar achieve this, the project is partnering with plants that provide habitat to enemies of local NGOs, national research institutions pests will be introduced into existing and universities, and international vegetable farms systems. organizations. The goals of this project are to: Training of the Trainers and Farmer Field Schools 1. Strengthen IPM outreach and education by developing IPM training After basic training materials are modules/materials that can be integrated developed, in collaboration with NARs, into crop management training programs universities, and local NGOs, a Training of offered by the NGOs, and government Trainers (ToT) program is established. The institutions. ToT focuses on ecologically-based IPM, training methodology, and a mixture of 2. Further develop the capacity of ATC of experiments and practical exercises RAS in Kyrgyzstan, other NGOs, and state relevant to crop and pest problems of institutions in Central Asia by developing a Central Asia. The ToT targets university pool of trainers that can support Farmer faculty members who are being prepared Field Schools (FFS) and other outreach to help manage Farmers Field Schools activities. and Student Field Schools. IPM technologies developed by the IPM CRSP Approach project in Central Asia are being extended to farmers through a participatory Strengthening IPM Outreach approach using farmer field schools (FFS). and Education Various materials (pamphlets, brochures, In collaboration with ICARDA, NGOs, leaflets, publications and electronic and local universities in the region, IPM information) are being developed and training materials and modules for priority distributed to assist farmers in crops such as wheat, potatoes and understanding pests and control methods tomatoes are being developed and in field and vegetable crops. Pamphlets on distributed to farmers. An inventory of IPM insect, disease, and weed identification will and crop management training materials be produced and printed in the appropriate used by universities in Central Asia and at languages. Michigan State University has been Achievements conducted. This inventory is being used in integrating new information, teaching tools, N In collaboration with the Tajik Institute and methodologies into the existing IPM of Plant Protection and Quarantine, the curriculum. Initial contacts have been IPM-CRSP has opened a Farmer Field made with universities in the region to School (FFS) in the Hissar District of assess IPM curriculum development. Tajikistan where 13 women and 2 men 28 Similarities and differences among IPM have been trained. Trainers from this FFS were selected from a group of N of research activities by 12 scientists faculty members and researchers who from Kyrgyzstan, 7 scientists from participated in the ToT workshop. Kazakhstan and 1 from Uzbekistan Participants in this workshop were from during the last five years is presented the Tajik State Agrarian University in this document. Copies of this (TSAU), the Tajik Institute of Zoology electronic catalogue will be distributed and Parasitology, and the Tajik Institute to the Kyrgyz Agrarian University, the of Plant Protection and Quarantine Kazakh Agrarian University and the (IPPQ). This FFS in Hissar district has Tajik Institute of Plant Protection and 0.2 ha where various IPM experiments Quarantine. This database includes are conducted. In collaboration with also a list of IPM researchers and TSAU, the IPM-CRSP has developed resource persons in the region. a manual on creation and training of N ToT and FFS. In addition, both partners Many publications on IPM have been will be conducting a training of trainers produced by the project in collabora- of scientists from various universities tion with the IPPQ, TSAU or ATC-RAS including the Andizhan Agriculture and used for training farmers in the Institute, Namagan and Fergana FFS. Calendars for three major veg- Universities and the Nunkun State etable crops were developed (a calen- University. Discussions are underway dar of cabbage damage by insects, a with the TSAU to introduce IPM in their calendar of carrot damage by insects, agricultural education curriculum. In and a calendar of tomato damage by addition, a manual on pest insects). To help farmers identify pests, management in organic agriculture is a terminological dictionary of the main being developed and will be widely diseases—pest of the cotton and veg- distributed to agricultural universities etable crops—was published in Latin, and NGOs in the Central Asia region. Russian, and Tajik. To help the trainers manage the FFS, a brochure was pub- N A Student Field School (SFS) was lished on “Organization and Manage- created at the Kyrgyz Agrarian State ment of the Farmer Field School on University. Unlike the FFS, the SFS is IPM” and two modules on FFS were providing theoretical knowledge in developed (Module 1—Introduction of addition to practical knowledge on FFS, published in Russian, and Mod- various subjects including entomology, ule 2—Biological Control Methods of pesticides, agroecology, biological Main Insect Pests and Tomato Disease). control methods, etc. This is going to be a certificate program. N In addition, the project has published the following documents: N A flyer describing the project in greater In collaboration with the AVRDC- detail was developed and published in • CAC, an extension bulletin on “Weeds Russian. This flyer was distributed in vegetable crops in Central Asia” has electronically and in hard copy to more been published. than 40 donors, NGOs, and government organizations in • A brochure on Sunn-pest developed Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. by ICARDA was translated into Kyrgyz The project has developed an for distribution to farmers, IPM special- electronic database of IPM publications ists, and extension personnel. by various institutions in Central Asia. The electronic catalogue “The work of • In collaboration with the project the scientists and experts on IPM in the ATC has published two scoutin guides: Central Asia” covers Kyrgyzstan, Determination of cucumber pests Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. Asummary and diseases (30 pages, in Russian) 29 Determination of tomato pests and Conclusion diseases (30 pages, in Russian) In conclusion, training farmers using the N A survey was conducted on 35 farmers FFS approach is much simpler and the in Andreev Village of the Hissar district most comprehensive method of in Tajikistan to assess the knowledge transferring IPM knowledge and skills to and skills of farmers on IPM. The ques- farmers. Regular interaction with farmers tionnaire covered many aspects in- during the FFS meetings strengthens cluding decision-making for pest farmers’ confidence in making decisions on management, use of pesticides, knowl- crop management including pest edge of vegetable pests and their nat- management decision. The teaching ural enemies, etc. Survey results methodologies and content of Farmer Field revealed that there was no assistance Schools are regularly improved based in pest management decision-making. upon farmers’ needs. The creation of Most farmers purchase pesticides from Student Field Schools will help to markets and no training on pesticides disseminate IPM knowledge and create use and safety was provided. With re- IPM interest in the younger generation of gard to pests, farmers were familiar agricultural professionals. Due to limited only with cotton worm and had little funding, one of the challenges includes the knowledge of vegetable pests. In addi- non-expansion of FFS concept in other tion, a survey has been conducted on villages or provinces. In addition, due to 55 farmers in Kyrgyzstan to assess lack of access to the Internet by various their knowledge and needs in IPM end-users, the information and material tools and techniques. The data is being developed are not available to many reviewed and analyzed. universities and private and state institutions.

30 PART THREE: National IPM Programs

Pest Management Practices and Strategies in Tajikistan —Abdussator S. Saidov1, Nurali S. Saidov2, V. K. Nazirov1 1Institute of zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Sciences of Republic Tajikistan 2International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), IPM CRSP project, P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Tashkent 700000

Introduction Agricultural in Tajikistan

Tajikistan is situated in Central Asia, far Agriculture in Tajikistan is still the from seas and oceans between 360 40’’ backbone of the economy and continues and 410 05’’ North latitude and 670 31’’ and to be largest single sector and driving force 750 14’’ East longitude. It lies in the same for the growth of the national economy. It latitudes as Greece and the southern accounts for over 30-40 % of gross regions of Italy and Spain. Tajikistan domestic product (GDP) and about 50% of occupies an area of over 143.1 square the country’s total exports. The total land kilometers, 93 % of which is mountainous. for agricultural production is 850,300 Its territory stretches 700 km from west to hectares, with 720,000 hectares under east and 350 km from north to south. On irrigation (Tajik State Statistical Agency, the southeast Tajikistan borders 2005-2006). The main crops are cotton Afghanistan and China, on the west and and wheat (table 1). Other crops such as north, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. maize, rice, potatoes, water-melons, According to 2006 data, the population sweetmelons, cucumbers, chickpeas, consists of 7 million people, 72 % of whom beans, tomatoes, onions, garlic, apples, live in rural areas. Dushanbe, the capital of pears, quince, apricots, peaches, cherries, sovereign Tajikistan, is located in the grapes, pistachio nuts and pomegranates picturesque and fertile Hissar valley at the are very important. height of 750-930 m above the sea level. The climate in Tajikistan is dry, subtropical, and continental with warm winters and hot summers. The average summer temperature is about 300 C and may reach as high as 45-500 C in the southern part of the country in June and July. The average annual precipitation ranges from 150 to 650 mm (Tajikistan, nature and natural resources, 1982).

Table 1. Total area for wheat and cotton production in 2005-2006 growing seasons.

2005 2006 Crops Planted (ha) Harvested (tons) Planted (ha) Harvested (tons) Wheat 167 644 360 996 199 290 437 927 Cotton 288 655 447 918 262 893 437 898

31 Crop Pests And Their Economic Importance In Tajikistan

Migratory Pests: The desert cotton, grain, leguminous and vegetable (Schistocerca gregaria Forsh.), Moroccan– crops, and in warehouses are the house (Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb.), and mouse (Mus musculus) and three species of migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria L) are rats(Rattusturkestanicus,Nesokiaindica and sporadic pests that cause substantial crop Meriones libica) (Saidov A., 2001). losses in Tajikistan. During 2006-2007, General Situation of Pest Management more than 100,000 ha of agricultural crops were attacked by locusts in the north and In Tajikistan, the different agro- south of Tajikistan. The loss of crops in the ecological zones and climatic conditions locust-affected area forced the government make the country profitable for growing a of Tajikistan to spend significant funds for wide range of agricultural crops, chemical control of locusts in more than including subtropical crops. In the 80,000 ha in 2007 (Newspaper Asia Plus, lowland agro-ecological zone, farmers 2007). grow and harvest crops twice a year on Invasive Pests: Recently, new and the same land. These conditions allow quarantined pests were migrating from the continuous presence of certain pests neighboring countries to Tajikistan. and diseases and cause more serious Noteworthy and most dangerous among problems. An estimated 30-35% of crops therse pests are the Colorado beetle are lost to pests in the field. (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in Chemical control: In the last potatoes (Qakharov, 2004; Saidov et al., decade, pesticides were used as the 2004; Saidov, 2006), the whitefly (Bemisia most powerful tool for pest control in tabaci Gen) in cotton and vegetable crops Tajikistan (figure 1). A major part of the (Tashpulatov at al. 1998), the mulberry moth pesticides were used for control of cotton (Margaronia piloalis Dem) in mulberry trees pests. However, a significant reduction (Tadjibaev, 1998, Saidov and Tadjibaev, of pesticide use has been noticed for the 1998), and the melon fly (Miopardalis past few years (figure 1) due to high pardalina Big) in sweet melons and water prices and lack of income for farmers. melons. Biological control: There are 10 Storage Pests: Over the last decade, in biolaboratories in Tajikistan which connection with trade liberalization and the produce three beneficial insects for pest change of structure of crop rotation, there control in cotton fields (table 2). In 2006, was an increase of harmful rodents beneficialinsects were applied on more than (Rodentia). The most dangerous rodents in 130,000 ha.

Figure 1. Trend in use of Pesticides in Tajikistan from 1983 to 2006

28.2 Sum total (thousands of tons) On 1 hectare irrigation land (kg) 40.3 18.5 Per Capita (kg)

25.7 4.6 6.2 6.4 3.7 0.120 0.82 0.17 0.016

32 1983 1988 1993 2006 Table 2. Beneficial insect and controlled pests.

Beneficial insects Controlled Pests Chrysopa carnea Steph. Aphis gossypii Glover Aphis craccivora Korch Trichogramma sp. Heliothis armigera Hb. Agrotis segetum Schiff Laspeyresia pomonella L. Bracon hebetor Say Heliothis armigera Hb. Agrotis segetum Schiff Laspeyresia pomonella L. Polychrosis botrana Schiff

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Long-term application of pesticides in The most effective natural enemies various agricultural systems has led to against cotton pests in Tajikistan are large-scale environmental contamination. lacewing (Chrysopa carnea Steph), spider Therefore, researchers at the Institute of eating thrips (Scolothrips acariphagus Zoology and Parasitology in Tajikistan Yakh), Coccinellidae (Coccinella septem- (IZ&P), have been developing and punctata L. and Stethorus punctillum implementing new methods for pest control Weise) and several species from the family which are based on minimal use of of Syrphidae, Ichneumonidae, and pesticides. The methods are based on Braconidae (Narzikulov et al., 1977; biocenosis approach and designed for Saidov, 1996). In 1976, recommendations maximal use of natural mechanisms to by scientists of the IZ&P and the Ministry of regulate the number of harmful organisms. Agriculture, for the use of IPM in cotton, The IZ&P started to implement decreased cotton pests in Tajikistan. In the environmentally-friendly methods of pest 1990s, IPM was used on more than 50,000 control in Tajikistan in 1967. The institute is ha of cotton. Similarly, in the 1990s, IPM the initiator of the development and methods were also used on apple and introduction of IPM in cotton and grape crops on more than 10,000 ha. horticultural crops in Tajikistan. However, the adoption of IPM has strongly Studies at the IZ&P on the fauna of decreased with the collapse of USSR in invertebrate animals in cotton landscape 1991 and the economic crisis in Tajikistan found 320 species of arthropods from 1992-1997. (Narzikulov at al., 1977). Among these species, the most dangerous to cotton Botanical Pesticides crops are: spider mites (Tetranychus telarius L), black alfalfa aphids (Aphis Soil and climatic conditions of Tajikistan craccivora Koch), melon aphids (Aphis are favorable for various types of plants. gossypii Geov), big cotton aphid More than 4,450 species of plants were (Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordv), cotton identified, among which there are a cutworms (Heliothis armigera Hb), winter number of insecticide-containing plants cutworms (Agrotis segetum Schifh) (Ismoilov, 2002). In order to produce (Mukhitdinov, 2007), green cutworms botanical pesticides, the IZ&P setup a (Spodoptera exigua Hbn), alfalfa bugs laboratory in 2002 with the capacity of (Adelphocoris lineolatus G), field bugs preparing botanical insecticides in the form (Lygus pratensis L), and tobacco thrips of decoction and infusion. (Thrips tabaci Lind). 33 The following plants are used: In addition, farmers often mix pesticides with different active ingredients to save on — tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L), waste from Dushanbe Tobacco factory; labor and to increase the concentration of — white mustard (Sinapis alba L), pesticides, which is perceived to provide mustard powder; greater protection. — common wormwood (Artemisia 2. Pesticide Resistance. Pesticide absinthium L), above-ground part of the plant; resistance is one of the serious problems. — ordinary milfoil (Achillea millefolium L), In intensively sprayed crops, insecticide whole plant. Many botanical pesticides resistant pest populations develop rapidly, are effective in controlling vegetable particularly if the same pesticide is used insect pests (Saidov and Nazirov, frequently. As more frequent treatments 2002 a, b; Saidov, 2003; Mukhitdinov and higher concentrations of insecticides et al., 2007). have to be applied when insects have developed resistance, this has led to the Landscape Ecology and overuse of pesticides. Biological pest management 3. Adoption of IPM. The promotion of Landscape diversity can be increased cotton IPM tools by the IZ&P and Ministry by preserving, restoring, or creating plant of Agriculture was successful, but did not communities that provide needed result in a wider adoption of IPM when resources to natural enemies. In compared to blanket use of synthetic collaboration with the International Center pesticides. for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and Michigan State University Approach to Solve Crop (MSU), and under the Central Asia Protection Problems Regional IPM CRSP Project, the IZ&P is The Ministry of Agriculture has hosting a study on the evaluation of the promoted IPM methods. The effort role of native plants for conserving natural concentrates on strengthening IPM in enemy communities in agro landscapes. farmer associations with a high frequency In 2006, (table 3) experiment plots were of pesticide application. The assumption is established to test the attractiveness of that farmers are willing to adopt IPM, various native plants to beneficial insects. provided that alternative control methods Several of the plants tested in this are almost as effective as synthetic preliminary trial were very attractive to a pesticides and that consumer awareness variety of natural enemy taxa (Saidov, of hygienic and organic products increase. 2006). Initial results suggest that native This approach encourages correct use of plants may be similarly attractive to pesticides by improving handling, storage, natural enemies and hold promise for and application. The government, NGOs, habitat manipulation in Central Asia. and other private sector companies will do Main Crop Protection Problems the development and dissemination of IPM and Approaches to Solve Them information. The government expects to see an increase in the production and use Some of the major concerns are mis- of botanical pesticides to replace synthetic use and overuse of pesticides by farmers; pesticides. More importantly, the and adverse effects on the environment, Department of Agricultural Extension health of farmers, and consumers. should concentrate its research efforts exclusively on the development and 1. Inappropriate use of pesticide. dissemination of information about IPM Farmers tend to have a strong preference and stop advocating pesticides. for pesticides that wipe out pests rapidly, thus using the most hazardous chemicals. 34 Table 3. Highlights of some major pests in Tajikistan and control methods (Saidov N., 2001).

Pest Crop attacked Control measures Insects and Others Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae) Cotton Cultural, chemical Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordv. (Aphididae) Cotton Cultural, chemical Aphis craccivora Korch (Aphididae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Brevicornia brassicae L. (Aphididae) Cabbage Cultural, chemical Aphis pomi Deg. (Aphididae) Apple Cultural, chemical Thrips tabaci L. (Aeolothripidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Haplothrips tritici Kurd. (Aeolothripidae) Cereals Cultural, chemical Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Aleyrodidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Pseudococcus comstocki Kuw. (Pseudococcidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Pseudococcus citri Russo (Pseudococcidae) Grape Cultural, chemical Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comst. (Diaspididae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Parlatoria oleae Colvee (Diaspididae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Agrotis segetum Shiff (Noctuidae) Wide range Cultural, chem., biological Heliothis armigera Hbn. (Noctuidae) Wide range Cultural, chem., biological Plutella maculipennis Curt. (Plutellidae) Cabbage Cultural, chemical Pieris brassicae L. (Pieridae) Cabbage Cultural, chemical Pieris rapae L. (Pieridae) Cabbage Cultural, chemical Coleophora tadzhikilla Danilev (Coleophoridae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Oncocera (Salbria) semirubella Sc. (Phycitidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Euzophera punicaella Moore (Phycitidae) Pomegranate Cultural, chemical Alophia combustella H.S. (Phycitidae) Pistachio Cultural, chemical Hyponomeuta padellus L. (Hyponomeutidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Laspeyresia pomonella L. (Tortricidae) Apple and pear Cultural, chemical Polychrosis botrana Schiff. (Tortricidae) Grape Cultural, chemical Pandemis chondrillana H.S. (Tortricidae) Wide range Cultural, chemical Margaronia piloalis Dem. Mulberry Cultural, chemical Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say Potato Cultural, Chemical Lema melanopus L. Wheat Cultural, Chemical Eurygaster intergriceps Put. (Hemiptera) Wheat Cultural, Chemical Tetranychus telarius L. (Tetranychidae) Wide range Chemical Diseases Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn Wide range Cultural, Chemical Verticillium dahliae Klev. Cotton Cultural, Chemical Fusarium oxysporym Schl. Cotton Tilletia tritici Wint., Cereals Cultural, Chemical Tilletia triticoides Savul). Cereals Cultural, Chemical Ustilago tritici Jens. Cereals Cultural, Chemical Phytophthora infestans dBy Potato& tomato Cultural, Chemical Peronospora desfructor Casp Onion Cultural, Chemical

35 References

Annual database report of Tajik State Statistical Agency Saidov, N.Sh., M. Tadjibaev. (1998). Bracon hebetor for 2005-2006, Agricultural branch. Say parasite of mulberry grass moth (Pyralididae). Ismoilov, M. (2002). On the endemics, relicts and rare Bulletin Pedagogical University, Dushanbe, species of vegetable kingdom (Plantae) of Tajik- 1998, 78 p. istan. Material of second International Scientific Saidov, N.Sh. (2001). Tajikistan country report, pre- Conference “Ecological Peculiarity of Biological Di sented in International course on Integrated Pest versity in the Republic of Tajikistan”. Dushanbe, Management,Wageningen.The Netherlands,19th Tajikistan, June 24-25, 2002, pp. 76-78. March to 29th June 2001, 8 p. Mukhitdinov, S.M. (2007). Management of cotton insect Saidov, N.Sh.and V.K. Nazirov. (2002 a). Application of pests in Tajikistan. Area-Wide Control of Insect natural pesticides for control vegetable pests. Ma- Pests, IAEA, Austria 2007, p. 383-39 terial of Second International Scientific Conference Mukhitdinov S.M., N.Sh. Saidov and Sh.B. Baratov. “Ecological Peculiarity of Biological Diversity in the (2007). Manual on Biological method of Republic of Tajikistan”. Dushanbe, Tajikistan, June agricultural crop pest control. Publishing house 24-25, 2002, pp.145-146. “Nodir”, Dushanbe Tajikistan, 382 p. Saidov, N.Sh. and V.K. Nazirov. (2002 b). The recom- Narzikulov, et al. (1977). Integrated Pest Management mendations natural pesticides application for con- against cotton pests in Tajikistan. Dushanbe, Don- trol vegetable pests, Manual for farmers. Mercy ish 1977. Newspaper Asia Plus, Dushanbe, Tajik- Corps, Dushanbe, 2002, 20 p. istan, # 14, May, 2007. Saidov, N.Sh. (2003). Application of natural pesticides Qakharov, Q. (2004). The injuriousness of Colorado po against the wheat pests in conditions of Tajikistan. tato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) on po The first Central Asian wheat conference, CIM tato fields and control methods against its. Journal MYT, Almaty, June 10-13, 2003, 2 p. of “Kishovarz”, Tajik Agrarian University, # 2, p. Saidov, N.Sh. (2006). Agricultural landscape manage- 35-39. ment for enhancing biological pest control. Saidov, A.S. (2001). The landscape distribution of ro- Material of conference “Fauna and animal ecology dents of South Tajikistan in connection with of Tajikistan”, Dushanbe, pp. 55-56. human impact. New Academy of Science of Tajik- Tadjibaev, M. (1998). Mulberry grass moth (Margoronia istan, # 4 (145). Pp. 91-105. piloalis Dew) and its in juriousness in Tajikistan. Saidov, A.S., N.N. Muminov and Kh. Amirkulov. (2004). Material of International Scientific Conference The alien fauna species of Tajikistan. Materials sci “Ecological Peculiarity of Biological Diversity in the entific conference “Fauna and ecology of Tajik- Republic of Tajikistan and neighbor Territories”, istan”. Dushanbe, pp. 35-44. Tajikistan, Khujand 1998, p. 162. Tajikistan, nature and natural resources. Publishing house “Donish”, Saidov, A.S. (2006). The alien fauna species of Tajik- Dusahanbe, Tajikistan, 1982, 601 p. istan and the basic forms of their threats.4th Euro pean Conference on Biological invasions. Vienna Tashpulatov, M.M., V.S. Madaminov and B.N. Abdullaev. (Austria), 27-29 September 2006. Abstracts, pp. (1998). Tobacco (cotton) whitefly in cotton crop. 229. Material of International Scientific Conference “Ecological Peculiarity of Biological Diversity in the Saidov, N.Sh. (1996). Braconidae family in Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan and neighbor Territories”, (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). The dissertation’s on Tajikistan, Khujand 1998, pp. 163. competition degree candidate of the biological sciences. St. Petersburg-1996, 201 p.

