DOCSLIB.ORG

Libya in the Arab Spring, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58772-5 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Libya in the Arab Spring, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58772-5 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Aghayev, Elvin (2013), “Analysis and Background of the ‘Arab Spring’ in Libya”, European Researcher, Vol. 39, No. 1–2, pp.193–198. Agov, Assen (2012), “The Arab Spring: Implications for Euro-Atlantic Security”, NATO Parliamentary Assembly General Report, No: 151 PC 12 E rev. 1. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2005), Forgotten Voices: Power and Agency in Colonial and Postcolonial Libya, New York, Routledge. Al Subaihi, Thamer (2015), “Spaniard Takes on Top Role at Emirates Diplomatic Academy”, The National, 4 November 2015, http://www.thenational.ae/ uae/government/spaniard-takes-on-top-role-at-emirates-diplomatic-academy. Al-Warfalli, Ayman and Tulay Karadeniz (2015), “UPDATE 3-Libyan Military Shells Turkish Cargo Ship, Crew Member Killed”, Reuters, 11 May 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/11/libya-security-turkey- idUSL5N0Y21C620150511. Amnesty International (2012), Militias Threaten Hopes For A New Libya, London, Amnesty International Publications. Amnesty International (2011), The Battle for Libya: Killings, Disappearances and Torture, London, Amnesty International Publications. Anderson, Lisa (2011), “Demystifying the Arab Spring: Parsing the Differences Between Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp.2–7. Anderson, Lisa (1987), The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press. Arseneault, Michel (2015), “Libya: Tobruk-Based Libya Government Calls for Airstrikes on Is- Held City”, Radio France Internationale, 17 August 2015, http://allafrica.com/stories/201508180749.html. Ashour, Omar (2014), “Security Sector Reform and the Arab Spring”, SETA Perspective, No. 16, Ankara, SETA Publications. © The Author(s) 2017 69 R. Erdağ, Libya in the Arab Spring, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58772-5 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayoob, Mohammed (1995), The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner. Ayoob, Mohammed (1986), “Regional Security and the Third World”,in Mohammed Ayoob (ed.) Regional Security in the Third World: Case Studies from Southeast Asia and the Middle East, London, Croom Helm, pp.3–32. Balcı, Ali (2013), Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar [Tueky’s Foreing Policy: Principles, Actors and Practices], İstanbul, Etkileşim Yayınları. Barnett, Michael N. (1996–1997), “Regional Security After the Gulf War”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 111, No. 4, pp.597–618. Bartu, Peter (2014), Libya’s Political Transition: The Challenges of Mediation, New York, International Peace Institute, December. Baştürk, Levent (2015), “Türk Gemisine Saldırı: Libya’da Balans Ayarı [The Attack on the Turkish Ship: Balancing in Libya]”, Al Jazeera, 1 June 2015, http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/gorus/turk-gemisine-saldiri-libyada-balans- ayari-0. Baştürk, Levent (2014a), “Khalifa Haftar: A Portrait of a Coup General”, World Bulletin, 27 May 2014, http://www.worldbulletin.net/news/136816/kha lifa-haftar-a-portrait-of-a-coup-general Baştürk, Levent (2014b), “Libya’da “Devrim’in 3. Yıldönümü ve Kerry’nin Mesajı [The Third Anniversary of Libyan Revolution and Kerry’s Message]”, World Bulletin, 18 February 2004, http://www.dunyabulteni.net/ortadogu/ 290011/libyada-devrimin-3-yildonumu-ve-kerrynin-mesaji Baştürk, Levent (2013), “Libya’da Darbe mi Oldu? [A Coup in Libya?]”, World Bulletin, 12 October 2013, http://www.dunyabulteni.net/haber/277261/ libyada-darbe-mi-oldu-levent-basturk Bellamy, Alex J. (2011), “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm”, Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp.1–7. Bellamy, Alex J. and Paul D. Williams (2011), “The New Politics of Protection? Cote d’Ivoire, Libya, and the Responsibility to Protect”, International Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 7, pp.825–850. Bensahel, Nora and Daniel L. Byman (eds.) (2004), The Future Security Environment in the Middle East: Conflict, Stability, and Political Change, Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation. Bhardwaj, Maya (2012), “Development of Conflict in Arab Spring Libya and Syria: From Revaluation to Civil War”, Washington University International Review, Vol. 1, pp.76–96. Bilgin, Pınar (2005), Regional