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I. INTRODUCTION. the Great Castl F Bothwello E E Clydeth N O ,, Takes Rank Amone Th G Foremost Secular Structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland

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I. INTRODUCTION. the Great Castl F Bothwello E E Clydeth N O ,, Takes Rank Amone Th G Foremost Secular Structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland III. THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR BOTHWELF YO L CASTLE. BY W. DOUGLAS SIMPSON, M.A., D.Lirr., F.S.A.ScoT. I. INTRODUCTION. The great Castl f Bothwello e e Clydeth n o ,, takes rank amone th g foremost secular structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland. As origin- ally designed, it dates from the period which saw the climax of defensive construction, and in the perfection of its scientific defences t presenti subjeca s highese th f o t t interes e studenth o t f mediaevat o t l warfare. Moreover s playeha t a greai d, e criticat th pard n i an tl cardinal epoch of Scottish history, and for generations thereafter it e mos th s hel y twa b dpowerfu l baronial e kingdomhousth n d ei An . lastly, in its ruined state it is itself a thing of charm, set amid quiet sylvan surroundings that contrast painfully wite pandemoniuth h f mo industrial hubbub and soot which holds sway across the river. The e greaaspecth f to t pile, wit s venerablit h d freestonre e e walld an s towers gleaming warmly ami e greedth n park around s romanticalli , y beautiful s soutit : h fron n particular—terminatei t e th y b d en e on t a d grand donjon, and at the other by the tall machicolated Douglas Tower, ane wholdth e overhangin e gloriouth g s wooded sweee th f po Clyde—has engaged the brush and pencil of distinguished artists. Even to the casual observer, the architectural history of the castle is clearly one of high complexity; nor is the difficulty attending any 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925. effort to unravel it diminished by the extreme scantiness of definite documentary evidence bearing upon the structure. It is no part of my purpos thin ei s pape o attempt r a complett e technical descriptiof o n the castle. That task will fall in due course to be performed by the Royal Commissio Anciene th n no t Monument Scotlandf so purposy M . e her rathes ei mako t r e wha I trust t wil judgee b l d with charite th s ya first systematic effort to read aright the structural history of this mighty fortress. Suc attempn ha t must proceed along scientific lines by collating the meagre historical material to hand with the evidence discoverabl e ruinth sn i e themselves, testea genera y b d l comparative consideratio e developmenth f o n f mediaevao t l military engineering during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, from which Bothwell Castle mainly or entirely dates. Elsewhere1 I have already drawn attention to the remarkable resemblance in plan that exists between Bothwell Castle and the great Castl f Kildrummo e n Aberdeenshirei y . This architectural connection is confirmed by the historical fact that Gilbert de Moravia, Bishop of Caithness from 122 o 12453foundeo t wh , d Kildrummy Castle, belonged e samth eo t distinguished family that owne e Castlth d f Bothwello e . Alik thein ei r grea thein i t sizd r an earchitectura l development, these two sister castles stand entirely apart fro e nativmth e military struc- tures of their time in Scotland. Light is cast upon the question of their provenance considerationa y b arrangemente th f o e donjonth f so s o castles tw t Kildrumm A e .th t a e donjo yth s vaulte wa n eacn o d h floor; in the centre of each vault was an " eye" for hoisting water from a well in the basement, and round the upper floor was a mural galler ye interior opeth l theso nt Al .e arrangement purele sar y French in character. At Bothwell the donjon has its circular outline broken b ya projectin g e wholbea th r spur o kd e an ,towe r stands withis nit own proper moat, isolated from the rest of the castle of which it form a parts . These characteristics alse entirelar o y French. Both sets of peculiarities were combined in the great donjon of the Chateau de Coucy, near Lao Francen ni , destroye e Germanth e laty th b de n si r (fig. Lik 1) wa .e donjo th e t Bothwella n 2 e toweth , t Couca r y stood moatn withiow ;s nlikit e donjo eth t Kildrummya n vaultes wa t n ,i do all floors, had an " eye " in the centre of each vault, and a mural gallery, e interior opeth e uppe th o t n n remarkable e rwalli , th parTh f . o t e similarity between these three widely separated castle s explainesi y db e facth t that Alexande f Scotlano . II r d married n 1239i , , Marie d e Castlee Th y om f e Kildrummy:1Se Its Place Scottishn i History Architecture.d an bese 1Th t wor referencf ko Les i e C/idteau Coucy,e d r Eugenepa Lefevre-Pontalis: Intro- duction historique de Philippe Lauer. In important details this book supersedes the well- known account of Viollet-le-Duo. ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR F BOTHWELYO L CASTLE7 16 . Coucy, daughte f Sieuo r r Enguerrand e buildeth , f Couco r y Castle. Abundant documentary evidence survives to illustrate the close and enduring political and friendly alliance between the Scottish royal family and the scarcely less regal1 house of Coucy which followed upon this marriage. There seems little room for doubt that the engineers of Bothwell and Kildrummy Castles drew inspiration from the great French prototype. These three building e accordinglar s n interestya - Fig. 1. Chateau de Coucy: view of Donjon from east. ~ ing memorial of the earliest days of that " Auld Alliance" which was so deeply to influence Scotland throughout the later Middle Ages. II. HISTORICAL DATA. In the first half of the thirteenth century the fief of Bothwell was held by the de Olifards. On the death of Walter de Olifard, Justiciar 1 " Roisuis,ne Ne prince, due, ne comte ne aussi : Je suis le sire de Coucy." 8 16 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1925H9 . of Lothian n 1242i , t ,i passed * , doubtless through marriage o Waltet , r de Moravia membea , e powerfuth f o r l northern family whic t thiha s period f Independencethroughoud o an r , Wa e th t , bulke largelo ds n yi Scottish affairs. Walter de Moravia was undoubtedly the founder of the castle, the architectural detail of whose earliest parts clearly indicates a date soon after the middle of the thirteenth century. It seems certainly to have been inhabited in 1278, as in that year Walter de Moravia dates a charter from Botheuyle.2 As might be expected from its great size and strength and central position, the castle figures prominently in the struggle for independence. After Balliol's downfall, it was held by Stephen de Brampton for Edwar 1298-n i besiege s de Scots d stormeo 9th wa I.an , y wh ,b d t i d after a tedious blockade of more than fourteen months. In his report to the English king, de Brampton tells how he defended the castle ".against the power of Scotland for a year and nine weeks, to his great d losmisfortunes companionan hi s l al s a , e scastl th die n ei d except himsel thosd wero an f ewh e wit takem hhi y faminy b b n d an e assault."3 In September 1301, however, Edward recaptured the castle in less tha na month . Particular s sieghi f e o s preserve e Englisth n di h public records show that it must have been one of the outstanding episode e wholth f eo s e armwarTh y. which Edward employed con- sisted of 6800 men, including 20 masons and 20 miners.4 Of course a fiel s thid wa sarmy e siegth , e bein n incidena g te campaign-ith n . Edwar s befor dwa e castl th e 29ty b e h August, d receivean 5 s surit d - render before 24th September. e royath n lI Wardrob e Accounte w s may still read with interest the6 expenses incurred in building a bridge 1 Chronica de Mailros, ed. J. Stevenson (Bannatyne Club), p. 155; cf. Registrum Episco- patus Glasguensis, ed. C. Innes (Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs), vol. i. p. 162. 1 Liber . MarieS Dryburgh,e d . Wed . Fraser (Bannatyne Club) . 110p , . Bain3 3 , Calendar f Documentso relating Scotland,o t vol .. 1867ii.No , . 4 Ibid., vol .. 1229ii.No , . 6 On 18th August the English army had reached Cambusnethan (Ibid., vol. ii., No. 1229). Payment e constructioth r sfo greae th f to n siege engin t Glasgoa e w commenc e 23rth d n o e (Ibid., vol. iv. p. 451). On the 29th it began its journey to Bothwell (Ibid., vol. iv. p. 452). We assumy ma e tha thiy b t s tim investmene eth castle th d bee f eha o t n formally h begun6t n O . September the army before Bothwell receive n instalmenda y (Ibid.,pa f o t vol .. 1229)ii.No , . On the 8th, Edward gave an oblation of 7s. in honour of the Virgin in his fleld-chapel before e castlth e (Ibid., . 448) p vol . .iv . On the 21st, Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, writing to the king from near Lochmaben, t hearno f Bothwels do ha 6 l Castle's surrender (Ibid., vol .. 1224)ii.No , . Nex Edwary da t s dwa still at Bothwell, as he gave an oblation to St Maurice in his fleld-chapel there (Ibid., vol.
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