36 Current State and Prospects for Integrated Pest Management in Tajikistan —A.N. Jalilov and D.G. Khotamov Institute of Plant Protection and quarantine of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS)

Agriculture is one of the vital sectors of pheromone traps were used. The practical the national economy of Tajikistan. After value of pheromones was significant for independence, the Republic of Tajikistan forecasting of pests such as Heliothis took a market-oriented economy and armigera Hb., Agrotis segetum Schiff, started a reorganization of Soviet collective Laspeyresia pomonella L., and Polychrosis and state farms. Since January 2006 more botrana Schiff. than 462,773 hectares of land were The pheromone traps helped to distributed to 27,000 dekhkan farms determine exact time of emergence of (farmer economy) that now employ each generation of the pests, to determine 792,877 rural laborers. As the disbandment the pest outbreaks, and the optimum of the state agricultural enterprises into periods of chemical applications. As a individual farms proceeds, crop protection result, a high level of efficiency of plant from pests is a very important challenge. protection was achieved at less expense Before 1990, agriculture in Tajikistan widely which did not pollute the environment. In used Integrated Pest Management Tajikistan in 1986, pheromone traps were resulting in significant reduction of chemical used in horticulture crops on 20,000 pesticide applications, and selective hectares and on 15,000 hectares on cotton applications allowed the creation of crops. In the same period microbial favorable conditions for the build up of preparations were also applied. However, natural enemy populations of the the wide application of preparations such agricultural crop pests. as DNB and BTB were restrained because At that time, the lowest level of pesticide of the short term of their storage life. application was achieved (2-2.5 times Researchers at the Institute of Zoology against cotton cutworm, 0.8-1.2 times and Parasitology at the Academy of against spider mite), whereas earlier Sciences of the Republic Tajikistan (IZ&P) pesticides were applied 15 times to save studied in detail the fauna of invertebrate crops from pests. The greater importance animals in cotton fields and discovered in control of agricultural crop pests was 320 species of arthropods. Based on these obtained from protection by plants by findings, Integrated Pest Management biological means. In 1976 the biological methods have been developed method was applied on a general area of (Narziqulov et al., 1977). 30,000 hectares, and in 1986 the area was Unfortunately, from 1993 to 2006 the increased to more than 300,000 hectares. crop protection service budget was Now in Tajikistan, there are 10 reduced. The situation is aggravated by biolaboratories that mainly produce the fact that farmers have limited Chrysopa carnea Steph., Trichogramma knowledge on pest control and there is no Sp., and Bracon hebetor Say for mass functioning agro-extension service at the rearing to control of cotton pest. In 2006, country level. It is necessary to note that beneficial insects were released in more in 2006 in Tajikistan alone, there were than 130,000 hectares. The results of long- 123.5 tons of pesticides belonging to the term industrial biolaboratories have shown following chemical groups: 15.5 tons of that application of beneficial insects allows fumigant; 79.7 tons of insecticides and protection of agricultural crops from pests 38.3 tons of fungicides. The available by minimal application of chemicals. Along assortment of pesticides does not cover with seasonal entomophages colonization, the current requirements of pesticide an arsenal of protection plants and applications against agricultural pests. 37 Consequently, the phyto-sanitation condition of agricultural crops in recent years has worsened and the number and zones of prevalence of plant diseases have increased. Therefore, the government of Tajikistan repeatedly requested technical support from international organizations for renewal and introduction of Integrated Pest Management. Today, the Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine, and the Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy Fig 1. Nectar plant strip. of Sciences of Republic Tajikistan, in collaboration with International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas and Michigan State University, carry out research on improvement of the IPM in Tajikistan under the Central Asia Regional IPM CRSP project. Under this program, we established research plots on screening of agro-characteristic native plants for conserving natural enemy communities in agro-landscapes. Along with this research plot, we also established nectar plant strips between wheat and Fig. 2. Setting of cage. cotton crops to determine the impact on targeted crop pest populations (Fig.1). In collaboration with farmers, we launched an experiment to determine the impact of existing predators on cotton pest populations with cage effects Fig. 2, 3). Additionally, researchers from the Institute of Plant Protection study the interaction of various crop hybrids with pests for selection of resistant lines. This research is conducted on wheat, potato, and cotton crops in cooperation with the scientists of the Plant Production Fig. 3. Cages in cotton field. (Farming) and Horticulture Institutes of TAAS. Biological pest control methods are emphasized as it remains the main component of the IPM and other activities including the restoration of biological laboratories.

38 Within the framework of the Central Asia Regional IPM CRSP, and with financial support from USAID, the Institute of Plant Protection provided a special IPM course in 2007, with elements of Farmer Field School (FFS) (photo 4, 5). There were 16 local vegetable farmers involved in the FFS that operated March- August 2007 in the village of Andreev in the Hissar district which was chosen for the results of the analysis of the knowledge and skills of the farmers on growing vegetable crops Fig 4. One day of IPM FFS. and pest management. Through farmers’ initiative, studies were conducted on 0.04 hectares for screening three pest resistants tomato varieties; “Novichok”, “Shedrost” and “Kaskader”. To promote the landscape ecology concept, nectar plants such as Ocimum basilicum L., Ziziphora interrupta Juz., Salvia sclarea L., Melissa officinalis L. and Mentha asiatica Boriss were planted. During flowering, insects were collected every seven days by standard entomological net and preserved for future taxonomy identification. Fig. 5. IPM CRSP Forum Participants With the purpose of enhancing the visit to FFS. farmers’ understanding of IPM approaches on FFS sites, a number of experiments were established: N Integrated Pest Management; N One of the main directions of the IPM N Farmer practices; FFS is the conservation of a biodiversity in agro-landscapes, which is necessary to N Innovation variant for the given region. show the farmers in practice all advan- Then farmers following agronomical re- tages in using botanical pesticides pre- search methods subjected themselves to pared from local plant resources. agro ecological analysis: N N The other approach of training of the First farmers developed a seasonal cal- participants of the IPM in FFS is about the endar for cultivation of tomatoes. life cycle of insect and their natural ene- N The FFS farmers began with selection mies through direct supervision and ma- and preparation of a seed material; then nipulation of an insect zoo. Farmers were using a different seed material and series thus able to correctly distinguish basic methods of processing (chemical, biologi- pests and beneficial insects in the field. cal, botanical), determined the seed ger- N The most significant concern for farm- mination value; ers was the understanding of methods of N The large section is devoted to agro- conservation and increase of number of ecological analysis of IPM and farmer- beneficial insects in agro landscapes. With practice variants. Farmers collected the this goal in mind, farmers in Field School data spending the weekly analysis on crop of the IPM carried out an agro-ecological vegetations and distribution of insect pests, analysis (7-14 days) on insects on 5 nectar crop diseases and weeds and their severity. plant species. 39 The IPM with elements of FFS covers Thus, training farmers on the use of topics such as management of FFS, agro- FFS techniques is the most simple and ecological analysis, experiments, etc. In accessible method of transfer of the last subcomponent, the farmers did not knowledge and skills of IPM. The regular pass the large theoretical training on IPM. contact of the farmers among themselves The main focus of the training was at FFS strengthens reliance and directed on management of FFS and acceptance of the decisions on selection leadership skills. The master trainers on of pest control methods. Consequently, the the experimental field fulfilled the main wide introduction of the IPM in Tajikistan parts of FFS: and approach. The given will allow improvement of phyto-sanitation component was held from March until conditions on agricultural fields and will August, i.e., during the entire tomato enable the farmers to obtain increase in growing season. yields of agricultural crops.

Reference

Narziqulov M..N., et al. (1977). The bases of integrated protection of cotton from the pest in the Central Asia Dushanbe, Publishing House "Donish".

40 Integrated Pest Management in Uzbekistan —Barno Tashpulatova International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), IPM CRSP project, P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Tashkent 700000

Introduction each region there is a center of plant protection with the major tasks of seed The development of a theoretical and multiplication, distribution of quality seed methodological basis on Integrated Pest to conduct research work, and technology Management for crop protection is the main transfer to the farmers. The area for cotton strategy for the government of Uzbekistan. production is estimated to be 1.5 million The primary pests and diseases (species ha. Scientists from research institutes composition, their distribution, economic have identified about 20 species of pest importance and biological features) of insects, 80 types of weeds, and 20 types cotton, alfalfa, cereals, vegetables and of diseases. Generally, about 30-40% of melons and other crops have been cotton yield can be lost due to pests. comprehensively studied for the last 20 Therefore IPM development is very much years in Uzbekistan. The level of scientific in need for cotton production in all regions development on improvement of economic, in Uzbekistan (Alimukhamedov, 1991). cultural, chemical, and biological methods Biological control: Biological control of pest control in the republic is sufficient. is the leading method to control leaf- For control of sucking pests (aphids, thrips, chewing pests in Uzbekistan. Its annual spider mites, whiteflies, bugs, and others) application on cotton crops, including on cotton, fruit, vegetables and other crops, repeated applications is 5.5-6.0 million per a wide assortment of low-toxic chemicals ha. In many cases, beneficial insects and microbiological preparations available released together with other components are recommended for wide application. regulate the numbers of seasonal pests Seed treatments with several chemical and provide an ecological balance sooner fungicides such as bronotak, panoktin as than would occur under natural conditions. well as local preparations developed in the Trichogramma pintoi, Bracon hebetor and Uzbek Research Institute P-4 are applied Chrysopa carnea are used on cotton in annually against root rot and bacterial blight conjunction with parameters developed at diseases. Avoidance of wilt diseases on the Uzbek Institute of Plant Protection. cotton and other crops are achieved using These entomophages are produced by an cropping systems such as crop rotation, estimated 1000 biolaboratories in the planting of resistant varieties (C-9070, C- Republic and are released at the optimum 6524 and others), and fungicide rate of 60,000 moth eggs per hectare of application. There are about 20 grain infested by trichogramma and at the preparations that have been tested and pest threshold of 20-25 Heliothis armigera applied against crop diseases. The most eggs/ 100 plants assuming 50% hatch. To effective domestically produced ones were provide control of pest eggs of three darmon, GMK, and P-4, which can generations of Heliothis armigera, “flood” increase plant emergence and method of 3-4 times release every 15-20 development by inhibiting microbial days is the normal (Adashkevich et al., 1991). infestation (Rashidov, 2001). The effectiveness of Bracon and Cotton crop protection strategy Lacewing depends on several factors including which crop borders cotton. Thus, in Uzbekistan if Bracon and lacewing are released in a Cotton crop is one of major export crops tomato field surrounded by a cotton crop in Uzbekistan. All 13 regions in Uzbekistan and if they remain on tomatoes, biocontrol are responsible for cotton production. In effect on cotton is high. If a vineyard, a 41 blossoming corn field or orchards surround etc). This technique is used in arranging tomatoes fields the efficacy is decreased for and planning of plant protection. (Alimukhamedov, 2000). In Uzbekistan, There are wilt tolerant cotton varieties alfalfa is the main ecologically important that have been selected at the research entomophage conserving crop, which is institutes. The method of plant-resistant cultivated in crop rotation with cotton or conservation by enhancing their immunity bordering of different crops. Alfalfa creates using physiological active substances a suitable climate for development of many helped to increase yield up to 2-2.4 c/ha. entomophages, especially aphidophages A method of cotton wilt resistance (Chrysopidae, Coccinelidae, Syrphidae, determination by moleculer-genetic Chamaemyodae and Aphididae) analysis of chloroplast DNA has been (Daminova, 2001). These differences must developed (Rashidov, 2000). be taken into account in making Bracon Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum and Chrysopa releases. Parasitization of f.spp vasinfactum), Verticilium wilt 15-20% of Heliothis sp larvae by Bracon (Verticillium dahliae), and virus diseases requires a release of 800 parasitoids/ha. are also starting to challenge not only The rate is higher (1000 parasitoids) when cotton but also vegetable and melon the parasitoids larvae occurs in 8-12%. production. The technology of trichoderma

Table 1. List of seasonal cotton pests and the control measures adopted in Uzbekistan

April-May June-July August-September Pests Aphids, Agrotis segetum, Heliothis Armigera Agrotis segetum Heliothis Armigera Spider mites Spider mites

Pesticides Fury 10%EC Omait, 57% EC Mospilan 20%WP Nissoran, 5% EC Avaunt 15% SC Ortus, 5% SC Decis 2.5% EC Karate 5% EC

Beneficial Lacewing, Lacewing, Trichogramma Insects trichogramma trichogramma lacewing bracon bracon

EC-Emulsion Concentrate; SC- Suspension Concentrate; WP – Wet Powder

Chemical control: Chemical control is production for tomatoes, melons, and practiced on 400-600 thousand ha mangel seed pretreatment has been annually mainly against sucking pests. In developed. As many as 30 strains of past years researchers in the Institute of trichiderma have been isolated and are Plant Protection have developed automatic active against soil pathogens (Rashidov, methods for short- and long-term 2001). predictions of the duration and Scientists at research institutes have development cycle of the main cotton tested more than 62 preparations that pests (boll worm, cut worm, winter moth meet requirements of pesticide ecology,

42 approximately half of which are included on with thrips in the stage of tube formation the list of Uzbekistan Republic Govchem causes 41% loss; in the earning phase commission (Rashidov 2001). The loss is about 28%; and in milky stage the following chemicals are used for seed yield loss is 3%. Tests conducted showed treatement including Gaucho-M; that insecticides such as Regent, Buldok, insecticides: konfidor, kalipso, adonis, fury, Sumi-Alfa, and Arrivo were the most mospilan, and avaunt; acaricides: effective in controlling these pests. Red nissoran, ortus, demitan and vermitec; and rust, loose, covered smuts, powdery herbicides: flurtomon, dahlor, and aramo mildew, and other diseases have (Table 2). appeared on dry and irrigated wheat crop

Table 2. Pesticides applied on cotton crop in Uzbekistan

Insecticides Acaricides Herbicides Adonis 4% EC Omait 57% EC Alienza 60% CS Fury 10%EC Nissoran 5% EC Dahlor 50% EC Mospilan 20%WP Ortus 5% SC Aramo 5% EC Avaunt 15% SC Serum 80% WP Shogun 10% EC Decis 2.5% EC Dargit 57%E Karate 2.5EC Nurell-D 55% EC

Wheat protection measures fields in Uzbekistan. in Uzbekistan In 2000, observations showed that in the stages of wheat tube and ripening, the The increase of grain crop area has yellow rust is the most widespread disease caused significant changes in the agro- on the crop field (Rashidov, 2001). Severe ecosystem. This change requires the study damage by this disease was noted in the of species composition, bio-ecology of Surhandarya, Tashkent and Syrdarya pests and their entomophages, selection of regions. The severity was dependent on effective chemicals and microbiological crop varieties, crop protection strategies, preparations with low toxicity, and the and chemicals used. To control these rearing and application of beneficial insects diseases the following fungicides are as biological control of pests on grain recommended: rex, folikur, flamenko, tilt, crops. There are about 16 species of wheat and baileton. For weed control in grain pests, of which the four most important crops the following herbicides are ones are: Sunn pest, wheat thrips, aphids, recommended: granstar, starane, pardner, and cereal leaf beetle. Sunn pest and banvel. In 2005, more than 300 thousand cereal leaf beetle are found in the Fergana ha of wheat received applications of Valley, Tashkent, Jjizah, Sirdarya, and herbicides (Sagdullaev, 2006). Kashkadarya regions and wheat thrips and In desert and dry areas pests such as aphids are found on wheat in all regions in locusts occur every year and are Uzbekistan. widespread, threatening agricultural crops The harmful effect of wheat pests is by yield loss. Italian, Morocco and desert dependent upon the phases of wheat locusts are the major species of pests development. For example, wheat infested encountered. Annually, 150 to 500

43 thousand ha are treated to control locusts. Violet scale and Plum false scale. There Researchers in Uzbekistan have studied are several insecticides recommended to the occurrence and outbreak period of control these pests, including Nurell-D, these pests to develop short-term and Fury, Match, Hostation, Cirax, and Omait. long-term predictions of their appearance To control diseases fungicides such as for application of ecologically-based pest vectra, topaz, and saprol have been applied; control methods. Thus there are dominant against weeds herbicides basta, fusilad, and subdominant species, the density of super, and others have been applied. locust, their emergence patterns and In 1994 in the Surhandarya region development have been studied in Mulberry pyralid (Diaphania pyloalis Surhandarya, Kashkadarya regions and in Walker, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest fly Karakalpakstan. Last year, Morocco from Tajikistan, was identified for the first locusts were noticed in Surhandarya and time. This pest has very big gluttony Kashkadarya regions where pupa density features and can not only defoliate leaves was 2.0-9.3 m-2. In Karakelpakstan, the but also buds, causing severe depletion of density of Italian and Asian locusts was feeding material for silkworm production. 1.6-7.3 m-2. With expedition forces, the The highest prevalence of this pest has total area treated for locust control was been noticed in the Fergana valley. 243,700 ha. However, locusts that fly from Scientists in Uzbekistan have studied its Kazakhstan to the Tashkent region, from biological and ecological features and Turkmenistan to the Kashkadarya region distribution for control recommendations. and from Tajikistan, Afghanistan to the Surhandarya region present a significant Vegetable crop protection danger. To control these locusts, Fury, In potatoes, the main pest is the Regent, and Dimilin were tested to Colorado beetle. In some years, yield loss determine the time of application and can reach up to 40-50%. To control effectiveness of these insecticides. Colorado beetle, chemical and cultural Fruit crop protection measures have been developed. Short and long-term population prediction On fruit crops, about 200 species of methods have been developed. pest organisms were identified. The most Insecticides such as Regent, Admiral, dangerous are codling moth, scale insects, Buldok, Fury, and Dorsan-C have been spider mites, leaf roller, and aphids. Spider applied to control Colorado beetles. For mites on pumpkins during the summer weed control in potatoes Fusilad, Nabu, time can produce 12-18 generations. The Goltix, Aroma and Titus have been damage from spider mites can be noticed recommended and applied (Zahidov, 2001). especially during the second half of the Thrips tabaci on onion is a pest of summer. Without timely control, yield loss greenhouse and field crops. Besides can reach 25-30%. Farmers have been onions, it also damages many other crops trying to decrease the loss to 15-20% by including garlic. It overwinters in adult conserving beneficial insects, using nectar stage and stays on the ground under plant ferrous plants for biological control. In residues and weeds. In summer it can recent years 5 species of Trichogramma complete up to seven generations. It can and 3 species of predator mites have been develop the entire winter during storage identified. Researchers, farmers, and and seriously damage onions (Sidorov et agronomists have developed a scheme for al., 1965). Trichogramma rearing and their release. Western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella Entomologists identified 6 species of scale occidentalis (Pergande) is presently recog- and false scale insects, among which the nized as the most dangerous pest on most dangerous include San Jose scale, vegetables and decorative flowers in

44 greenhouses. Chemical treatment is very In the past few years, the rusty mite complicated as the pest is a very small Aculops lycopersici (Eriophydae) caused insect (2 mm) and hides in flower buds serious damage to tomatoes and under the scaly flowers in plants; its mass potatoes. The pest was first found in development can be noticed on leaves Karakalpakstan greenhouses in 1986 (Zahidov, 2001). (Mamatov, 1993). Then, it has spread very Farmers in the Tashkent region are the fast and now it is present in all regions of main suppliers of vegetables for cities. The Uzbekistan, becoming as serious as the main pests in greenhouse crops are: Colorado potato beetle. Chemical aphids, whiteflies and spider mites. Since preparations such as mitak, Malathion, the 1970s, biological control of aphids and talstar, karate, fosalon and others were spider mites was achieved using the very effective against rusty mites on entomophages: lacewing and coccinelides. In tomatoes (Mamatov, 1993). Uzbekistan there are several species of Currently, the main objectives in whiteflies on different crops; the two most Uzbekistan agricultural institutions are: widespread species are the greenhouse N Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westu and Improve techniques for forecasting cotton whitefly Bemissia tabaci. T. pest development on agricultural crops vaporariorum was recognized in the using computers and multi media meth- Tashkent region for the first time in the ods; 1970s. But B. tabaci was widespread and N Conduct investigations on chemical caused severe damages to many crops, methods of pest control using cheaper especially on cotton in the north part of and less toxic preparations and reducing Uzbekistan since 1989. Natural enemies pesticide imports; such as lacewings, Encarsia, and others N cannot suppress the increasing Enhance the efficiency of biological development of the whitefly to its high methods of crop protection and its devel- potency. In greenhouses and field opment as a progressive, ecologically safe conditions the whitefly develops without technology for plant protection. undergoing diapause. Therefore, if a plant is infested with this pest it is recommended to use chemicals (Zahidov, 2001).