Security in the Middle East: A Critical Perspective, London, Routledge. Bilgin, Pınar (2004), “Whose Middle East? Geopolitical Inventions and Practices of Security”, International Relations, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.17–33. Binder, Leonard (1958), “The Middle East as a Subordinate International System”, World Politics, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.408–429. BIBLIOGRAPHY 71 Blake, G. H. (1992), “International Boundaries and Territorial Stability in the Middle East: An Assessment”, GeoJournal, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.365–373. Bölme, Selin M., Ufuk Ulutaş, Taha Özhan and Müjge Küçükkeleş (2011a), İsyan, Müdahale ve Sonrası:Libya’da Dönüşümün Sancıları [Uprising, Intervention and Beyond: Transformation Pains in Libya],Ankara,SETA Report, No.5. Bosalum, Feras and Ahmed Elumami (2015), “Libya Parties Agree to More Talks; Two Factions Call Ceasefire”, Reuters, 16 January 2015, http://www.reuters. com/article/2015/01/16/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0KP0VL20150116 Boyle, Francis A. (2013), Destroying Libya and World Order: The Three Decade U.S. Campaign to Terminate The Qaddafi Revolution, Atlanta, Clarity Press. Brecher, Michael (1969), “The Middle East Subordinate System and Its Impact on Israel’s Foreign Policy”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.117–139. Bull, Hedley (1977), The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, London, Macmillan. Busch, Nathan E. and Joseph F. Pilat (2013), “Disarming Libya? A Reassessment after the Arab Spring”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp.451–475. Buzan, Barry (1991), People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the post-Cold War Era, 2nd Edition, Colorado, Lynee Rienner Publishers. Buzan, Barry, (1983), “Regional Security as a Policy Objective: The Case of South and Southwest Asia”, in Alvin Z. Rubinstein (ed.) The Great Game: Rivalry in the Persian Gulf and South Asia, New York, Praeger, chapter 10. Buzan, Barry and Ole Wæver (2003), Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap deWilde (1998), Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner. Campbell, Horace (2013), Global NATO and the Catastrophic Failure in Libya, New York, Monthly Review Press. Campbell, Horace G. (2012), NATO’s Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa, Pretoria, Africa Institute of South Africa. Chesterman, Simon (2011), “‘Leading from Behind’: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya”, Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp.279–285. Chivvis, Christopher S. (2014), Toppling Qaddafi: Libya and the Limits of Liberal Intervention, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Chivvis, Christopher S. (2012), “Libya and the Future of Liberal Intervention”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp.69–92. Chivvis, Christopher S. and Jeffrey Martini (2014), Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future, RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/con tent/dam/rand/pubs/researchreports/RR500/RR577/RAND_RR577.pdf 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY Chorin, Ethan (2012), Exit the Colonel: The Hidden History of the Libyan Revolution, New York, Public Affairs. Cordesman, Anthony H. (2011), Rethinking the Arab “Spring” Stability and Security in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and the Rest of the MENA Region, Washington, DC, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Coşkun, Bezen Balamir (2008), “Regionalism and Securitization: The Case of Middle East”, in Harders-Legrenzi (ed.) Beyond Regionalism?, Aldershot, Ashgate. Cousins, Michel (2015), “Turkey Tells Congress to Join Dialogue Talks”, Libya Herald, 18 January 2015, https://www.libyaherald.com/2015/01/18/tur key-tells-congress-to-join-dialogue-talks/. Cruickshank, Paul, Nic Robertson, Tim Lister and Jomana Karadsheh (2014), “ISIS Comes to Libya”, CNN, 18 November 2014, http://www.bbc.com/ news/world-africa-13755445 Danahar, Paul (2013), The New Middle East: The World After The Arab Spring, New York, Bloomsbury Press. Daragahi, Borzou (2014), “Libya Chaos Deepens as Militias Line up with Rival Army Leaders”, Financial Times, 19 May 2014, http://www.ft.com/intl/ cms/s/0/d2eaa524-df54-11e3-86a4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3pguYN37D Daragahi, Borzou (2013), “Libya’s Parliament Bans Gaddafi-era Officials from Government”, Financial Times, 5 May 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/ s/0/516b831a-b5a2-11e2-850d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3pguYN37D “Dawn of Libya Forces Impose Control on Tripoli”, Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East, 25 August 2014, http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/ 2014/08/libya-tripoli-control-hifter-tribal-forces.html# “Disputed Libyan PM Quits after Court Ruling”, BBC News, 9 June 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27760288 Eljarh, Mohamed (2015a), “Continued Obstacles to a Deal in Libya”, Atlantic Council, 26 October 2015, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/mena source/continued-obstacles-to-a-deal-in-libya Eljarh, Mohamed (2015b), “What if Libya’s Political Dialogue Fails?”, Atlantic Council, 2 October 2015, http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/en/blogs/mena source/what-if-libya-s-political-dialogue-fails Eljarh, Mohamed (2014), “Libya’s Islamists Go for Broke”, Foreign Policy, 22 July 2014, http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/22/libyas-islamists-go-for- broke/ El-Katiri, Mohammed (2012), “State-Building Challenges in a Post-Revolution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unscreportlibyanov2011eng1.Pdf
    Le Bureau du Procureur The Office of the Prosecutor SECOND REPORT OF THE PROSECUTOR OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT TO THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL PURSUANT TO UNSCR 1970 (2011) INTRODUCTION 1. On 26 February 2011 the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1970 (2011), referring the situation in Libya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court and stressing “the need to hold to account those responsible for attacks, including by forces under their control, on civilians.” 2. Paragraph 7 of the Resolution invites the Prosecutor to address the Security Council within two months of the adoption of this resolution and every six months thereafter on actions taken pursuant to this resolution. The Prosecutor first briefed the United Nations Security Council on 4 May 2011. 3. This second report provides a summary of the activities of the Office of the Prosecutor undertaken to implement Resolution 1970 (2011), including: a. The request to issue arrest warrants for Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi (Muammar Gaddafi), Saif Al‐Islam Gaddafi, and Abdullah Al‐Senussi. b. Cooperation, and c. The ongoing investigation. 1. THE REQUEST FOR ARREST WARRANTS FOR MUAMMAR MOHAMMED ABU MINYAR GADDAFI (MUAMMAR GADDAFI), SAIF AL‐ISLAM GADDAFI, AND ABDULLAH AL‐SENUSSI 1.1 Notice to the United Nations Security Council 4. In its Resolution 1970, the Security Council rejected ʺunequivocally the incitement to hostility and violence against the civilian population made from the highest level of the Libyan government,ʺ and considered ʺthat the widespread and systematic attacks currently taking place in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya against the civilian population may amount to crimes against humanity.” 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy
    Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Christopher M. Blanchard Acting Section Research Manager June 6, 2011 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33142 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Libya: Unrest and U.S. Policy Summary Over 40 years ago, Muammar al Qadhafi led a revolt against the Libyan monarchy in the name of nationalism, self-determination, and popular sovereignty. Opposition groups citing the same principles are now revolting against Qadhafi to bring an end to the authoritarian political system he has controlled in Libya for the last four decades. The Libyan government’s use of force against civilians and opposition forces seeking Qadhafi’s overthrow sparked an international outcry and led the United Nations Security Council to adopt Resolution 1973, which authorizes “all necessary measures” to protect Libyan civilians. The United States military is participating in Operation Unified Protector, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military operation to enforce the resolution. Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Jordan and other partner governments also are participating. Qadhafi and his supporters have described the uprising as a foreign and Islamist conspiracy and are attempting to outlast their opponents. Qadhafi remains defiant amid coalition air strikes and defections. His forces continue to attack opposition-held areas. Some opposition figures have formed an Interim Transitional National Council (TNC), which claims to represent all areas of the country. They seek foreign political recognition and material support. Resolution 1973 calls for an immediate cease-fire and dialogue, declares a no-fly zone in Libyan airspace, and authorizes robust enforcement measures for the arms embargo on Libya established by Resolution 1970 of February 26.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Civil War on Human Dignity: 1
