Table of Contents
The Author 3
List of Abbreviations 29
Preface 33
General Introduction 35
§1. GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE COUNTRY 35 I. Geography 35 II. Demography 36 III. Information on Political and Legal System of the Country: Form of Government 36 IV. Economy and Transport 39
§2. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT 39 I. Basic Statistics Relating to Transport 39 II. Shipping 40 III. Coastal Ports 42 IV. Inland Waterways and Ports 43 V. General Introduction to Other Means of Transport 44 A. Railway 44 B. Highway 45 C. Civil Aviation 46 D. Pipelines 48 VI. Ministry or Department Responsible for Transport Policy 49
Part I. Introduction 51
Chapter 1. Definitions and Notions 51
§1. MARITIME LAW AND TRANSPORT LAW 51
§2. THE LAW OF THE SEA 52
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Chapter 2. The Main Sources of Transport Law 54
§1. MARITIME LAW 54 I. Treaties 54 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 57 III. International Shipping Practice 60
§2. ROAD TRANSPORT 61 I. International Treaties 61 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 61
§3. RAIL TRANSPORT 62 I. International Treaties 62 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 63
§4. INLAND NAVIGATION 64 I. International Treaties 64 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 64
§5. AIR TRANSPORT 65 I. International Treaties 65 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 67
§6. MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT 68 I. International Treaties 68 II. Domestic Laws and Regulations 68
§7. BASIC LAWS 69 I. The Principle of Application 69 II. Main Basic Laws Applicable to Transport 69
Chapter 3. Jurisdiction and Courts 71
§1. GOVERNING LAWS AND STATUTORY PROVISIONS 71
§2. MARITIME LITIGATION AND ARBITRATION 72 I. Maritime Jurisdiction and Court 72 II. Maritime Litigation Procedures 76 III. Maritime Arbitration 77 A. Arbitration Organizations 77 B. Arbitration Agreement 78 C. Arbitration Procedures 78 D. Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitration Award 79
§3. LITIGATION AND ARBITRATION OF RAILWAY DISPUTES 81 I. Litigation of Railway Disputes 81
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A. Railways Transport Courts and Jurisdiction 81 B. Litigation Procedures of Railway Disputes 82 II. Arbitration of Railway Disputes 82
Chapter 4. State Immunity and Transport Law 83
Chapter 5. Transport Intermediaries and Auxiliaries 85
§1. INTRODUCTION 85
§2. FREIGHT FORWARDERS,TRANSPORT AGENTS &BROKERS,SHIPPING EXCHANGE 86 I. Freight Forwarders 86 II. Transport Agents 86 III. Transport Brokers 87 IV. Shipping Exchange 87
Part II. Maritime Transport 89
Chapter 1. The Vessel 89
§1. DEFINITION AND LEGAL STATUS 89
§2. REGISTRATION AND NATIONALITY OF OCEAN GOING VESSELS 90 I. Introduction 90 II. Conditions for Registration and Chinese Nationality 90 III. Formalities of Registration 91
§3. ACQUISITION AND OWNERSHIP 92 I. Acquisition According to Civil Law 92 II. Particular Modes of Acquisition 92 III. Co-ownership 93 IV. State-Ownership 93 V. Registration of Ship Ownership 94
Chapter 2. Maritime Liens and Mortgages 95
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 95
§2. MARITIME LIENS 95 I. Definition and Legal Nature 95 II. Categories of Maritime Liens 96 A. Claims for Seafarers’ Wages Etc. 96 B. Claims in Respect of Loss of Life or Personal Injury Occurred in the Operation of a Ship 97 C. Claims for Port Charges 97
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D. Claims for Salvage Payment 97 E. Claims for Loss of or Damage to Property under Tortuous Liability 97 III. Enforcement of Maritime Liens 98 A. Persons Entitled to Enforce Maritime Lien 98 B. Properties Subject to Enforcement 98 C. Amount to Be Enforced 99 D. Enforcement Procedure 99 IV. Ranking 100 V. Extinction of Maritime Liens 102 A. Extinction of Maritime Claim 102 B. Loss of Ship 102 C. Expiration of Time Bar 103 D. Forced Sale of Ship 103 E. Failure to Enforce in the Case of Voluntary Transfer of Ownership 103 VI. Choice of Law 104
§3. SHIP MORTGAGES 104 I. General Concepts 104 II. Creation of Ship Mortgage 106 A. Persons Entitled to Grant Ship Mortgage 106 B. Ships Subject to Mortgage 106 C. Amount of the Secured Claim 107 D. Remedies of the Mortgagee 108 III. Formalities Relating to the Creation of Ship Mortgage 108 A. Mortgage Deed 108 B. Registration of Ship Mortgage 109 IV. Ranking 110 V. Validity Period of Ship Mortgage 111 VI. Transfer of Ship Mortgage 111 VII. Extinction of Ship Mortgage 112 A. Extinction of the Claim Secured by Ship Mortgage 112 B. Realization of Ship Mortgage 112 C. Loss of Ship 112 D. Waiver of Ship Mortgage by Mortgagee 112 E. Expiration of Time Bar 112 F. Forced Sale of Ship 113 VIII. Voluntary Transfer of Ownership of Ship 113 IX. Choice of Law 113
