DOCSLIB.ORG

Ilo Evaluation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ilo Evaluation ILO EVALUATION o Evaluation Title: Final Evaluation of Addressing Decent Work Deficits in the Tobacco Sector of Zambian and Tanzania Project (DWiT). o ILO DC/SYMBOL ZMB 18/02/RBS and TZA/18/01/RBS o Type of Evaluation Independent Cluster Final Evaluation o Country(ies) United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia o P&B outcome(s): 5, 7, 8 and 10 o SDG(s): 2 and 8 o Date of the evaluation August–September 2020 o Name of consultant(s) CLIFF BERNARD NUWAKORA (Team Leader) GREGORY CHANDA CHILUFYA (National consultant; Zambia), and MGENDI MSANGYA ZACHARIA (National Consultant; Tanzania) o ILO Administrative Office ILO Country Office for Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique, and ILO Country Office for the United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi o ILO Technical Backstopping Office: SECTOR, FUNDAMENTALS, ENTERPRISE and LABADMIN /OSH o Other agencies involved in joint evaluation: Nil o Date project ends: August 2020 o Donor: country and budget US$: ILO RBSA USD 920,448(Zambia) and 892,896 (Tanzania) o Evaluation Manager: Benson Mange’ni o Evaluation budget: US$ 29,830 o Key Words: Decent work, Livelihoods, Covid-19, Tobacco, Occupational Safety, Gender equality, Child labour and Tripartite. This evaluation has been conducted according to ILO’s evaluation policies and procedures. It has not been professionally edited, but has undergone quality control by the ILO Evaluation Office. Acknowledgement The evaluation team would like to extend its sincere thanks to the stakeholders who participated and supported the evaluation work in various ways. Special mention goes to the Evaluation Manager (Mr. Mange’ni Benson) and all the project teams in both countries that provided valuable support at various stages of the evaluation. Special mention too, to the generous participation and contribution of all government institutions, implementing partners as well as the beneficiaries who invested their valuable time to respond to the evaluation questions during in-depth interviews and FGDs/workshops. Despite your busy schedules, you all agreed to attend multiple consultative meetings and provided all the guiding documents. The contributions of all you participants was invaluable for the success of this evaluation. i | P a g e Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... vii 1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The evaluation background ............................................................................................ 4 Evaluation purpose and objectives ........................................................................................................... 4 Targeted clients and the main audience of the evaluation report ........................................................ 6 Dates, events and operation sequence of this terminal evaluation ..................................................... 6 1.3 Evaluation Methodology ................................................................................................. 6 Data collection .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Evaluation limitations ................................................................................................................................. 11 2.0.Evaluation Findings ................................................................................................. 13 2.1. Relevance ................................................................................................................. 13 Project alignment to government programmes, ILO DWiT programming and SDGs ..................... 15 Focus on the needs of beneficiaries ....................................................................................................... 16 Project alignment with global development agenda (UNDAF & SDGs) ............................................ 17 2.2. Validity of the design .................................................................................................. 19 Strengths and weaknesses of Project Concept and Design ............................................................... 22 Weaknesses of the concept and design ................................................................................................ 23 Project management, partnerships and coordination mechanisms........................................... 23 Project management mechanisms .......................................................................................................... 23 Partnerships arrangements ...................................................................................................................... 25 Coordination mechanism .......................................................................................................................... 27 Strengths and weaknesses of management arrangements, partnerships and coordination mechanisms ................................................................................................................................................ 28 2.3. Effectiveness ............................................................................................................. 29 2.4 Facilitators and inhibitors of performance of the DWiT project ........................................... 44 2.5. Efficiency .................................................................................................................. 45 ii | P a g e Project budget and expenditure to date ................................................................................................. 45 Cost minimization strategies adopted ..................................................................................................... 47 Weaknesses of the adopted cost minimization strategies................................................................... 48 2.6. Impact Orientation and Project sustainability .................................................................. 49 Project impact .................................................................................................................. 49 2.7 Programmatic sustainability .......................................................................................... 49 Institutional sustainability .......................................................................................................................... 51 Financial sustainability .............................................................................................................................. 53 Environmental sustainability ..................................................................................................................... 53 Opportunities and threats to sustainability ............................................................................................. 