I. INTRODUCTION. the Great Castl F Bothwello E E Clydeth N O ,, Takes Rank Amone Th G Foremost Secular Structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland

III. THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR BOTHWELF YO L CASTLE. BY W. DOUGLAS SIMPSON, M.A., D.Lirr., F.S.A.ScoT.

I. INTRODUCTION. The great Castl f Bothwello e e Clydeth n o ,, takes rank amone th g foremost secular structures of the Middle Ages in Scotland. As originally designed, it dates from the period which saw the climax of defensive construction, and in the perfection of its scientific defences t presenti subjeca s highese th f o t t interes e studenth o t f mediaevat o t l warfare. Moreover s playeha t a greai d, e criticat th pard n i an tl cardinal epoch of Scottish history, and for generations thereafter it e mos th s hel y twa b dpowerfu l baronial e kingdomhousth n d ei An . lastly, in its ruined state it is itself a thing of charm, set amid quiet sylvan surroundings that contrast painfully wite pandemoniuth h f mo industrial hubbub and soot which holds sway across the river. The e greaaspecth f to t pile, wit s venerablit h d freestonre e e walld an s towers gleaming warmly ami e greedth n park around s romanticalli , y beautiful s soutit : h fron n particular—terminatei t e th y b d en e on t a d grand donjon, and at the other by the tall machicolated Douglas Tower, ane wholdth e overhangin e gloriouth g s wooded sweee th f po Clyde—has engaged the brush and pencil of distinguished artists. Even to the casual observer, the architectural history of the castle is clearly one of high complexity; nor is the difficulty attending any 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925.

effort to unravel it diminished by the extreme scantiness of definite documentary evidence bearing upon the structure. It is no part of my purpos thin ei s pape o attempt r a complett e technical descriptiof o n the castle. That task will fall in due course to be performed by the Royal Commissio Anciene th n no t Monument Scotlandf so purposy M . e her rathes ei mako t r e wha I trust t wil judgee b l d with charite th s ya first systematic effort to read aright the structural history of this mighty fortress. Suc attempn ha t must proceed along scientific lines by collating the meagre historical material to hand with the evidence discoverabl e ruinth sn i e themselves, testea genera y b d l comparative consideratio e developmenth f o n f mediaevao t l military engineering during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, from which Bothwell Castle mainly or entirely dates. Elsewhere1 I have already drawn attention to the remarkable resemblance in plan that exists between Bothwell Castle and the great Castl f Kildrummo e n Aberdeenshirei y . This architectural connection is confirmed by the historical fact that Gilbert de Moravia, Bishop of Caithness from 122 o 12453foundeo t wh , d Kildrummy Castle, belonged e samth eo t distinguished family that owne e Castlth d f Bothwello e . Alik thein ei r grea thein i t sizd r an earchitectura l development, these two sister castles stand entirely apart fro e nativmth e military structures of their time in Scotland. Light is cast upon the question of their provenance considerationa y b arrangemente th f o e donjonth f so s o castles tw t Kildrumm A e .th t a e donjo yth s vaulte wa n eacn o d h floor; in the centre of each vault was an " eye" for hoisting water from a well in the basement, and round the upper floor was a mural galler ye interior opeth l theso nt Al .e arrangement purele sar y French in character. At Bothwell the donjon has its circular outline broken b ya projectin g e wholbea th r spur o kd e an ,towe r stands withis nit own proper moat, isolated from the rest of the castle of which it form a parts . These characteristics alse entirelar o y French. Both sets of peculiarities were combined in the great donjon of the Chateau de Coucy, near Lao Francen ni , destroye e Germanth e laty th b de n si

r (fig. Lik 1) wa .e donjo th e t Bothwella n 2 e toweth , t Couca r y stood moatn withiow ;s nlikit e donjo eth t Kildrummya n vaultes wa t n ,i do all floors, had an " eye " in the centre of each vault, and a mural gallery, e interior opeth e uppe th o t n n remarkable e rwalli , th parTh f . o t e similarity between these three widely separated castle s explainesi y db e facth t that Alexande f Scotlano . II r d married n 1239i , , Marie d e Castlee Th y om f e Kildrummy:1Se Its Place Scottishn i History Architecture.d an bese 1Th t wor referencf ko Les i e C/idteau Coucy,e d r Eugenepa Lefevre-Pontalis: Intro- duction historique de Philippe Lauer. In important details this book supersedes the well- known account of Viollet-le-Duo. ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR F BOTHWELYO L CASTLE7 16 .

Coucy, daughte f Sieuo r r Enguerrand e buildeth , f Couco r y Castle. Abundant documentary evidence survives to illustrate the close and enduring political and friendly alliance between the Scottish royal family and the scarcely less regal1 house of Coucy which followed upon this marriage. There seems little room for doubt that the engineers of Bothwell and Kildrummy Castles drew inspiration from the great French prototype. These three building e accordinglar s n interestya -

Fig. 1. Chateau de Coucy: view of Donjon from east. ~ ing memorial of the earliest days of that " Auld Alliance" which was so deeply to influence Scotland throughout the later Middle Ages.

II. HISTORICAL DATA. In the first half of the thirteenth century the fief of Bothwell was held by the de Olifards. On the death of Walter de Olifard, Justiciar

1 " Roisuis,ne Ne prince, due, ne comte ne aussi : Je suis le sire de Coucy." 8 16 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1925H9 .

of Lothian n 1242i , t ,i passed * , doubtless through marriage o Waltet , r de Moravia membea , e powerfuth f o r l northern family whic t thiha s period f Independencethroughoud o an r , Wa e th t , bulke largelo ds n yi Scottish affairs. Walter de Moravia was undoubtedly the founder of the castle, the architectural detail of whose earliest parts clearly indicates a date soon after the middle of the thirteenth century. It seems certainly to have been inhabited in 1278, as in that year Walter de Moravia dates a charter from Botheuyle.2 As might be expected from its great size and strength and central position, the castle figures prominently in the struggle for independence. After Balliol's downfall, it was held by Stephen de Brampton for Edwar 1298-n i besiege s de Scots d stormeo 9th wa I.an , y wh ,b d t i d after a tedious blockade of more than fourteen months. In his report to the English king, de Brampton tells how he defended the castle ".against the power of Scotland for a year and nine weeks, to his great d losmisfortunes companionan hi s l al s a , e scastl th die n ei d except himsel thosd wero an f ewh e wit takem hhi y faminy b b n d an e assault."3 In September 1301, however, Edward recaptured the castle in less tha na month . Particular s sieghi f e o s preserve e Englisth n di h public records show that it must have been one of the outstanding episode e wholth f eo s e armwarTh y. which Edward employed consisted of 6800 men, including 20 masons and 20 miners.4 Of course a fiel s thid wa sarmy e siegth , e bein n incidena g te campaign-ith n . Edwar s befor dwa e castl th e 29ty b e h August, d receivean 5 s surit d - render before 24th September. e royath n lI Wardrob e Accounte w s

may still read with interest the6 expenses incurred in building a bridge

1 Chronica de Mailros, ed. J. Stevenson (Bannatyne Club), p. 155; cf. Registrum Episco- patus Glasguensis, ed. C. Innes (Bannatyne and Maitland Clubs), vol. i. p. 162. 1 Liber . MarieS Dryburgh,e d . Wed . Fraser (Bannatyne Club) . 110p , . . Bain3 3 , Calendar f Documentso relating Scotland,o t vol .. 1867ii.No , . 4 Ibid., vol .. 1229ii.No , . 6 On 18th August the English army had reached Cambusnethan (Ibid., vol. ii., No. 1229). Payment e constructioth r sfo greae th f to n siege engin t Glasgoa e w commenc e 23rth d n o e (Ibid., vol. iv. p. 451). On the 29th it began its journey to Bothwell (Ibid., vol. iv. p. 452). We assumy ma e tha thiy b t s tim investmene eth castle th d bee f eha o tn formally h begun6t n O . September the army before Bothwell receive n instalmenda y (Ibid.,pa f o t vol .. 1229)ii.No , . On the 8th, Edward gave an oblation of 7s. in honour of the Virgin in his fleld-chapel before e castlth e (Ibid., . 448) p vol . .iv . On the 21st, Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, writing to the king from near Lochmaben, t hearno f Bothwels do ha 6 l Castle's surrender (Ibid., vol .. 1224)ii.No , . Nex Edwary da t s dwa still at Bothwell, as he gave an oblation to St Maurice in his fleld-chapel there (Ibid., vol. iv. 24the th . siega 449)n ,p O .e engine begae transporteb o nt d from Bothwel Stirlino t l g (Ibid., vol. iv. p. 449). On the 29th the army had moved on to Dunipace (Ibid., vol. ii., No. 1229). Accordin Rotulio gt Scotice, , Edwar53 . reached volp d. ha i . d thad 2n t 27the n placth O y . eb October e Lacyd , Gallowayn i , , writing e kingagaith o ,nt "congratulate e gooth dn o m hi s news, learned from his letters to his son the Prince, of the surrender of Bothwell Castle" (Ibid., vol .. 1235)ii.No , . ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 169

across the Clyde for the passage of the army, and in constructing a corduro e castleth y thao o e mightt s roa, th tp du y engine called "le Berefrey"* could be wheeled against its walls. This engine was built t a Glasgow d detailean , d payment e recorde e ar plumberss th o t d , carpenters, and other workmen, and for buying the lead, wheels, cables, wax, and other materials used in its construction and working. No less than thirty wains were required to transport the cumbrous engine to Bothwell, the journey taking two days. The "wood of Glasgu" was plundered to provide material for the hurdles used in the bridge. Master Stephen "plume e l king'e th s sr "wa chie f engineer,d an his clerk of works was Roger de Barneby.2 Afte s capturit r e castlth e e becam e headquarterth e f Aymeo s e d r Valence, Ear f Pembrokeo l , Warde f Scotlando n , whose memory still lives in the name "Valence Tower," applied to the mighty donjon.