Table 3 Insecticides and acaricides used in Uzbekistan

Pests Insecticides and acaricides 1. Whitefly Sumi-alfa5% CE 2. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, whitefly Carbophos (malathion) Rus. 50% CE. 3. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, whitefly Fufafon (malath). Den.57% CE 4. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, whitefly Danadim 40% CE Denmark 5. Aphids, spider mites, whitefly Talstar 10% CE 6. Spider mites Flumait 20% CS 7. Whitefly, heliothis sp, bugs, aphids Cipermetrin 25% CE 8. Aphids, thrips, spider mites, whitefly Ciperphos 55% CE 9. Whitefly, heliothis sp, bugs, aphids Cirax 25% CE 10. Spider mites Uzmait 57% CE

45 References

Alimukhamedov, S.N. (1991). Ecological measure in Rashidov, M.I. (2001). Status and perspectives of plant plant protection in Uzbekistan, J. Plant Protection protection in Uzbekistan, Proceedings of confer- (Zashita Rasteniy), # 9: 13-14; ence “Plant protection from pest insects and dis- Alimukhamedov, S.N. (2000). Research working out to eases”, 21 December,Tashkent, p.p.3-9 practice, J. Plant Protection (Zashita Rasteniy), Sagdullaev, A.U. (2006). Current status on wheat crop, # 9:6-8; J. Uzbekistan Agriculture, # 5:19-21 Adashkevich, B.P., Z.K. Adilov and F.K. Rasulev. (1991). Sidorov, K.P., N.I. Hodosevich, Shapova, and S. Biological control in action, J. Plant Protection Kuznev. (1965). Instruction on vegetable melon (Zashita Rasteniy), # 7: 9-10; and potato crops protection against pests and dis- Daminova, D.V. (2001). Significance of alfalfa in con- eases, Publisher “Uzbekistan”, Tashkent. servation of natural entomophagoes, Proceedings Zahidov, F.M. (2001). The monitoring of suctorial pests of conference “Plant protection from pest insects on vegetable crops in Tashkent region, Proceed- and diseases”, 21 December, Tashkent, Pp.126- ings of conference “Plant protection from pest 127; insects and diseases”, 21 December, Tashkent, Mamatov, K. (1993). The results on study of rusty mite, pp.125-126. Proceedings IPM in avoidance of environment pol lution, Tashkent, Uzbek Academy of Agricultural Research; Rashidov, M.I. (2000). Research studies in Uzbekistan. J. Plant Protection (Zashita Rasteniy) # 6:25-27;

46 State of the Integrated System for Plant Protection in Kazakhstan —A.O. Sagitov Institute of Plant Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Academy of Science Republic of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan is an and pastures and cause significant harmful agrarian-industrial country where grain effects. According to the UNO, the world crops, primarily wheat, are the most loss on crop production is 35% of potential important sources of national wealth in the yield, including 13.8% from pest, 9.2% republic. In 2005, the republic was sixth in from diseases, and 12.0% from weeds. grain production among the grain During years of epiphytotic developments producing countries of the world, and has from fungal diseases alone, the annually exported up to 5 mln tons of agricultural crops yield decreased to 20- wheat to foreign countries. When 35% or higher. Similar losses of crop yield Kazakhstan enters the Worldwide Trade occurred from pests and weeds. Organization (WTO) the production of Cereals are infected with many grain will increase due to the demand for diseases, among which the most harmful Kazakhstan wheat in C.I.S. and ES are rust, septoria spot, blight, root rot, countries, particularly those in Central Asia. powdery mildew, and others. For example, The other agricultural specialty of the at the beginning of the 20th century, crop republic is the production of cotton which yield losses in Canada and the United takes place in the most northern zone of States from stem rust were 82 mln centner cotton growing countries in the world. of grain (Golyshin, 1989). As N.A. Nazarbaev, president of the Intensive studies on breeding resistant republic noted in 2006, the creation of wheat lines to the Hessian fly have been cotton-textile production will promote the conducted in the USA, where prior to development of this industry and improve introduction, annual losses from pests the quality of cotton products from its raw averaged $5- $25 million, reaching $100 state up to the final product in order to be million some years (Hatchett, Stark, and competitive in world market. According to Webster, 1987). In C.I.S. countries scientists’ data, the system of Integrated including Kazakhstan, after the collapse of Pest Management (IPM) is not the first the Soviet eara (1992-1999), agricultural decennial event being introduced; in the intensification decline and the areas for USA, for instance, by 2000 75% of agricultural production for grain was cropping areas were using IPM. reduced. Minimum technology and Comprehensive programs of IPM are reduction in amount of soil treatment was realized with FAO facilities in nine Asian necessary because of financial difficulties, countries. The World Bank in collaboration including lack of facilities and mechanics, with FAO has founded special international deterioration in park agricultural machines, organizations, which are working on IPM inflated growth of prices of agricultural (Kempbell, 2003). technology, and others factors. Natural-climatic conditions in the Integrated Pest Management as a Republic of Kazakhstan are suitable for principle approach and a long-standing growing many crops. However, some practical direction in plant protection has a years the crops are severely infected with positive effect on agriculture. However, different phytopathogens and damaged by formation of this method required facts, pests and weeds. In Kazakhstan there are serious motivation, and deep all-round 50 types of polyphags and over 100 phytosanitary analysis. The main trend of specialized pest species, as many as 70 scientific development of plant protection types of diseases, and 120 species of in the world is the study and improvement weeds which occur on agricultural crops of the integrated system of crop protection 47 Figure 1— Dynamics of yellow rust damaging on winter wheat in Almaty region

30 5 20 50

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

from pest organisms by the rational combination of the different control methods (agro-technical, chemical, biological, sanitary- preventive, use of tolerant varieties, and Yellow rust others) based on scientifically-motivated phytosanitary monitoring of their numbers and harmful effects. The scientists of our institute annually conduct phytosanitary monitoring on sowing of agricultural crops, grains in particular. Based on the monitoring of crops between 2001-2005, it was determined that in the Almaty region yellow rust on winter wheat in 2001 and 2004 developed in moderate degree (20-30%), in 2002-2003in high degree (50-75%), but in low degree in 2005 (1-5%) (figure 1). Brown rust Similar data were obtained in southern Kazakhstan. Figure 1— level of brown rust development on winter and spring wheat 2001-2005 in north region

100

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

winter wheat wspring wheat 48 In the northern part of the republic spring wheat diseases such as brown rust, yellow rust was revealed on spring wheat in septoria spot, and powdery mildew were 2002, but only in the region of Karaganda prevalent. In 1994-1996, 2001-2002, and (10-25%) and Akmolinsk (25-50%). 2004-2005 they developed from moderate In the Kostanay region brown rust to high degree. Brown rust in 1997-1998 developed on spring wheat sowings in and in 2003 developed in moderate and 2003 and 2005 had reached the epiphytotic low levels, but in 1999 no rust was noted; level of 75-100% and a moderate level of at the same time powdery mildew 20-30% in 2001-2002, with depression of developed in low degree and septoria spot disease development occurring in 2004. in 1998 appeared in low degree but in Winter wheat damages caused by disease moderate degree in 1999 and 2001. reached 50% in 2002, but in 2003 it did not In northern Kazakhstan pests hiding in exceed 5%. In 2001, 2004, and 2005 there stems (Swedish and Hessian flies and was no disease revealed on wheat (fig. 2). stem fleas) had the most harmful effect on In 2003-2005 in the Almaty region brown wheat in 2001-2003 during a time rust on winter and spring wheat developed characterized by increased rainfall in the from moderate (20-30%) to a high (50- spring and summer. The mass 75%) degree. In the northern part of the reproduction of gray grain moth and its republic, stem rust on spring wheat was high level of harmful effects were noted in revealed in 2001-2002 and 2005 and 2003. The very dry conditions in 2004 ranged from 5 to 15%, but on winter wheat caused a decrease of pests, so their in 2002 it only appeared on 0-5%. number and harmful effects were very low.

Septoria spot Stem rust

In 2001-2005 in Kostanay, Akmolinsk, In 2005, the growth of high numbers of and the north region of Kazakhstan, stem-hiding pests and gray grain moth septoria spot on leaves developed was registered. Pest such as wheat thrips noticeably from 10-25% to 50-75%. In the developed in mass during 2001-2003. Almatinsk and Zhambyl regions, septoria Hierological monitoring has shown that spot developed moderately in 2001-2004, composition of weed species in sowing of but in 2005 was at a low level (5-10%). the winter wheat and spring barley on the During 12 years of studies in eastern crop in the southeast has presented Kazakhstan it was noted that on winter and accordingly 60 and 50 types of weeds,

49 representing 16 botanical families. Annual slight damage on plant samples noted. weeds are 66.1-71.8%, biennial are 10.0- The big group of tolerant varieties was 11.3% and perennial are 18.2-22.6%, of revealed from collection of ITV on samples which stem sucker was 6.5-6.8% and root taken from China, USA and Canada. sucker 11.4-16.1%. In northern region the weed component of the agro-ecosystem The diseases on spring wheat is presented with as much According to the program of KASIB as 82.3% of annual spring weeds and its 1-6 screening of tolerant plant to brown biomass was 71% for biennial winter, over and yellow rust, covered smut and wintering weeds 3.8-4.8%, and perennial septoria spot, the 514 perspective 13.9-24.2%. Phytopathologists and varieties and hybrid lines of the spring entomologists of the institute conducted wheat breeding taken from Kazakhstan the immunological estimate of local and Russian Federation (the regions West perspective wheat varieties and hybrids on Siberia and South Ural) has been their resistance to pests. conducted. The complex of the above mentioned diseases has been estimated

Hessian fly Wheat thrips

Pests In 2002-2005 the estimation of spring on more than 2500 samples of the spring wheat samples with Kazakhstan and soft wheat, received through CIMMYT- Siberian selective institutions on ecological Mexico, countries of the Latin America, and varieties test program of CIMMYT was Western Europe. Among them, more than organized. This is Kazakhstan-Siberian 100 samples were tolerant to 2-3 types of nurseries KASIP -2, 4, 6, as well as wheat the rust, septoria, and covered and loose lines of International test varieties (ITV), smut diseases and have high productivity were given by CIMMYT. The evaluation of and adaptability to the arid conditions of the main material of KASIP and ITV, 207 Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan-Mexico samples in detail, has shown their main breeding program for tolerance to brown amount to be weak resistant to Hessian fly. rust, 595 hybrid lines and population of the Tolerant and middle tolerant samples, spring soft wheat have been identified. In basically, derived from selective institutions north and east regions in the republic the of the south region in Kazakhstan. analysis of the structure of Puccinia As a rule, the samples taken from North recondita populations with the use of Kazakhstan and Siberia were not tolerant isogenetic wheat lines on the base of the to pests, although among them there was Tatcher variety has been organized. 50 As far back as 1970, agricultural organisms vastly reduced the expenses practices in foreign countries have shown and increased the profits. The greatest that one of the optimum ways to reduce yield gain was obtained when a complex energy consumption is the use of methods of chemicals for plant protection – such as reduced or non-treatment of soil. herbicide +insecticide +fungicide- were Minimum soil treatment leads to reduction used. Under minimum treatments the of expenses (fuel, mechanization and wheat productivity was higher than under others - about 50% of total embedding) and traditional technology – 17.1 and 13.5 parallels the use of pesticides to achieve c/ha- but the yield gain was 4.3 and 3.3 desired results (Fadeev, Novozhilov, 1982). c/ha accordingly. In 2004-2005 employees of the institute Wheat growing with new technology developed and monitored the condition of and using chemicals for plant protection, crop production and the integrated system the increase in yield was 7.3 c/ha due to of disease, pest, and weed management the the following factors: treatment of on agricultural crops depending on the seeds with fungicides 2.7 c/ha, minimum different technologies of plant growing. soil and pre sowing seed treatments 2.6 The treatment of crops with mixture of c/ha, use herbicides 1.2 c/ha and pesticides against complexes of pest insecticides 0.8 c/ha (table 1).

Table 1 – The effect of complex facilities for plant protection on the yield of spring wheat growing on different technologies of soil treatment (2005)

Variant Traditional Technology Minimum Technology (Seed treatment with preparation Raxil rate 0.4 l/t)

Herbicide Insecticide Fungicide Yield Yield % to Yield Yield % to c/ha c/ha Control c/ha c/ha Control Control (without treatment) 10.2 - 100 12.8 - 100 Secator, (0.1 kg/ha) + Puma super-100, (0.7 l/ha) ——11.3 1.1 110.8 14.0 1.2 109.4

— Fastak, — 10.7 0.5 104.9 13.6 0.8 106.2 10% c.e. (0.1 l/ha)

——Falkon, 11.9 1.7 116.6 15.5 2.7 122.6 (0.5 l/ha)

Secator, Fastak, (0.1 kg/ha) + 10% k.3. Puma super-100, (0.7 l/ha) (0.1 l/ha) — 11.5 1.3 112.7 14.9 2.1 121.1

Secator, (0.1 kg/ha) + Puma super-100, (0.7 l/ha) — Falkon, 12.7 2.5 124.5 17.0 4.2 132.8 (0.5 l/ha)

Secator, Fastak, Falkon, 13.5 3.3 132.3 17.1 4.3 133.6 (0.1 kg/ha) + 10% k.3. 0.5 l/ha Puma super-100, (0.7 l/ha) (0.1 l/ha)

51 The studies on biological methods The Institute also developed and remain a priority. Condition of the improved an integrated system of biological method of protection of the protection of orchards from pest cotton plant is necessary to note. Presently organisms, reducing the number of biological efficiency to trichogramma and chemical treatments by 2-4 times to bracon colonization, which mother material account for the use of biopreparation and is delivered from adjacent country and are biological agents in order to get pesticide reared in private biolaboratories is in low residue free products and to meet the state, as much as 25-30%. This is modern market requirements. To develop explained not following to technology their pest and disease control methods in fruit mass production and maintains in orchards, biocenosis was adopted. It specified laboratory, as well as weak allowed to solve complex problems in fruit viability of the uterine material. gardens, by suppressing pests, diseases In southern-Kazakhstan, where cotton and weeds development. This protection is grown on more than 200 thousand ha, method of crops from pest organisms is our employees have been regularly being used in Russia, Italy and others observing the development of the main countries. This approach is known as pests on cotton. Complex monitoring of adaptive-integrated system of plant plant protection has been conducted in protection, which consists of the following 2004-2005 using biological agents and interconnected elements: organizing- insectoacaricides against the main pests economic actions with consideration for on the cotton plant (table 2). economic practicability of the It was determined that expenses for recommended measures, agrotechnical chemical protection against sucking and methods, chemical, biological pest control leaf-chewing pests on cotton was different of crops and others. depending on the sowing periods and Our studies have shown that integrated quantity of the pesticides. system of protection of the garden from In the field in 2004, where a double complex of pest organisms, including treatment was conducted (first against agrotechnical ways (rarefying of tree thrips and aphids, then against spider crowns, point entering of NPK, mites, cotton bollworms and cutworms), underground irrigation, weeds elimination cost of the saved yield has exceeded the in areas near of stalk, collection of falling expenses for the usual plant protection by leaves, clear of trunks from destroyed 6.7 times, but in the field with a one-time cortex), biological (the preparations treatment (against spider mites, cotton hormonal actions or bio preparations, bollworms and cutworms) by 3.2 times. attraction of the birds, ant, planting of Under a three-phase treatment in 2005 nectar ferrous plants), organizing- expenses for protection with chemicals economic (night treatment, small volume and biological control was 14190 tenge/ha, spraying, account of EPV) and chemical and the value of the harvest was 54800 (application of preparations not causing tenge/ha, which exceeded the expenses negative influence upon useful fauna) for usual protection by 3.9 times (40610 methods, has provided high efficiency tenge/ha). It is established that depending against the main dominant species of on the aspectual composition of the pests, pests and diseases, promoted the their complexity and phases of treatment, activations of beneficial entomofauna, has clear income at protection of the cotton vastly improved the growth processes and plant varied from 9547 to 40969 tenge/ha. productivity to apple trees (table 3).

52 Table 2. Economical efficiency of biological agent application and insectoacaricides application against complexes of pests (southern-Kazak region, Maktaaralsk district) 6.7 — 3.9 — 3.2 of yield, tenge expenditures, — 40610 9574 54800 14190 of yield treatment —— 48150 2805+4376 = 7181 40969 ——13950 4376 tenge/c4500 tenge tenge c/ha row cotton, income, and biomaterials, once 31.2 13.7 4000 Yield,c/ha Income of Purchasing yield, price Cost Expenditure for Total income Return on 17.5 — 28.6 10.7 21.0 3.1 Biomethod (60 x 80 x 60 + 1000 x 2000 x 1000+ numbers/ha) Three phase treatment (Flumait, 20% s.- 0.25 l/haDimilin, 48% + s.c – 0.1Nurell, l/ha; -1.5 l/ha; Dimilin, 48% s.c. – 0.1 l/ha ) One phase treatment (Fastak, 10% (Nissoran, 10 % p. – 0.1+ kg/ha Dimilin, 48% s. – 0.1 l/ha) Control (check) Control (without treatment) 17.9 — . –Two phase treatment 0.15 l/ha) Year Variant 2005 2004 53 Table 3. Economical efficiency of plant protection complex measures for control of pests in orchards (farm «Darmen»)

Indications Variants of test Control Integrated Chemical system system Fruit damage In harvested yield, % 28.3 2.5 2.0 Total yield, c/ha 80.4 103.7 93.2 Expenditure for purchasing facilities For protection and spraying, thous. tenge — 5.5 5.5 Expenditure for planting nectaroferrous plants, delivering bird, treatments, thousand tenge — 4.5 — Expenditure for harvest, transit and storage of additional yield, thousand tenge — 1.5 1.5 Total expenditure, thousand tenge — 11.5 108.0 Yield income, c/ha — 23.3 12.8 Total cost of yield, thousand tenge 402.0 518.5 466.0 Pure income, thousand tenge — 116.5 64.0 Profit per1 tenge/expense, tenge — 10.1 8.0

Damage on fruits caused by apple Regarding the above data of laboratory codling moth on IPM variant was 2.5%, on and field studies, it was shown that even chemical variant – 2.0%, comparing to the use of solely efficient methods of plant 28.3% in checking variant. The number of protection there cannot be permanent garden spider mite varied during the whole suppression or complete elimination of vegetative period: on IPM variant there number of pest organisms. This parti- were 0, 5-2, 8 pest numbers on leave, on cularly can be reached only with all chemical - 0, 8-6, 7 numbers on leave. available actions in systematic complex of The growth processes was improved measures that is the integrated pest on IPM variant and the productivity was management. increased. The income of the harvest in comparison with checking variant was following: on IPM variant is as 23.3%, on chemical – 12.8%. Profit by 1 tenge of expenses from applied of complex under system of integrated action of the garden protection was 10, 1 tenge, under chemical that was 8, 0 tenge.