Chapter 3. Master and Crew 115
§1. THE MASTER 115 I. Introduction 115 II. Appointment of Master 115 III. Public Functions and Duties of Master 115
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A. Function in the Management and Navigation of Ship 116 B. Function as a Quasi-Police Officer 116 C. Function as a Public Notary 117 D. Function in Case of Emergency 117 IV. Private Functions of Master 117 A. Acting on Behalf of Shipowners 118 B. Acting on Behalf of Cargo Interests 118 V. Liability of Master 119 A. Civil Liability of Master 119 B. Disciplinary Liability of Master 119 C. Criminal Liability of Master 120
§2. THE CREW 120 I. Introduction 120 II. Maritime Employment Contract 121 A. Conditions of Employment of Seafarers 121 B. Recruiting of Seafarers 122 C. Obligations of Seafarer 122 D. Obligations of Employer 123 E. Termination of Maritime Employment Contract 123
Chapter 4. Liability and Limitation of Liability in Maritime Law 125
§1. LIABILITY OF SHIPOWNERS,THEIR SERVANTS AND AGENTS 125 I. Application of Law 125 II. Liability of Shipowners 126 III. Vicarious Liability of Shipowners’ Servants or Agents 126
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 127 I. International Treaties 127 II. Domestic Legislation 127
§3. PERSONS ENTITLED TO LIMIT LIABILITY 128
§4. CLAIMS SUBJECT TO LIMITATION 128
§5. CLAIMS EXCEPTED FROM LIMITATION 129
§6. COUNTER CLAIMS 130
§7. CONDUCT BARRING LIMITATION 130
§8. GENERAL LIMITS OF LIABILITY 130 I. Basis of Calculation 130
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II. Limits of Liability for Ships Engaging in International Trade Exceeding 300 Tons of Gross Tonnage 131 A. In Respect of Claims for Loss of Life or Personal Injury Other than to Passengers 131 B. In Respect of Claims Other than for Loss of Life or Personal Injury 131 C. Limits of Liability for Salvor Not Operating from Ship or Operating Solely on Salved Ship 132 III. Limits of Liability for Ships with a Gross Tonnage Not Exceeding 300 Tons and Those Engaging in Transport Services between Chinese Ports or Other Coastal Operation 132 A. Limits of Liability for a Ship with a Gross Tonnage Not Exceeding 300 Tons Engaging in International Trade 132 B. Limits of Liability for a Ship Engaging in Transport Services between Chinese Ports or for Other Coastal Operation 133 IV. Limits of Liability for Loss of Life or Personal Injury to Passengers in the International Carriage by Sea 133 V. Limits of Liability for Loss of Life or Personal Injury to Passengers in the Coastal Carriage between Chinese Ports 133
§9. PROCEDURE 134 I. Principles of Entitlement to Limitation of Liability 134 II. Procedures for Establishment of Limitation Fund 134
Chapter 5. Charter Parties 137
§1. DEFINITIONS AND VARIETIES OF CHARTER PARTIES 137 I. Definitions of Charter Party 137 II. Varieties of Charter Parties 137
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 138 I. Domestic Laws 138 II. Forms of Charter Parties 139
§3. VOYAGE CHARTER PARTY 140 I. Obligations of Shipowners 140 A. Compulsory Obligations of Shipowners 140 B. Non-compulsory Obligations of Shipowners 141 II. Obligations of Charterers 142
§4. TIME CHARTER PARTY 143 I. Obligations of Shipowners 143 II. Obligations of Charterers 144 III. Other Statutory Provisions 145
§5. BAREBOAT CHARTER PARTY 146 I. Obligations of Shipowners 146
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II. Obligations of Charterers 146 III. Other Statutory Provisions 147
Chapter 6. Transport under Bill of Lading & Other Documents 148
§1. DEFINITIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF BILL OF LADING 148 I. Definition of Bill of Lading 148 II. Functions of Bill of Lading 148 A. Evidence of Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea 148 B. Evidence of Taking Over or Loading of Goods by Carrier 149 C. Document Based upon Which Carrier Undertakes to Deliver Goods against Surrendering the Same 150 D. Arguments Concerning Bill of Lading as Document of Title 151
§2. CONTENTS AND ISSUANCE OF BILL OF LADING 152 I. Particulars to Be Contained 152 II. Obligation to Issue 153 III. The Issuers 153
