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Pag Didaskalia-2º Fasc Book I of Josephus’ ‘Bellum Iudaicum’: Sources and Classical Echoes Revisited Anthony J. Forte Pontifical Biblical Institute, Rome Introduction The Bellum Iudaicum is a truly complex work which, at least on one level, strives to articulate the causes and consequences of the fall of Jerusalem. The lengthy preface to the first book of the B.J. sets the tone for a narrative about how such an incredible event and tragedy, namely, the siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple, could have ever come about. Josephus’ B.J. has been called “a work of tragic historiographical information,” 1 written by an apologist for his fellow Jews and his religion. Eusebius called Josephus’ work a tragik h` ap[ asa dramatourg ´ia.2 B.J. 1.9-12 echoes the historian’s heartfelt emotions with language that expresses his profound sorrow over the misfortunes that have befallen his coun try. 3 1 Per Bilde, Flavius Josephus between Jerusalem and Rome (Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, 1988), 72. 2 Hist . eccl. 1.8.4. 3 B.J. 1.9. ka `i toi/j e’ mautou/ pa,qesi didou.j e’ polofur, esqai tai/j thj/ patri,doj sumforai/j . didaskalia xxxvi (2006)2. 31-52 31 It was impossible for Josephus to hold back his grief 4 and lamentations. 5 The preface introduces the reader to a priest from Jerusalem living in Rome, about to relate the tragic events that befell his own people. Josephus says that he will write about the decline of the fortunes of the Jews, the civil war that broke out among them; 6 Titus’ invasion and various assaults; 7 the sufferings and calamities of the people, culminating in their defeat, as attributable respectively to the war, the sedition, and the famine. 8 Josephus will not blame the Romans for the fall of Jerusalem, but points his finger at oi~ ’Ioudaiw, n tu,rannoi ,9 the rabble-rousers among his own people. All of this will be done, according to Josephus, for “lovers of the truth — toi/j ge thn. a’ lh,qeian a’ gapws/ in — and not for the gratification of his readers.” 10 Josephus presents his credentials to his readers in his preface to the B.J. by saying that as a participant in and as an eye-witness to the war against the Romans, “the greatest of our wars,” 11 he is most qualified to narrate the details of the war without misrepresenting the facts and can thus provide a historically accurate account — to. d ’ a’ kribej. thj/ ~istoria, j —12 of this most important event in Jewish history. 13 He himself fought in the war in some capacity; his work became known to the Roman authorities. His history is, he says, not the casual collection of the events that others have recorded, nor is it conditioned or burdened by “the flattery of the Romans or from hatred towards the Jews.” 14 Such representations did nothing but result in “encomium or invective.” 15 Josephus’ overwhelming concern in the preface to the B.J. , namely, to assure the reader of the accuracy of his account, is picked up again in the epilogue of the B.J. , at the end of Book VII where he wrote: “Here we close the history, which 4 B.J. 1.12: ws; te a’ mh,canon h+n o’ durmwn/ e’ pikratei/n . 5 B.J. 1.12: taj. d ’ o’ lofu,rseij . 6 B.J. 1.9: kamno,ntwn ’ Ioudaio, ij twn/ pragma,twn … e’ stasia,sqh ta. twn/ ’ Ioudaiw, n . 7 B.J. 1.10: Ti,toj deu,teron e ’ij thn. xwr, an e’ neb, alen … prosbola,j te os[ aj e’ poihs, ato . 8 B.J. 1.11: ta. pa,qh tou/ dh,mou kai. ta.j sumfora.j o[sa te u‘ po. tou/ pole,mou kai. os[ a u‘ po. thj/ stas, ewj kai. o[sa u‘ po. tou/ limou/ kakwqe,ntej e‘ al, wsan . 9 B.J. 1.10. 10 B.J. 1.30: toi/j ge th.n a’ lhq, eian a’ gapws/ in , a’ lla. mh. pro.j h‘ donhn. a’ ne,graya . 11 B.J. 1.1: po,lemon susta,nta me,giston …twn/ kaq ’ h‘ ma/j This passage echoes Thucydides 1.1: o[ti a’ kma,zonte,j te h|s- an e’ j a u’ ton. a’ mfot/ eroi … ki,nhsij ga.r au[th megi,sth dh. toi/j [Ellhsin e’ ge,neto ktl . 12 B.J. 1.2. 13 B.J. 1.1-3. 14 B.J. 1.2: oi‘ paragenom, enoi de. h; kolakei,a| th/| pro.j ‘Rwmai,ouj h; mi,sei tw/| pr.j ’Ioudaio, uj katayeud, ontai tw/n pragma,twn . 15 B.J. 1.2: periec, ei de. a u’ toij/ op[ ou me.n kathgoria, n op[ ou de. e’ gkw,mion ta. suggra,mmata . 