References to the castle and its garrison now become frequent in the3 English a wages-shee recordsn i e yead th an ;rf o 1311-t e hav2w e actuall a ynomina s garrisonlit rolf o l , which consiste f Walteo d r Fitzgilbert, the governor, who was paid Is. a day, 28 squires at Is., and 29 archer las e t 2d.sa t Th 4e recordentr th n y i dates i s Februarh d8t y 1312, when Edwar . strictlII d y enjoins Fitzgilber e thae se th t o t t castl safel "is esecurel and y y kept delivere and ,othe no rdto person whatsoever withou e king'th t s letters patent unde e Greath r t Seaf o l England directe himself."o dt Herei reveales ni nervousnese dth s that

Bruce's rapid progress 6 was inspiring at English headquarters. After Bannockburn e Ear th f ,Herefor o l d othean d r high English officers sought shelte re arrivawithith n e f castleEdwaro o lnth t bu , d Bruce, e governoth r Fitzgilbert threw ope s gates. it nn accordanc I e with

King Robert's usual policy e castlth , e woul6 d the dismantlede nb d an ; that this is what happened we gather from a statement of the Laner-

The "berefrey" or "belfry" was a wooden tower on wheels, several stages high, with a drawbridg1 e at the summit which was dropped upon the wall-head. Probably the word is akin Germae th o t n Bergfried, Belfried, donjoe . Naher th J castlea e f Burgene no Se Di ,. Elsass-n i Lothringen, vol. i. p. 6. * For these particulars see Bain's Calendar, vol. iv. pp. 448-55. One of the engines employed by Edward in his great siege of Stirling Castle in 1303-4 was called the "Bothwell" (Ibid., vol. ii., No. 1599). This may have been the famous berefrey used at the attack on the Clydeside stronghold two years previously. 3 Grant of the Castle and Barony of Bothwell to Aymer de Valence, 10th August 1301 (Ibid., vol .. 1214)ii.No , . Aymer receive s grandhi t befor n Englisi e castl th s e wa eh handss Hi . interest in Bothwell dated back to 30th October 1300, when he had been ordered by Edward Castle th Selkirf d eo provid o an t t i kr (Ibid.,efo vol .. 1164) ii.No , . * Ibid., vol. iii. p. 408. • Ibid., vol. . 243iii.No ., • Chronicon e Lanercost,d . StevensoJ . ed n (Maitland Club) . 228p , ; Scalacronicar Si f o Thomas Gray,. StevensoJ . ed n (Maitland Club) . 140p , . StevensonJ ; , Illustrations of Scottish History (Maitland Club) . 2p ,; Barbour, Bruce, . . WMackenzieed M . . 237pp , , 245. 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925.

cost chronicler, who describinn i , g Edward III.'s later occupatioe th f no castle, says tha e founh t t wastei d , "having been formerly destroyed e Scots.byth " This second English occupation restoratiod an , e th f no castle, took place in October 1336.1 The master mason engaged to repai e damageth r dEnglishmann a fabri s wa c , Joh Kilburnee nd o wh , was also employed in rebuilding Edinburgh Castle. He was a man of high standin t Edinburg a s crafto hi Englisn wh g, 8 i unde d 1 hha m hrhi masons, with 8 other masons and 4 quarrymen, all Scots. His wages were Isa day,. 2 equa e governoo thost th l f o e f Boto r h well Castle e earlieinth r occupation s serviceHi . s were rewarded wit a hgran t of the lands of Straton, in the constabulary of Edinburgh, dated 29th November 1336. The presumption is that a master mason of

such importance woul8 d not be sent to Bothwell save in connection with extensive works; and e kno, w frof Bruce'wl o mal s treatment of captured strongholds elsewhere, y infema r e thaw e 4destruc th t - tio f a 131verd beeo n n ha 4yo n thorough scale t I wil e show.b l n hereafter that thi s preciseli s e conclusioth y n deducible froe th m fabric itself. Edward III. made Bothwell his headquarters from 18th November 16to t h December 1336 durind an , s sojourhi g issuee h n dnumbea f o r important writs from the castle, including orders for naval protection Englise oth f h coastsummona d an , Parliameno st meeo t t t Londoa t n o concert t r againsmeanwa r e carryinScote fo d th st th an s n o g Erench.s Walter de Selby was appointed Governor of the Castle.6 The second English occupation, however s verwa ,y n Marcbriefi r fo ,h 1337 e Regentth r AndreSi , Moraye wd whoo t , m Bothwell Castl f courseo e by rights belonged, capture t daftei a shorr undes t e wa siege th rd an ,

1 Chronicon Lanercost,e d . 287-8pp : "dictum castrum, quod oliin r Scottospe destruction fuerat, reparavit." Cf. Chronicon Walteri de Hemingburgh, ed. H. C. Hamilton, vol. ii. p. 312: " castra de Strivilyn et Bothevile denuo reparavit et munivit"; also Scalacronica, p. 166. samThe * e wag receivewas e Walteby d Herefordde r mastethe , r maso chargin n of e building operation greae th t tsa Edwardian Castl f Carnarvoneo t HenrBu .Elretone yd o wh , e latesucceededth rn i work t m doublhi go , e. PeerR thi . n TransactionssC i s sume Se . f o the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, 1915-6, pp. 7, 15. 3 Bain's Calendar, vol. . iii.121No ,5 (se. 347-57pp e , 361d 381)an , . Kilbur a norther s i n n suburb of London. It had a Benedictine nunnery, and therefore would be the centre for a schoo f mason-crafto l . Ther s anothei e r Kilbur Yorkshiren i n ,n Augustinia a whic d ha h n priory. e upoSe 4 n this subjec y pape e Excavatiom tn " o Th r f Coulo n l Castle Proceedings,n i " vol. Iviii. pp. 94-6. 5 Rhymer, Fcedera, vol. ii. pp. 951-5; Rotuli Scotice, vol. i. pp. 470-4; Bain's Calendar, vol. iii., Nos. 1217-9. * Botuli Scotice, vol. i. p. 488. According to the Chronicon de Lanercost, p. 288,-the castle was granted to Sir Robert de Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, who at the time of the Scottish attack upon it was absent in attendance on the king in Parliament, Walter de Selby being governor on Selby' e behalfs d hi r sFo .career Bain'e se , s Calendar, vol. iii., reff indexn i . . ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 171 patriotic necessity pursuin ,i f Bruce'o t s Testament, n sacrifico t ow s hi e 1 propert dismantld yan castle eth esecona d time. Thereafte t seemi r s

o havt e again lain waste unti2 l about 1362, whe e baronth ns wa y acquired by "Black" Archibald "the Grim," third Earl of Douglas and Lor f Galloway.do 3 Earl Archibald made Bothwell Castl favourits ehi e seat. A second restoration of the twice dismantled fabric is thus 4 implied thad an ,t this actually took plac s e showextensivi eth y b n e buildings in the style of the later fourteenth century, displaying in various places the arms of Douglas and of Galloway. Thereafter the histore castlth f s uneventfulei o y e forfeitur th e Blacn th O f ko .e Douglase n 145i s t reverte5i e Crownth d afteo dt an , r sundry vicissi- tudes passed Douglasesd ultimatelRe e th e powerfu th o ,yt l Earlf o s Angus.6 In 1669 it was acquired by Archibald Douglas, first Earl of Forfar," who towards the end of the century commenced the erection, eastward from the old castle, of the fine classical mansion of Bothwell House. The splendid ruins now belong to the Earl of Home, and have

been maintaine7 d in good repair, though now their safety is gravely menace coay db l mining underneat sitee hth .

III. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY. Bothwel a deel f Castlo p p ravineli e e standth , n formee o sth y b d beautifully wooded e Clydevalleth f yo , whic sidesho tw bound ,n o t i s 1 "On fut suld be all Scottis weire Be hill and moss thaimself to weire Lat wood for wallis be; bow and spier And battle-axe, their fechting gear." . FraseP e Se r Tytler, History of Scotland, . 1864ed , . 367volp . ,i . Not. eBB Chronicon de Lanercost, p. 288; Chronicon Walteri de Hemingburgh, vol. ii. p. 313;

Fordun'1 s Scotichronicon, ed. W. F. Skene, vol. i. p. 362; also ed. W. Goodall, vol. ii. p. 324; Joannis Majoris Gestise D Scotorum, . 1740 ed . 232 p , . Fordun's continuator says that Bothwell otheand r castles wer ea sieg takeof e nengin aid wit the he called "Boustour. batterinA " g apparatus of some kind is indicated. See also The Original Chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun, . AmoursJ . F . . 92-3 ed ,notd pp vol . an ,e vi . thereon. Wyntoun specially comment Andren o s w de Moray's destructio fortressesf no : "castellie alth kese sh t downe." . Fraser8W e DatDouglas r s Th giveSi ,a e y b n Book, , not . 92 4 Ofe . p . vol . Ibid.,ii . . 613p ; also Origines Parochiales Scoti

G. Chalmers, Caledonia, new ed., vol. vi. p. 701. 4 Douglas Book, vol. ii. p. 614. Several charters of the Earl are dated from the castle. He die t Threava d n foundatioow e s s Castlburiehi wa n n 1400i i d e (1398an , f Bothwelo ) l Collegiate Church. 5 Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 92-3. • Ibid., . 443volp . .ii . 7 The exact date of its commencement seems nowhere recorded. T. Pennant (Tour in Scot- land, 1772, published in 1790, vol. ii. p. 144) says it was built "between ninety and a hundred years ago"—i.e. (reckoning from the date of the tour) between 1672 and 1682. But he also says the builder was the second Earl (1712-5), who was killed at Sheriffmuir. So also Macfarlane's topographer in 1725 speaks of the new house as "never finished, being stoped by the death of both Earle "n (sefathee so seth d infra,an r . 192oldese p , Th not t. house win e3) fina th f s egei o example of the Queen Anne style. 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925. south and west, while elsewher s embracewa a t mighti e y b d y ditch extending right round the open faces to meet the valley on either side. As usual, the ditch is not drawn close to the walls, but leaves spac r lesfo e lices, e defenceth f whico s h were unusually substantial— trace f masoo s n work have been s originafound.it n I 1l desige th n castle (fig. 2) was a huge pentagonal structure, with massive round towers at four of the angles, and a gatehouse, with portal and trance recessed between two similar towers, at the fifth angle. The plan thus closely corresponds with tha f Kildrummo t y Castle. t Kildrummya s A 2 , one tower form e r donjonsurpasseth fa s d an , magnitudn s i it f o y an e fellows, bein leso gn s tha fee 5 diameternn 6 i t stild ,an l feerisin2 8 t o gt heightn i t shoulI . notee b d d that Bothwel Kildrummd an l e th e yar onlo thirteenttw y hcentur- y castle n i Scotlans d which show this enormous preponderanc e donjonth t f Kildrummeo A . e donjoyth s i n 53 fee diametern i te nex th td largesan , t tower reache diametesa f o r 40 feet. In other Scottish castles of this period the donjon is at best only slightly larger thae remaininth n g towers t InverlochA . t i y measure a littls e ove fee 0 n diameter4 i r t e otheth , r towers having each a diameter of 34 feet. At Kirkcudbright the donjon is 45 feet in diameter e othed threth an ,f ro e towers reac a hdiamete f nearlo r y 36 feett DirletoA . e donjo feenth 1 4 diametern i ts i n e twod th an f , .o other towers were little inferior to it in dimensions.3 At Lochindorb, Auchincass, Tibbers, Rothesay, and Black Castle of Moulin there is no appreciable difference in size between any of the towers; and at Dun- staffnage the donjon is actually smaller than one of the mural towers —a feature paralleled in the Welsh border Castle of Morlais. Similarly the donjon at Coull Castle as originally built had been about 29 feet in diameter, whil e survivinth e g gatehouse tower must have attaineda diamete abouf ro immensfeet.e 0 t3 Th 4 e donjoe th siz f eo t Bothweln a l and Kildrummy compares ,a d wit othee hth r towers neithes ,i Scottisra h noEnglisn a r h characteristic distinctla s ha t i ; y French flavourt a d an , once recalls Coucy. The way in which "the curtains at Bothwell come together towards the gateway, and the position of the latter opposite the longest side on the crest of the valley, are exactly similar to the arrangement of plan at Kildrummy. On either curtain adjoining the gatehous projectine ear g latrine-shoots thesd ,an e also occup ypositioa n

1 See D. MacGibbon and T. Boss, The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland, . 236-7volpp . y .. plae Kildrummf Se 2no y Castl Proceedings,n ei vol. liv . 135p . . plae th f thi no e sSe 3 castle, incorporatin e resultgth recenf o s t excavations e Royalth n i , Commission on Ancient Monuments (Scotland), Report on East Lothian, p. 16. e foregointh l Al e tru ar ge basal measurements, taken belo e batterewth d plinths where suc4h exist. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 173

FIRST FLOOR

VALENCE TOWER:

Fig. 2. Bothwell Castle : Plans. 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925.

identical with that of the same contrivances at Kildrummy. There is a postern with a stair leading down to the slope of the valley, just as at the Aberdeenshire castle. The great curtains vary from 5 to 11 feet thick, and the walls of the donjon attain a thickness of 15 feet; the total internal area of the original enceinte is about 224 feet1 by 211 feet.2 Besides the round angle towers there are two square ones, in the middle of the south and east fronts respectively e formeTh . r towe s stili r l tolerably perfect, but of the latter only the excavated foundations and two of the sides remain. At an early period the castle has suffered partial destruction, all the northern half being cast down; and when thereafter it was restored, the later builders, just as at Dirleton Castle, did not attempt

to work out anew the grand lines of the original plan3 , but contented themselves with drawin gtransversa e screen wall 'right' across between the broken ends of the east and west curtains. The square tower in e middle oldeth th f re o east front thus becam n anglea e e toweth o t r new enceinte, which is oblong, lies east and west, and measures about 224 fee lengtn feei 3 t 9 greatesn i t y hb t breadth. castle s thuTh ewa s

reduced to half its origina4 l size, and its thirteenth-century proportions remained unsuspected until reveale e excavator'th y db s spad 1888n ei . nortThw ene h curtai s builni t chiefl f gooo y d well-coursed rubblet bu , a great deal of ashlar from the destroyed portions has been re-used in the later wall, particularly in its upper part. In the middle was the new main gate, which seems—as at Craigmillar—to have been unde- disappearedw fendeno towerss y b dha t I ,. leaving onl ya ragge p dga in the wall. Only the inner half of the mighty donjon, the Valence Tower, remains (fig. 3).' Its outer face has been destroyed, and the breached segment close a late y db r square consolidation. Even, is ruine t i s a d however, this splendid donjon is in every respect the most imposing tower in Scotland. It stands at the west corner of the courtyard, from which, like the donjon at Coucy, it is cut off by its own moat—a ditch 23 fee n breadti t d stilan hl abou fee5 1 n depthi t t , whic s beeha h n defended, like its French archetype, by a thin chemise on the counterscarp. Although there has been nothing like the elaboration of detail foun t Coucya d e resemblancth , principln ei e between o donjonthetw s is here most striking, and indeed identical. It is quite evident that the Bothwell defences, whic e uniquhar Britainn ei , were directly imitated Reckoned from the centre face of the donjon to the east curtain. 1 Reckoned from the south curtain to the rear of the gatehouse. papey m Scottishn e i r Se s Notes d Queries,an ser.d 3r . 70-4, volpp . . ii . Measured from the angle between the postern gate and the gorge wall of the Prison Tower1 , to the point at the north curtain opposite. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 175

fro e greamth t French fortress.roome e interioe th th th l n i sf Al o r1 donjon have been octagonal. The basement is partly sunk, its floor ranging wit e bottohth m e ditch leveth t containI f .o l a vers y deep

Fig. 3. Both well Castle : view of Donjon.

d carefullan y constructed draw-well, cradle n ashlari d d openinan , g

beneath a round arch in the wall. Adjoining it is a pointed aumbry . HamiltoA r M 1 n Thomson (Military Architecture n Englandi during Middlee th Ages, . 181p ) e writeCoucth f o ys donjon: "Its isolation upo e outeth n e inner th fac f ro e ward, innen protecteow r s ditchit covered y db an ,a stron y b d g curtai s own it e sign a f ar o n,f o s perfectio f engineerino n g skil whico t l r buildert attain.hou no t herd ScotlanYe n di si "e d all the essential features of this perfection of engineering skill are repeated at Bothwell. t wilI observee b l d tha t Bothwela t moae th ls carriei t d roun innee dth r courtyaro r d face donjone onlth f yo , wherea t Coucsa y (se donjoe flgth ) .1 s completel i n y encircle s moait y dtb and chemise. This was necessary because the Coucy donjon is placed in the forefront of the castle, facin levee gth l base-cour e approacth d an t h fro towne t mBothwellth A . , where th e donjon stand e castle reath n i s f o r, wite Clyd s bacth accessibld hit o an ekt e only froe mth courtyard, it was necessary to provide the moat on this side only : nor indeed would it have been practicabl carro et moate yth roun othee dth rsteeple sideth n o ,y sloping e riverbanth f ko . 6 17 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1925H9 .