§3. TYPES OF BILLS OF LADING 154 I. Ordinary Bills of Lading 154 II. Other Bills of Lading 155
§4. BILL OF LADING ISSUED UNDER CHARTER PARTY 155 I. Concept 155 II. Nature of Bill of Lading Issued under Charter Party 155 III. Incorporation Clause 156
§5. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA 157
§6. RESPONSIBILITIES OF CARRIER 157 I. Definitions 157 II. Period of Carrier’s Responsibility 158 III. Main Obligations of Carrier 159 A. Exercise of Due Diligence to Make Ship Seaworthy 159 B. Care for Goods 160 C. Without Unreasonable Deviation 160 D. Delivery of Goods within Agreed Time 160
§7. RIGHTS OF CARRIER 162 I. Claim for Freight, Dead Freight and Other Expenses 162 A. Claim for Freight 162 B. Claim for Dead Freight 163 C. Claim for Other Expenses 163 II. Lien on Goods 163 A. Definition of Lien on Goods 163 B. Enforcement of Lien on Goods 164
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III. Immunities of Liability of Carrier 165 A. General Immunities of Liability of Carrier 165 B. Additional Immunities in Case of Live Animals or Deck Cargo 166 IV. Limitation of Liability of Carrier 167 A. Limit of Liability for Loss of or Damage to Goods 167 B. Limit of Liability for Economic Losses Resulting from Delay in Delivery 167 C. Loss of Right to Limit 168
§8. RESPONSIBILITIES OF SHIPPER 168 I. General Rule of Liability of Shipper 168 II. Main Obligations of Shipper 168 A. Proper Packing and Guarantee of Accuracy of Goods Particulars 168 B. Performance of Transport Formalities and Provision of Documents 169 C. Shipment of Dangerous Goods as Required 169 D. Payment of Freight and Other Expenses 170
§9. NON-CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS 170 I. Non-contractual Claim against Carrier 170 A. Choice between Contractual Claim and Non-contractual Claim 170 B. Application of Immunities and Defence to Non-contractual Claims against Carrier 171 II. Claims against Carrier’s Servant or Agent, Actual Carrier or His Servant or Agent 172 A. Claims against Carrier’s Servant or Agent 172 B. Claims against Actual Carrier 173 C. Claims against Actual Carrier’s Servant or Agent 174 D. Aggregate Amount Recoverable 174
§10. NON-NEGOTIABLE SEA WAYBILLS 174 I. Definition and Functions 174 A. Definition of Sea Waybill 174 B. Functions of Sea Waybill 175 II. Application of Law to Sea Waybills 175 III. Main Contents of Sea Waybill 176 IV. Rights and Obligations of Carrier, Shipper and Consignee 177 A. Rights and Obligations of Carrier and Shipper 177 B. Rights and Obligations of Consignee 177
§11. ELECTRONIC BILL OF LADING 178 I. Definition and Functions of Electronic Bill of Lading 178 A. Definition of Electronic Bill of Lading 178 B. Functions of Electronic Bill of Lading 178 II. Transmission of Electronic Bill of Lading 178
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III. Legal Matters Concerning Electronic Bills of Lading 179 A. Introduction 179 B. Application of Law to Electronic Bills of Lading 180 C. Rules of Transmission of Electronic Bills of Lading 181 D. Terms and Conditions of Contract of Carriage 181 E. Equivalence of Electronic Data to Writing 181
Chapter 7. Pilotage 182
§1. INTRODUCTION 182 I. Concept of Pilotage 182 II. Competent Authorities 182 III. Qualification for Pilot 182
§2. STATUTORY PROVISIONS 183 I. Applicable Laws 183 II. Compulsory Pilotage 183
§3. DUTIES OF PILOT AND MASTER OF SHIP UNDER PILOTAGE 184 I. Duties of Pilot 184 II. Duties of Master of Ship under Pilotage 184
§4. LIABILITY OF PILOT 185 I. Civil Liability 185 II. Disciplinary Liability 185 III. Criminal Liability 186
Chapter 8. Towage and Pushing Contract 187
§1. INTRODUCTION 187 I. Concept of Towage and Pushing 187 II. Towage Contract 188 A. Definition and Contents of Towage Contract 188 B. Forms of Towage Contract 188 C. Termination and Change of Towage Contract 189
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 189
§3. OBLIGATIONS UNDER TOWAGE CONTRACT 190 I. Obligations of Towing Party 190 II. Obligations of Towed Party 190
§4. LIABILITY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 191 I. Liability between Contractual Parties 191 II. Liability towards Third Party 191 III. Limitation of Liability 192
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A. Statutory Provisions 192 B. Limitation of Liability to Other Contractual Party 192 C. Limitation of Liability to Third Party 193 D. Loss of Right to Limit 193
