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Energy Storage Overview Large-Scale Energy Storage Opportunities for Renewable Energy and Smart Grid International Battery Association Meeting April 12, 2011 Presented by: Jud Virden Chief Science and Technology Officer Energy and Environment Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory PNNL-SA-79120 U. S. Electric Grid • 157,000 miles of high-voltage (greater than 230 kilovolts) electric transmission lines. • Over 15,000 generating units • 143 million customers. • Total Electricity Revenues in 2009 - $353 B • There are more than 3,100 electric utilities in the United States. – 213 stockholder-owned utilities that provide power to about 73% of the customers – 2,000 public utilities run by state and local government agencies that provide power to about 15% of the customers – 930 electric cooperatives providing power to about 12% of the customers – 2,100 nonutility power producers, including both independent power companies and customer-owned distributed energy facilities. 2 Today’s Electricity Infrastructure Diagram courtesy of EPRI Supply Chases Demand Grid designed for peak power requirements New T&D infrastructure difficult to build Renewable Portfolio Standards changing generation mix Wind Capacity up to 34 GW Source: AEO2011 Early Release Overview What’s Changed? Why Energy Storage for Grid Applications Now? High cost of managing peak demands Increased deployment of renewables High cost of Transmission & Distribution infrastucture Improve asset utilization Investments in “smart grid infrastructure” Grid Infrastructure Built for Peak – but Peak only used small percentage of the time!! Hourly Loads as Fraction of Peak, Sorted from Highest to Lowest 100% 90% generation 80% 75% 60% 40% LoadFactor(%) 5% = ~400 hrs/yr distribution 20% 0% 0% 5% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of Year (8,760 hrs) Electric Generation Distribution Asset 6 Peak vs Off-Peak Price of Electricity Energy Storage in the New York Electricity Markets, NYISO, March 2010 The Value of Energy Storage will vary by Location!!!! $3.5 Billion Spent in 2009 on Demand-Side Management $4.0 $3.5 Total Costs $3.0 Energy Efficiency $2.5 Load Management $2.0 $1.5 Dollars in Billions Dollars $1.0 $0.5 $0.0 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 Wind Power – Creates Regional Challenge 34.3 GW installed in U.S. 3.3 % of U.S. total Four states account for 51% Texas, 9.4 GW Iowa, 3.4 GW California, 2.7 GW Washington , 2.0 GW Wind accounted for 63% of all new capacity in 2009 Control Strategies for Distributed Energy Resources to Maximize the Use of Wind Power in Rural Microgrids Diesel 1 - Power Output 1500 Three Scenarios Evaluated 1000 1. Wind + Diesel 500 case 1 0 case 2 case 3 2. Wind + Diesel + Demand ActivePower (kW) -500 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Response Time (min) 3. Diesel + Wind + Demand Frequency Response + Storage 60.6 case 1 60.4 case 2 case 3 Conclusions 60.2 DR and storage can both contribute Freq(Hz) 60 59.8 substantially to the improvement 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (min) frequency performance Storage Power reduction of diesel generator movements, 1000 under high-wind normal operations 500 0 generator contingencies in a low-wind -500 scenario ActivePower (kW) -1000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (min) Courtesy : Shuai Lu, Marcelo A. Elizondo, Nader Samaan, Karanjit Kalsi, Ebony Mayhorn, Ruisheng Diao, Chunlian Jin, Yu Zhang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 11 Future Grid – Measurement & Communication PMUs measure voltage, current and frequency (30/sec) Time-stamped, synchronized and time-aligned Enable wide-area monitoring and real-time operation $8 Billion U.S. investment in “Smart Grid” 206,000 smart transformers 18 million smart meters 176,000 load control devise Real-time meaurement & two-way communication will enable: Demand management Renewable integration Optimal use of energy storage for multiple applications How Many PHEV Can You Put On Today’s Grid? nighttime valley-filling 1.20 daytime valley-filling 1.20 Use the average day in the peak season 1.00 1.00 Determine size of valley in MWh 0.80 0.80 Constrain valley by excluding 0.60 0.60 Hydro All other 0.40 peak day load 0.40 renewables seasonal normalized normalized electric system load ` shape Nuclear average load 0.20 0.20 Peaking plants shape 0.00 0.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 hour of day 13 Regional Load Profile 13 Potential for Fueling the Regional LDV Fleet with Available Electric Capacity ? Midwest and Eastern regions: high available capacity Western region: limited available capacity because of large hydro share 111% 65% 135 NWP 79 88% 90% MAPP % 118% 69% 20% 50% 11% 53% NPCC(US) 26% 17% 155% 59% 18 – 6 hour 0 – 24 hour MAIN ECAR Valley filling Valley filling 72% 83% 35% 42% 148% SPP CNV SERC 80% 54%95% 64% AZN&RMP 39% ERCOT 14 JOURNAL OF EUEC, Volume 1, 2007 © 2007 Energy and Environment Conference Worldwide Installed Storage Capacity for Electrical Energy Storage With permission from EPRI, Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A Primer on Applications, Costs & Benefits, December 2010 Grid Energy Storage Application Energy Storage Options With permission from EPRI, Electric Energy Storage Technology Options: A Primer on Applications, Costs & Benefits, December 2010 Target Market Size and Value Analysis $/kW-h Levelized Total Cost of Energy Storage Technologies Relative to Combustion Turbine Some storage technologies are beginning to become competitive in selected Regulation Markets Cost of many technologies still too high!!!!!! Levelized Total Cost of Energy Storage Technologies Relative to Combustion Turbine Storage (levelized) costs of energy products >2~3 times higher, for broad market penetration ARRA Funded Demonstration Projects $185 M DOE Funded 21 Portfolio of DOE ARPA-E Projects UNIVERSITY/ SMALL BUSINESS CORPORATION LAB Rechargeable Fe-Air Battery Fuel-Free Isothermal Compression Focus: Transformational approaches to energy storage to enable low cost < 100/kW and < 100kW-h Grid Energy Storage Summary Energy Storage Market is on the order of 14 GW if energy storage systems can be installed at about $750/kWh Still must compete against energy efficiency, demand response, CCGT 5GW niche markets at $1400/kWh and multiple benefit can realized. High value applications include: Regulation, commercial and industrial power quality and reliability Stationary and transportable systems for grid support and T&D deferral Many Energy Storage technologies are too expensive R&D needs to focus on those issues that increase performance/reduce cost (materials, lifetime, durability) Questions? 24.
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