for a bucket. This well-room in the basement enters by a newel stair down from the hall, which forms the true ground floor, being a little above the terreplein. The hall had a wooden floor, resting upon a central octagonal pier carried up from the basement, and also apparently segmentao ontw raked an l d bearing ribs crossin e towegth r from east to west, and supported on the central pier.1 The springer of the bearing storeyo remainb tw ri ease e th stower th e t n hale sidth d so f Th an leo . over it were covered in by strongly strutted floors, for which the joist- holes, corbels, and sunk rests to receive the verticals and struts may still be seen in the walls. The mode of construction resembles that which was employed in the great tower of Threave Castle. Having regard to the wide span of these floors (39 feet in the angles of the octagon), it is probable that the central pier was carried up in stone or wood to receive similar struts for strengthening the cross-beams. On the hall floor is the main entrance to the donjon, by a zigzag ribbed passage opening fro ma fin e pointed doorwao recessetw d f o yan d splayed ordere greath n tsi bea r angulako r construction which springs t fro e rounou mth e dtower th fac f o e. This n extremelbeaa s i k y interestin importand gan t feature quits i t I e . unmistakably Frencn hi character, and is unknown in the English castles, where the nearest parallel certaie ar s n basal spurst Goodricha s a , : French instancey sma be seen in La Tour Blanche at Issoudun, the towers, of enceinte at e towerth Lochesf t o Arquesa s e on ,e donjo a Roche-Guyonth ,L f o n , some of the towers at Carcassonne, and the great donjon of Chateau Gaillard. Here at Bothwell the special purpose of the beak is to strengthe e towenth r wher s waleit s traversei l e entrancth y db e passage, and also to turn the portal away from the open courtyard, so that its door could not easily be battered in. As at Coucy, the entrance

had its own portcullis, worked from a neat 2 ribbed mural chamber overhead. A drawbridge spanning the moat was also manipulated from this chamber. Withi e portcullinth a woodes n -securedoos a wa r y db draw-bar e neweTh .l stair continuin frop e gbasemenu mth t served all floors of the tower. It has no communication with the entrance passage thao s , t anyone from outsido t e staied th -wishin ha re us o t g pass through the hall. In the hall is a fine pointed mural arcading of moulded wall-ribs showin ga goo d mid-thirteenth-century profiled an ; a splendid pointed and traceried window of two flush orders, having stone seats and filleted nook-shafts with enriched First Pointed bases and caps, overlooks the courtyard. A mural passage opening beside

A similar contrivance for supporting a floor was inserted in 1393 in the Queen's Tower at Carnarvo1 n Castle. See C. R. Peers, Trans. Cymmrodorion Soc., 1915-6, pp. 21, 51. ' At Coucy there is no beak, and the entrance directly fronts the courtyard. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 177

e windoth w lead garderoba o st soute th hn ei curtain rooe Th m. above e halth l seem havo t s e been garrison quarterss plainlwa d y an ,fitte d up. At Coucy the corresponding storey was appointed for the same purpose. From this room acces s obtaine wa sa passag e y th b d n i e curtain to the mui'al garderobes adjoining the Prison Tower. The top store s evidentlwa y e lord'th y s apartmentwindoa o s tw ha f w o t I . trifoliated lights with unpierced tympanum beneath a pointed general arch of two flush orders. Like that in the hall, the bay of this window is furnished with stone seats. The roof of the donjon has been wooden and flat, of the construction already described. In the late western consolidation are a fireplace and loops beneath segmental rear- arches thus A s. truncated e towea pentic s th close,y b wa r n edi roof e seconth t a d floor level, above which emerge e threth d e remaining e topmossideth f o s t storey, whic thes hwa n abandoned. This superb towe s entireli r y cased wit e moshth t beautiful dressed ashlar work, low in the course and closely jointed. A number of the putlog holes may still be seen which were left for the scaffoldings used constructions it n i wall-heae th t A . dsoute leveth f ho l curtai npointea d door led out from the donjon to the roundway, which was protected botbattlemena y hb rear-walla d an t , wit hpentica e roof overheade Th . parapet of the donjon is now gone, but had a wooden hoarding carried by heavy moulded corbels, several of which, of an enormous size, remain just over the intaking of the beak into the tower. These huge corbels were evidently meant to carry the hoarding out clear of the beak, so as defeno t e portath d l from above smalA . l postern, strongly defended by an iron grille, a wooden door, and an inner portcullis, opens in the curtain north of the donjon. It would be useful during a siege for effecting a sally against assailants mining the base of the donjon, and also as an emergency mode of escape. A similar postern exists at Coucy, and there are Scottish examples at Dirleton, Tibbers, and Coull. Prisoe Th n Tower adjoinin e donjoth g n eastwar e smallesth s di n i t the castle, being only 20 feet in diameter. It is three storeys high. The basement contain a prisons , reache stepy b d s down w frolo ma door opening on the slope above the counterscarp of the donjon moat. The prison is lit by a single high loop, and has a garderobe. The ground floor enters fro e terrepleinmth a doo y b r with corbelled lintel, and the first floor was reached by a mural passage from the portcullis e posterrooth f mo n adjoining e portcullith , s room itself being served boutsidn ya e stair carrie arcn a hn do agains e curtaith t n e wallTh . uppe towee flooro th tw rf ro s contained living-rooms theid an , r garderobes have flues corbelled out in the "west re-entrant. This tower with the prison in its basement was clearly meant to be a secure post, as 2 1 VOL. LIX. 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925. s doorit s toward e courtyarth s d were protected overhea timbea y b d r hoarding carrie largn do e ston eproa corbelsn i -e poster t Th se . s i n jecting part of the curtain, and has a shouldered lintel beneath a segmental outer arch, in the soffit of which is the portcullis slot. Over the postern has been inserted a sunk quatrefoil panel with a shield bearin e Douglath g s arms:—goutU hearta , a chie n o ,f three mullets. Throughou e Prisoth t e ncurtai th Towe d nan r westwar e samth d e finished masonry is employed as in the donjon. In addition to the garderobes servin e Prisogth n Tower, whic e alshar o reached alone gth mural passage from the first floor of the donjon, there is another garderobe midway in the wall at this level, the flue of which combines with that of the garderobe from the hall below and discharges by a single vent at the base of the curtain. This vent is carried right through the wall, so that it could be used to drain off water from 'the donjon moat,

by which means also the soil from the garderobes would be effectively1 flushed out. But in order to avoid giving access to a foe, the flue is divided by a central post. A method essentially similar though less elab- orat construction ei s employeni garderobee th n di t Kildrummya s . It seems quite clear that the donjon, the Prison Tower with postern adjoining, and the length of curtain between these towers must all be rea ddate d design e thirteenttogetheon an eth thad f o n an i , t s a r h century e styl f Th masonry o ee arrangemen. th d e an garde, th f o -t robe murad an s l passages connectin l thesal g e works together, seem both decisive on this point. Eastward from the postern the south curtain (fig. 4) has been rebuil n somewhai t t inferior masonry upo originae nth l splayed footing, which remains in situ throughout its length. Its course is interrupted by a small square garderobe tower of three stages, crowned by a heavy machicolated parapet of late fourteenth-century type. A similar parapet is carried westward along the curtain at two levels — the higher, which adjoins the tower, being reached by a newel stair in the thicknes e wallth f , o spartl y supporte n internao d l corbelling. This part of the curtain has also had a corbelled parapet along the inner side. The Grarderobe Tower served a range of buildings backing upon this curtain, the tusks of whose gable remain on the curtain just westward of the tower. These buildings were two storeys high, lit by a serie f finso e mullioiie d transomedan d window f lato s e fourteenth- century fashion,2 one of "which was provided with a timber balcony over- looking the Clyde.

The existence of a postern gate at its north end shows that the moat was never designed to be 1wet, althoug certaiha n amoun rain-watef o t r would collec. it n i t There were windows of very similar design in Archibald the Grim's other Castle of Threave. 1 ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR BOTHWELF YO L CASTLE9 17 .

The Douglas e Towesouth-easth t a r t corner doubtless occupiee th s site of a thirteenth-century predecessor, but in its present condition it imagnificena s t exampl f lateo e fourteenth-century construction.s i t I 1 beautifully buil f smooto t h ashlar, measure fee1 3 sn diameteri t d an ,

contains four storey unvaultef so d 2 hexagonal chambers distinguishs It . - ing feature is its splendid bold machicolated parapet of great oversail- g mouldein d corbels.3 These corbels resemble those foun n othei d r

Fig . Bothwel4 . l Castle: general view from south.