32 anthony j. forte didaskalia xxxvi (2006)2 we promised to relate with perfect accuracy….; of its style my readers must be left to judge; but, as concerning truth, I would not hesitate boldly to assert that, throughout the entire narrative, this has been my single aim.” 16 Josephus’ claim to historical accuracy is by no means a novelty in the Greco-Roman historiographical tradition. What Josephus asserts in the preface to the B.J. is that the war that he himself fought in was such a significant event in the history of his people; that previous attempts to tell its story have been most inadequate; and that he, now a person possessing a certain status in Rome, was in a position to carry out his task with accuracy and truthfulness. In short, Josephus portrays himself in the preface to the B.J. as a man proud of his Jewish heritage and priesthood, who has a great love for his people and for the Temple. He also underscores his competence as a historian. Apart from the above-mentioned reflections that come from the B.J. , there are other texts of Josephus that attest to his claim to objectivity and compe tence. 17 For example, at Contra Apionem 1.49 Josephus asserts that during the Romans’ siege of Jerusalem, he was able to record with great precision all that took place on both the Roman and Jewish sides. 18 Our author continues by adding that his history of the war benefited from written documents that he consulted, but his own experience was of utmost importance. He wrote: “Even if, as they [his critics] assert, they have read the commentarii of the imperial commanders, they at any rate had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp.” 19 We cannot, of course, ascertain with certainty who Josephus’ primary audience was. Was Josephus addressing chiefly Rome’s elite and intellectual non- 16 B.J. 7.454-455: ’Entau/qa th/j is` tori,aj h~ mi/n to. pe,raj e’ stin, , h[n e’ phggeila,meqa meta. pa,shj a’ kribeia, j paradws, ein … [455] kai. pwj/ men. h~ rmh,neutai , toij/ a’ nagnwsome,noij kri,nein a’ polelei,fqw , peri, thj/ a’ lhqeia, j de. o u’ k a'n o’ knh,saimi qarrwn/ le,gein , o;ti mo,nhj taut, hj para. pa/san th.n a’ nagrafh.n e’ stoxasam, hn . 17 C. Ap. 1.48-49, 53, 55; Ant . 1,4. 18 C. Ap. 1.49: e’ n w |- cro,nw|/ [poliorkia, n ] genome,nhn tw/n prattomen, wn o u’ k e:stin o] th.n e’ mhn. gnw/sin dief. ugen\ kai. ga,r ta. kata. to. strato,pedon to. ‘Rwmai,wn o~ rw/n e’ pimelw/j a’ ne,grafon kai. ta. para. twn/ a u’ tomol, wn a’ paggello,mena mo,noj a u’ to.j suni,ein . [“During that time no incident escaped my knowledge. I kept a careful record of all that went on under my eyes in the Roman camp, and was alone in a position to understand the information brought by deserters.”] (trans. Thackeray) 19 C. Ap. 1.56: pw/j ou=n o u’ k an[ qrasei/j tij h~ ghs, aito tou.j a’ ntagwni,zesqai, moi peri. thj/ a’ lhqeia, j e’ pikeceirhkot, aj , oi] kan' toij/ tw/n a u’ tokrato,rwn u~ pomnhm, asin e’ ntucein/ le,gwsin , a’ ll ’ ou; ge kai. toi/j h~ mete,roij tw/n a’ ntipolemou,ntwn prag, masi paret, ucon . [“Surely, then, one cannot but regard as audacious the attempt of these critics to challenge my veracity. Even if, as they assert, they have read the Commentaries of the imperial commanders, they at any rate had no first-hand acquaintance with our position in the opposite camp.] (trans. Thackeray). didaskalia xxxvi (2006)2 book i of josephus’ ‘bellum iudaicum’… 33 Jewish population? If so, by referring to his Jewishness and in his almost obsessive insistence that he was going to provide his fellow Jews with an objec tive account of such important events of their history, was there a lack of trans parency or a sub-text to be understood? While there is no scholarly consensus on this problem, it is the view of this writer that there are sufficient indications in the B.J. that Josephus was targeting Rome’s cultural elite, persons adept in both Latin and Greek, and most importantly, people sympathetic to Flavian Rome. Josephus and Greek Literature Josephus’ Greek can be very stylistically sophisticated and one sees litotes, 20 chiastic structures, 21 figurae etymologicae ,22 frequent word-plays, 23 alliteration, 24 assonance, 25 asyndeton, 26 oxymoron, 27 antithesis, 28 and other rhetorical devises that would please the hearer or reader of his text.
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