Chapter 9. Salvage at Sea 194
§1. DEFINITIONS 194
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 195 I. International Treaties 195 II. Domestic Legislation 195
§3. SALVAGE CONTRACT 197 I. Conclusion of Salvage Contract 197 II. Modification or Annulment of Salvage Contract 197 III. Obligations of Parties to Salvage Contract 198 A. Obligations of Salvor 198 B. Obligations of Salved 198
§4. SALVAGE PAYMENT 199 I. Salvage Reward 199 A. Definition 199 B. Principle of ‘No Cure, No Pay’ 199 C. Fixing of Salvage Reward 199 D. Denial of Salvage Reward in Full or in Part 200 II. Salvage Remuneration 201 III. Special Compensation 202 A. Definition 202 B. Amount of Special Compensation 203 C. Denial of Special Compensation in Full or in Part 203 IV. Securities for Salvage Payment and Payment on Account 204 A. Security for Salvage Payment 204 B. Payment on Account 204
§5. REWARD OF CREW 204
§6. LIABILITY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY OF SALVOR 205 I. Liability of Salvor 205 II. Limitation of Liability of Salvor 205
§7. EMPLOYED SALVAGE SERVICE 206 I. Definition 206 II. Statutory Provisions 206
§8. WRECKS REMOVAL 207 I. Concepts 207
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II. Statutory Provisions 208 A. Administration on Wreck Removal 208 B. Contractual Issues of Wreck Removal 208
Chapter 10. General Average 209
§1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 209
§2. DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL AVERAGE 209 I. Definition of General Average 209 II. Characteristics of General Average 210 A. Real and Common Danger 210 B. Intentional and Reasonable Measures for Common Safety 210 C. Extraordinary Sacrifices and Expenditures 211 D. Useful Result 211 III. General Average and Fault 211
§3. APPLICABLE LAWS 212
§4. GENERAL AVERAGE ADJUSTMENT 213 I. Concept of General Average Adjustment 213 II. General Average Adjustment Rules 213 A. York-Antwerp Rules 213 B. Beijing Rules 213
§5. GENERAL AVERAGE SACRIFICES AND EXPENDITURES 214 I. General Average Sacrifices 214 A. Ship 214 B. Cargo 215 C. Freight 215 II. General Average Expenditures 216 A. Expenses at Port of Refuge 216 B. Wages and Maintenance of Crew and Other Expenses for and from Port of Refuge 216 C. Substituted Expenses 216 D. Salvage Reward 217 III. Interests and Commissions 217
§6. CONTRIBUTORY VALUES 218 I. Concept 218 II. Calculation of Contributory Values 218 A. Ship 218 B. Cargo 218 C. Freight 219
§7. PROCEDURES 219 I. Declaration of General Average 219
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II. General Average Security 219 III. Onus of Proof and Time Limit for Submission to Adjustment 220 A. Onus of Proof 220 B. Time Limit for Submission to Adjustment 220 IV. Judicial Procedure in General Average Case 221
Chapter 11. Marine Insurance 222
§1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 222 I. Introduction to Marine Insurance Industry in China 222 II. Applicable Laws 223 III. Marine Insurance Contract 223 A. Definition and Characteristics of Marine Insurance Contract 223 B. Contents of Marine Insurance Contract 224 C. Conclusion of Marine Insurance Contract 225 D. Assignment and Modification of Marine Insurance Contract 226 E. Termination of Marine Insurance Contract 226 F. Warranties and Effect of Breach 228 IV. Insurance Policy and Clauses 229 A. Insurance Policy or Other Certificate 229 B. Insurance Clauses 230
§2. HULL INSURANCE 232 I. Kinds of Insurance 232 A. Voyage Insurance 232 B. Time Insurance 232 C. Combined Voyage/Time Policy 232 II. Scope of Cover 233 A. Total Loss Cover 233 B. All Risks Cover 233 C. Mixed Cover 235 III. Exclusions 235 IV. Hull War & Strike Clauses 236 A. Scope of Cover 236 B. Exclusions 236
§3. OCEAN MARINE CARGO INSURANCE 236 I. Kinds of Insurance 236 A. Voyage Insurance 236 B. Time Insurance 237 C. Open and Floating Policy 238 II. Scope of Cover 239 A. Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.) 239 B. With Average (W.A.) 240 C. All Risks 240 D. Ordinary Additional Risks 240 E. Special Additional Risks 240
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F. Peculiar Additional Risks 241 III. Exclusions 242 IV. Special Marine Cargo Insurance Clauses 243