Scottish building e fourteentth f o s d fifteentan h h centuries, such as Caerlaverock, Borthwick, and Crichtoii Castles, and the west towers of 1 Alik n desigi e r d detailsurpassefa an n t i , e contemporarth s d similaan y r towert a s Caerlaverock. 2 The fourteenth-century ashlar shows greater variation in the length and height of the coursese jointinth d s mucan i g, h less regular e precedine ,worth tha th f o kn ni g century; also joggled joints are very frequent. But otherwise the ashlar work of both periods is closely similar stoned ol f y cours n ashlar O a ma s fa . n i ew r facinho s difficuli y t sa i g o t t have been used again in the later work. This has certainly happened in the rubble walling e nortoth n h front. Ashlar masonr f similarlyo y irregular character showind an , g frequent joggled jointing, occurs als t Bothweloa l Church. corbele Th 3 s consis f fivo t e courses f whico , e uppehth r form e mdchicoulis, e th arc th sf o h whil e lowermosth e a smal s i t l member, turne f belo a holloof d n wi w chamfer e otheTh .r courses are filleted along the upper edge. This type of corbelling is different from the earlier corbels of the transverse north wall (outside the hall), which lack the lowermost member, and different again from the still older corbels of the donjon, which do not form machicola- tion t wersbu e mean carro t t ytimbea r brattic r hoardingeo . 180 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1925H9 . Aberdeen Cathedral. Even in France permanent stone-built machicoulis t superseddino d e earlieth e r timber hoardings, supported eithen o r putlogs or by stone corbels (as on the donjon at Both well), until the very end of the thirteenth century. The height of the tower, to the summit of the corbels as now remaining, and measured in the middle of the south face, is 59 feet. Its basement contained a store, uncon- nected wit e uppeth h r rooms e firsTh t . floos enterewa r d froe mth chapel adjoining it against the south curtain, and hence a newel stair leads upward to the parapet. The three upper storeys contain living-rooms, well fitted up with garderobes, good windows, and hand- some hooded fireplaces each of a different pattern, but all showing the carved caps, high angular bases, and other moulded detail of the period. The bases closely resemble those found at Bothwell Church and Lincluden College, both foundations of Archibald the Grim. The topmost storey is handsomely arcaded with a semi-circular arch on each face of the hexagon. From this level there is access to the allure e easth wal tf o k curtaine re-entranth n i , f whico t s placei h a d picturesque corbelled garderobe turret. With one exception, the open- ings in this tower are either large plain windows or small rectangular loops, instead of the pointed and traceried windows and long fan-tailed slits found in the thirteenth-century Valence and Prison Towers.1 The east curtai s builni f gooo t d coursed rubble, inferio n appeari r - ance to the ashlar of the Douglas Tower and the south curtain. Structurally, however, it seems to form a unit with the tower, and e facth t o t thas inferio it e t du thi e rb o s s finiscurtai y t no ma h s ni easil ye grea th see s ta n south front, which, f wit o s nobl it hw ro e moulded windows overlookin e Clyde th gs clearl wa , y intendee b o t d a spectacular feature of the castle. Throughout its length the east curtain stands on the foundations of the older wall, which are visible at various points. North of the Douglas Tower is a small projecting work, apparentl a ygarderob e flue dating wite oldeth h r curtain.2 Beyond thi e sremnant th agaie grea e th ar nf t o s square Hamilton Tower, which cappe e north-easth d t e curtaileanglth f o e d enclosure.

The lowe3 r part of this tower is built of fine ashlar, with a splayed base course, and evidently belongs to the original castle; the upper part 1 In addition to the Valence, Hamilton, and Douglas Towers, a Cuming Tower is mentioned about 1710e DescriptionsSe . Sheriffdomse th f o f Lanarko d Renfrew,an y Wb . Hamiltof no Wishaw (Maitland Club), p. 39. Perhaps this may have been the Prison Tower. 2 This flue indicates that the. garderobes serving the original south-east tower were not corbelled out in the angle like those of the present Douglas Tower, but were situated on the east curtain adjoining reached an , d doubtles muray b s l passages, like garderobeth e e th f o s Valence Tower. 1 Owing to its ruined state the dimensions of this tower are a little uncertain, but it had been about 32 feet by 35 feet. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 181 has been rebuilt in rough rubble. There were garderobes in the south- east angle, draining int oa buil t gutter alone easter e basth gf th o en wall. The inner face of this tower, towards the courtyard, has a round- arched portal at the first-floor level (fig. 5). In connection with this portal there has been a drawbridge worked on the counterpoise

Fig. 5. Bothwell Castle: door in Hamilton Tower.

principle e walth , l above being carefully recesse receivo dt countere eth - poising mechanism, so that the bridge when up would lie flush with e wall-planth d mas e portalan e e counterpoisth k Th . a singl s ewa e one, placed centrally. This bridge was designed to cut off access into the tower from the courtyard, and must have been removed when the present halbuils wa l t acros e tower type th s f drawbridgTh eo . e with counterpoising mechanism is later than the simpler form raised by a windlass, "whic exemplifies hi Valence th n di e Tower counterpoisee Th . d 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925. bridge does not appear in England until the fourteenth century, and in Scotland is not found, elsewhere than at Bothwell, until about a century later. Inside this portal subsequently a newel stair was inserted,

giving access 1 to the various floors of the tower.2 Previously these were no doubt reached by ladders and hatches. The Hamilton Tower has clearly been built before the north transverse curtain, which lacks bond with the tower, although tusks were provided in the upper part of the tower wall to engage the curtain. The great round tower at the north-east angle of the original enceinte was 35 feet in diameter, and contained an ashlar-lined central wells alreadA . y indicated e maith , e nnort s deeplth gat wa n ho ey recessed between two bold flanking towers, each 34 feet 10 inches in diameter, whose inward faces pass back inte straighth o t sidea f o s long narrow trance, 9 feet 7 inches wide, as at the contemporary gatehouse f Kildrummyo s , Kirkcudbright t d CoulCoulla s an , A l . alson i , front of the portal is a pit, 10 feet 8 inches by 8 feet 5 inches, well built of very fine ashlar.3 Evidently the drawbridge here pivoted by the middle on trunnions turning at the inner end of the pit: so that, when the bridge was down, part would lie along the passage within, pard an t would spa whee pitd th nan ; n raised one-half woul sune db k othee th d r halan t f pi woul e inth d for additionan ma l barriee th o t r entrance similaA . r mod f constructioeo e drawbridg s useth n wa i d e e donjooth f t Coucy.gatehousa ne th rean I f o r e were porters' lodges,

e adjoininth n o d g an curtain latrine-shoote th e ar s 4 s already referre. dto They are large enough to be called garderobe towers, and in each the ven giblet-checkes i t externan a r dfo l grating, opening outwards. The buildings within' the later enclosure (fig. 6) all belong to the e fourteentth en f do h century. Agains e easth t t curtai fina s eni hall

1 As at Tullyallan Castle. 1 That this newel insertion staia s i r n seems clear from four facts:—(1 s formei t I ) d partly in the thickness of the north curtain and partly in that of the tower wall, which were built as separate units and do not bond, the open joint between them appearing in the well of the e staith rstaird beeHa .n coeval wit towee hth t wouli r d have been either wholly withie nth tower, or else a special buttress construction would have been built to accommodate it. (2) The staionl lit loop yby is r s opening upo hallthe n , wherea beeit n bad scontemplate d originally e loopth s would more naturally have been provide e nortth hn i d walle ,th lookino t t gou field. (3) The staircase does not bond either with the tower or with the north curtain, but tusks were worked into these walls to give it stability. (4) Its masonry resembles that of the Douglas Tower, and differs from that of the walling on either side. At the same time, while the stair seems an insertion, it is certainly earlier than the hall, as it rests upon a moulded corbelling which the hall conceals. 3 Within thi t werspi e found three transverse f beamswhico e s stili h on ,n situ, i l having three socket uprightsr sfo . • For this type of drawbridge see my paper on "The Excavation of Coull Castle" in Proceedings, vol. Iviii. pp. 72-3. The drawbridge of the Queen's gate at Carnarvon Castle is Englisn a h example. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTH WELL CASTLE. 183

over three plain barrel-vaulted cellars^ Though built againse th t n contaci t curtainno t s i a witnarro , t i it ,h w space being r leffo t n eaves-guttera e wall-heath ,e halth lf o dbein f courso g e much lower tha e curtainnth . Als e sidoth e walls lack bond both wite th h north curtai e chapelwitd e walth nan hth f o l , against whic e halth h l e southabute halth Th n l o s.measure t feeteithe2 A 3 fee 5 .y 6 sb r t end are pointed doorways, which must have been reached by external wooden stairs againsf the north curtain and the chapel wall respectively. Some indicatio e abutmenth e southerf th o n f o t n stair still

Fig. 6. Both well Castle : view of Hall, Chapel, and Douglas Tower.