54 3.Cross cutting issues ................................................................................................... 54 3.1. Gender mainstreaming ............................................................................................... 54 3.2 Results Based Management (RBM) and efficacy of M&E systems ................................. 55 3.3 Human Rights Based Approach ................................................................................ 56 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 57 5 Lessons learnt ............................................................................................................... 59 6 Good practices .............................................................................................................. 61 7 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 63 List of annexes Annex 1:Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................................... 65 Annex 2: Lessons Learnt and Good Practices .............................................................................................. 79 Annex 3: Data capture tool for effectiveness ................................................................................................. 96 Annex 4: Key informant Interview guide for Project personnel ................................................................. 108 Annex 5: Key informant Interview guide for Government officials ........................................................... 111 Annex 6: FGD guide for beneficiaries ........................................................................................................... 113 Annex 7: References ....................................................................................................................................... 115 Annex 8: Abridged list of respondents .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 12028809 02.Pdf
    Appendix 1 Member List of the Study Team Appendix 1 Member List of the Study Team (1) During Field Survey (2nd Phase of the Study on Rural Water Supply in Tabora Region) Mr. Yasumasa Team Leader/Rural Water Supply Earth System Science Co., Ltd YAMASAKI Planner Mr. Takuya YABUTA Deputy Team Leader/Groundwater Earth System Science Co., Ltd Development Planner Mr. Masakazu SAITO Hydrogeologist 1，Implementation and Procurement Planner/Cost Earth System Science Co., Ltd. Estimator 1 Mr. Tadashi Hydrogeologist 2 Earth System Science Co., Ltd. YAMAKAWA (Mitsubishi Materials Techno Corporation) Mr. Hiroyuki Specialist for Water Quality, Earth System Science Co., Ltd. NAKAYAMA Database/GIS 1 Mr. Shigekazu Hydrologist/Meteorologist Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. FUJISAWA Ms. Mana ISHIGAKI Socio-Economist Japan Techno Co., Ltd. (I. C. Net Ltd.) Mr. Teruki MURAKAMI Urban Water Supply Planner Japan Techno Co., Ltd. Mr. Susumu ENDO Geophysicist 1 Earth System Science Co., Ltd. (Mitsubishi Materials Techno Corporation) Mr. Kengo OHASHI Geophysicist 2 Earth System Science Co., Ltd. Mr. Tatsuya SUMIDA Drilling Engineer, Supervisor of Hand Pump Repairing, Earth System Science Co., Ltd. Implementation and Procurement Planner/Cost Estimator 2 Mr. Daisuke NAKAJIMA Water Supply Facility Designer Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Mr. Naoki MORI Specialist for Operation and Japan Techno Co., Ltd. Maintenance Mr. Norikazu Specialist for Environment and Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. YAMAZAKI Social Consideration Mr. Naoki TAKE Specialist for `Public Health and Earth System Science Co., Ltd. Hygiene (Kaihatsu Management Consulting, Inc.) Mr. Tadashi SATO Coordinator, Specialist for Earth System Science Co., Ltd. Database/GIS 2 A1 - 1 Appendix-1 Member List of the Study Team (2) Explanation of Preparatory Survey Senior Adviser to the Director General, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Tabora Region Investment Guide
    THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA PRESIDENT’S OFFICE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT TABORA REGION INVESTMENT GUIDE The preparation of this guide was supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) 182 Mzinga way/Msasani Road Oyesterbay P.O. Box 9182, Dar es Salaam ISBN: 978 - 9987 - 664 - 16 - 0 Tel: (+255-22) 2195000 - 4 E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www.esrftz.or.tz Website: www.tz.undp.org TABORA REGION INVESTMENT GUIDE | i TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................v DEMONSTRATION OF COMMITMENT FROM THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT ..................................................................................................................................... viii FOREWORD ..............................................................................................................................................ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................xii DISCLAIMER ..........................................................................................................................................xiv
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala
    Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala The "Success Story" of Peasant Tobacco Production in Tanzania Publications from the Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen The "Success Story" of Peasant Tobacco Production in Tanzania The political economy of a commodity producing peasantry Jannik Boesen A. T. Mohele Published by Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1979 Publications from the Centre for Development Research, Coppnhagen No. l.Bukh, Jette, The Village Woman in Ghana. 118 pp. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 197 9. No. 2. Boesen,Jannik & Mohele, A.T., The "Success Story" ofPeasant Tobacco Production in Tanzania. 169 pp. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies 197 9. This series contains books written by researchers at the Centre for Development Research, Copenhagen. It is published by the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, in co-operation with the Centre for Development Research with support from the Danish International Development Agency (Danida). Cover picture and photo on page 1 16 by Jesper Kirknzs, other photos by Jannik Boesen. Village maps measured and drafted by Jannik Boesen and drawn by Gyda Andersen, who also did the other drawings. 0Jannik Boesen 8cA.T. Mohele and the Centre for Development Research 1979 ISSN 0348.5676 ISBN 91-7106-163-0 Printed in Sweden by Offsetcenter ab, Uppsala 197 9 Preface This book is the result of a research project undertaken jointly by the Research Section of the Tanzania Rural Development Bank (TRDB)and the Danish Centre for Development Research (CDR). The research work was carried out between 1976 and 1978 by A.T. Mohele of the TRDB and Jannik Boesen of the CDR.