54 Integrated Pest Management in Kyrgyzstan: Experience of the Advisory Training Center —Gulnaz Kaseeva and Petra Geraedts Advisory Training Center of the Rural Advisory Services, Biskek, Kyrgyzstan

Background N Integrated Pest Management Program In Kyrgyzstan, 3 million people-more How it all started-In 2002, during an than 60% of its population-live in rural areas International Conference on " Biological and are engaged in the agricultural sector. and indigenous methods of disease and After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, pest management" in Jalalabat, the FAO farmers faced many difficulties. The change and the Agricultural Supportive Services from collective farming to private farms Project (ASSP) created the idea of Farmers created some new challenges and it took Field Schools (FFS) for ecologically clean and significant time and effort for farmers to economically viable cotton production. In adapt. The lack of agricultural knowledge 2003 the first Farmer Field School for and necessary information affected farm cotton was opened in Jalalabat. productivity and, consequently, farmers’ The objective of the IPM Program is the income. Farmers were spending a lot of improvement of farmer practices, so that time and resources for crop cultivation, but by acquiring knowledge farmers could yields were low. Thus, individual practices increase their income. What does IPM and experience in rural areas prompted means? IPM is directed towards searching farmers to acquire applied knowledge, for improved farmer practices, which would information, and skills for agricultural provide greater profit along with preserving production, animal husbandry, and the environment and improving the management, planning, and marketing skills. community’s health. Finally, there was a need to provide The implementation of integrated customized training on Integrated Pest vegetable production is based on four Management (IPM) programs in fundamental principles: Kyrgyzstan, as IPM aims at increasing crop —Cultivation of healthy crops: This production while preserving the principle foresees knowledge of all environment and improving people’s aspects, which influence crop productivity health. Thus, the Advisory Training Center and skills to choose the best options (for (ATC), with the support of the World Bank example, optimum soil structure, crop and the Food and Agriculture Organization rotation, healthy seed, proper irrigation or (FAO), launched the IPM Program in 2003. watering, disease and pest prevention, Advisory Training Centre of the Rural storage, etc). Advisory Services is an NGO that strives to —Understanding agro-ecosystem: The increase the efficiency of agricultural second principle implies that farmers production and processing in Central Asia should understand the role of beneficial through assistance to organizations insects in controlling a number of pest working in the fields of livestock populations, therefore, whenever some development and crop production by pests are seen, it is not always necessary providing educational, consulting and to apply chemicals. Chemicals also kill information services. useful insects, and with repeated ATC has 4 basic activities: applications, pests develop resistance. N These actions are harmful to the Educational activities including semi- environment and people’s health. nars, workshops and trainings Therefore, knowledge about agro- N Consultancy ecosystems is very important for crop production. N Publications of brochures and manuals 55 —Regular field observations: The farmers methods, soil condition, etc. The brain- conduct agro-ecosystem analysis. This storming by farmers help them to make principle foresees that farmers constantly proper decisions on how to protect crops. monitoring their own fields can assess the N Field experiments: occurrence of pest population, soil Each FFS has its site where farmers humidity, etc. Based on monitoring these conduct experiments. One of the basicfield findings, a farmer can make decisions experiments in FFS sites is farmers’ regarding the issue (e.g., the field requires practice. For example, see chart below: watering, the need for applying bio agents, the need for chemical spray, etc). N Small experiments: —Farmer becomes a field expert: The The training plan also includes small fourth principle means that farmers experiments on insects and exercises on constantly observe their own field, soil composition. For example, if farmers implement improved approaches, and have found some unkown pests and are learn how to distinguish between harmful unsure whether or not it is a useful insect, and useful insects; hence, they become they can make specific insects zoos-i.e., the experts. replant a crop item into a bucket, place the insect in the bucket and observe its IPM training developed in order to behavior. realize IPM in fields N Specific topics: An IPM educational plan consists of the In the educational plan there are specific following parts: topics such as viruses, insect life cycle, N diseases, etc., which farmers may not Agro-ecosystem analysis: know. If the subject is very important, A compulsory component of IPM training experts are invited for introduction of is agro-ecosystem analysis. For this special topics. purpose, weekly sessions are held by N farmers to make observations on Group dynamics: experimental sites. Here they observe To ensure that training events are less whether insects or disease can be found theoretical and boring, an interactive on crops. Discussions are held on method is applied. Farmers are divided preventative measures or treatment into groups and practical tasks are imple-

Integrated Pest Management Farmer’s practices • Crop rotation • Applying organic fertilizers and additions • Farmers grow crops applying (compost, liquid manure, manure) methods of usual farmer practices (i.e. traditional practices) • Planting scheme • Choosing healthy seed • The circuit of landing (planting) • Applying biological methods for disease and pest control (e.g. trichodermin, etc). • Applying biological methods for pests control (e.g. trichogramma, pherormone traps, habrobrakon, BT and other) and other

56 mented in a group. Additionally, there are 1. In the fields they test different crop special interactive exercises, which help varieties for diseases and pests farmers to better understand some topics. resistance, and the effectiveness of different preparations (chemicals, bio- N Field days: agents, indigenous methods, etc) against Twice a year, farmers conduct demon- pests). stration field days, when other neighboring farmers are invited to participate in Field 2. Mini-experiments when farmers make School demo exercises. Participating trials on determination of soil composition, farmers explain to visitors what they could observe the life cycles of insects, etc. learn in FFS and demonstrate ways experiments are implemented, etc. Thus, farmers learn by doing based on their observations. How do we introduce Impact of IPM training: IPM Program? According to the results of IPM The IPM training approach means the seasonal training it was important to find following: ATC sets up Training of Trainers out the level of effectiveness of IPM Center (ToT) to prepare and train the training for farmers regarding increasing trainers among active farmers. Trainers are the yield. In this context, a survey of trained during the whole season practically farmers who were trained in FFS on IPM and theoretically. Then, the trainees create was conducted in October 2006. The Farmers’ Field Schools (FFS) in the results showed that the gross margin of villages where they train farmers how to farmers in 2006 increased by 33% grow and produce healthy crops. compared to 2005. To ensure that The IPM approach has raised the differences between the two years were interest of farmers and partner due to IPM practices, a secondary study organizations; since 2003 the IPM was carried out to compare IPM Program has extended both in terms of participants and farmers to non IPM crops quantity and activity scope and participants. Results showed that the geography. Currently, in 5 regions of the gross margin of IPM participant is 21% Kyrgyz Republic, IPM is implemented in 4 higher than of non-IPM participants. The crops: cotton, potatoes, tomatoes, and additional important effect of IPM is cucumbers. In the beginning of 2007, strengthening partnerships between Farmers Field Schools on animal farmers, such as creation of self-help husbandry were opened. International groups and cooperatives participation in experts from Bangladesh, Nepal, and various trainings, and working together Pakistan provided the technical support to during the whole season. the ToT Center in the training and introduction of IPM approaches. Thus, from Sustainability: 2003 to 2006, 174 FFS were opened and approximately 2,600 farmers and students There is a small fee of 80 Kyrgyz som have been trained. The approach of IPM (approximately US $2) for each farmer to ToT / FFS has been successful, as it is a participate in seasonal training in FFS. bottom-up approach, where farmers According to a survey, farmers are willing conduct experiments and are able to to pay more for training to guarantee the recognize pests/diseases and beneficial salary of trained trainers. In addition, there insects in their own fields. is a case when trained IPM trainers Farmers participated in 18 training decided to unite into “IPM Trainers” seminars during seasonal training sets. networks. Trainers held the general Within 18 training courses farmers carry meeting independently and decided to out different experiments: promote IPM locally, seeking donor 57 organizations for training of farmers in IPM constraints: FFS. Processing companies are N We carry out good experiments using interested in IPM trainings as well. bio preparations, which are provided by in- There are cases where processing ternational experts. Preparations have a companies will pay the salary for a trainer good effect and farmers are ready to buy who conducts FFS training for farmers. them, but preparations are not available in Role of IPM in value chain: local markets. N If we talk about IPM program, we talk There are problems with farmers’ at- about farmer income increase. Then it tendance at meetings during seasonal ac- means not only to train farmers how to tivities such as irrigation and harvesting grow high-yield products, but also to help periods. them with marketing, because farmers N Sometimes the motivation of farmers is can increase their income if they learn not training itself but in getting credits, cof- how to sell their products favorably. fee breaks, grants, etc. Therefore, during IPM training we emphasize creating trust and good N There is no clear mechanism of FFS relationships between farmers and training impact analysis. processing companies. Various stakeholders are invited to planning In this context there are meeting of farmers, including suggested solutions: representatives of processing companies, N Closer cooperation with bio-laboratories seed and fertilizer suppliers, and credit N organizations. They develop general plans Promotion of local businesses for bio- of actions during the meeting. In addition, preparation import monthly meetings of the above-mentioned N Introduction of student field schools into stakeholders are organized during the universities with a view of training future growing season. During these meetings trainers representatives of these groups and organizations can discuss various issues N Introduction of a simple system of im- as well as propose some actions. All pact analysis discussions and contracts are made

through farmer group leaders. An agree- References ment with a processing company is Strategic development plan of the Advisory Training concluded on behalf of the leader. The lead- Centre (2006). er is also responsible for delivery of pro- Kaseeva, G. (2006) Monthly information bulletin, April ducts, provision of seeds and fertilizers, etc. 2006. Geraedts, P., G. (2006) “Integrated Production Man- agement” informational leaflet. Kaseeva, G., A.K. (2006) Yadov. Annual report on “Inte- grated Production Management”, in Chui oblast of the Kyrgyz Republic.

58 Major Virus Diseases of Crops in Uzbekistan —Kadirova Zarifa Nasirovna Institute of Genetics and Experimental Biology of Plants, Academy of Science of Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is one of the agrarian In Uzbekistan, the study of virus republics of Central Asia. The basic diseases in plants started in 1956 and agricultural crops include cotton, wheat, 1962. The first laboratory was created in potatoes, vegetables, melons, and others. the Central Asian Institute of Warm winters, moist springs and steady Phytopathology. In 1972, the second retention of viruses in nature are the laboratory was established in the Institute principal reasons for widespread viruses in of Microbiology of the Academy of the ecological conditions of Central Asia. Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan. Two Worldwide, more than 700 plant viruses additional laboratories were created in the are known and cause significant crop loss. Institute of Vegetable Crops and the In Uzbekistan, more than 50 viruses are Institute of Fruit Crops. Thus, by 1991, known and were identified in the period of there were four laboratories that were 1956-2006. Some of the important viruses investigating virus diseases of plants. in Uzbekistan are described in table 1.

Table 1. Identified viruses in Uzbekistan

Crop Virus Year

Tobacco mosaic virus (S, Tsh, K isolates) 1972, 1976, 1984, Tomato Cucumber mosaic virus 1 2005, 2006 Potato Virus–X

Cotton Cotton Leaf Curl Virus 1990, 2002

Turnip mosaic virus Radish and Radish mosaic virus 1980 Cabbage Cauliflower mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic virus

Potato Virus – M PotatoLeaf Poll Virus Potato Potato Virus–Y 2005 Potato Virus – S Potato Virus–X Potato Virus–A Wheat Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (PAV, MAV, RPV, SGH isolates) 2002 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus 2005 Barley Yellow Streak Mosaic Virus Wheat Dwarf Virus

Maize Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus 1980

59 Recently, researchers in Uzbekistan resistance of wheat varieties, we artificially have started to study virus diseases of infected local wheat varieties such as wheat. The study of virus diseases of Sanzar, Unumli bugdoy, Demetra, Intensiv, wheat is important in two aspects: 1) to Marjon, Dostlik, Boz Su, Knyagna, help determine dissemination methods Yonbosh, Kupava and 54 of ICARDA’s and identification of viruses; and 2) to wheat and triticale lines with BYDV-PAV. reveal virus resistant wheat varieties. Results showed that, all local varieties To achieve these objectives, a field were sensitive and ICARDA’s wheat lines survey was conducted in Uzbekistan, in were resistant. Immune/tolerant lines were the regions of Tashkent, Jizzah, not clearly recognized. We purified BYDV- Samarkand, and Kashkadarya. More PAV by using the Rochow process extensive studies have been conducted on (Rochow, 1971). In conclusion, in the experimental plots in the Institute of Plant environment of Uzbekistan, several Industry, the Institute of Genetics and viruses attack wheat. BYDV-PAV and its Experimental Plant Biology, Tashkent carrier Sitobean avenae L. –aphid are Agricultural University (Tashkent region) widely spread and important. and the Institute of “Zerno” (Jizzah region). Results revealed symptoms of virus Acknowledgements diseases on wheat including streak The author would like to thank Drs. mosaic, yellowing of leaves, and yellow Holid Makkouk, Safaa Kumari and Viktor spots on leaves. Scientists found that Novikov, K. A. Mozhaeva, T. V. Kastalyeva dwarf plants infected by viruses grew half for supplying antiserums for wheat virus as large as the control and were not able research and ICARDA office for providing to produce grain. wheat lines. The author would also like to We conducted virus diagnostics using thank Dr. Naidu A. Rayapati for his the method of indicator plants, double support. Finally, the author would like to diffusion on agar, tissue-blot immunoassay thank the Uzbek Academy of Sciences for (TBIA) on nitrocellulose membranes, and funding this research. ELISA. Serums of wheat viruses were provided by ICARDA in Syria and Moscow State University. Serological tests showed References that several viruses infect wheat plants in Kadirova Z.N., A.A. Zueva and A. A. Abdukarimov. Uzbekistan including Barley Yellow Dwarf (2002). Identification of cereal viruses in Uzbek- Virus (BYDV) (luteovirus), Wheat Streak istan. Barley Yellow. Barley Yellow Dwarf Disease: recent advances and future strategies, Mexico 1-5 Mosaic Virus (potyvirus), Barley Yellow Sept., pp.108-109. Streak Mosaic Virus (rhabdovirus), and Makkouk K.M., S.G. Kumar, Z.N. Kadirova, and A.A. Wheat Dwarf Virus (geminivirus) (Kadirova Zueva. (2002). First record of Barley Yellow Striate et al, 2002). BYDV is the dominant virus; Mosaic Virus infecting wheat in Uzbekistan. Plant Disease. we identified PAV, MAV, SGH, RPV Rochow W.F., I.E. Aapola, et al. (1971). Purification and isolates of BYDV, but BYDV-PAV and its antigenicity of three isolates of Barley Yellow carrier (aphid Sitobean avenae L), spread Dwarf Virus. Virology: 46:117-126. everywhere (Makkouk et al, 2002). Field observation and serological tests showed that weed (Polypogon Desf., Cynodnon Rich, Sorghum halepense L. Pers, Pao L., Echinocloa crus-galli L., and Phragmites communis Trin) and maize are infected by BYDV and play an important role in disseminating BYDV in ecological conditions in Uzbekistan. To test for

60 PART FOUR: Linking Central Asia Region with International IPM Programs Integrated Pest Management of Sunn Pest in West and Central Asia: Status and Future Plans

—M. El Bouhssini 1, B. L. Parker 2, M. Skinner 2, W. Reid 2, M. Nachit1, J. Valkoun1, M.Mosaad 1, O. Abdallah1, A. Aw-Hassan1, A. Mazid 1, D. Moore 3, S. Edgington 3, D. Hall 4, M. Maafi 5, R. Canhilal 6, M. Abdel Hay 7, J. El-Haramein1, G. Zharmukhamedova 8, Z. Pulatov 9, and M. Dzhunusova10 1International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, ICARDA, Syria; 2 University of Vermont, USA; 3 CABI Bioscience, UK; 4 Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, UK; 5 Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Iran; 6 Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; 7General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Syria; 8 Plant Protection Research Institute, Kazakhstan; 9 Plant Protection Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; 10 Crop Breeding Department, Agricultural Cooperative "MIS", Kant city, Kyrgyzstan.

Introduction damage caused by Sunn pest feeding. In Turkey, Sunn pest densities under 10 Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps nymphs/m2 did not cause significant Puton) is a destructive insect pest of wheat damage to wheat quality and thus control in West and Central Asia and Eastern should be initiated only at densities of Europe. Apart from the direct reduction in about 9 nymphs/m2. On the other hand, yield, the insect also inject chemicals into under Iranian conditions, a density of 7.2 the grain that greatly reduces the baking nymphs/m2 resulted in gluten degradation. quality of the dough. If as little as 2-3% of Thus spraying insecticides should be the grain is affected, the whole grain lot initiated only at about 6-nymphs/ m2 (El- might be rendered unacceptable for Haramein et al., 2007; Canhilal et al., baking. About US $150 million is spent 2007). Future studies for refining the ET each year on pesticides in the Sunn pest- should take into consideration the different prone areas. cropping systems, species (durum or In collaboration with its partners in the bread wheat), and varieties. national agricultural research systems (NARS) in West Asia and Central Asia, the 2. The role of egg parasitoids University of Vermont (USA), CABI in suppressing Sunn pest popu- Bioscience and the Natural Resources lations determined. Institute, University of Greenwich, UK, the To determine the role of egg parasitoids in International Center for Agricultural suppressing Sunn pest populations, Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) has studies were conducted in 1-ha fields in been developing Integrated Pest Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Sunn pest eggs Management (IPM) alternatives to were collected from each field after the first pesticide-based control for the manage- egg was seen and collection continued ment of Sunn Pest by making use of once a week until harvest. Each egg mass natural enemies, entomopathogenic fungi, was placed in a separate tube (plastic host plant resistance, and cultural practices. capsule) and recorded for each field. The eggs were kept in the lab and the Major Achievements Of This percentage of parasitism was recorded. Collaborative Program Another study was conducted to determine the effect of pest and parasitoid 1. Economic thresholds (ET) for Sunn densities on the percentage of egg pest populations assessed and parasitism and wheat grain quality. This improved. study was conducted in cages. At harvest, Experiments were conducted to refine the the grain from each plot was analyzed for economic thresholds in Turkey, Iran and total protein content and gluten quality. Syria. These studies, which were carried The level of egg parasitism varied across locations. In Iran, the percentage of out in the field, were based on quality 61 parasitism ranged from 8-21%; in Syria eastern Europe (Syria, Turkey, Iran, from 18-59%; and in Turkey 0-67%. The Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, wide variation could be due to the use of Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova and Russia) pesticides, and the cropping system in (Parker et al., 2003). each location, irrigated vs. dry land, and N Seven isolates of Beauveria bassiana monoculture vs. polyculture in each system. were also obtained from Sunn pest The percentage of parasitism ranged cadavers collected from wheat fields in from 65% to 83% 4 wks-post exposure summer (Edgington et al., 2007). when 1, 2, or 3 egg parasitoids were present at Sunn pest densities of 2 and 4 N Isolates were purified, identified, and insects/m2. At 6 Sunn Pests/m2, placed in permanent storage (–80°C) at significant differences in the percentage of ICARDA, the University of Vermont, and parasitism were only detectable for the 1 CABI Bioscience. 2 egg parasitoid/m rate, indicating that the N level of egg parasitism is robust to Sunn Molecular analyses were conducted to Pest densities up to 6 adults/m2 when better understand the genetic relationships challenged with a minimum of 2 Trissolcus among the Sunn pest isolates collected grandis per m2. throughout the region (Aquino et al., 2005). In general, gluten quality was N Bioassay methods were developed for significantly better and comparable to non- laboratory, greenhouse, and field testing of Sunn pest infested wheat when 1, 2, or 3 isolates, providing standard procedures for egg parasitoids were present at Sunn pest regional testing. 2 densities of 2 and 4 insects/m . At 6 Sunn N pests/m2, the same effect was found for Fungi were assayed against Sunn pest levels of 2 and 3 egg parasitoids/m2, while in the laboratory (on leaf litter) and in the SDS sedimentation value was greenhouses (on plants), from which the significantly lower than the control wheat most virulent were identified. Mortality of plot at the 6 Sunn pest/m2 density over 90% was commonly obtained in litter, challenged with only 1 mature egg and up to 75% on plants within 10 days. parasitoid (El Bouhssini et al., 2004; Trissi N Sunn pest isolates were characterized et al.; 2006, 2007). for spore production, growth and The beneficial role of egg parasitoids in germination rate – key traits for field reducing Sunn pest populations has been performance and mass production. Many recognized in Syria, Iran, and Turkey. As a displayed high sporulation rates, a result these countries have started mass prerequisite for large-scale use or rearing these natural enemies and commercialization. releasing them in wheat fields. This has N increased awareness among farmers who Simple fungal mass production have started conservation/enhancement techniques, using appropriate substrates programs for these natural enemies for the region, were developed. through plantation of trees/shrubs around N wheat fields. A model insect pathology facility was established at ICARDA to develop insect- 3. Effectiveness of entomopathogenic killing fungi for IPM. This serves as a place fungi determined and promising fun- to produce fungi for large-scale field tests gal isolates formulated and evaluated and a training site for regional capacity- for control of Sunn pest. building in this promising field of research. N Collections of over 250 insect-killing N Fungal trials were conducted at Sunn fungal isolates were made from pest overwintering sites in and around overwintering Sunn pest adults in 9 wheat fields in Turkey, Syria, and Iran to 62 countries in West and Central Asia and determine efficacy and persistence. Mortality rates of over 85% were achieved the first option to be effective. However, if with some of the test isolates (Skinner et situations arose where areas were heavily al., 2007a). infested with Sunn pest, a mycoinsecticide that was quick-acting and effective at high N Innovative formulations (oil and granular summer temperatures would be a useful based on millet) were developed to improve management tool to have. This is likely to efficacy and persistence in the field. require a different isolate to the one being N Temperature, humidity, and rainfall were presently tested; other summer isolates monitored at overwintering sites in Syria remain to be studied, with more to be and Iran to determine appropriate times of discovered. the year to apply entomopathogenic fungi (Skinner et al., 2007b). 4. The role of semiochemicals in host N and mate finding by Sunn pest estab- Field trials at overwintering sites were lished and their use in management of conducted in the fall and spring to the pest evaluated determine efficacy of fungi relative to environmental conditions and the length of Effective systems for bioassaying the time adults were exposed to the pathogens. responses of Sunn pest to olfactory stimuli were developed based on a wind tunnel N Millet-based granular formulations have and a Y-tube linear track olfactometer. demonstrated the longest persistence in However, extensive studies of responses Sunn pest overwintering sites, remaining of male or female bugs to volatiles from effective over a year after application. wheat or from male or female bugs failed The scope of expanding this work is to show consistent, strong behavioral possible now that ICARDA has developed responses for any combination. Some a new model facility with up-to-date attraction of females to males on wheat equipment, designed to fully adhere to was observed in the wind tunnel and the safety of the workers and production of most marked effect with the Y-tube linear high quality pure conidia. track olfactometer was attraction of female For the granular formulation, plans have bugs to high doses of volatiles collected been developed to move from small single from male bugs. Females were bush/tree treatment to larger plots (20 x 20 significantly repelled by components of the m) using different formulations, including metathoracic gland (MTG) secretion. one based on whey, containing 5% protein, Male and female bugs were shown to and designed to prolong persistence and produce characteristic vibratory signals. improve efficacy. Attraction of male bugs to signals from The research on oil formulation has led both males and females was observed in a to a phase where two possible use Y-track system, but results with recorded strategies need testing. The options are to sound were inconsistent. No responses to target the early season adults as they vibratory signals were observed in the migrate from the overwintering sites and as presence of odor from male or female bugs. they enter the fields or to obtain an isolate Male bugs produce large amounts that is more effective at high temperatures. ofhomo-y-bisabolene with bisabolene and In the former, a cordon sanitaire around the vanillin as minor components. No ethyl edges of wheat fields would be treated with acrylate was detected although this has a persistent isolate so that insects would been reported previously. Female bugs do pick up the inoculum as they pass through. not produce significant amounts of any The second option would treat the entire volatile compounds. The homo-y- fields after the adults have laid all their bisabolene is only produced by sexually eggs and would be the less preferred mature males and only during daylight option if efficient monitoring enabled hours when the bugs are most active and 63 mating takes place. These compounds visual infestation and one for damage, to would thus seem to be involved in mating, assess vegetative stage damage (the % but they were not detected by receptors on shoot and leaf damage and plant stunting). the antennae of females in EAG studies. Entries with a score of 2 or less are Thus although it has been classified as resistant to Sunn pest feeding demonstrated that both olfactory and at the vegetative stage. The total number vibratory signals are produced by adult of accessions/lines screened for Sunn Sunn pest, the roles of these signals in pest resistance was 282 Aegilops spp., 93 location of mates and host plants are still Triticum spp., 288-bread wheat and 434- unclear. Observations that the bugs are durum wheat. positively phototropic and negatively In the advanced screening, the geotropic and easily run up narrow tubes selected wheat lines from the initial test or cylinders, as found in the stems of host were planted in rows 2-m long. A separate plants, might suggest that this behavior is cage was kept uninfested as control. The important in locating mates and that method of infestation consisted of adding olfactory and vibratory signal are used two adults/m2 at the time of insect more for recognition than attraction. Such migration to wheat fields and later the behavior would mean that synthetic number of nymphs was adjusted to 8- semiochemicals or even vibratory signals 10/m2. The evaluation is based on grain would have limited potential in quality analysis: total protein content and management of the pest. However, the SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate) strong repellency of the chemicals in the sedimentation test. MTG secretion could be exploited. The Sources of resistance to Sunn pest synthetic compounds are cheap and feeding at the vegetative stage have been readily available (Athanassios et al., 2007; identified in wild relatives (Aegilops and Hall et al., 2007; Green et al., 2007). Triticum) and bread wheat and durum Future work should involve detailed wheat. It appears from the screening observation of how Sunn pest locates results that only a very limited number of mates and host-plants in the field. The wheat lines and wild relative accessions positive results in the laboratory bioassay showed resistance to Sunn pest feeding at should be followed up with much larger the vegetative stage. Only 2% of the doses of odor from bugs and host plants. Aegilops and 5% of the Triticum accessions The repellency of compounds in the MTG tested were resistant. Out of the total secretion should be further investigated. number of wheat lines tested, the percentage of resistant lines identified for 5. Sources of resistance to Sunn pest Sunn pest was 2% and 3% for bread in wheat and its wild relatives iden- wheat and durum wheat, respectively. tified and germplasm developed Four out of eight sources of resistance in bread wheat are synthetic wheat. The screening test was conducted at Most of the identified sources of the ICARDA experimental station Tel resistance of wheat, Aegilops and Triticum, Hadya under artificial infestation. This originated from Sunn pest-prone areas in method consists of using mesh screen West and Central Asia. These are the first cages of 6 x 9 x 3 m. The test was carried sources of resistance identified against out in two stages, initial and advanced Sunn pest feeding at the vegetative stage evaluation. In the initial screening test (El Bouhssini et al., 2007). entries are planted in hill plots at the usual However, none of these sources of planting time in the fall. Plants are infested resistance provides resistance at the grain at the time of insects’ migration to wheat level (quality). These sources of resistance fields, around mid-March, using six are being used in breeding programs to adults/m2. develop resistant varieties to feeding by 64 Two scales from 1-6 are used, one for the overwintered Sunn pest adults, which cause damage to wheat at the vegetative stage. ment insecticide-use policies. When the program began, Sunn pest 6. Appropriate IPM package tested management was the sole responsibility of on-farm and disseminated through a local governments and was achieved farmer participatory approach through aerial spraying. This covered large Two IPM pilot sites including Farmer areas indiscriminately, killing some of the Field Schools (FFS) were established in pests and most of the beneficials. Iran, Turkey and Syria. The 25-30 farmers As a direct result of this project, reliance per school were meeting on key events on insecticides was shown to be ineffective during the growing season to learn about and even counter-productive. NARS the different aspects of Sunn pest IPM. scientists have used project results to NARS researchers and extension convince national policymakers that personnel ran these FFS. ground applications by farmers (based on The establishment of IPM pilot sites and revised ETs) is cheaper, more ecologically FFS in each country has been very sound, and most importantly, more successful in teaching farmers the different effective. This policy change has been fully aspects of management of Sunn pest (the implemented in Turkey and Iran on over pest biology, damage, economic threshold, three million hectares, producing significant savings and decreased Sunn egg parasitoids, the advantage of early Pest damage. planting and early harvesting). There has These shifts in government policy have been a noticeable increase in awareness resulted in targeted pesticide applications, among farmers on hazards associated with which will help restore the natural enemy the excessive use of insecticides on natural complex. In turn, this increases the enemies, health, and the environment. effectiveness of other IPM components As a result, farmers are now fully (fungi, predators, host-plant resistance, participating in the implementation of IPM etc.) in reducing Sunn Pest populations. of Sunn pest. Because of the great Without the changes in government policy, success with FFS, the governments of Iran the goal of this research—implementation and Turkey have decided to use their own of sustainable IPM practices—would have means to have FFS established throughout been impeded. The success of this project the Sunn pest-prone areas. Syriaisgradually should persuade governments throughout increasing the number of FFS. the region of the potential of comprehensive, sustainable IPM systems for 7. NARS capacities in formulation of other crops. IPM options strengthened.