§4. SETTLEMENT AND INDEMNITY IN MARINE INSURANCE 243 I. Notification of Insurance Accident 243 II. Obligation of Insured to Mitigate Loss 243 III. Obligation of Insured to Take Protective Measures 244 IV. Burden of Proof 244 V. Total or Partial Loss 246 A. Total Loss 246 B. Partial Loss 247 VI. Payment and Measurement of Indemnity 247 A. Time of Payment of Indemnity 247 B. Measurement of Indemnity 248 VII. Franchise/Deductible 250 VIII. Right to Subject-Matter and Right of Subrogation 251 A. Right to Subject-Matter 251 B. Right of Subrogation 251 IX. Abandonment 252
§5. PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY INSURANCE 253 I. Introduction 253 II. Ordinary Risks Covered and Exclusions 254 A. Risks Covered by CPI and Exclusions 255 B. Risks Covered and Exclusions under PICC P&I Clauses of 1993 256 III. Additional Risks 256 A. Freight, Demurrage & Defence (F.D.&D.) 256 B. P&I War Risks and Special P&I War Risks 257 C. Through Transport P&I Insurance 257 D. Charterers P&I Insurance 257
Chapter 12. Collisions 258
§1. DEFINITIONS 258
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 259 I. International Treaties 259 II. National Laws 259
§3. LIABILITY 259 I. Liability of Colliding Ships 259 II. Exemption of Liability of Colliding Ships 261
§4. DAMAGES 261 I. Basic Principles 261
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A. Principle of Restitutio in Integrum 262 B. Principle of Direct Causation 262 C. Principle of Obligation to Mitigate 262 II. Scope and Calculation of Damages 262 A. Loss of or Damage to Ship 262 B. Loss of or Damage to Property on Board 264 C. Loss of or Damage to Installations Caused by Ship’s Allision 264 D. Loss of or Damage to Property of Third Party 265 E. Interests 265
§5. PROCEDURES 265 I. Investigation of Collision Accident 265 II. Special Provisions for Trial of Collision Cases 266 A. Submission of ‘Maritime Accident Investigation Form’ 266 B. Non-service of Supporting Documents 266 C. Period of Submission of Evidence 266 D. Survey on and Evaluation of Ships 267 E. Time Limit of Trial Finalization 267
Chapter 13. Marine Pollution 268
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 268 I. International Treaties 268 II. National Laws 268
§2. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 269
§3. SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT 270 I. Competent Authorities Concerned 270 II. Basic Marine Environmental Protection Systems 271
§4. PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS 272 I. Compliance with Laws and Regulations 272 II. Equipment, Facilities and Documents 273 III. Carriage of Goods in the Nature of Pollution Danger 274 IV. Operations Subject to Approval 274 V. Ship Scraping 274 VI. Preventive and Minimization Measures 275 VII. Surveillance on Marine Pollution 275
§5. PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM LAND-BASED SOURCES 276 I. Responsibility of the State or Local Governments 276 II. Control on the Discharge of Pollutants into the Sea 276 III. Other Use or Disposal of Pollutants 277
§6. PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION FROM CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 277 I. Prevention of Marine Pollution from Coastal Construction Projects 277
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II. Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ocean Construction Projects 278 A. General Requirements 278 B. Special Requirements for Oil Exploration and Exploitation 278
§7. PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES 279 I. Responsibility of SOA 279 II. Dumping Permit 280 III. Other Matters of Control on Dumping of Wastes 280
§8. LIABILITY FOR MARINE POLLUTION 281 I. Civil Liability for Marine Pollution Damage 281 A. Where 1992 CLC Applicable 281 B. Where 2001 Bunker Convention Applicable 285 C. Where both 1992 CLC and 2001 Bunker Convention Inapplicable 286 D. Governmental Authority as Claimant 288 II. Disciplinary Liability 289 A. Disciplinary Liability Imposed on Violators 289 B. Disciplinary Liability Imposed on Personnel of Supervision & Administration 289 III. Criminal Liability 289
Chapter 14. Arrest of Ships 291
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 291 I. International Treaties 291 II. National Laws 291
§2. JUDICIAL PROCEDURE FOR ARREST OF SHIP BEFORE OR DURING LITIGATION 291 I. Competent Court 291 II. Application Conditions 292 III. Application Procedure 292 IV. Award and Execution 292
§3. SHIPS SUBJECT TO ARREST 293 I. Definition of Ship 293 II. Ships Subject to Arrest 294
§4. MARITIME CLAIMS 294
§5. SECURITY AND COUNTER-SECURITY 295 I. Security 295 II. Counter-Security 296
§6. SUBSEQUENT ARREST OF SAME SHIP 297