remains. At the north end were the screens, with a minstrels' gallery above, of which the joist-holes remain. The dais was at the south end, and was lit by an extremely beautiful window of two trifoliated lights with a quatrefoil set in the pointed general arch. In addition there is

a fine row of ten high windows, like the clerestor1 y lights of a church, each with an obtuse pointed and trifoliated arch, set deeply within a splayed external reveal, like windowth e t Bothwela s l Churche Th . This finely proportioned dais window, with its geometrical tracery, small capitals, and wide casement-moulding1 s beeha , nstrikina g piec f fourteenth-centureo y Scottishw Gothicno s i t bu , much waste d destroyedan d e sacristTh . y doo t Bothwela r l Churc s somewhaha h t similar mouldings. 4 18 PROCEEDING S E SOCIETYOTH F , MARC , 19259 H .

height of these windows (about 20 feet above the present terreplein) and the unfinished aspect of the masonry below, as if this part of the wall was not meant to be seen, suggest that an external timber galler s buil yr wa contemplate o t d alon e hallth g , thoug o corbelsn h , water-table r joist-holeo , s remain. Withie nort th e hal th hn ni l seee curtaib n olde na y rma n hall fireplac a lowe t a e r level thae th n presene flooth f o r t fireplace hall Th centraa . s eha l post betweeo ntw voids with shouldered lintels, and above is a recess with a moulded corbel below, probabl carro yt ylampa . This older hall must havd eha east-to-wesn a t axis alon e nortgth h curtain, since otherwis t woulei d have masked the drawbridge-portal of the Hamilton Tower, as the present hall does.e presenTh 1 o fireplacen t hals d doubtlesha l an , s there was an open hearth in the middle of the floor, with a louvre in the roof.2 West of the hall, in the north curtain not far from the entrance, e traceb y de kitche ma th par f o t n fireplace,o wit tw n oven a hd an , corbels survive in the wall. These indications remain to afford us some idea of the disposition of the domestic apartments that preceded the present fine buildings of the late fourteenth century.3 At the north-west corner of the hall a narrow straight stair, now built up, led down to the cellar below, and a small passage gives access to a garderob a buttres n i e s projecting fro e outside curtainmth th f o e , and crowned by a great roundel or open bartisan resting on continu- s corbelou s (fig .simila 7).A 4 r rounde s employewa l e o finisdt th f of h

. AitkeS . G nr (se1M s papeehi "Bothweln o r l Castle Journaln "i Royale oth f Institutef o British Architects, vol. xi. pp. 422, 425) formed the opinion that the cellars under the hall were insertion a seventeente th f no h century originas thad it n an ,i t fule l statth l hals e heigheth wa l t of the building, the low fireplace in its north wall being a relic of this older arrangement, and remnana t earlien no a f o t r t hallthercleao n Bu s .ei r evidence tha e cellarth t s wer lato es e an after-thought, although in order of construction they are doubtless posterior to the side walls between which they are set. Nor have their outer doors any appearance of being slapped. Two of the doors have shouldered lintels of an early fashion, which could not possibly belong to work e seventeentoth f h century. Als e positio oth fireplacee e hallth th e screens f f n,o th o t d a , en ' would be an impossible one. To explain the great height of the windows and two doors, Mr Aitken fell back on the theory of an internal lateral gallery, but this is highly improbable in a baronial hall of the fourteenth century. I do not think there can be any doubt that the hall was designed from the outset on the first-floor level, ranging with the chapel adjoining, and over a basement for storage, and that the low fireplace in the north wall is a relic of an earlier hall backing against this curtain. 2 So also the great hall at Doune Castle is unprovided with a fireplace. Even in England, at a castle of the first rank like Carnarvon, the hall had merely an open hearth. mentionee b y ma t dI als owestere thath n i t n sectionorte th f hno curtain ther bees eha n n externaa 3 l stone rain-water basin with supply drain throug e wallth h , conducting doubtless int obarrea tankr o l . Ther similaa s ei r arrangemen t Craigmillara t . 1 This garderobe in its buttress is older than the hall, being an integral part of the north curtain against whic hale subsequentls hth lha y been built. Probabl garderobe yth designes ewa d in connection wit oldee hth r hall whosf of , e dai t wouli s d have opened very conveniently—an si e hallth t Dounsa e Castl Linlithgod an e e extendewth Palacen i d d an ,building e Death nt a s Castle. When the present hall was erected it was evidently found necessary to make a new (and ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 185 projecting end of the broken west curtain, outside the new enclosure (fig. 8).1 Within it a recess is here formed in the angle between the two walls e masonrth , y overhead being carrie n greao d t obtusely pointed and splayed ribs. From this recess the field is swept by a loop of crosslet form, fan-tailed at the four extremities. The defensive platfor e roundeth n mo l abov s i reachee wall-wal th e y th b d f o k

Fig. 7. Both well Castle : view of Transverse Wall, east section; foundation of north-east Towe foregroundn ri .

rebuilt west curtain. Access to this wall-walk is obtained by a door slappe t fro e donjoou dmth n stair masked an ,a pentic y db e roor fo f rather awkward) access from it to this garderobe ; and to effect this alteration part of the inner facing of the north curtain had to be taken down, and was rebuilt with coarse irregular masonry, similar to that used in the hall, and very different from the rest of the north curtain—the junction between the two kinds of work being very distinct. inside th e breacwese n th eth 1O tn hi curtai n take almosn fore a th f sm o t vertical joint about 10 feet out from the portal of the donjon. The contrast between the masonry on either sid f thieo s joint—the polished ashlae thirteentth f o r h centure lateth rd ruggeyan d coursed rubble—is extremely striking e breac th n obliqu (se a s s (sehi A e plan y fig e. on ke .3) , fig, .9) joine th t externally appears clos againsp u e segmentae th t l staircase donjone th th t f eo Bu . lower part of the curtain right along to its buttressed termination is thirteenth-century work, the foundation having been left undisturbed, although the upper part was overthrown. Thus the jambs of the postern are original, but its segmental head was restored when the curtain was rebuilt. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925.

whic hchasa e was raggle ashlae donjon.e th th thirteenth e f n di ro Th 1 - century wall-walk had a parapet with ridged coping, the end stones of which still remain, bonded into and now cut flush with the tower walld traverse e e an lateraggl, th th rf y o eb dpentic e e roofTh . original wall-walk had been open, and was commanded from the hoardin e donjoth n o gn above. 'Unde e subsequenth r t arrangements this hoarding must have been disused. Owing to its ruinous condition

Fig. 8. Both well Castle: view of Transverse Wall, west section.

it is impossible to say how the later north curtain was finished off, except in the portion outside the hall, where the great corbels of a machicolated parapet remain e rear-walTh . l s hercarriewa e n o d heavy continuous corbelling. On the outside the stubs of broken corbels indicate that the machicolated parapet here was carried at e breac e curtainr -westh leasth fa s n s a hti a t . Adjoining the hall against the south curtain, and Irke it on the first

1 Contras e wall-walth te otheth n e rdonjono kth sid f o e , wher e thirteenth-centurth e y arrangements survive, with the weather table for a pentice carefully wrought on the tower face. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTHWELL CASTLE. 187

chapele e samth floorth s en i ,wa ,ric h architecture s measureha t I . d abou fee3 fee 7 lengt4 tn breadth1 n i ti t d han , consistin f thrego e bays, of which the two eastern formed the choir, and were covered with quadripartite vaulting restin clusteren go d corbel-shafts with enriched caps. Some of the foliaged bosses that remain1 are of extreme beauty. In the chapel are a piscina (with nook-shaftlets, pointed arch, and two small trifoliated niches for the cruets of wine and water), also- a

double aumbry and a stoup. It has further been fitted for a rood-beam2 , and there was a gallery at the west end. Along the south wall, at a heigh fee4 f to t abov flooe th e r corbels, run benchsa , raiseease th tt da end to form sedilia. The chapel was entered at the west end by a door, of which a moulded jamb remains, reached evidently from the landing of the dais-stair to the hall. Like the hall, the chapel has not been built in structural contact with the east curtain and Douglas Tower, but had propen ow s r it east gable, behind passaga whic s hwa f communica eo - tion betwee halle towee th n.th d Yean rchapee th tclearls wa l y con- templated fro outsee late mth th e n fourteenth-centuri t y reconstruction, s southerit s a n pointed windows,3 corbel-shafts, wall-ribs d bencan , h form an integral part of the curtain belonging to that period.4 Indeed the hall, chapel, and Douglas Tower, although the tower and adjoining curtains were naturally built firs f allo t , mus takee b t n togethee on s a r scheme e e Douglaroomth th , n i s s Tower formin e sola th gr lord' o r s private apartments, with convenient access both to the hall and chapel, ankitchee dth n being situate usuae th n ldi manne f e loweo th d t ren a r the hall, against the north curtain, in which its fireplace still remains.6 All this work—hall, chapel Douglad an , s Tower—is clearle samth f eyo e fourteentdateth f o , d towardhen centurye th s s theia , r very rich architectural and heraldic detail quite unequivocably proves. They

evidently form part of the reconstruction carried out by Archibal6 d the preservew portculliNo e 1 th n di s donjone rooth f mo . piscine th n i t Bothwelaa s A * l Church. s ofte A worn i n f thiko s period e numerouth , s delicate arch-mould f thesso e windowe sdi out3 on the plain splayed jambs. e sout alsth o S *n h oi curtai t Dounna e Castle windows wer echapela r leffo t , whic thin hi s casapparentls ewa y never completed. 5 The arrangement of all these apartments—the hall along one curtain, having the kitchen at s lowee chapeit th s uppe it t d righr a t l a enden r td angle,an s against another curtain, with private roomn angla n i es tower between them—resembles generall e lay-ouyth similaE o t r building greae th t tsa Edwardian Castl Harlechf eo . Her communicatioe eth n betwee hale nth l and the angle tower, passing behind the chapel, takes the form not of a narrow passage as at Bothwellopen a f no courtt bu , . One shield bears the Douglas arms alone; another shows them impaled with the lion of Galloway6 , which appears alon thira n eo d shield fourtA . h shiel carves di d wit three hth e mullets of the original lords, the de Moravias. These moulded and heraldic details are now assembled in portcullie th s donjone rooth mf o . 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 9, 1925.