    [Show full text]
  • Development in East Africa 3
    DEVELOPMENT IN EAST AFRICA 3 Cultural Shift in East Africa: Cultural (Im)materialities Biographies, Developments, DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT IN EAST AFRICA Cultural Shift: Developments, Biographies, (Im) materialities 3 edited by Piotr Cichocki, Maciej Ząbek Development in East Africa Development in East Africa Cultural Shift in East Africa: Developments, Biographies, (Im)materialities edited by Piotr Cichocki, Maciej Ząbek Mkwawa University College of Education (MUCE), a Constituent College of the University of Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) & Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology University of Warsaw (Poland) Iringa – Warsaw 2018 © Copyright by Piotr Cichocki, Maciej Ząbek 2018 Reviewers: Prof. Hayder Ibrahim Ali Prof. Jacek Pawlik Proofreading by Iwona Handzelewicz Cover design by Grzegorz Sztandera ISBN 978-83-7401-639-1 Printed in Poland WDR, Włocławek CONTENTS Introduction – Piotr Cichocki & Maciej Ząbek ................................ 7 Part I DEVELOPMENTS Chapter 1 KAWONGA GERVAS AND WAKATI MALIVA East African Development: Language as a Forgotten Factor .... 31 Chapter 2 MAXMILLIAN J. CHUHILA Commerce or Food? Development Narratives of Maize Farming in Ismani, 1940s to the Present ............................................... 57 Chapter 3 MLOWE N.P. AND JUSTIN K. URASSA Formalization of Customary Land Rights on Rural Household’s Livelihood Outcomes: A Case of Handeni District, Tanzania ..... 91 Chapter 4 MACIEJ ZĄBEK Ujamma. Contemporary Discourse about Julius Nyerere Socialism ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 3067 Tabora District Council
    Council Subvote Index 85 Tabora Region Subvote Description Council District Councils Number Code 2017 Tabora Municipal Council 5003 Internal Audit 5004 Admin and HRM 5005 Trade and Economy 5006 Administration and Adult Education 5007 Primary Education 5008 Secondary Education 5009 Land Development & Urban Planning 5010 Health Services 5011 Preventive Services 5013 Dispensaries 5014 Works 5017 Rural Water Supply 5018 Urban Water Supply 5022 Natural Resources 5027 Community Development, Gender & Children 5031 Salaries for VEOs 5032 Salaries for MEOs 5033 Agriculture 5034 Livestock 5036 Environments 3065 Igunga District Council 5003 Internal Audit 5004 Admin and HRM 5005 Trade and Economy 5006 Administration and Adult Education 5007 Primary Education 5008 Secondary Education 5009 Land Development & Urban Planning 5010 Health Services 5011 Preventive Services 5012 Health Centres 5013 Dispensaries 5014 Works 5017 Rural Water Supply 5022 Natural Resources 5027 Community Development, Gender & Children 5031 Salaries for VEOs 5033 Agriculture 5034 Livestock 5036 Environments 3066 Nzega District Council 5003 Internal Audit 5004 Admin and HRM 5005 Trade and Economy 5006 Administration and Adult Education 5007 Primary Education 5008 Secondary Education ii Council Subvote Index 85 Tabora Region Subvote Description Council District Councils Number Code 3066 Nzega District Council 5009 Land Development & Urban Planning 5010 Health Services 5011 Preventive Services 5012 Health Centres 5013 Dispensaries 5014 Works 5017 Rural Water Supply 5022 Natural
    [Show full text]
  • Ending Displacement for Burundian Refugees in Tanzania