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§7. RELEASE OF SHIP FROM ARREST 297
§8. REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL ARREST 298 I. Wrongful Arrest 298 II. Recoverable Losses 299
§9. JUDICIAL SALE AND RULES FOR APPORTIONMENT AND RANKING 299 I. Conditions for Application for Judicial Sale by Auction 299 II. Procedures of Sale by Auction 300 A. Application and Security 300 B. Acceptance of Application and Award for Sale by Auction 300 C. Notice of Sale by Auction 300 D. Organization and Functions of Auction Committee 301 E. Conditions of Bidders 301 F. Auction 302 G. Delivery of Ship and Re-registration of Ownership 302 H. Release of Ship and Public Notice 302 III. Rules for Apportionment and Ranking 302
Chapter 15. Carriage of Passengers 304
§1. INTRODUCTION 304 I. Contract of Carriage of Passenger by Sea 304 II. Passenger Ticket 304
§2. APPLICABLE LAWS 305 I. International Treaties 305 II. National Laws 305
§3. OBLIGATIONS OF PASSENGER 306 I. Payment of Fare and Holding Passenger Ticket 306 II. Not Taking Contraband or Dangerous Goods 306 III. Notification of Loss of or Damage to Luggage 306
§4. OBLIGATIONS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY OF CARRIER 307 I. Obligations of Carrier 307 II. Liability of Carrier 307 A. Period of Carriage of Passenger or Luggage 307 B. Liability for Death of or Personal Injury to Passenger or Loss or Damage to Luggage 308 C. Exonerations of Liability 309 III. Limitation of Liability of Carrier 310 A. International Carriage by Sea 310 B. Domestic Carriage by Sea 310 IV. Loss of the Right to Limit 311
§5. NON-CONTRACTUAL CLAIMS 311
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I. Non-contractual Claims against Carrier 311 II. Carrier’s Servant or Agent 312 III. Actual Carrier & His Servant or Agent 312
Part III. Other Transport 315
Chapter 1. Transport by Road 315
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 315
§2. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS BY ROAD 315 I. Passenger Ticket 315 A. Functions of Passenger Ticket 315 B. Contents of a Passenger Ticket 315 C. Validity of Passenger Ticket 316 D. Change of Vehicle or Getting Refund for Passenger Ticket 316 II. Basic Obligations of Passenger and Carrier 316 A. Basic Obligations of Passenger 316 B. Basic Obligations of Carrier 316 III. Tariff 317 IV. Carriage of Carry-On Articles 317
§3. CARRIAGE OF BAGGAGE OR PARCEL BY ROAD 318 I. Baggage or Parcel Check 318 A. Functions of Baggage or Parcel Check 318 B. Contents of Baggage or Parcel Check 318 II. Taking Over of Baggage or Parcel by Carrier 318 III. Delivery of Baggage or Parcel by Carrier 319 IV. Tariff 319
§4. CARRIAGE OF CARGO BY ROAD 319 I. Concepts and Definitions 319 II. Road Waybill 320 A. Functions of Road Waybill 320 B. Contents of Road Waybill 320 III. Contract of Carriage of Cargo by Road 320 IV. Consignment and Taking Over of Cargo 321 A. Obligations of Consignor 321 B. Obligations of Carrier 322 V. Carriage and Delivery of Cargo 322 A. Obligations of Carrier 322 B. Obligations of Consignee 323 VI. Tariff for Domestic Carriage of Cargo by Road 323 VII. Road Transport of Special Cargo 323
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§5. LIABILITY OF CARRIER 324 I. Liabilities and Exemptions of Liabilities of Carrier 324 A. For Death of or Personal Injury to Passengers 324 B. For Loss of or Damage to Carry-On Articles 324 C. For Loss of or Damage to Cargo, Baggage or Parcels 324 D. For Delay in Carriage of Passengers, Carry-On Articles, Baggage or Parcels or Cargo 325 II. Limitation of Liability of Carrier 326 III. Loss of Right to Limit Liability 326 IV. Procedures 326 A. Time Bar 326 B. Jurisdiction 326
§6. ROAD TRANSPORT INSURANCE 327 I. Introduction 327 II. Domestic Road Cargo Transport Insurance 327 A. Subject-Matters Insured 327 B. Scope of Cover 327 C. Exclusions 328 D. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 328 E. Obligations of Applicant or Insured 328 F. Settlement of Claim 329 III. International Road Cargo Transport Insurance 330 A. Scope of Cover 330 B. Exclusions 331 C. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 331 D. Obligations of Insured 331
Chapter 2. Transport by Rail 333
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 333 I. Introduction 333 II. Concepts and Definitions 333