Grim, and closely resemble in style his work at Bothwell Church and Lincluden.1 If, therefore accepe w , lower ou t r dat buildinf eo g operation fixea s sa d one, if we agree that the present hall, chapel, Douglas Tower, and south wore th f Archibal curtail ko al e nar e Grim dth t becomei , s possibley ,b reasoning backwards from this fixed point, to make some approach towards a disentanglement of the architectural history of the castle during the stormy years of the fourteenth century. In the first place, e radicath l natur f Grieo m Archibald's reconstruction justifie r conou s - necting it with a previous dismantlement. A hall inside the curtains might be taken down and refashioned at any time, but the total rebuilding of the south curtain and Douglas Tower could have been necessitated nothiny b g else tha militare nth y demolitio f theino r predecessorsw No . e demolitioth n that gav e latese th ris o tet reconstruction must clearly latese beth t demolition, i.e.e Hamilto th tha t f 1337o t Bu .n Towed an r e transversth e north curtain, wit e fireplac th holden a f ro e a hal t a l lower level, are certainly (as we have seen) earlier than Archibald the Grim's building t againsse s t them. Therefore, presumably, thee ar y earlier also tha destructioe nth f 133no 7 which they have survivedt A . same th e tim ethein i the e ry ar tur n secondary work, erected obviously afte northere th r n tower originae walld th san f so l (thirteenth century) enceinte d beeha n cast downe destructioTh .e latteth f ro n portions would thu assignable sb dismantline th o e t castle th f ego afte r Bannock- burn, and the building of the transverse wall and Hamilton Tower would e wor th f Joho ks com a Kilburne nd n i e e (1336-7) s judgo it T y . b e masonry closine e breache,th th f go d donjon also belong thio st s period. There is thus clear building evidence of two successive reconstructions, the last being assignable to Archibald the Grim. The same tale of a double reconstruction in the fourteenth century is revealed by the Hamilton Tower s lowerIt . , ashlar-built portion belong originae th o t s l castle of the de Moravias. The upper, rubble-built part, with the drawbridge working agains courte rebuil s th tfirse th wa , t n i reconstructiont ; and, lastly drawbridge th , takes whet ewa nou n Archibal Grim'e dth s hall buils wa t agains innee th t towere r facth f eo . Thes reconstructiono etw s e doubtlesar correlatee b o st knowo d tw wit e nhth "slightings e th f "o castle congruit1337e n i 131 n i ,Th d .4 an y betwee historicae ne th th d an l structural evidence seems complete. The work at Lincluden, however, is of slightly later character, much of the tracery being flamboyant1 , wherea t Bothwela s l Castl geometricals i t ei . Ther heraldis ei c evidence thae th t choir at Lincluden was not commenced until after 1409; the Princess Margaret tomb in the north wall integran a , ldesigne parth f to , exhibit lordshie arme th sth f so Annandalef po , which was grante Douglasee th o dt than si t year. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTH WELL CASTLE. 189

IV. CONCLUSIONS. Having thus complete r briew dou no f e survecastlee ar th e f w yo , ina positio e resultsgathecorrelato o nt t th d p u ran structurae , eth l s possibla evidenc r fa es a e wit e documentarth h y data previously examined. From this procedur e arrivarchitecturan ew a t ea l history somewha follows ta s (fig. 9) . e firs1Th .t demolition took place whe e castl th s ncapture wa e d after Bannockburn (1314). The damage then wrought consisted of (a) razing the •whole northern portion, with the gatehouse, garderobe towers d greaan , t north-eastern round tower throwin) (6 ; g dowe nth Hamilton Tower removin) (c ; g one-hal e donjonth f o f . Fro e facmth t

CIRCA 1388-l/fOO I ARCHI8AUDTHE GRIM Fig . Botliwel9 . l Castle Plany Ke : .

thae originath t l foundations remain everywhere undisturbed — both beneat latee hth r rebuildin e norther th alsd n i gan o n portions which were never restored—it is clear that the work of demolition was carried t fro e wall-headou mth s downwards attempo N . t seem havo t s e been made at undermining, as was done in the donjon of Coull Castle.1 n Octobe2I . r e 133destroyeth 6 d castl occupieds wa e , repairedd an , garrisone Edwary b d d IIIe restorativTh . e works then carriet ou d under John de Kilburne comprised (a) the closing of the breached donjo a squar y b n e consolidation drawin) (6 ; a transversg e screen across the courtyard to connect up the broken ends of the east and west curtains, thus sacrificing the destroyed northern portion of the thirteenth-century enceinte; (c) rebuilding the square Hamilton Tower basementd ol upo s it nd convertin an , t i gint keea o replaco pt e th e Proceedings,e Se 1 vol. Iviii . 65-6pp . . 0 19 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1926H9 .

old thirteenth-century donjon, s whictruncateit n i h o dn stats wa e r sucfo ha purpose.e longeus e conversiof o rTh 1e Hamilto th f o n n Tower int a okees achieve wa p d by buildin s inneit g r face wita h firse portath t n flooro l , reache drawbridgea y db capabls thao wa s , t ti e of isolation d fro donjoe courtyarol d beenmth e ha nth . s a dThi s typew ne , e witdrawbridgth hf o counterpoisins wa e g apparatus, in contrast to the older and simpler windlass type used in the thirteenth-century donjon. Under thesarrangementw ene donjoe sth n seem o havt s e been degraded int a e oprisonwindow th s a , s were all bored for iron stanchions.2 The bold roundels on continuous corbelling, which were used to finish off the projecting end of the broken west curtain, and also to crown the garderobe buttress to the eastward, are usual in English work of the Edwardian period: for example e spur-worth n i , t Beaumaria k s Castle e barbicath , n turrets t Harleca h Castle Bare th t ,York a s e bartisanth , t Belsaa s y Castle, d elsewhere.an 3 Similarl e e crossleth th y f o e westd th looen t pa transverse wall also belong a mor o t se developed type tha longe nth , simple r fan-taileo , d slits which e thirteenth-centuroccuth n i r y parts of the castle. The plain loop, fan-tailed or otherwise, is the usual one in Scottish castles of the thirteenth century, as at Kildrumrny, Dirleton, Coull, Dunstaffnage, Eothesay d Inverlochy.an , 4 Crosslet loops are very frequent in English work of the fourteenth century, but do not appear normally in Scotland until the succeeding century. The rebuilding of the Hamilton Tower was completed before the new north curtain was begun; indeed we may conjecture that the reconstruction of this tower, to form a strong and in itself defensible post, was the first task undertaken by John de Kilburne in his scheme of

persistence Th 1 e keeth pf e 133e o ideth 6 n reconstructioi a s paralleleni certain di n English castle late th e f thirteentso earld han y fourteenth centuries, suc Flints ha , Kidwelly, Carnarvon, and possibly Harlech. Slezer's view (see infra, p. 191, note 2) shows how in the reconstructed castl Hamiltoe eth n Tower dominate wholee dth . . JeffreJ 2 y Waddel Transactionsn i l Scottishe th f o Ecclesiological Society, vol. iii. par. i t (1909-10 . 125)p . 1 These great buttresse t Bothwella s , with their open corbelled roundels unlike ar , e almost anything elsewher Scotlandn ei onle yTh .featur resemblinl al t ea g the mfouns i t Strutherda s Castle in Fifeshire, where there are two buttresses with corbelled roundels above. But here the roundels are of small dimensions, being in fact merely the open bartisan or turret so usual in late Scottish work, whil e buttresseth e s hav e steppeth e d intakee sixteentth f o s h century. There is something not dissimilar also at the gatehouse of Spynie Castle, dating from the fifteenth century showind ,an g strong French influence. * This is of course not to imply that fan-tailed loops may not be found in work of later periods. In point of fact this type of loop is not infrequently found in buildings of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, for example at David's Tower in Edinburgh Castle, erected in 1367-79 (see Proceedings, vol. xlviii. p. 235). There is an example in work of the same period in the east curtai t Bothwelna l Castle, jus t Douglae nortth f ho s Tower crosslee Th . t loophol t founno s ei d in France until the end of the thirteenth century, and does not become common until the fourteenth century. See Camille Enlart, Manuel dArcheologie Francaise, vol. ii. pp. 468-9. ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BOTH WELL CASTLE. 191