    3 THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR ON HUMAN DIGNITY: 1. INTRODUCTION 89 International approaches towards domestic quarrels The Arab Spring uprisings of 2011 triggered a wide set of social movements and regime change across the Middle East and North Africa. While interconnected, the uprisings in each nation took different forms and reached varied effects. This article focuses Leticia Raymundo Tavares on the development of conflict in Syria under Bashar al-Assad in Pedro Henrique de Souza Netto order to flesh out the main roots and consequences of the Syrian Qu Cheng Civil War – currently enraging across the country – and pinpoint Vitor Eiró Storino the political, humanitarian and international outcomes of the current situation in Syria. In order to better understand the aforementioned topic, this article will give an insight elapsing through different topics. First, an analysis of the changes in the logic of security will be intro- duced, in order to elucidate why the Syrian civil war can be con- sidered an international security issue. The traditional concept of security was too limited to deal with the new post-Cold War threats to international security. In this sense, wider conceptions of international security emerged, which included new sectors other than the military security as well as a variety of non-state ac- tors. In addition, the connection between human dignity, funda- mental rights and international security has also been examined. The political and historical context of the Syrian conflict will also been explored in the article. First, through the contextualiza- tion of the civil war within the larger framework of the Arab Spring, bringing up the notion of spillover effect.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE the Arab Spring Abroad
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE The Arab Spring Abroad: Mobilization among Syrian, Libyan, and Yemeni Diasporas in the U.S. and Great Britain DISSERTATION Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Sociology by Dana M. Moss Dissertation Committee: Distinguished Professor David A. Snow, Chair Chancellor’s Professor Charles Ragin Professor Judith Stepan-Norris Professor David S. Meyer Associate Professor Yang Su 2016 © 2016 Dana M. Moss DEDICATION To my husband William Picard, an exceptional partner and a true activist; and to my wonderfully supportive and loving parents, Nancy Watts and John Moss. Thank you for everything, always. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ACRONYMS iv LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii CURRICULUM VITAE viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xiv INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: THE DYNAMICS OF DIASPORA MOVEMENT EMERGENCE CHAPTER 1: Diaspora Activism before the Arab Spring 30 CHAPTER 2: The Resurgence and Emergence of Transnational Diaspora Mobilization during the Arab Spring 70 PART II: THE ROLES OF THE DIASPORAS IN THE REVOLUTIONS 126 CHAPTER 3: The Libyan Case 132 CHAPTER 4: The Syrian Case 169 CHAPTER 5: The Yemeni Case 219 PART III: SHORT-TERM OUTCOMES OF THE ARAB SPRING CHAPTER 6: The Effects of Episodic Transnational Mobilization on Diaspora Politics 247 CHAPTER 7: Conclusion and Implications 270 REFERENCES 283 ENDNOTES 292 iii LIST OF ACRONYMS FSA Free Syria Army ISIS The Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham, or Daesh NFSL National Front for the Salvation
    [Show full text]
  • Libya's Growing Risk of Civil War | the Washington Institute
    MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2256 Libya's Growing Risk of Civil War by Andrew Engel May 20, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Andrew Engel Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, recently received his master's degree in security studies at Georgetown University and currently works as an Africa analyst. Brief Analysis Long-simmering tensions between non-Islamist and Islamist forces have boiled over into military actions centered around Benghazi and Tripoli, entrenching the country's rival alliances and bringing them ever closer to civil war. n May 16, former Libyan army general Khalifa Haftar launched "Operation Dignity of Libya" in Benghazi, O aiming to "c​ leanse the city of terrorists." The move came three months after he announced the overthrow of the government but failed to act on his proclamation. Since Friday, however, army units loyal to Haftar have actively defied armed forces chief of staff Maj. Gen. Salem al-Obeidi, who called the operation "a coup." And on Monday, sympathetic forces based in Zintan extended the operation to Tripoli. These and other developments are edging the country closer to civil war, complicating U.S. efforts to stabilize post-Qadhafi Libya.​ DIVIDING LINES I slamists and non-Islamist forces have long been contesting each other's claims to being the legitimate heart of the 2011 revolution. Islamist factions such as the Muslim Brotherhood-related Justice and Construction Party and the Loyalty to the Martyrs Bloc have dominated the General National Congress (GNC) since summer 2013, when the forcibly passed Political Isolation Law effectively barred all former Qadhafi regime members -- even those who had fought the regime -- from participating in government for ten years.
    [Show full text]
  • Brookings Doha Center - Stanford University Project on Arab Transitions
    CENTER ON DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT & THE RULE OF LAW STANFORD UNIVERSITY BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER - STANFORD UNIVERSITY PROJECT ON ARAB TRANSITIONS PAPER SERIES Number 4, March 2014 PERSONNEL CHANGE OR PERSONAL CHANGE? RETHINKING LIBYA’S POLITICAL ISOLATION LAW ROMAN DAVID AND HOUDA MZIOUDET PROGRAM ON ARAB REFORM AND DEMOCRACY, CDDRL B ROOKINGS The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organization. Its mission is to conduct high- quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its scholars. Copyright © 2014 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S.A. www.brookings.edu BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER Saha 43, Building 63, West Bay, Doha, Qatar www.brookings.edu/doha T A B LE OF C ON T EN T S I. Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1 II. Introduction ......................................................................................................................3 III. The Political Isolation Law and its Alternatives ...............................................................4 IV. Assessing the PIL and its Reconciliatory Alternatives ....................................................7 Establishment of a Trustworthy Government ..........................................................,..7
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges Facing the Libyan Government | the Washington
    MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 1883 Challenges Facing the Libyan Government by Andrew Engel Dec 19, 2011 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Andrew Engel Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, recently received his master's degree in security studies at Georgetown University and currently works as an Africa analyst. Brief Analysis In light of its experience in Iraq and Afghanistan, Washington should be able to do more to facilitate the transition in Libya. scalating militia clashes and protests are challenging the legitimacy of Libya's interim government at a crucial E period of transition from the chaos of the post-Muammar Qadhafi phase to that of statebuilding. Yet the National Transition Council (NTC) can successfully execute the last seven months of its statebuilding mandate before elections are held, as long as the government gets access to Libya's frozen assets, some of which were released last week. Foreign expertise, particularly U.S. experience, should also help. Libya's Interim Government L ibya's interim prime minister, Abdul Rahim al-Keib, has charted a bold course. Choosing neophyte candidates over those with experience, he has formed a government of technocrats drawn from across Libya, a country where east-west tension runs deep. He also resisted the urge to nominate to his cabinet powerful Islamists from the Tripoli Military Council (TMC) or the Tripoli Revolutionists Council (TRC), even though these entities had pressed hard for portfolios, particularly in the Defense and Interior ministries. For Keib, delaying the announcement of the new government paid off: The arrest of Saif al-Islam al-Qadhafi on November 19 by fighters of the Zintan Military Council enabled the prime minister to nominate the group's leader, Usama al-Juwaili -- hitherto not considered a candidate -- for minister of defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Qaeda in Libya: a Profile