§2. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS BY RAIL 334 I. Passenger Ticket 334 A. Functions of Passenger Ticket 334 B. Contents of Passenger Ticket 334 C. Validity Period of Passenger Ticket 334 D. Change of or Getting Refund for Passenger Ticket 334 II. Service for Passengers on Train or in Stations 335 III. Basic Obligations of Passenger and Carrier 335 A. Basic Obligations of Passenger 335 B. Basic Obligations of Carrier 335 IV. Tariff 336 V. Carriage of Carry-On Articles 336
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§3. CARRIAGE OF BAGGAGE OR PARCEL BY RAIL 337 I. Baggage or Parcel Check 337 A. Functions of Baggage or Parcel Check 337 B. Contents of Baggage or Parcel Check 337 II. Consignment and Taking Over of Baggage or Parcel 337 III. Carriage and Delivery of Baggage or Parcel 338 IV. Tariff 339
§4. CARRIAGE OF CARGO BY RAIL 339 I. Rail Waybill 339 A. Functions of Rail Waybill 339 B. Contents of Rail Waybill 339 C. Making of Rail Waybill 339 II. Consignment and Taking Over of Cargo 340 A. Obligations of Consignor 340 B. Obligations of Carrier 341 III. Carriage and Delivery of Cargo 341 A. Obligations of Carrier 341 B. Obligations of Consignee 341 IV. Tariff for Domestic Carriage of Cargo by Rail 342
§5. LIABILITY OF CARRIER 342 I. Liabilities and Exemptions of Liabilities of Carrier 342 A. For Death of or Personal Injury to Passengers or Other Persons 342 B. For Loss of or Damage to Carry-On Articles 343 C. For Loss of or Damage to Cargo, Baggage or Parcel 343 D. For Delay in the Carriage of Goods, Baggage or Parcels 344 II. Limitation of Liability of Carrier 345 III. Loss of Right to Limit Liability 345 IV. Procedures 346 A. Time Bar 346 B. Jurisdiction and Arbitration 346
§6. RAILWAY TRANSPORT INSURANCE 347 I. Introduction 347 II. Railway Passenger Transport Insurance 347 III. Domestic Railway Cargo Transport Insurance 348 A. Subject-Matters Insured 348 B. Scope of Cover 348 C. Exclusions 348 D. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 349 E. Obligations of Insured 349 F. Settlement of Claim 350
Chapter 3. Coastal Transport & Inland Navigation 352
§1. INTRODUCTION 352
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I. Carriage by Waterway 352 II. Applicable Laws 352 A. Laws and Regulations Applicable to Carriage of Goods by Waterway 352 B. Laws and Regulations Applicable to Carriage of Passengers by Waterway 352
§2. CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY WATERWAY 353 I. Definitions 353 II. Conclusion of Contract of Carriage of Goods by Waterway 354 III. Obligations and Rights of Shipper 354 A. Obligations of Shipper 354 B. Rights of Shipper 355 IV. Obligations and Rights of Carrier 355 A. Obligations of Carrier 355 B. Rights of Carrier 357 V. Liabilities for Breach of Contract 357 A. Rules of Liability for Breach of Contract 357 B. Exemptions of Liability of Carrier and Burden of Proof 358 C. Measure of Liability 359 VI. Carriage of Special Goods 359 A. Dangerous Goods 359 B. Deck Cargo 360 C. Putrescible Goods, Live Animals and Plants 360 VII. Non-contractual Claims 361 A. Consignee’s Title to Sue against Carrier 361 B. Actual Carrier 361 C. Servants or Agent of Carrier or Actual Carrier 361 VIII. Waybill 362 A. Functions of Waybill 362 B. Particulars of Waybill 362 C. Issuance of Waybill 363 IX. Taking Over and Delivery of Goods 363 A. Taking Over of Goods by Carrier 363 B. Delivery of Goods by Carrier 363 C. Transport Record 364 X. Special Provisions regarding Voyage Charter Party 364 A. Introduction 364 B. Duties of Shipowner 365 C. Duties of Charterer 365 D. Rights and Obligations of Consignee under Voyage Charter 366 XI. Special Provisions regarding Carriage in Containers 366 XII. Special Provisions regarding Unit Ro/Ro Carriage 367
§3. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS BY WATERWAY 367 I. Passenger Ticket 367 II. Obligations of Passenger 368
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III. Obligations of Carrier 368 IV. Liabilities of Carrier 369 A. For Personal Injury or Death of Passenger 369 B. For Loss of or Damage to Passenger’s Cabin Luggage 369 C. For Loss of or Damage to Passenger’s Checked Luggage 369
§4. OTHER MATTERS CONCERNING INLAND NAVIGATION 369 I. Introduction 369 II. Coastal and Inland Hull Insurance 371 A. Subject-Matter Insured 371 B. Scope of Cover 371 C. Exclusions 372 D. Obligations of Insured or Applicant 373 III. Additional Insurances of Coastal and Inland Vessels 374 IV. Insurance of Cargo Transport by Waterway 375 A. Subject-Matter Insured 375 B. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 375 C. Scope of Cover 375 D. Exclusions 376 E. Obligations of Insured 376