NARS scientists, plant protectionists Acknowledgments and extension agents received IPM training This program has been funded by the at ICARDA, UVM, and through in-country following donors: Department for International workshops held in West and Central Asia. Development (DFID), UK; U.S. Agency for Around 500 persons have been trained on International Development (USAID); IPM of Sunn pest. The training covered a Conservation, Food, and Health wide range of categories of people Foundation, USA; Food and Agriculture (scientists, extension agents, plant Organization (FAO); Islamic Development protectionists). In July 2004, ICARDA held Bank; United Nations Educational, the second international Sunn pest Scientific and Cultural Organization conference, which was attended by 150 (UNESCO); The Academy of Sciences for people from 23 countries. the Developing World (TWAS). 8. Impact of the IPM program The most significant outcome of this program has been the revision of govern- 65 References

Aquino de Muro, M., S. Elliott, D. Moore, M. Skinner, W. Parker, B. L., M. Skinner, S.D. Costa, S. Gouli, W. Reid Reid, B.L. Parker, and M. El Bouhssini. (2005). and M. El Bouhssini. (2003). Entomopathogenic Molecular characterization of Beauveria bassiana fungi of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: isolates obtained from overwintering sites of Sunn Scutelleridae): collection and characterization for Pests (Eurygaster and Aelia spp). Mycological development. Biological Control 27:260-272. Research 109:294-306. Skinner, M., B.L. Parker, W. Reid, M. El Bouhssini and Athanassios, S., M.C.A. Downham, D. Farman, D.R. M. Amir-Maafi. (2007a). Enthomopathogenic fungi Hall, S.J. Phythian and M. El Bouhssini. (2007). for management of Sunn pest: Efficacy trials in Behavioural responses of Sunn pest, Eurygaster overwintering sites. In: Sunn pest management: A integriceps, to volatiles from conspecific insects decade of progress 1994-2004. B.L. Parker, M. and host plants. In: Sunn- pest management: A Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). decade of progress 1994-2004. B.L. Parker, M. Published by the Arab Society for Plant Protection, Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). Beirut, Lebanon (in press). Published by the Arab Society for Plant Protection, Beirut, Lebanon (in press). Skinner, M., B. L. Parker, W. Reid, Z. Sayyadi and M. El Bouhssini. (2007b). Temperature and Rainfall: Canhilal, R., H. Kutuk, A. Duran Kanat, M. Islamoglu, F. Critical Factors for Management in Overwintering Jaby El-Haramein and M. El Bouhssini. (2007). Sites. In: Sunn pest management: A decade of Economic threshold for the Sunn pest, Eurygaster progress 1994-2004. B.L. Parker, M. Skinner, M. integriceps Put, (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), on El Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). Published by wheat in Southeastern Turkey. Journal of Agricul- the Arab Society for Plant Protection, Beirut, tural and Urban Entomology (in press). Lebanon (in press). Hall, D. R., A. Cork, M. C.A. Downham, D.I. Farman, P. Green, S.V., M.C.A. Downham, D. I. Farman, D. R. Hall Innocenzi and M. El Bouhssini. (2007). Chemical and M. El Bouhssini. (2007). The role of vibratory and electrophysiological studies on Sunn pest, signals in mating behaviour of the Sunn pest. In: Eurygaster integriceps. In: Sunn pest manage- Sunn pest management: A decade of progress ment: A decade of progress 1994-2004.B.L. 1994-2004. B.L. Parker, M. Skinner, M. El Parker, M. Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Kumari Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). Published by the (eds.). Published by the Arab Society for Plant Arab Society for Plant Protection, Beirut, Lebanon Protection, Beirut, Lebanon (in press). (in press). El Bouhssini, M., M. A. Hay and A. Babi. (2004). Sunn Trissi, A., M. El Bouhssini, J. Ibrahem, M. Abdulhai, B.L. Pest (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) Oviposition and Parker, W. Reid and F.J. El Haramein. (2006). Ef- Egg Parasitism in Syria. Pakistan Journal of Biolog- fect of egg parasitoid density on the population ical Sciences 7:934-936. suppression of Sunn Pest, Eurygaster inegriceps El Bouhssini, M. N., J. Valkoun, H. Ketata, O. Abdallah, (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), and its resulting M. Moussa, M. Abdulhai, B.L. Parker, F. Rihawi, A. impact on bread wheat grain quality. Journal of Joubi, and F.J. El-Haramein. (2007). Evaluation of Pest Science 79:83-87. wheat and its wild relatives for resistance to Sunn Pest under artificial infestation. In: Sunn pest Trissi, A., M. El Bouhssini, J. Ibrahem, M. Abdulhai and management: A decade of progress 1994-2004. W. Reid, (2007). Survey of egg parasitoids of B.L. Parker, M. Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Sunn pest in northern Syria. In: Sunn pest man- Kumari (eds.). Published by the Arab Society for agement: A decade of progress 1994-2004. B.L. Plant Protection, Beirut, Lebanon (in press). Parker, M. Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). Published by the Arab Society for Plant Edgington, S., D. Moore, M. El Bouhssini and Z. Protection, Beirut, Lebanon (in press). Sayyadi. (2007) Beauveria bassiana for the control of Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) and aspects of the insect’s daily activity relevant to a mycoinsecticide. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 17:63-79. El-Haramein, F., M. El Bouhssini, M. Amir-Maafi, R. Canhilal and H. Kutuk. (2007). The impact of Sunn pest density on grain and flour quality. In: Sunn pest management: A decade of progress 1994-2004. B.L. Parker, M. Skinner, M. El Bouhssini and S. Kumari (eds.). Published by the Arab Society for Plant Protection, Beirut, Lebanon (in press).

66 Preliminary Implementations of Information Technology in IPM —Yulu Xia1, Ronald Stinner1, James Vankirk1, Don Mullins2, Michael Hammig3 and Merle Shepherd3 1NSF Center for IPM, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27519, USA; 2Virginia Tech; 3Clemson University

Abstract Themes. Capacity building will (i) train participants to develop and use IT systems Many IPM issues, such as pest and software tools; (ii) help International occurrence, management technologies Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs) and strategies, and knowledge of and Host Country (HC) institutions to build interactions among pests, their hosts, and their information infrastructure; and (iii) their natural enemies, are regionally and develop expertise in IT for IPM in globally significant. Disseminating and developing countries. We include training sharing research results generated locally workshops and novel pilot programs for to broader audiences is important to IPM implementation of IT in IPM programs. acceptance, research, education, and This project adopts a participatory training. Information technology (IT) and approach in the development and IPM-related databases must play a critical execution of our Plan Of Work (POW). The role in today’s world. Additionally, decision tasks outlined above are the result of an support tools, data analysis software, GIS appraisal and consultation process with all and mapping, and other IT tools can play a partners and stakeholders involved. This much broader role in IPM than simple participatory approach will continue during information delivery and communication. project execution. The expertise of the PI, This project is thus structured around Co-PIs, and other project participants three aspects: (i) a Global IPM Technology covers information technology and Database (IPM Technology Database database design and use, and disciplines hereafter), (ii) the application of IT in involved in the practice of IPM (e.g., Regional Programs and other Global ecology, plant pathology, entomology, Themes (IT Applications hereafter), and (iii) weed science, and economics). capacity building in IT for IPM. The IPM Technology Database is Introduction tailored to the needs of developing countries, especially those where IPM Many important agricultural pests, such CRSP programs are present. The IPM as soybean rust and codling moth, cause Technology Database will serve as (i) a enormous economical and environmental repository for IPM technology developed damages across large geographical areas from IPM CRSP programs and other (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/soybea research, extension, education, and n_rust). It is important to share information training programs around the world; (ii) a about the pests as well as management primary source for researchers, technologies and tactics across countries extensionists, educators, and other IPM and regions. Although often site-specific, stakeholders for information about IPM IPM technologies, strategies, and systems technology and outreach materials; and (iii) are generally regionally or even globally an aid for training, pest identification, adaptable. This globalization, resulting quarantine, and globalization/ from local research, is a key component regionalization of IPM technologies. The IT for international IPM research programs Applications will serve to develop decision such as the IPM CRSP. support tools, GIS applications, Web and Many IPM practices, such as pest database systems, data analysis, and population identification, monitoring, other applications in collaboration with IPM quarantine, and control measure selection CRSP Regional Programs and Global aretime/spacecritical.WorldTradeOrganization 67 (WTO) agreement requirements place agriculture, and local eradication programs further demands on information (Midgarden, 1999). It also helps in management such as for phytosanitary protecting the U.S. from invasive pests, and food safety issues. It is essential to and the infrastructure built for these effectively collect, report, and analyze data purposes has relevance to bio- on the locations, dynamics, and phenology containment and invasive species. We of pest populations, and then quickly pass envision this IT effort strengthening (i) the the information to stakeholders for institutional capability of traceability decision-making. Inadequate capacity in programs that will increasingly be needed these areas places many developing for agricultural export/import, and (ii) countries at particular socio-economic risk programs to deal with invasive species. (Stinner 1999). A high capacity in data collection, reporting, analysis, and Approaches And Objectives information delivery both temporally and This program adopts a participatory spatially is critical to IPM practice. approach in program design and Information Technology (IT) can play a implementation. All tasks and procedures, significant role in IPM implementation. IT such as objectives, timelines, and impact has been used for information delivery and assessment, are identified in a dissemination, IPM communication, data participatory consultation process with acquisition and analysis, and development involvement of all partners who had similar of new technologies in the US and many consultation processes with their other countries (Stinner 1999, Xia etc stakeholders such as farmers and host 2005, Knight 1999, Scott and Gilmore country’s institutions. The project involves 1992). These technologies show great IT specialists, social scientists, and potential in broader applications for IPM scientists in various disciplines of IPM such as pest diagnostics such as ecologists, plant pathologists, (http://www.npdn.org), field application entomologists, and weed scientists from control (Bongiovanni and Lowenberg, U.S. land grant universities, IARCs, NGO, 2004), pest alerts and reports international organizations, governmental (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/soybea institutions of host countries, universities, n_rust/), information management and and the private sector. The 1890 storage, invasive species monitoring and institutions will have strong representation reporting (http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/ in the program through participation of INVASIVES), and pest management Regional Programs and other Global decision support (MacLean, 2000). As an Themes. example, the Internet and database Main US collaboration institutes include management systems have changed the Penn State University and the University way we store, manage, and deliver IPM of Georgia. This program also works with information and knowledge in developed all IPM CRSP regional programs and countries. Consequently, this has brought global themes on data sharing and about major social, economic, and analysis, GIS, globalization, and institutional behavioral changes. regionalization through a global IPM Today, many databases have a spatial technology database and links. component. Accordingly, one IT Specifically, this program is working with component will focus on dynamic spatial following three regional programs on data acquisition and visualization (Ellsbury specific pest information sharing et al., 2000), mapping pest presence or components: density/activity (Fleischer, 1999), advances in regional IPM (Weisz et al., • West Africa Regional IPM CRSP, lead 1996), quarantine programs, export by Virginia Tech

68 • Southeast Asia Regional IPM CRSP, • This GT will be responsible for pro- lead by Clemson University gramming, links, a part of the data entry • Central Asia Regional IPM CRSP, lead • RP and other GT will be responsible by Michigan State University for entering some of the links and shared materials. No financial obligation In addition, this program collaborates to/from each other with the Caribbean Agriculture Development Authority (CADA) and a b) West Africa Regional IPM Network number of institutions in the Caribbean to (Whitefly Information System for W. use GIS to monitor the movement and Africa). Goals/functions of this network population dynamics of the fruit fly. include: Through the regional programs, we • Regional information sharing system collaborate with institutions in the following countries or regions: Jamaica, West Africa, • A major pesticide safety education site Southeast Asia and Central Asia. • W. Africa RP, HC, and this GT will be responsible for programming and data entry There are five objectives in the program: • Linking and incorporating whitefly information from U.S. and international sites OBJECTIVE 1: Develop Decision Support Tools (to organize, analyze, OBJECTIVE 2: Analyze data, model communicate and store IPM information) interactions, and provide visualization and communication of results Decision support tools can play a significant role in pest management. The • Establishing a regional web-based typical tools in the category include database for plant health surveillance and decision support systems (DSS), expert pest response systems. systems, and databases. This GT will • Developing interactive cartography for develop and link the decision support tools use in monitoring and tracking pests and such as database and expert systems. support the transfer of these technologies. Specifically, this program will focus on two Build from web-mapping tools currently in components under this objective: a) Global place that use Delphi code, Active Server IPM Technology Database, and b) West Pages, and MacroMedia Flash. Africa Regional IPM Network. OBJECTIVE 3: A human and infor- a) Global IPM Technology Database mation technology infrastructure will be (GITD) established for agricultural pest infor- . Goals or functions of GITD include, but mation storage and pest monitoring are not limited to: • The main goal of this activity is to help HC • Central place to store and search IPM and regional IPM organizations to build or Information relating to IPM CRSP programs improve their capacity in IPM information • Letting IPM CRSP programs, HC, and sharing and pest monitoring. NCSU staff submit data/information • Asian Regional Pest Information Shar- • Search pest and crop information, and ing System. IPM technology and experts online OBJECTIVE 4: IT support and capacity • A main site for coordinating global- building ization of the technology developed from • This activity is to provide technical IPM CRSP support and layout a foundation for • Consisting of Data Entry System and communication among the IPM CRSP pro- public access site grams and HC. All RP and GT will be

69 involved in some way, but with emphasis are working on similar collections for other on LAC, W. Africa, and SE Asia. IPM technologies (e.g. chemical control, and cultural control). OBJECTIVE 5: Link to USDA Regional IPM Centers’ information and IPM CRSP OBJECTIVE 2. To develop Decision reporting system Support Tools (to organize, analyze, communicate and store IPM information) • General international and national IPM information systems such as IPM CRSP • Southeast Asia IPM Network and Pest reports and the USDA Regional IPM Information Sharing Centers National Information System. 1. Training using IT for pest information • Regional information system sites such sharing in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. as CIPMNET in the Caribbean and other Over 20 representatives from south- regional IPM information systems this east Asia countries. program will help to develop. 2. Significant number of IPM materials • Major IPM-related technology sites such were collected and made searchable as GIS tutorials. • West Africa IPM Network • Where possible, actual data sharing 3. Developing IT infrastructure for pest through web services will be established and pesticide information sharing to allow searching of multiple information 4. Component of West Africa Pesticide sources. At the least, this system will Education has been developed connect in this way with the National System for the USDA Regional IPM OBJECTIVE 3. Analyze data, model Centers, the CSREES IPM Performance, interactions, and provide visualization Planning and Reporting System (currently and communication of results being rewritten) and the IPM CRSP Reporting System. • A workshop was held with over 40 atten- dees from institutions in the region Year One Results • Survey instrument refined Progresses are summarized based on the • All extension staff trained in survey and objectives stated earlier: protocol

OBJECTIVE 1. To develop Decision • All sampling locations identified Support Tools (to organize, analyze, • All trapping supplies procured (except communicate and store IPM information) Mcphail traps, lure, strainers) • Global IPM Technology Database • Information and feedback supplied to Jon http://www.ipmnetwork.net/ Voortman to facilitate web database • Developed the capacity for searching development global pest information by crops and pest names. User can search online pest management information by using crop or pest names, or in combination of crop and pest name (http://www.ipmnetwork.net/). • Developed the capacity for online search biocontrol materials. We have what may be the most comprehensive collections of online biological control materials in the world, containing over 2,500 biological references after screening over 20,000 70 pest management online materials. We References

Aziz, S.A. K. and H.S Barlow. (1992). Wallingford, Midgarden, D. (1999). Use of spatial information to man Oxon, U.K.: CAB International, c1992. p. 371-381. age insect populations at two scales: site-specific resistance management of Leptinotarsa decem- Bongiovanni, R. and D.J. Lowenberg (2004). Precision lineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and area- agriculture and sustainability, Precision Agriculture. wide control of Bactrocera carambolae (Diptera: 5:359-387. Tephritidae). Ph. D. Diss., Pennsylvania State Ellsbury, M. M., S.A. Clay, S.J. Fleischer, L.D. Chandler, University, University Park, PA. and S.M. Schneider. (2000). Use of GIS/GPS sys- Scott, P.R. and J.H. Gilmore. (1992). Crop protection tems in IPM: Progress and reality. pp. 419-438. and information technology in the year 2000, Crop In Kennedy, G. C. and T. Sutton (eds.), Emerging protection and the environment in 2000, Abdul (ed). Technologies for Integrated Pest Management: Concepts, Research and Implementation, Ameri- Stinner R.E. (1999). Information Management: Past, can Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN. Present, and Future. Emerging Technologies for In tegrated Pest Management - Concepts, research, Fleischer, S. J., P. E. Blom, and R. Weisz. (1999). Sam and implementation. G.C. Kennedy and T.B. pling in Precision IPM: When the objective is a Sutton (ed.). Proceedings of a Conference, pp. map. Phytopathology 89: p.1112-1118. 474-481. March 8-10, 1999, Raleigh, NC. Knight J.D. (1999). Information Technology for Crop Pro- Weisz, R., Z. Smilowitz and S. J. Fleischer. (1996). Eval- tection, Association of Applied Biologists, Aspects uating risk of Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: of Applied Biology 55. 23 September 1999. IACR- Chrysomelidae) infestation across a landscape Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts. as a function of migratory distance. J. Econ. Entomology. 89:435-441. MacLean, D.A., K.B. Porter, W.E. MaKinnon, and K.P. Beaton. (2000). Spruce bud worm decision Xia, Y., R.D. Magarey, K. Suiter, and R. Stinner. (2007). support system:lessons learned in development Applications of Information Technology in Pest and implementation. Comput electron agric. 27 Management. Ciancio, A and KG Mukerji (eds).pp (1/3): 293-314. 209 – 225. General Concepts in Integrated Pest and Disease Management Springer,The Netherlands.