    AL-QAEDA IN LIBYA: A PROFILE A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program August 2012 Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 205404840 Tel: 2027073900 Fax: 2027073920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/ 64 Years of Service to the Federal Government 1948 – 2012 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Al-Qaeda in Libya: A Profile PREFACE This report attempts to assess al-Qaeda’s presence in Libya. Al-Qaeda Senior Leadership (AQSL) and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have sought to take advantage of the Libyan Revolution to recruit militants and to reinforce their operational capabilities in an attempt to create a safe haven and possibly to extend their area of operations to Libya. Reports have indicated that AQSL is seeking to create an al-Qaeda clandestine network in Libya that could be activated in the future to destabilize the government and/or to offer logistical support to al- Qaeda’s activities in North Africa and the Sahel. AQIM has reportedly formed sleeper cells that are probably connected to an al-Qaeda underground network in Libya, likely as a way, primarily, to secure the supply of arms for its ongoing jihadist operations in Algeria and the Sahel. This report discusses how al-Qaeda and its North African affiliate are using communications media and face-to-face contacts to shift the still-evolving post-revolutionary political and social dynamic in Libya in a direction that is conducive to jihad and hateful of the West.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Libya in a New Climate: Charting a Sustainable Course for the Post-Gaddafi Era Francesco Femia and Caitlin E
    BRIEFER No. 05 | October 24, 2011 A New Libya in a New Climate: Charting a Sustainable Course for the Post-Gaddafi Era Francesco Femia and Caitlin E. Werrell There is an atmosphere of heady optimism But amidst that optimism and sense of empower- amongst the Libyan public, and there should be. ment there walk shadows of anxiety about the fu- Muammar Gaddafi, after over 40 long years in ture. Will Libya be a real democracy? Will Eastern power, has fallen. His peculiarly brutal brand of and Western Libya set aside their differences? Will government (essentially a Ceausescu-style surveil- the foundation of Libya’s constitution be secular or lance state with a neo-bedouin fashion veneer) has sharia law? Whose vision for a Libyan future will fallen with him, to join the same sands of history ascend, and will it be a broadly shared one? Will that have swept away Libyan rulers for centuries, Berber minorities have a voice in an Arab- from Roman governors to Ottoman pashas. dominated society? Will the long years of political violence die with Gaddafi? How will a new gov- Mahmoud Jibril, de facto head of the rebellion’s ernment manage the country’s natural resources – National Transitional Council (NTC) has vowed to and, perhaps, the challenges of climate change? form a caretaker government that will hold elec- tions for a constitutional assembly in eight months’ First questions first time. Then, provided that all goes according to plan, the assembly will draft a new constitution, It would be perfectly understandable if during this constructing new pillars and structures of govern- exciting, yet anxious process of charting a course ment, and addressing Libya’s unique challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghosts of the Past: the Muslim Brotherhood and Its Struggle for Legitimacy in Post‑Qaddafi Libya
    Ghosts of the Past: The Muslim Brotherhood and its Struggle for Legitimacy in post‑Qaddafi Libya Inga Kristina Trauthig ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author of this paper is Inga Kristina Trauthig. She wishes to thank Emaddedin Badi for his review and invaluable comments and feedback. The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own. CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2098 E. [email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2018 Rxxntxxgrxxtxxng ISIS Sxxppxxrtxxrs xxn Syrxx: Effxxrts, Prxxrxxtxxs xxnd Chxxllxxngxxs Table of Contents Key Terms and Acronyms 2 Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 5 2 The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya pre-2011 – Persecuted, Demonised and Dominated by Exile Structures 9 3 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Role During the 2011 Revolution and the Birth of its Political Party – Gaining a Foothold in the Country, Shrewd Political Manoeuvring and Punching above its Weight 15 4 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Quest for Legitimacy in the Libyan Political Sphere as the “True Bearer of Islam” 23 5 Conclusion 31 Notes and Bibliography 35 1 Key Terms and Acronyms Al-tajammu’-u al-watanī – Arabic for National Gathering or National Assembly GNA – Government of National Accord GNC – General National Council Hizb al-Adala wa’l-Tamiyya – JCP in Arabic HSC – High State Council Ikhwān – Arabic for
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Killed, 29 Injured in Clashes in Libya's Capital 09 November 2013 Xinhua, Zhangpeng
    2 Killed, 29 Injured in Clashes in Libya's Capital 09 November 2013 Xinhua, ZhangPeng Deadly clashes erupted in the Libyan capital of Tripoli overnight Friday between local militia and a brigade from Misrata city, leaving two people killed and 29 injured, a security officer told Xinhua. The clashes broke out in the eastern area of Suq al-Juma in Tripoli following unconfirmed reports that Nuri Friwan, the commander of the Misrata Nosoor Battalion, who was wounded during a shootout at a Tripoli's checkpoint on Tuesday, died in a hospital in Malta. There were negotiations between the elders from the cities of Misrata, Suq al-Juma and Tajoura, which aimed to put an end to the fighting, Libya Herald reported online, adding that the Misrata Military Council closed the Dafniya checkpoint to prevent any armed force from heading to Tripoli. The clashes spread across the eastern part of Tripoli. In the areas of Fashloom and Zawiyat Dahamani, the two sides shot with anti-aircraft artilleries. Meanwhile, five star hotel Redisson Blue on the west side of Tripoli came under gunfire. Local witnesses told Xinhua that a number of guests were evacuated from the upper floors and relocated in the basement. Two years after the 2011 revolution, the security is drastically deteriorating in the North African country, especially following the flash abduction of Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan in early October. Murders and kidnappings of security officers as well as political activities are registered on a daily basis, causing casualties. On Tuesday, NATO announced that an advisory team will soon be set up in Libya to assist the war-torn country to address its security issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on My Latest Visit to Tripoli, Libya 4-7 October 2013 I
    Report on my latest visit to Tripoli, Libya 4-7 October 2013 I. SUMMARY I visited Tripoli from Friday 4th October to Monday 7th October 2013, in my capacity as European Parliament Standing Rapporteur for Libya. I met with the Heads of Mission of the EU Member States, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, elements of the EU Border Assistance Mission in Libya (EUBAM), representatives of the two major parties in the General National Congress - the National Force Alliance and the Justice and Construction Party - the National Dialogue Advisor, the Chairwoman of the Human Rights Committee at the General National Congress, as well as with a number of Libyan civil society organizations and activists. Just before my trip to Libya, I met in Brussels with Mr. Nuri Khalifa Al-Abbar, the Chairman of the Libyan High National Election Commission. I met also in Tripoli with a number of trusted Libyan friends, including one from Benghazi who came expressly to brief me on the situation in the east of the country. Two years have now passed since the overthrowing of the dictator Muammar Gadhafi and his brutally oppressive regime, but the challenges to the democratic transition and stabilisation of the country have never been greater. Indeed, the political and security situation has critically deteriorated since the last time I had been in the country, in April this year. (See my report: http://www.anagomes.eu/PublicDocs/8fe01d66-2369-4d8f-ad66- 895caa1a834b.pdf) Political tensions are high, centred around poor governance delivery, dysfunctional parliamentary and political parties performance, uncertainty on the constitutional drafting process ahead and the general insecurity felt by the citizens, which got worse after the US announced, on the 5th of October, having conducted a raid in Tripoli to kidnap Anas Al Libi, a suspect of terrorism.
    [Show full text]