restoration. Thereafte nortw ne h e acrosn curtaith rru ope e s sth nnwa courtyard, starting fro e brokemth n west curtain (whic s restorehwa d externan a s a l buttress, affording wit s bartisait h crossled nan t loop some flankin curtaiw gne n thidefence no sth side) o t carried e an , d over to abut without bond against the new keep-tower, in which tusks were left to engage the curtain. In this Edwardian reconstruction a l evental halbuilts t a s lwa r projected,o , nortw 1 alonne h e curtaingth , havins loweit r t e westerkitcheo ga rth d nen n (whose fireplace still remains), and communicating at its upper or dais end by the drawbridge keepw whicne witn i , e hth h woulsolae th lord'r e ro d b s private rooms. n 3MarcI . h 133 e castl 7th s besieged wa e , captured d agaian , n dismantled by Sir Andrew de Moray. This time the destructive forces were exerted agains e soutth t h rather thae nortth n h e frontTh . whole of the south curtain east of the postern, with the original south- eastern e eastowerth t d curtai,an n northwar Hamiltoe th o dt n Tower, were cast down. The upper portion of the Hamilton Tower itself was probably overthrown, as Slezer's drawing shows it with an embattled

parapet of later type. 2 4. Thereafter the castle seems to have lain waste, until towards the end of the fourteenth century3 it was restored for the last time by Archibal e Grim s wordth Hi s clearl.ki y recognisabl s ricd it han y b e very pronounced architectural characteristics t I comprise. e th ) (a d rebuilding of the destroyed south curtain, east of the postern (over which he set his coat of arms), and including the Garderobe and Douglas Towerse rebuildinth ) e eas(6 th ; tf o gcurtai n betweee th n Douglas Tower and the Hamilton Tower, and also, apparently, the uppe e rlatte th par f ro t tower e erectiod (cdomestiw th ) an ;ne f o n c buildings, comprising a hall against the east curtain, with chapel

Bearing in mind the shortness of the second English occupation, we may believe that this hal1l was never completed, but at all events provision would be made for it in the wall against which it was to stand. So also at Carnarvon Castle, fireplaces, etc., are provided in the curtains to serve interior buildings which were never actually built. 2 J. Slezer, Theatrum Scotice, 1693, ed. J. Jamieson, 1814, pi. 57. The plate is rather crude, anengravee dth r doe t appeano s r alway havo st e understoo e draughtsmandth drawine Th . g shows three gables belonging to the partition walls still traceable in the range of buildings agains soute th t h curtain, alsgablee oth f anotheso r building t righa t tse , angles betweee nth postern and the garderobe tower. Some foundations of this building were visible in the last century. The drawing also indicates how the north curtain was raised over the entrance and crowned with bartisans, formin a gkin f gatehouseo d t Eara s la , Archibald's other Castlf o e Threave. Although publishe 1693n di e drawin,th y havgma e been mad a gooe d many years earlier, since Sleze workins s boowa rhi t leaska n go s earl a t s 1678ya e articlSe . n Diet.i e Nat. Biog. 3 The style of Earl Archibald's work indicates a date well on towards the end of the century. The earliest charter granted by him from Bothwell Castle seems to be dated 8th November 1388 (Fraser, Douglas Book, vol. iii. p. 400). This would indicate that the castle had at least been made habitable by that date. 192 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , MARC , 1925H9 .

adjoining it to the southward. The curtain walls and Douglas Tower were first built, window othed san r provision being formee madth n ei r e chapelfoth r e nex, whicth ts portio hwa e erected b o t n ; and, lastly, the hall was built with its dais end butting against the back wall of e chapelth garderobA . buttrese th norte n th ei f hso curtain, surviving from the Edwardian hall, was made available for the new one, a new access being provided to it, and the adjoining face of the curtain being rebuilt. By this time the idea of a keep had been abandoned in military construction—as shown at the contemporary Castles of Doune, Tantallon d Caerlaverocan , k J—an hero s d e als t Bothweloa e keepth l - like character of the Hamilton Tower was obliterated, its drawbridge was taken out and the new hall was built across its portal. The latest record of building operations at the castle seems to be e Accountn entr founth a e Lor th n n i yi d d f o sHig h Treasuref o r Scotland under the year 1544, wherein a sum of £40 is noted of expenses upon the Castles of Bothwell and Letham.2 It does not seem possible now to trace any work of this late period among the ruins. A final questio suggestes ni passaga y db a "Descriptio n ei e th f no Paroch of Bothwell," written about 1725, wherein it is remarked that " the castle was once a very great and stately structure of a very fine curioud an s workmanship s noi wt bu altogethe, r ruinous, much defac'd lengty b f timo hd som an e e considerable t i throwpar f o t n dowy nb the late Earl of Forfar, who from the ruines thereof built a very hansom ne . wAitkeS . house."G n r evolveM 3 e strangth d e idea thae th t "considerable part" thus throw e northern th dows wa nn portiof o n the enceinte. But this idea will not hold water for a moment. That the northern walls and towers were destroyed before the building of the later transverse screen is clear both from the logic of the screen itsel alsd an of decisivel whicn i y e projectinyhth wa fro e mth g parf o t wesd ol te curtainth , outsid e transversth e e screen s beeha , n finished d crowneofan f d wit a hbartisan . This work could only have been done afte e curtaith r f whicno e projectiohth a remnan s i n d beeha tn destroyed saliene th d t an ,stum p buttress-lik a lef s a t e structure outside the later enclosing wall. By pulling down the Hamilton Tower, the gatehous transverse th n ei e curtaine interioth d an r, buildings against e soutth h curtain f whico l al h, were standing when Slezer mads ehi

1 For these keepless castles of enceinte in the later fourteenth century, see my paper on "The Scottish Castle" in Scottish Historical Association Publications, new series, No. 1, p. 5. In England apparently the latest instance of the survival of the donjon or keep is the Eagle Tower at Carnarvon Castle, built in 1285-91. 2 Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. viii. p. 299. ' Macfarlane's Geographical Collections, ed. Sir A. Mitchell (Scottish History Society), . 417p vol. i . . ARCHITECTURAL HISTOR F BOTHWELYO L CASTLE3 19 . drawing, Lord Forfar would obtain amply sufficient material for his new house.1 One word of a personal nature may perhaps be pardoned in con- clusion. Before I had worked up the documentary side of this inquiry, I was already convinced, from my study of the building, that there had been two reconstructions before the end of the fourteenth century. This view afterwards received satisfactory confirmation in the twice- chronicled dismantling of the castle, first in 1314 and again in 1337. When we begin with the evidence of record it is often seductively easy to fit in the architectural phenomena. But when we start at the opposite end, when we find that conclusions drawn from an unbiassed inspection of the structure are borne out by subsequent historical research e strongeth , l theral s rei presumption tha have w t e reasoned along sound lines. For permission to reproduce the photographs at figs. 3, 5, 7, and 8 indebtem a I H.Mo dt . Offic Worksf o e , throug Jamer hM . RichardsonsS , F.S.A.Scot., Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Scotland. Fig. 4 is reproduced from a photograph by the late Mr John Fleming, F.S.A.Scot., and fig. 6 is taken from an old photograph in my own possession. To Mr Thomas Ross, LL.D., U.R.S.A., F.S.A.Scot., I am indebted for his kind permissio bas o nt measurey m e d drawing thosn o s e preparey db s colleaguehimselhi d an r fDavi D , d MacGibbon r theifo , r great work e CastellatedoTh n d Domestican Architecture f Scotland.o alsm a o I oblige r Ros D r permissio fo so dt reproduco nt illustratioe eth t figna .1 from a drawing by Dr MacGibbon. I have to record my grateful thanks to Mr William Norrie, F.S.A.Scot., and Mr Thornton L. Taylor, \vho kindly gave me assistance in making my survey. 1 The plate of the courtyard given in J. Hall's Travels in Scotland, 1807, vol. i. p. 570, shows it in the same condition as at present. n Hall'I s account occur e followinth s g statement:—"I e paron nt this enormous mass, crushin s foundationsgit , thoug f rocko h , fell, wall rocd an sk together, inte Clydee oth Th . e breacfoundationth n i h s e repairewalth wa s l d rebuilt.an d " Anyone unacquainted with the reverend traveller's literary style would expect from this tremendous language to find in the castle evidences of an extensive catastrophe and subsequent repair. As a matter of fact, ther o tracen f moderseeme o b o t sn rebuilding anywher e soutth n hi e curtain. Possibly the part that fell may have been in the western consolidation of the donjon, large portions of which have clearly disappeared. There is evidence of extensive patching, not of very recent e cross-sectiodateth n o , e breacheth f no d sout he donjon walth f o l .

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