71 An Integrated Pest Management Approach for Mitigating the Impact of Thrips-borne Tospoviruses in Vegetable Cropping Systems —Naidu A. Rayapati Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA.E-mail: [email protected]

Introduction. Diseases caused by a have a restricted distribution limited to a group of plant viruses called tospoviruses few countries (Mumford et al., 1996; have received more attention because Daughtrey et al., 1997; Peters, 2004; they cause serious damage to several Jones, 2005; Persley et al., 2006; Gent et agronomic crops, ornamentals, al., 2006). For example, TSWV has vegetables, and fruits (Sherwood et al., become an economically important virus in 2000). In recent years, the incidence and a broad range of field crops, vegetables, spread of diseases caused by and ornamentals in several countries of tospoviruses has increased significantly in North America, South America, Europe, different countries, reflecting their negative Asia, and Australia. Peanut Bud Necrosis impact on agriculture worldwide. Virus (PBNV, also called Groundnut Bud Consequently, tospoviruses are Necrosis Virus) has been documented as considered as the most aggressive an economically important tospovirus on a emerging plant viruses with estimated broad range of field crops and vegetables global yield losses of up to US $1 billion in in India. Similarly, Impatiens Necrotic Spot a wide range of crops (Goldbach and Virus (INSV) has been documented on Peters, 1994). Although diseases now ornamentals in several countries of North attributed to Tomato spotted wilt virus America and Europe. In recent years, Iris (TSWV), the type species for the genus Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) has been Tospovirus, were first reported in tomatoes documented in onions in North and South in Australia around 1915, it was not until America, Europe and Middle East, and in 1990s that scientists came to realize that India. Capsicum Chlorosis Virus (CaCV) is there are distinct tospoviruses infecting a emerging as an important constraint to broad range of plants (Whitfield et al., tomatoes, peppers, and peanuts in many 2005). Asian countries and in Australia. Thus, The term tospovirus is derived from data from several reports published in Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Thus, recent years clearly indicate that all viruses with morphological and genome tospoviruses are expanding to favorable properties similar to TSWV are called new geographic environments from their tospoviruses and grouped under the original natural habitats by various means. genus Tospovirus in the family Once introduced, tospoviruses can Bunyaviridae. During the past two establish themselves quickly in a new decades, several tospoviruses infecting ecosystem since many of them have a different plant species around the world broad host range infecting valuable crop have been characterized (Table 1). Many plants as well as weed hosts. However, it other tospovirus-like viruses have been should be remembered that the host range reported in different countries; they are yet varies greatly with individual tospovirus. to be characterized completely in order to For example, TSWV can infect several determine whether these viruses are plant species and weed hosts (Parella et strains or variants of currently known al., 2003), whereas others have a relatively tospoviruses or represent new virus narrow host range. species. Current knowledge indicates that Genome organization of tospo- some of the presently known tospoviruses viruses. With advances in molecular 72 have a wide geographic range occurring biology, an understanding of the complexity of tospoviruses began to emerge during the fruits, and ornamental flowers. Thrips are 1990s. Tospoviruses have pleomorphic ubiquitous and opportunistic insects particles of 80-110 nm in diameter. Each and have the ability to survive under a particle contains three genomic RNA broad range of diverse ecological segments designated as Large (L), conditions. As a result, many species of Medium (M) and Small (S) RNA (Goldbach thrips have now spread from their original and Peters, 1994; Adkins, 2000; Moyer, natural habitats and hosts to favorable 2000; Whitfield et al., 2005). The three new environments of valuable crops. The genomic RNAs are individually packaged geographic expansion of thrips has or encapsidated by many copies of the increased the potential to introduce and nucleocapsid protein and ‘bound’ together spread several non-indigenous tospo- by a host-derived lipid envelope membrane viruses in regions where tospoviruses to form a virus particle. The envelope have not been a concern before. Currently, membrane serves as a “shell” protecting there are at least twelve species of thrips the viral genetic material. In addition to the (Table 1) that have been confirmed as three genomic segments, each virus vectors of one or more tospoviruses particle contains a few copies of “replicase” worldwide (Ullman et al., 2002; Mound, protein inside the envelope. The “replicase” 2005). There could be other potential is essential for the virus to initiate vector thrips species yet to be replication in a new host. Each virus documented. From the table, it is clear that particle also contains two glycoproteins a single thrips species has the ability to (GPs) that are integrated on the surface of spread different tospoviruses. Conversely, the envelope membrane and seen as a single tospovirus can be spread by spike-like projections covering the surface different species of thrips. It is also of the virus particle. The two GPs contain important to note that many of these different types of sugars (hence called phytophagous thrips species can cause glycoproteins) and differ in their size. The direct damage as pests to agricultural GPs play a critical role in different stages of crops (Welter et al., 1990); however, their the virus life cycle; for example, virus economic impact is far greater as vectors assembly in the host and virus acquisition of tospoviruses (Mound, 2005). Currently, and transmission by insect vectors. Indeed, thrips are known to transmit several the tospovirus particles are hybrid viruses belonging to at least four plant structures, with proteins and genomic virus groups, viz. ilarviruses, sobemo- RNAs that are the product of virus genetic viruses, carmoviruses, and tospoviruses information while sugars in viral (Jones, 2005). Members of the first three glycoproteins and the lipid envelope groups are pollen-borne and thrips membrane are produced by host cell facilitate transmission by carrying pollen synthetic machinery (Naidu et al., 2004). from infected plant to healthy plant during Thus, the virus particles of tospoviruses feeding. In contrast, thrips are “true” are more complex than any other virus vectors of tospoviruses because there is a currently known to infect plants. more intimate biological relationship Spread of tospoviruses. The life cycle between tospoviruses and thrips. It should of tospoviruses involves spread from an be remembered that not all thrips have the infected plant to a healthy plant by several ability to transmit tospoviruses. Indeed, species of polyphagous thrips only about 12 out of 5500 known species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Mound, 2005). of thrips (i.e. about 0.16%) have been Tospoviruses, however, are not transmitted implicated in the transmission of different through seed. Thrips (derived from Greek tospoviruses. meaning "woodworm") are very small (less Tospoviruses are one of the few groups than 1 mm in length) and their cryptic of plant viruses that multiply in both plants behavior makes them difficult to detect and thrips vectors. Thrips-mediated either in the field or in fresh vegetables, transmission of tospoviruses is unique 73 among plant viruses because successful trade and commerce of agricultural crops transmission of adult thrips occurs only and horticultural products. For example, when the virus is acquired during the first Frankliniella occidentalis, a vector thrips instar (and early second instar) larval species native to the southwestern United stages (van de Wetering et al., 1996; States, has been implicated in the spread Kritzman et al., 2002; de Assis Filho et al., of TSWV to many regions within and 2002). Adult thrips have the ability to outside the USA through the movement of acquire the virus; however, such an ornamental greenhouse plants beginning acquisition during adult stage does not in the mid-1980s (Mound, 1997). Similarly, result in transmission (de Assis Filho et al., melon thrips (T. palmi), a native to Java 2004). Therefore, topsovirus acquisition and Sumatra islands of Indonesia, is now and subsequent transmission is closely present in several countries of Asia, and linked to the developmental stage of has expanded to many Pacific Ocean vector thrips on plants. Indeed, this type of islands, North Africa, Australia, Central and interdependency between vector life-stage South America, and the Caribbean and virus transmission is quite unique (Walker, 1994). T. palmi is reported as a among plant viruses. The factors that vector of several tospoviruses infecting contribute to the acquisition and agricultural crops in Asian countries and transmission of tospoviruses by thrips Australia (Jones, 2005). T. tabaci is a populations are complex and involve cosmopolitan pest of onions grown interactions between virus, plant, and between sea level and 2000 m and is vector (Kritzman et al., 2002). Adult thrips known to transmit several tospoviruses, that acquire a tospovirus during the larval including IYSV in onion (Ullman et al., stage remain viruliferous for life (which 2002; Gent et al., 2006). may be 20–40 days depending on the Symptoms produced by tospo- environmental conditions), and contribute viruses. Symptoms caused by tospo- to short- and long-distance spread of the viruses vary considerably, depending on virus. Since tospoviruses replicate in the virus, host plant species and their vector thrips, the insects not only have the cultivars, age of the plant at which infection ability to spread the virus throughout their occurred as well as environmental factors. life but also serve as a virus host. In general, plants infected with However, viruliferous adults do not tospoviruses show a wide range of transmit the virus to their progeny through symptoms consisting of necrotic and/or eggs. Viruliferous males are reported to chlorotic spots, rings and line patterns on exhibit a higher transmission rate than leaves, bronzing and various types of females (van der Wetering et al., 1998; mottling and speckling of leaves, necrotic Sakurai et al., 1998; Naidu et al., 2007), streaks and lesions on stems, and general which suggests that their feeding behavior chlorosis, stunting, wilting, or necrosis of may differ from that of females. Indeed, plants. In many plant species, tospovirus tospoviruses are only a few groups of plant infection leads to necrosis of growing tips viruses that have evolved a variety of resulting in ‘bud necrosis’ symptoms. In elegant mechanisms to multiply in both addition, different strains of a tospovirus plants and insects by devising “Trojan can induce different types of symptoms in horse” strategies to overcome vastly the same host. In some cases, virus different cellular and biochemical barriers infection may not show obvious symptoms of the two phylogenetically and causing symptomless or latent infections. biochemically disparate hosts in order to In general, virus infection during early maintain a successful life cycle. stages of crop season can cause severe Several thrips species and tospo- stunting of plants with no yield resulting in viruses have expanded their geographic total crop loss. Infection during later stages range due to a variety of factors including of crop season, however, may affect crop 74 globalization and increased trans-border performance leading to a reduction in crop yield. In the case of vegetables like directly by treating infected plants with tomatoes, infection after fruit set not only chemical agents analogous to treating affect the size of fruits but also the fungal diseases with fungicides. They nutritional quality and shelf life of fruits. In must, instead, be controlled by other addition, tospoviruses like TSWV, PBNV management practices. These practices and CaCV cause fruit deformities in include prevention or avoidance of tomatoes and the fruits from infected plants infection by controlling thrips vectors, exhibit various types of symptoms cultural practices like altering planting including chlorotic and necrotic rings dates, increasing crop density and rouging leading to poor marketability. of infected plants to minimize spread of the Detection of tospoviruses. Due to disease and deploying resistant cultivars variable symptom phenotype, symptom- to reduce yield losses. It must be based diagnosis is inadequate to confirm remembered that any one of these tactics a tospovirus infection. This is further alone may not be effective in achieving the confounded by the fact that some of the desired results and in many cases a symptoms produced by tospoviruses combination of these control measures are mimic those of fungal and other viral required to reduce the yield losses pathogens. Inability to accurately diagnose (Culbreath et al., 2003). An understanding diseases caused by tospoviruses could of the epidemiology of tospoviruses and undermine the economic significance of a vector thrips species in a given cropping particular virus, result in misapplication of system can provide valuable information agrochemicals, and impede progress in on alternate hosts (both crop plants and breeding for virus resistance. Thus, weeds) that serve as a reservoir for off- accurate diagnosis of a tospovirus is the season survival of tospoviruses and their cornerstone for developing disease vectors, the influence of various management strategies. Three different environmental factors on disease methods are commonly used for dynamics, and diversity of tospoviruses diagnosing a tospovirus infection. and thrips vector species. This knowledge Mechanical sap inoculations of extracts helps to develop integrated control from a suspected plant tissue onto an measures appropriate to specific crops or indicator host (bioassay) provide an cropping systems. Since the management indication of tospovirus infection. Although of virus diseases usually hinge on the this assay is easy to perform under control of the vector, subsistence farmers minimum facilities, the symptoms may not in developing countries use pesticides as be helpful in accurate identification of a the predominant tactic to control thrips. specific tospovirus due to similar Because of their small size and ability to symptoms on indicator hosts produced by develop resistance against pesticides, distinct tospoviruses. Serological pesticide-based control tactics are less (antibody-based) and molecular (Reverse effective to prevent the spread of thrips- transcription-polymerase chain reaction or borne tospoviruses. Due to growing RT-PCR) assays can circumvent this awareness of harmful effects of pesticides limitation by providing accurate diagnosis on human health, environment, and of infection by a specific tospovirus. A biological diversity, Integrated Pest combination of serological and molecular Management (IPM) has been accepted techniques can provide additional generally as a better alternative for the information on the prevalence of different control of thrips-borne tospoviruses. strains of a particular virus and whether a IPM utilizes a suite of tactics involving plant is co-infected by more than one host plant resistance (developed by tospovirus. conventional breeding and/or Management of tospoviruses. Dis- biotechnological approaches), cultural eases caused by tospoviruses, like any (crop sanitation, crop rotation, plant other viral disease, cannot be controlled density, varietal mixtures, crop-free 75 periods, reflective mulches, barrier crops, agricultural research to generate new phytoprophylaxis, etc.), and bio-pesticidal knowledge and technologies for the benefit (eg. plant-based products) and biological of host countries in the region. It also control measures (predators and promotes global partnerships with parasites) that have different modes of research institutions in developed action to achieve synergistic benefits for countries and international agricultural maximizing the likelihood that losses will research centers for greater synergies in remain below the ‘economic threshold’. the region and to deploy long-lasting IPM practices will enable the switch from a solutions for the management of diseases pesticide-based mode of reducing losses caused by tospoviruses in vegetables. to an ecologically sustainable, eco- The status of tospoviruses and thrips nomically feasible, and socially acceptable vectors and their economic significance in approach in order to protect farming the Central Asia (CA) region (Kazakhstan, systems in developing countries. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and The way forward. The Integrated Pest Uzbekistan) is poorly documented. It Management-Collaborative Research and should be remembered that absence of Support Program (IPM CRSP) of USAID evidence for the presence of tospoviruses has recently initiated a multi-disciplinary is not evidence of their absence in the and multi-institutional global project to region. Indeed, a recent visit by the author provide science-based knowledge for has noticed symptoms on onions indicative developing sustainable and eco-friendly of the presence of IYSV in the region. IPM strategies to minimize crop losses Since the CA region grows a wide range of due to thrips-borne tospoviruses. The vegetables including potatoes, tomatoes, project is currently focusing on onions, sweet peppers, and many leafy tospoviruses in the South & Southeast vegetables under diverse agro-ecological Asia (S&SEA) region because diseases conditions, occurrence of tospoviruses caused by this group of viruses have have implications for food security and increasingly become a significant limiting environmental sustainability of the region. factor in the sustainable production of Several types of vegetables constitute an vegetables in smallholder farming systems integral part of dietary requirements of the of the region (Naidu et al., 2005). At least people in the region. It is estimated that ten of the sixteen tospoviruses currently vegetables like tomatoes, watermelons, characterized worldwide have been found cabbages, onions, cucumbers and carrots distributed in the region. Of the twelve occupy more than four-fifths of the total thrips species implicated globally as vegetable area in these countries. Based vectors of tospoviruses, six species have on the current information available been documented in the region. Thus, worldwide, all these crops are vulnerable S&SEA region appears to be a ‘hot spot’ to infection by many debilitating for thrips-borne tospovirus diseases. The tospoviruses. Limiting production and specific objectives of the project are to (i) reduced nutritional quality of vegetable conduct strategic research on due to tospoviruses affect the rural tospoviruses and thrips vectors and livelihoods, economic well-being of women develop host plant resistance, (ii) carry out and children and export potential of quality applied and adaptive research to deploy vegetables, ultimately impacting food eco-friendly integrated disease security in the region. Thus, there is a management strategies to control critical need in Central Asian countries for tospovirus diseases, and (iii) develop developing specialized scientific expertise strategies for strengthening institutional in addressing disease problems due to capacities within host countries to conduct thrips-borne tospoviruses. The IPM CRSP problem-oriented research on virus Regional Project in Central Asia, in diseases. The project places special partnership with IPM CRSP global theme 76 emphasis on the participatory model of projects on insect-transmitted viruses and international centers like the International Table 1: List of currently recognized tospoviruses, Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry their geographic distribution and thrips vectors1 Areas (ICARDA) and the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), should expedite joint R&D efforts to build capacity for addressing tospovirus diseases and programs for effective transfer of technologies to farming communities and other stakeholders. This would involve organizing group-based short-term training courses in one of the countries in the region, training of young scientists in advanced laboratories, and improvement of facilities in the national programs to conduct virus research. IPM CRSP has a comparative advantage in taking a leading role for developing scientific cooperation and networking to address tospovirus disease constraints impacting vegetable crops across the region. Such a collaborative effort will bring opportunities to establish synergistic interactions among cooperating institutions T. palmi F. occidentalis, F. schultzei F. occidentalis, F. schultzei, F.F. intonsa, occidentalis, F. F. gemina fusca, F.T. intosa tabaci T. palmi S. dorsalis S. dorsalis F. intonsa, F. occidentalis, F.F. schultzei bispinosa, F. fusca, F.F. intonsa, schultzei, F. T. occidentalis, setosus, T.T. tabaci, tabaci T. (?) setosus, F. gemina,T. T. palmi palmi F. zucchini in terms of sharing human and technical expertise to maximize research outputs from limited resources. The IPM CRSP is well positioned to bring various institutions into a cohesive and singularly effective group to develop collaborative R&D efforts that will have mutual benefits for all countries in the region. Geographic distributionThailand, Australia, IndiaTaiwan Thrips vectors Ceratothripoides claratris,South T. Africa palmi, F. schultzei Americas, Europe World wide Japan, Thailand Taiwan India Brazil Worldwide Iran India Japan, Taiwan, ThailandBrazil T. palmi Modified from Whitfield et al. (2005) and http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/tospovirus/tospo_list.htm Virus Capsicum chlorosis virus Calla lily chlorotic spot virus Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virusGroundnut (peanut) bud necrosis virusGroundnut ringspot virus Impatiens necrotic spot Brazil virus Iris South yellow and spot Southeast virus AsiaMelon yellow spot virus Peanut chlorotic fanspot virus Peanut yellow spot virus Tomato F. chlorotic schultzei, spot T. virus palmi,Tomato Scirtothrips spotted dorsalis wilt virus Tomato yellow ring virus Watermelon bud necrosis virus Watermelon silver mottle virus Zucchini lethal chlorotic virus 1

77 References

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This document intends to present to the drained land) and extension services on IPM forum stakeholders the current access and use of land for subsistence programs we have in Tajikistan and what agriculture. The current project’s impact we want to do in the future and how it is will be the improvement of food security in related to IPM. Oxfam GB is an the project area. The local communities international NGO working in relief and will be able to manage their food security development campaigns. Oxfam was and livelihood development with the help created from famine relief committees set of created structures (community- based up in Oxford at the end of the Second organizations, community-managed agri- World War. It is a member of Oxfam culture shops, seed farmers associations, International, a confederation of 13 etc.). This will be done by: organizations working together with over N Promoting crop rotation (identify, test, 3,000 partners in more than 100 countries train farmers) to find lasting solutions to poverty, suffering, and injustice. Oxfam started N Training on agriculture practices and working in Tajikistan in 2001 following two appropriate use of inputs years of drought. Oxfam's work involves N Selection of local high performance va- improving access to food, livelihoods, rieties for seed multiplication by farmers water, and healthcare for those in need. N Oxfam GB has 2 offices in Tajikistan; a Support to rainfed agriculture, crop di- support office in Dushanbe and a field versification, and farmers with seeds, office in Kulyab. We run three different tools, inputs, and technical support. programs: Capacity-building activities are being N Livelihood: mainly agriculture-related implemented to ensure the sustainability activities and other income-generating of these activities, to give to the activities communities the structure to manage its N own food security and agricultural Public health and water sanitation: development: drinking water supply, latrines, etc. N N Community-based organizations (CBO) Disaster management: to prepare com- have been trained to manage projects, munities to respond to natural disaster community funds, and to address the (landslides, floods, earthquakes) needs of their communities N This presentation focuses on our Support to income-generating activi- Livelihood Program, as it is the one related ties, women’s self-help groups, and activ- to agriculture and therefore to IPM. There ities such as fruit preservation, sewing, are 2 projects implemented currently and vegetable production, cooking, etc. funded by EC and Oxfam Novib. Their N Three information centers will be es- objective is to improve food security and tablished to provide training, technical as- household livelihood. The main problems sistance and services in agriculture, land addressed in the project area are a lack of right issues, gender, etc. access to good quality input, especially N seeds and tools, and land access Community-managed agriculture problems. On livelihood program, Oxfam shops will be able to provide good quality GB is currently working on actions in seeds and tools at affordable prices response to the urgent need to provide N A seed farmers association will be cre- production means (inputs, tools, irrigated ated and will supply agriculture shops 79 N With this project we expect that food Improve market conditions for local security will be achieved in the project area agriculture products, especially when it is and the community will be able to manage introduced with fair trade concepts. it. But a very important threat could Oxfam GB and Avalon (a Dutch NGO) endanger this food security: have conducted a study on the potential interest for organic farming projects in N Unsustainable agriculture practices Tajikistan. Avalon has experience in (fertility management, irrigation methods, implementing organic agriculture projects degraded drainage infrastructure) lead to in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. erosion and soil salinity Several stakeholders from the agriculture N Farmer debt and low access to inputs sector have been met during this mission from ministries of agriculture to farmers, N Land rights: lack of basic liberties in including international and local NGOs, production and marketing in cotton grow- academies of science, standardization ing areas services, researchers, teachers, students, In answer to these threats, our project agro processing companies, etc. All stake- is to introduce organic agriculture concepts holders gave a very positive feedback, along the production chain, from farm and were really interested in Organic production to marketing, including label Agriculture. creation and certification. We believe that The planned activities are detailed in organic agriculture will: the table below.