Chapter 4. Air Transport 378
§1. APPLICABLE LAWS 378 I. Introduction 378 II. Concepts and Definitions 379
§2. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS BY AIR 380 I. Passenger Ticket 380 A. Functions of Passenger Ticket 380 B. Contents of Passenger Ticket 381 C. Validity Period of Passenger Ticket 382 D. Change of or Getting Refund for Passenger Ticket 382 II. Boarding Aircraft 383 III. Service for Passengers during Flight or on Ground 384
§3. CARRIAGE OF PASSENGER’S BAGGAGE BY AIR 385 I. Baggage Check 385 A. Functions of Baggage Check 385 B. Contents of Baggage Check 385 II. Consignment and Taking Over of Baggage 386 III. Carriage and Delivery of Baggage 386
§4. CARRIAGE OF CARGO BY AIR 387 I. Air Waybill 387 A. Functions of Air Waybill 387
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B. Contents of Air Waybill 388 C. Making of Air Waybill 389 II. Obligations of Consignor 389 A. Responsibility for Correctness of Cargo Particulars 389 B. Provision of Required Information and Documents 390 III. Rights of Consignor and Consignee 390
§5. LIABILITY OF CARRIER 391 I. Compulsory Application of Statutory Liability 391 II. Liabilities and Exemptions of Liabilities of Carrier 392 A. For Death or Personal Injury or Delay in Carriage of Passenger 392 B. For Loss of or Damage to Baggage 392 C. For Loss of or Damage to Cargo 393 D. For Delay in the Carriage of Passenger, Baggage or Cargo 394 III. Limitation of Liability of Carrier 394 A. In International Carriage by Air 394 B. Domestic Carriage by Air 396 IV. Loss of Right to Limit Liability 397 V. Non-contractual Claims 397 A. Tort Liability of Carrier 397 B. Legal Status of Servants or Agent of Carrier 397 VI. Successive Carriage 398 VII. Carriage by Air Performed by Actual Carrier 398 VIII. Procedures 400 A. Complaint of Damage to Baggage or Cargo 400 B. Time Bar 400 C. Jurisdiction and Arbitration 401
§6. AIR CARGO TRANSPORT INSURANCE 401 I. Introduction 401 II. International Air Cargo Transport Insurance 402 A. Scope of Cover 402 B. Exclusions 402 C. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 402 D. Obligations of Insured 403 III. Domestic Air Cargo Transport Insurance 404 A. Subject-Matters Insured 404 B. Scope of Cover 404 C. Exclusions 405 D. Commencement and Termination of Insurance Liability 405 E. Obligations of Insured 405
§7. LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO THIRD PARTIES ON THE SURFACE 406 I. Introduction 406 II. Responsible Person 407 III. Liability and Exemptions 407
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IV. Liability Insurance or Guarantee 408 A. Compulsory Liability Insurance or Guarantee 408 B. Direct Action against Liability Insurer or Guarantor 409 C. Defences Available to Liability Insurer or Guarantor 409 V. Time Bar 409
§8. RIGHTS IN CIVIL AIRCRAFT 410 I. Introduction 410 II. Ownership of and Mortgage on Civil Aircraft 411 A. Ownership of Civil Aircraft 411 B. Mortgage on Civil Aircraft 411 III. Liens on Civil Aircraft 412 A. Definition 412 B. Registration of Lien on Civil Aircraft 412 C. Enforcement of Lien and Priorities in Compensation 413 D. Termination of Lien on Civil Aircraft 413 IV. Lease of Civil Aircraft 414 A. Contract of Lease of Civil Aircraft 414 B. Financing Lease of Civil Aircraft 414 C. Registration of Lease of Civil Aircraft 414
Chapter 5. Multimodal Transport 416
§1. INTRODUCTION 416 I. Applicable Laws 416 II. Concepts and Definitions 416
§2. GENERAL STATUTORY PROVISIONS 417 I. Multimodal Transport Document 417 II. Responsibility of MTO 417 III. Liability of MTO 417 IV. Liability of Shipper 418
§3. INTERNATIONAL MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT OF GOODS IN CONTAINERS 418 I. Introduction 418 II. Multimodal Transport Document 419 A. Issuance of Multimodal Transport Document 419 B. Contents of Multimodal Transport Document 419 C. Negotiation of Multimodal Transport Document 420 D. Administration on Multimodal Transport Documents 420 III. Taking in Charge of Goods by MTO 420 IV. Delivery of Goods by MTO 421 V. Responsibility of MTO 421 VI. Liability and Limitation of Liability of MTO 421 VII. Responsibility and Liability of Shipper 422 VIII. Notice of Loss or Damage and Time Bar 423
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A. Notice of Loss or Damage 423 B. Time Bar 424
Selected Bibliography 425
Index 427
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