N Help to ensure environmental sustainability N Reduce dependency toward expensive imported inputs

Activity Target groups Capacity building / instruments Market chain Farming: Cotton, Dehkans Demonstration farms, On farm training Vegetables private farmers Farm business plans, Identify leaders Animals, Fruits, household/presid.land for exchange visits, Local seminars, Vineyards women’s groups Organic seeds, Bio pest control, Herbs, etc. Special machinery Processing: Dehkans Training on standards and procedures Cotton, Wine existing processing plants On the spot technical advice Vegetables, Exchange visits Fruits, Herbs, etc. Local seminars Marketing: Dehkans Training in market assessment, green market cities (private farmers) marketing mix, communication Exchange visits Common label: Dehkans Development/contest, Registration domestic exports Private farmers, processors, traders, consumers, MoANP Use, Promotion, Local seminars Certification: Dehkans, farmers, Training of inspectors processors Working group on standard development, MoANP, Institute of Institutionalize inspection and certification Standardization

80 In addition to the changes in the market chain, knowledge/ information on organic farming will be strengthened with following activities:

Knowledge support Target groups Capacity building / instruments

Research: Acad. of Science Experimental fields University Exchange between researchers Visit international conferences (e.g. IFOAM)

Education: Universities, secondary Demonstration farms schools, vocational training, Develop and implement curricula students on OA teachers

Farm advisory work: Government Extension Demonstration farms Service, private ext. Training of Trainers services, leading farmers Exchange visits

Other support:

Promotion/publicity: Consumers, policy Training on communication Consumer awareness, makers, farmers aspects of OA Media CBO’s, NGO’s

Policy: Ministry of ANP, Creation of multi-stakeholder National Action oblast, khokumat, working group, Training on Plan, legislation, Dehkans, CBO’s National Action Plan, land rights Regional seminars

(Micro-) financing: Dehkans, private farmers Development of credit instrument processors

Other topics related to organic agriculture can or must be addressed in this program:

Related issues Target groups Capacity building / instruments

Integrated rural development: Farmers, MoANP, policy makers, Information agri-environment, biodiversity, consumers, CBO’s, NGO’s seminars rural tourism, climate change Afforestation/erosion control Institute of Soil Science Information, seminars Gender issues CBO’s, Dehkans, farmers Information, Seminars Housing/energy use including: rural population Information, Seminars isolation heating, solar systems Food quality Inst. of Standardification Information, Seminars Genetic Resources Inst. for Genetic Res Information, seminars Health care: Institutions like Information Seminars Link with - care for handicapped Internat Kulyab food for kitchen Vocational training Internat children Gizar 81 Erosion control and energy use in the In developing and implementing future household are essential because they livelihood programs, Oxfam GB will need belong to a vicious circle that needs to be to keep in touch with the IPM program broken. because: Following the collapse of the Soviet N Our projects cannot be successful with- Union there was a drop in the energy out efficient pest management supply (gas, electricity, etc.) and people had to look for alternative fuel for cooking N Knowledge and research in IPM are and to warm houses during winter. The valuable for organic farming because or- cutting of trees for wood and the burning of ganic agriculture proscribes the use of cow dung increased, therefore decreasing chemical pesticides the availability of manure to fertilize fields at the same time access to chemical fertilizer was reduced. These practices led to deforestation, an increase in erosion, and a drop in soil fertility. As a consequence the production of cotton sticks, which is a major combustible in households, is reduced, increasing the need for new energy sources. We find it very important to break this circle by implementing activities related to energy saving, alternative energy sources, and afforestation.

As a conclusion we could discuss and compare advantages of both methods-IPM and organic-for farmers in Tajikistan. The following points could be discussed:

Organic Agriculture IPM techniques • Label / standard / Markets • Less risks for successful pest management are more developed • Better economical yield • Better impact on environment • No production drop during transition and Health • Less input costs

82 PART FIVE: Special Workshops

Landscape Ecology and Management of Natural Enemies in IPM Systems —Douglas A. Landis1, Mary M. Gardiner1, Anna. K. Fiedler1, Alejandro C. Costamagna2 and Nurali Saidov3 1 Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA 2 Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 IPM CRSP project Central Asia, ICARDA-PFU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Introduction natural enemies depend on the large-scale structure of these landscapes. Several There are three primary means by patterns have emerged that illustrate the which managers influence biological impact of landscape structure on pests control of insects. Importation of natural and beneficial insects. First, the diversity enemies against pests of exotic origin is and abundance of predators and sometimes referred to as classical parasitoids often increase as landscape biological control, while augmentation is complexity and the proportion of non-crop the rearing and release of natural enemies habitat increase. Second, several studies already present to increase their suggest that there may be thresholds in effectiveness. Conservation of natural landscape structure below which the enemies involves improving conditions for search efficiency and the ability of natural existing natural enemies by reducing enemies to aggregate and control pests is factors which interfere with natural diminished. Finally, landscape characteristics enemies or increasing access to resources may not influence all species equally, or at that they require to be successful (Ehler, the same scale. 1998). Habitat management is considered a subset of conservation practices that Landscape Complexity focus on manipulating habitats within The diversity of habitats within a agricultural landscape to provide resources landscape can greatly affect communities to enhance natural enemies (Landis et al., of herbivores and their natural enemies 2000). within an agricultural crop (Marino and Managing agricultural landscapes to Landis, 1996; Ostman, 2002; Schmidt, improve biological control relies on a Tscharntke, 2005; Tscharntke et al., 2005). detailed understanding of factors that A majority of studies finds a decrease in influence both pest and natural enemy herbivore density and damage as the abundance. We begin by examining proportion of non-crop habitat in a landscape processes that influence pests landscape increases. The presence of and beneficial insects at larger spatial non-crop habitats may increase natural scales. Next we focus on processes that enemy abundance by providing resources influence these organisms and their such as alternative prey or overwintering interactions at local scales. Finally, we habitat. While pest abundance and detail steps that pest managers may take herbivory generally decline with structural to alter agricultural habitats and complexity, the abundance and diversity of landscapes to favor natural enemies in IPM predators and parasitoids often increase systems. Throughout, we attempt to show as non-crop habitat increases. how both temporal and spatial factors There is also temporal variation in the influence the outcome of pest-enemy response of natural enemies to landscape interactions. structure. Menalled et al. (2003) examined Landscape Processes And IPM parasitism of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipunctata (Noctuidae), by two braconid Agricultural landscapes consist of a parasitoids, Glyptapanteles militaris and mosaic of crop and non-crop habitats. The Meteorus communis (Braconidae) across diversity and abundance of both pests and five years in simple and complex landscapes. 83 The simple landscape had 29% non-crop agricultural fields either had no effect on habitat, and the complex landscape had natural enemy density in the crop or had a 41% non-crop habitat and smaller crop positive effect on herbivore abundance. fields. Although percentage parasitism in the complex landscape was equal to or Local Processes And IPM higher than the simple landscape in 4 of Although potential pests and biological the 5 years of the study, distribution of the control agents occur in a regional pool, parasitoids varied. Glyptapanteles militaris local processes impact their interactions was most abundant in the simple and the outcome of biological control at the landscape during the last two years of the field level. Some of these local processes study while M. communis was the include negative impacts of pesticide dominant species in the complex application and cultural practices such as landscape during the first three years of soil cultivation on natural enemy the study. populations (Croft, 1990; DeBach and Rosen, 1991; Barbosa, 1998; Stark and Habitat Thresholds Banks, 2003). Here, we focus on several Several studies suggest thresholds in phenomena that mediate the effect of landscape structure below which the natural enemies at the local scale and search efficiency and ability of natural have received relatively less attention, enemies to aggregate and control pests is including timing between natural enemy diminished. Simulation experiments have and pest arrival and interactions within shown that search success of natural multiple enemy assemblages. enemies declined when suitable habitat fell below 20% (With and King, 1999). This Early-season pest suppression observation has also been documented in The difference in timing between the the field; Thies and Tscharntke (1999) arrival of prey and their natural enemies found that parasitism rates declined in into a crop often determines the outcome agricultural landscapes when the non-crop of their interaction. Generalist natural area fell below 20%. Thies et al. (2003) enemies have the potential to be present found that in simple landscapes, in crops early in the season, before pests parasitism of rape pollen beetle declined arrive and experience population growth. below threshold levels needed for However, such early season predation successful biological control. usually goes unnoticed due to the relatively low numbers of natural enemies Edge Effects required to suppress initial pest Natural enemy populations may build populations. Landis and Van der Werf up in field borders and move into a crop (1997) showed that the assemblage of when pest populations begin to build. A generalist predators present in sugar beet substantial amount of research has been fields early in the season significantly conducted to understand the role of field reduced aphid abundance and the impact edges on the biological control of pests by of the aphid-vectored viruses. Using natural enemies. Overall, these data show predator exclusion cages, several studies that measuring the activity and richness of have demonstrated strong suppressive predatory populations in field boundaries effects of generalist predators on soybean can, but does not always accurately aphid, Aphis glycines, early in the season, predict their potential impact on herbivores both during outbreak and non-outbreak in neighboring crops (Hunter, 2002). In aphid years (Fox et al., 2004; Costamagna some cases, field edges and neighboring and Landis, 2006; Desneux et al., 2006; habitats contribute to within-field natural Costamagna et al., 2007). enemy assemblages. In other cases, the 84 presence of non-crop habitats surrounding Interactions within multiple found that two aphelinid parasitoids, enemy assemblages Eretmocerus eremicus and Encarsia spp., moved from overwintering refuges into Natural enemy assemblages in cantaloupe and cotton crops adjacent to agroecosystems are typically composed of the refuge, where they parasitized multiple species, including both generalists sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. They and specialists (Symondson et al., 2002). also found that refuges harbored greater Within these diverse assemblages, positive numbers of sweetpotato whitefly than interactions such as predator facilitation aphelinid parasitoids early in the growing and negative interactions such as predator season. This result illustrates the potential interference, cannibalism, predator of any overwintering site or refuge strip to avoidance behavior, and intraguild harbor crop pests in addition to natural predation commonly occur and can modify enemies. the level of herbivore pest suppression (Roland and Embree, 1995; Sih et al., Alternate host and prey 1998; Snyder and Wise, 1999; Prasad and Snyder, 2006; Gardiner and Landis, 2007). Parasitoids and predators may also require alternate hosts or prey to complete Managing Agricultural their lifecycle, or when primary hosts or Landscapes To Increase Pest prey are not available. When alternate Suppression hosts live on specific plant species, plants that commonly harbor these species may Given an understanding of landscape be planted near crops to increase pest and local processes affecting pest control nearby (e.g. Corbett and suppression, pest managers may wish to Rosenheim, 1996). A greater diversity of modify production practices to enhance alternate hosts and prey may be available natural enemy populations. Selective in landscapes with more non-crop habitat. pesticide use is an accepted technique that Menalled et al. (1999) examined may decrease natural enemy mortality parasitoid diversity and parasitism rates in (Croft, 1990; Ruberson et al., 1998; simple landscapes primarily composed of Johnson, Tabashnik, 1999). Altered cultural cropland versus complex landscapes that practices, such as no-till production contained cropland and successional (Witmer et al., 2003) and strip cropping noncrop habitats. They found no (Hossain et al., 2002; Weiser et al., 2003), difference between two of three paired may also decrease natural enemy simple and complex landscapes, but did mortality. In addition to refuge from find an increase in both parasitoid diversity disturbance, natural enemies frequently and rate of parasitism in a third landscape live longer and are more fecund when comparison. Similarly, Elliott et al. (2002) provided access to shelter, overwintering found that aphid predator diversity was sites, alternate hosts, prey, and nectar and affected by landscape complexity. These pollen (Ehler, 1998; Landis et al., 2000). studies indicate that the availability of Below we discuss the resources that are multiple alternate hosts or prey may be frequently absent from agricultural greater in more complex landscapes, landscapes and their effects on the increasing natural enemy abundance. presence of natural enemies, as well as methods to increase habitat suitability for Nectar and pollen natural enemies from field to landscape scales. Access to nectar and pollen has been Overwintering Sites shown to significantly increase parasitoid longevity in laboratory studies (Dyer and Many natural enemy taxa require un- Landis, 1996; Baggen et al., 1999). In disturbed sites near crop fields to increase addition to feeding on prey, predators feed overwintering success. Pickett et al. (2004) on pollen (Harmon et al., 2000), which can 85 increase fecundity (Hickman and Wratten, Summary 1996) and may be required for egg maturation (Ehler, 1998). Some species Agricultural landscapes are a mosaic of also use plant resources such as phloem crop and non-crop habitats that support fluids to supplement their diet (Eubanks unique pools of insect pests and their and Denno, 1999). Multiple studies have natural enemies. The relative abundance found increased natural enemy and diversity of these species depends on abundance in the presence of flowering the diversity of habitats within the plants (Colley and Luna, 2000; Frank, landscape as well as habitat patch size, Shrewsbury, 2004; Lee, Heimpel, 2005; arrangement, and connectivity. Rebek et al., 2005; Forehand et al., 2006; Understanding the relative ability of a Pontin et al., 2006). Fiedler and Landis landscape to provide biocontrol agents is a (2007a) compared native Michigan plant critical first step in implementing an species with several exotic species that integrated pest management strategy. At were commonly used for habitat local scales, the relative timing of pest and management in the past. They found that natural enemy arrival into the crop, enemy natural enemy abundance at flowering interactions such as intraguild predation, native plants was equal to or greater than and the occurrence of key natural enemies abundance at flowering exotic species. all influence the outcome of pest enemy The most attractive plant of the 51 plant interactions. By understanding the species tested was the native boneset, resources natural enemies need in order Eupatorium maculatum, with an average to be effective, mangers can manipulate of 199 natural enemies / m2 during full local cropping systems and the agricultural bloom. In addition, they found that floral landscapes in which they are embedded area per m2 explained 20% of the to enhance biological control. variability in natural enemy abundance at native plants (Fiedler and Landis, 2007b).

Shelter

Disturbances including cultivation and pesticide use are frequent within fields in agricultural systems. Refuge from these disturbances can be promoted outside of the crop field, and may decrease natural enemy mortality rate (Gurr et al., 1998). Lee et al. (2001) examined the effects of non-crop refuge strips on carabid populations in corn with and without pesticide application. In pesticide treated areas, they found greater ground beetle abundance in refuge strips than in corn- planted control strips. As the growing season progressed, ground beetles were also more abundant in pesticide treated crops near refuge strips. These results indicate that refuge strips containing perennial flowering plants, legumes, and grasses benefit ground beetle populations exposed to in-field disturbances.

86 References

Baggen, L. R., G.M. Gurr, and A. Meats. (1999). Flow- Forehand, L.M., D.B. Orr and H.M. Linker. (2006). Eval- ers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing se- uation of a commercially available beneficial insect lective exploitation by insect natural enemies for habitat for management of Lepidoptera pests. Jour- conservation biological control. Entomologia Ex- nal of Economic Entomology, 99, p. 641-647. perimentalis et Applicata, 91:155-161. Fox, T.B., D.A. Landis, F.F. Cardoso and C.D. DiFonzo. (2004). Predators suppress Aphis glycines Mat- Barbosa, P. (1998). Conservation biological control,396 sumura population growth in soybean. Environ- p.. Academic Press, San Diego, California. Colley, mental Entomology, 33:608-618. M.R., J.M. Luna. (2000). Relative attractiveness of potential beneficial insectary plants to aphi- Frank, S.D. and P.M. Shrewsbury. (2004). Effect of con- dophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). Envi- servation strips on the abundance and distribution ronmental Entomology, 29:1054-1059. of natural enemies and predation of Agrotisipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on golf course fair ways. Corbett, A. and J.A. Rosenheim. (1996). Impact of a nat- Environmental Entomology, 33:1662-1672. ural enemy overwintering refuge and its interaction with the surrounding landscape. Ecological Ento- Gardiner, M.M. and D.A. Landis. (2007). Impact of in- mology, 21:155-164. traguild predation by adult Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Aphis glycines Costamagna, A.C. and D.A. Landis. (2006). Predators (Hemiptera: Aphididae) biological control in cage exert top-down control of soybean aphid across a studies. Biological Control, 40:386-395. gradient of agricultural management systems. Eco- logical Applications, 16:1619-1628. Gurr, G.M., H.F. van Emden and S.D. Wratten. (1998). Costamagna, A. C., D.A. Landis and C.D. DiFonzo. Habitat manipulation and natural enemy efficiency: (2007). Suppression of A. glycines by generalist implications for the control of pests. In: Conserva- predators results in a trophic cascade in soybean. tion Biological Control (ed.) P. Barbosa, pp. Ecological Applications, (in press). 155-183. Academic Press, San Diego. Croft, B. A. (1990). Arthropod Biological Control Agents Harmon, J. P., A.R. Ives, J.E. Losey, A.C. Olson and K.S. and Pesticides, John Wile & Sons, New York. Rauwald. (2000). Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predation on pea DeBach, P. and D. Rosen. (1991). Biological Control by aphids promoted by proximity to dandelions. Oe- Natural Enemies, Cambridge University Press, cologia, 125:543-548. Cambridge. Hickman, J.M. and S.D. Wratten. (1996). Use of Desneux, N., R.J. O'Neil and H.J.S. Yoo. (2006). Sup- Phacelia tanacetifolia strips to enhance biologica pression of population growth of the soybean control of aphids by hoverfly larvae in cereal fields. aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, by predators: Journal of Economic Entomology, 89:832-840. The identification of a key preda-tor and the effects of prey dispersion, predator abundance, and tem- Hossain, Z., G.M. Gurr, S.D. Wratten and A. Raman. perature. Environmental Entomology, 35:1342- (2002). Habitat manipulation in lucerne Medicago 1349. sativa: arthropod population dynamics in harvested and 'refuge' crop strips.Journal of Applied Ecology, Dyer, L. E. and D.A. Landis. (1996). Effects of habitat, 39:445-454. temperature, and sugar availability on longevity of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera: Ichneu- Hunter, M.D. (2002). Landscape structure, habitat frag- monidae). Environmental Entomology, 25:1192- mentation, and the ecology of insects. Agricultural 1201. and Forest Entomology, 4:159-166. Ehler, L. E. (1998). Conservation biological control: Past, Johnson, M.W. and B.E. Tabashnik. (1999). Enhanced present, and future. In: Conservation Biological control through pesticide selectivity. In: Handbook Control (ed.) P. Barbosa, pp. 1-8. Academic Press, of Biological Control (eds.) T.S.J. Bellows and T.W. San Diego. Fisher), pp. 297-317. Academic Press, San Diego. Elliott, N. C., R.W. Kieckhefer, G.J. Michels and K.L. Giles. (2002). Predator abundance in alfalfa fields inrelation to aphids, within-field vegetation, and landscape matrix. Environmental Entomology, 31: 253-260. Eubanks, M.D. and R.F. Denno. (1999). The ecological consequences of variation in plants and prey for an omnivorous insect. Ecology, 80: 1253-1266. Fiedler, A.K. and D.A. Landis. (2007a). At- tractiveness of Michigan Native Plants to Arthropod Natural Enemies and Herbivores. Environmental Entomology,Accepted. Fiedler, A.K. and D.A. Landis. (2007b). Plant characteristics associated with natural enemy attractiveness to Michigan native plants. Environmental Entomol- ogy,Accepted.

87 Landis, D.A. and W. Van der Werf. (1997). Early-sea- Ruberson, J.R., H. Nemoto and Y. Hirose. (1998). Pes- son predation impacts the establishment of aphids ticides and conservation of natural enemies in pest and spread of beet yellows virus in sugar beet. En- management. Conservation Biological Control tomophaga, 42:499-516. (ed.). P. Barbosa, pp. 207-220. Academic Press, San Diego. Landis, D.A., S.D. Wratten and G.M. Gurr. (2000). Habi- tat management to conserve natural enemies of Schmidt, M.H. and T. Tscharntke. (2005). Landscape arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review context of sheetweb spider(Araneae: Linyphiidae) of Entomology, 45:175-201. abundance in cereal fields. Journal of Biogeog- raphy, 32: 467-473. Lee, J.C. andG.E. Heimpel. (2005). Impact of flowering buckwheat on Lepidopteran cabbage pests Sih, A., G. Englund and D. Wooster. (1998). Emergent and their parasitoids at two spatial scales. Biolog- impacts of multiple predators on prey. Trends in ical Control, 34:290-301. Ecology & Evolution, 13: 350-355.

Lee, J.C., F.B. Menalled and D.A. Landis. (2001). Snyder, W.E.and D.H. Wise. (1999). Predator inter- Refuge habitats modify impact of insecticide dis- ference and the establishment of generalist pred- turbance on carabid beetle communities. Journal ator populations for biocontrol. Biological Control, of Applied Ecology, 38:472-483. 15:283-292. Marino, P.C. and D.A. Landis. (1996). Effect of land- Stark, J.D. and J.E. Banks. (2003). Population-level scape structure on parasitoid diversity and para- effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthro- sitism in agroecosystems. Ecological Applications, pods. Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 505-519. 6: 276-284. Symondson, W.O.C., K.D. Sunderland, M.H. Green Menalled, F.D., A.C. Costamagna, P.C. Marino and D.A. stone. (2002). Can generalist predators be effec- Landis. (2003). Temporal variation in the response tive biocontrol agents? Annual Review of Ento- of parasitoids to agricultural landscape structure. mology, 47: 561594. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 96: 29- 35. Thies, C., I. Steffan-Dewenter and T. Tscharntke. (2003). Effects of landscape context on herbivory Menalled, F.D., P.C. Marino, S.H. Gage and D.A. Lan- and parasitism at different spatial scales. Oikos, dis. (1999). Does agricultural landscape structure 101, p. 18-25. affect parasitism and parasitoid diversity? Eco- logical Applications, 9:634-641. Thies, C. and T. Tscharntke. (1999). Landscape structure and biological control in agroecosystems. Ostman, O. (2002). Distribution of bird cherry-oat Science, 285: 893-895. aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi (L) in relation to land scape and farming practices. Agriculture Tscharntke, T., A.M. Klein, A. Kruess, I. Steffan-Dewen Ecosystems & Environment, 93: 67-71. ter and C. Thies. (2005). Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity— Pickett, C.H., W. Roltsch, and A. Corbett. (2004). The ecosystem service management. Ecology Letters, role of a rubidium marked natural enemy refuge in 8: 857-874. the establishment and movement of Bemisia parasitoids. International Journal of Pest Manage- Weiser, L.A., J.J. Obrycki and K.L. Giles. (2003). ment, 50: 183-191. Within field manipulation of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and insect predator Pontin, D.R., M.R. Wade, P. Kehrli and S.D. Wratten. populations using an uncut alfalfa strip. Journal of (2006). Attractiveness of single and multiple Economic Entomology, 96: 1184-1192. species flower patches to beneficial insects in agroecosystems. Annals of Applied Biology, Wilkinson, T.K. and D.A. Landis (2005). Habitat di- 148:39-47. versification in biological control: the role of plant resources. In: Plant-provided food for carnivorous Prasad, R.P. and W.E. Snyder. (2006). Polyphagy insects (eds.) F.L.Wackers P.C.J. van Rijnand J. complicates conservation biological control that Bruin), pp. 305-325. Cambridge University Press, targets generalist predators. Journal of Applied Cambridge, UK; New York. Ecology, 43:343-352. With, K.A.and A.W. King. (1999). Extinction thresh- Rebek, E.J., C.S. Sadof and L.M. Hanks. (2005). Ma- olds for species in fractal landscapes, Conserva- nipulating the abundance of natural enemies in tion Biology, 13: 314-326. ornamental landscapes with floral resource plants. Biological Control, 33:203-216. Witmer, J.E., J.A. Hough-Goldstein and J.D. Pesek. (2003). Ground-dwelling and foliararthropods in Roland, J. and D.G. Embree. (1995). Biological control four cropping systems, Environmental Entomology, of the winter moth. Annual Review of entomology, 32:366-376. 40:475-492.

88 Connecting IPM Research with Extension —Walter Pett Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA

Agricultural Research the “Smith LeverAct” was enacted establishing and Funding the Cooperative Extension Service. These three acts set the framework for the Land The U.S. agricultural system is Grant University Systems leading to our organized at Federal, State, University, present day mission of Research, Teaching, Private, and Commodity Group levels. The and Extension. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a federal agency that funds research Michigan State University projects of national or regional relevance. Michigan State University is recognized The USDA also plays a regulatory role at as the premier land grant public university. the national level. All 50 states have It was founded in East Lansing, Michigan agencies similar to the federal USDA. in 1885 (Fig 1). The College of Agriculture These agencies fund research projects and Natural Resources (CANR) was the that have relevance to individual state’s first college of the university meeting the needs. They also are responsible for and role of the land grant mission. Today there enforce state regulations. In Michigan, this are 17 degree-granting colleges offering agency is titled the Michigan Department studies from fine arts to human medicine. of Agriculture (MDA). Each state has at The College of Agriculture and Natural least one Land-Grant University that is Resources is the lead college for 14 dedicated to agricultural development. In departments including Animal Science, Michigan, Michigan State University is the Crop and Soil Science, Entomology, university charged with the mission to meet Forestry, Horticulture, Plant Pathology, and the agricultural needs of the state. The eight additional departments. Faculty private sector funds agricultural research members of these departments have split projects related to their own interests. appointments where their time is divided Examples would include insecticide, between research, teaching, and herbicide, and fungicide trials, as well as extension. This arrangement allows for a other projects. Commodity groups fund means of disseminating information research projects that meet their specific obtained from research to the agriculture needs. Monies for these projects are community through the extension system. usually obtained by adding a tariff, collected by the commodity group, to the MSU Extension amount of the commodity produced. The mission of MSU Extension is: “Helping people improve their lives Background on the U.S. through an educational process that Land-Grant University System applies knowledge to critical needs, and Extension issues, and opportunities”. MSU extension has a statewide presence. There are 83 The U.S. Congress passed the “Morrill counties in Michigan and each county has Act” in 1862. This act established the Land an Extension Educator. These educators Grant University System whereby lands are funded by the county and MSU. To were set aside for the development of understand the agricultural needs of the institutes of higher education to promote state, Area of Expertise Teams meet agricultural education. The “Hatch Act” periodically to discuss such issues. These (1887) created the Agricultural Experiment teams include faculty members from the Station and this act established a method university, county extension educators, of using federal monies to fund agricultural people from the private sector, and research at the university level. In 1914, commodity group personnel. 89 There are 29 Area of Expertise Teams (Table 1) examining issues related to topics ranging from the beef industry to water quality.

Figure 1. Map of the U.S. and the State of Michigan.

Table 1. Area of Expertise Teams

Beef Food safety Youth development Christmas tree Forage/pastures/grazing Land use Community development Forestry Leadership Dairy Fruit Manure Economic development Fisheries and wildlife Ornamentals Equine Human development Pork Family resource mang. Tourism Poultry Farm management Vegetables Sheep Field crops Volunteerism State and local gov. Food nutrition and health Water quality

Information Dissemination

Information from research is farms, and conduct field days where they disseminated by various methods. The interact with the agriculture community. world-wide-web is a useful tool for Winter conferences are also a means of providing information in real time. Weekly providing information to growers. At these newsletters pertaining to current issues conferences researchers from in state as are published on-line as well as mailed to well as from neighboring states present subscribers. Faculty members, as well as findings from their research efforts. extension educators, write articles for The Land Grant University system links trade journals and visit farm sites where research and extension by combining the problems exist. Researchers and Agricultural Experiment Station, the educators from Area of Expertise Teams Cooperative Extension System, and have demonstration plots on growers’ campus and field staff to disseminate fields, or at one or more of the university information to the agricultural community.

90 PART SIX: Program for Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forum

Integrated Pest Management Stakeholders Forum for Central Asia Region Dushanbe, Tajikistan May 27-29, 2007 Organized by: Institute of International Agriculture, Michigan State University and: USAID Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) in collaboration with:

• Plant Protection and Quarantine Research Institute of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science • Institute of zoology and parasitology Academy of Science of Tajikistan • ICARDA/PFU-CGIAR • Oxfam • University of California-Davis, U.S.A.

91 Program for Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forum May 27 - 29, 2007, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Forum Venue: Kokhi Vakhdat, Rudaki Ave. 105, floor 3, and conference hall 123, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Sunday, May 27

Chairperson: Dr. Nurali Saidov

8:30 a.m.: Registration 9:00 a.m.: Welcoming Remarks Dr. Tolib Nabiev - President of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science. 9:10 a.m.: Opening Remarks Dr. Robert Hedlund, USAID/EGAT/NRM 9:20 am: Introduction of Participants

Session I: Central Asia Region IPM Crsp Program Chairperson: Dr. George Bird

9:30 a.m. Overview of the IPM CRSP Program Dr. Karim Maredia and Dr. Dieudonne Baributsa 9:45 a.m. Landscape Ecology and Biological Control Dr. Nurali Saidov and Dr. Doug Landis 10:15 a.m. Coffee/Tea Break 10:45 a.m. Enhancing the Efficiency and Product Lines of Biolaboratories in Central Asia Dr. Barno Tashpulatova and Dr. Frank Zalom 11:15 a.m. Strengthening IPM Outreach/ Education in the Central Asia Region Dr. Murat Aitmatov, Dr. George Bird and Dr. Walter Pett 11:45 a.m. Open Discussion 12:00 noon Lunch

92 Session Ii : Linking Central Asia Region With International IPM Programs Chairperson: Dr. Sagitov Urazovich

1:00 p.m. IPM of Sunn Pest: Current Status and Future Plans Dr. Mustapha El Bohssini, ICARDA Syria 1:20 p.m. Applications of Information Technology and Databases in IPM Dr. Yulu Xia and Dr. Ron Stinner, IPM-CRSP, North Carolina State University 1:40 p.m. Integrated Management of Thrips-borne Tospovirus Diseases in Vegetables Crops Dr. Naidu A. Rayapati, IPM-CRSP, Washington St. University 2:00 p.m. OXFAM Tajikistan Mr. Christophe Viltard and Mr. Peter Pichler 2:30 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break

Session Iii: Country Presentations Of IPM Programs Chairperson: Dr. Murat Aitmatov

3:00 p.m. IPM Programs in Tajikistan Dr. Abdusattor Saidov, Institute of Zoology and Parasitology 3:20 p.m. Current State and the prospect for IPM in Tajikistan Dr. Anvar Jalilov, Vice Director of IPPQ 3:40 p.m. IPM Programs in Kazakhstan Dr. Sagitov Abai Urazovich, Director of Institute of Plant Protection 4:00 p.m. IPM Programs in Kyrgyzstan Dr. Tumanov Janubai Tumanovich— Director of Central Biolaboratory 4:20 p.m. IPM Programs in Kyrgyzstan—ATC Perspective Ms. Gulnaz Kaseeva- Advisory Training Center 4:40 p.m. Virus Diseases of Plants in Uzbekistan Dr. Kadirova Zarifa—Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology 5:00 p.m. General Discussion 5:30 p.m. Adjourn 7:00 p.m. Networking Dinner at Hotel Avesto or at Tea house “Rohat” 93 Monday, May 28

Special Workshops

Chairperson: Dr. Barno Tashpulatova

8:30 a.m. Landscape Ecology and Sustainable Agriculture Dr. Doug Landis 10:00 a.m. Coffee/Tea Break 10:30 a.m. Soil Quality Renovation and Maintenance Strategies Dr. George Bird 12:00 noon Lunch

Chairperson: Ms. Gulnaz Kaseeva

1:30 pm. Enhancing Beneficial Insects with Flowering Plants Dr. Doug Landis, MSU and Dr. Nurali Saidov 2:30 p.m. Coffee/Tea Break 3:00 p.m. Plant Parasitic Nematode Management Practices Dr. George Bird 4:00 p.m. Connecting IPM Research with Extension Dr. Walter Pett

Tuesday, May 29

Field Trips

N Visit to a Research site with Native plants at the Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of Tajik Academy of Sciences.

N Visit to Farmer Field School (FFS) site in the Plant Protection and Quarantine Research Institute of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS).

N Visit to a local vegetables farm in Tursunzoda district.

94 List of Participants

Central Asia Region IPM Stakeholders Forum May 27-29, 2007 Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Tajikistan

Dr. Tolib Nabiyev, President Dr. Voris Madaminov Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences Head of Department of Plant Quarantine 44, Rudaki pr. Dushanbe, Tajikistan Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Tel.: +992 372 217004, 213757 735004, Shark str., Dushanbe, Tajikistan Fax: +992372 215794/510037213757 Tel.: (992 372) 240416; 249045 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Anvar Jalilov Dr. Khurshed Karimov Vice Director Vice President Plant Protection and Quarantine Institute Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science 17, Giprozem, Dushanbe, Tajikistan Aini str. 299/2 Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tel: (992 372) 998811822 Tel.: +992 372 258083, 213763 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Abdusattor Saidov Dr. K. Kaharov Director Institute of Plant Protection&Quarantine Institute Zoology and Parasitology 17, Giprozem, Dushanbe, Tajikistan 734025, P.O Box 70, Dushanbe, Tel: +992 372 998811822 Tajikistan Mobile: (992-37) 445-04-0464 Tel: (992-372) 4453031 Email: [email protected] Mobile: (992-918) 666893 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Ahmadov Khukmatullo Main Scientific Secretary Dr. Salokhudin Mukhidinov Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science Head of Department of Sericulture 44, Rudaki pr. Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tajik Agricultural University Tel: +992 372 217004, 213757 734063, Giprozem str. 1, Apart 1. Fax: +992372 215794/510037 213757 Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tel: (992-372) 310773 Dr. Mustafoqulov U., Director Mr. Osimov Shavkat Institute of Plant Protection&Quarantine Head of Department of Plant Protection 17, Giprozem, Dushanbe, Tajikistan of Sogd region Tel: +992 372 998811822 Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Mobile: (992-918) 649884 4, Gafurov str., Dushanbe, Tajikistan E-mail: [email protected] Mobile: (992-372) 962001948

Mr. Murodov Usuf Mr. Khasanov Mukhtor Head of Department of Plant protection Head of Department of Plant Protection and Agrochemicals of Khatlon Region Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) 74/1, Apart 54, Somoni av. Bohtar district, Farm S.Safarov Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tajikistan Tel.: (992 372) 337127 Tel: (992-919) 062893 95 Mr. Mamadrizohonov Kushvar Mr. Erov Ahmad Head of Department of Plant Protection Head Department of cereals cultural, of Gornobadakhshan Autonomy Oblast Hatlon Branch of Ziroatkor, Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science 4, Aini str., Horog Tajikistan Tajikistan Tel: 233-71-27 Dr. Muminov N.N. Head of Department of Invertebrate Mr. Davlatov Sirojidin Animal Systematic Head of Department of Plant Protection Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of Rasht region 734025, P.O Box 70, Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Dushanbe, Tajikistan Tajikabad District, farm Kizikchi Tel: (992-372) 4453031 Tajikistan Mr. Vokhid Nazirov Mr. Kholmatov Saidali Institute of Zoology and Parasitology Head of Department of Plant Protection 734025, P.Box 70, Dushanbe, of Tursunzjda District Tajikistan Ministry of Agriculture (MA&NPT) Tel: (992-372) 4453031 88, Lomonosov av.,Apart 49 Tajikistan Mr. Dilshod Hotamov Institute of Plant Protection & Quarantine Dr. Muhamadi Tashpulatov 17, Giprozem, Dushanbe, Head Department of Plant protection Tajikistan Tajik Agricultural University Email:[email protected] 734017, 144, Rudaki av., Dushanbe, Phone: (99291)-9194406 Tajikistan Kazakhstan Dr. Taigunsho Bulbulshoev Director the Pamirs Research Station Dr. Sagitov Abai Urazovich Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science Director 700001, Khorog, Lenin av., 15 Plant Protection Institute Tajikistan Ministry of Agriculture Tel: (992-352-20) 60-21 Almata, Kazakhstan E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 73272 295609 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Rizoeva Zebo Director Sugd Branch of Ziroatkor Kyrgyzstan Tajik Academy of Agricultural Science Khojent, Lenin av., 127 Mr. Tumanov Janibai Tumanovich Tajikistan Director Mobile: (992-927) 700350 Central Biolaboratory Ministry of Agriculture Mr. Azam Ibodoe Juiski region Sokulukski District, Assist of Reg Director. Kyrgyzstan Coordinator of DWHH Tel: +996 (0) 312 624268; 624269 32 Pavlojastvet, Dushanbe Mobile: +996 0502 550671 Tel: (992 372) 24-2454 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

96 Turkmenistan Dr. George Bird Department of Entomology Dr. Geldiev Meridgeldi 38A Natural Science Building Head of Department of Plant Protection Michigan State University Ministry of Agriculture East Lansing, MI 48824, USA 744020, 2060 (30) Str. Ashgabat, Phone: (517) 353-3890 Turkmenistan Email: [email protected] Tel.: (993-12) 351393 Dr. Walter Pett Uzbekistan 439 Natural Science Building Department of Entomology Dr. Sagdullaev A. Umarovich, Director Michigan State University Plant Protection Institute East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA Ministry of Agriculture and Water Industry Phone: (517) 4323-0900 UzNIIZR-140, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Email: [email protected] Tel: (998 712) 637520 Dr. Douglas Landis Fax: (998 712) 636894 Department of Entomology Mobile: (998-9897) 7021766 Michigan State University E-mail: [email protected] 204 CIPS, MSU, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA Dr. Kadirova Zarifa Tel: 517-353-1829/ Inst. of Genetics and Plant Exper. Biology Fax: 517-353-5598 Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected] Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Dieudonne Baributsa Phone: (998712)-647655 Program Assistant, IPM CRSP Project Fax: (998712)-2642230 Institute of International Agriculture 332 Natural Science Building USA Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Dr. Robert Hedlund Tel: 517-432-5525 IPM and Natural Resources Management Fax: 517-353-1888 USAID/EGAT/NRM E-mail: [email protected] Rm. 2.11-91, Ronald Reagan Building 1300 Pennsylvania Ave. NW Dr. Ron Stinner Washington, D.C. 20523-2110 Director, NSF Center for IPM Tel: (202) 712-4188 North Carolina State University Fax: (202) 216-3010 1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 110 E-mail: [email protected] Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A. Tel: 919-513-8178, Fax: 919-513-1114 Dr. Karim Maredia E-mail: [email protected] Director of IPM CRSP Project Institute of International Agriculture Dr.Yulu Xia, Assistant Director 416 Plant & Soil Sciences Building International Programs, NSF Center for Michigan State University IPM East Lansing, MI 48824, USA North Carolina State University Tel: 517-353-5262 1730 Varsity Dr. Suite 110 Fax: 517-432-1982 Raleigh, NC 27606, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 919-513-8187, Fax: 919-513-1114 E-mail: [email protected]

97 Dr. Naidu A.Rayapati Dr. Murat Aitmatov Department of Plant Pathology Education Fellow IPM CRSP Program Irrigated Agriculture Research & ICARDA-CAC Experiment Station P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Washington State University Tashkent 700000, UZBEKISTAN Prosser, WA 99350, U.S.A. Tel: 998 71 137 2130 137 2169 Phone: 509-786-9215 Fax: 998 71 120 7125 Fax: 509-786-9370 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] NGOs and Farmers ICARDA-PFU Ms. Petra Geraedts Dr. Surendra Beniwal International Advisor Head ICARDA PFU-CGIAR Helvetas Advisory Training Center P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., 43/1, Grajdanskaya st. 720022, Bishkek, Tashkent 700000, UZBEKISTAN Kyrgyzstan Tel: 998 71 137 2130 137 2169 Tel: 996 (0) 312 682027; 682021 Fax : 996 (0) 312 682027 Dr. Mustafa EL Bouhssini Mobile: 0517 774524 Senior Entomologist E-mail: [email protected] ICARDA-HQ P.O. Box 5466, Tel Hadya, Ms. Gulnaz Kaseeva Aleppo, SYRIA IPM Coordinator – ATC-RAS Tel: (963 21) 221 3433/ 43/1, Grajdanskaya st. 720022, Bishkek, 2225012/2225112 Kyrgyzstan Fax: 963 21 221 3490 Tel: 996 (0) 312 682027; 682021 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Nurali Saidov Mr. Gaffor Tolibzoda IPM CRSP Program Team Leader for Training Coordinator Central Asia Region, ICARDA-CAC Tacis/SITAF, Kulob P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., Kyrgyzstan Tashkent 700000, UZBEKISTAN E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 998 71 137 2130 137 2169 Fax: 998 71 120 7125 Mr. Peter Pichler E-mail: [email protected] Country Program Manager Oxfam GB – Tajikistan Dr. Barno Tashpulatova 53, Ibn Sino Street Research Fellow IPM CRSP Program P.O.Box 183 Dushanbe, 734025 ICARDA-CAC Kyrgyzstan P.O. Box 4564, 6 Murtazaev Str., TEL: 992 372 24 53 53 / 21 22 42 ext 103 Tashkent 700000, FAX: 992 372 24 76 42 UZBEKISTAN Mobile 992 907 716 212 Tel: 998 71 137 2130 137 2169 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 998 71 120 7125 E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Steven A. Zyck Country Director ACTED 15, Rajabov Street, Dushanbe, Kyrgyzstan E-mail: [email protected] 98 Dr. Negmatullo Safarov National Coordinator Convention of Biodiversity Tajikistan

Mr. Christophe Viltard Coordinator Food Security and Livelihood program Oxfam GB Tajikistan, Kulyab P.O.Box 183 Dushanbe, 734025 Kyrgyzstan Cell Phone: +992 918 98 56 17 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Uwe Scholz International advisor Agricultural Extension Training Center (TES) Osh, Kyrgyzstan E-mail: [email protected]