    G o i ng H o m e or S ta yi n g H om e? E nd i ng Di s p l a ce m e nt f o r B ur u nd i a n R e f ug e e s i n T a nz a ni a Citizenship and Forced Migration in the Great Lakes Region Working Paper No. 1 November 2008 Centre for the Study of International Refugee Social Science Forced Migration Rights Initiative Research Council C I T I Z E N S H I P A N D D I S P L A C E M E N T I N T H E G R E A T L A K E S W O R K I N G P A P E R N O . 1 Background to the Paper This paper is the result of a co-ordinated effort between staff from the Centre for the Study of Forced Migration (CSFM) at the University of Dar es Salaam, the International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI), and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). The field research was carried out by Opportuna Kweka and Erasmina Massawe of CSFM, and the paper was drafted by Lucy Hovil of IRRI and Opportuna Kweka of CSFM. Olivia Bueno and Deirdre Clancy of IRRI, Khoti Kamanga of CSFM, and Josh DeWind of SSRC reviewed and edited the material. The field research team would like to express its gratitude to all those who participated in the study, in particular refugees, government of Tanzania officials, staff of UNHCR and its implementing agencies, CARITAS in Tabora and Ulyankulu, and the Peace and Justice Commission in Kigoma.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Sikonge District, Tabora Region, Tanzania
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol. 3, No. 10 , 2013 Population Dynamics and the Contraction of the Miombo Woodland Ecozone: A Case Study of Sikonge District, Tabora Region, Tanzania George F. Masanja, PhD Department of Geography, St. Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania P.O. Box 307 MWANZA, TANZANIA E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A study was conducted in a cereal-tobacco farming system in Sikonge District, Tabora Region. The objective of the study was to determine the implications of forest resource demand by the ever growing population. A social survey was conducted in the period 2011-2012. Randomized stratified multistage sampling using proportionate population sizes was employed to select 365 households and six institutions in the study area. Assessment of vegetation cover change was based on time-series satellite images and repeated aerial photographs. Data processing and analysis was accomplished by the use of ERDAS Imagine Version 8.7 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that depletion of closed woodland between 1984 and 2012 was 46.7 hectares per year on average. Likewise, cultivated land increased by an average of 265 (0.8%) hectares annually within this time period. The expansion of cultivated land was at the expense of the Miombo woodlands fueled by internal and external socio-economic drivers led by population growth, agricultural expansion, domestic fuel wood and charcoal and increased demand for tobacco curing.
    [Show full text]
  • Urambo District, Tanzania [Phase I] - Final Evaluation
    Evaluation Summary International Labour Office Evaluation Office Combating Hazardous Child Labour in Tobacco Farming in Urambo (UTSP) Urambo District, Tanzania [Phase I] - Final Evaluation Quick Facts The final evaluation exercise (carried out from 7th to 20th February, 2007 and involving desk Countries: Tanzania research, field investigations in more than 50% of Final Evaluation: 7/2007 the project communities, and participation in a final evaluation and programming workshop in Evaluation Mode: Independent Tabora, Tanzania), was designed to measure the Administrative Office: IPEC results and achievements of the project and assess its impact on the target villages in Urambo Technical Office: IPEC District. The project was funded by the Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco-growing Evaluation Consultant(s): Stanley Asangalisah Foundation (ECLT Foundation), and executed by Project Code: URT/06/03/ECT the International Labour Office (ILO) through its International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY II. Findings/Observations: Based on the intensive desk research, extensive Based on the information and data made available field interactions with project managers, to the evaluator by the project managers, implementers and collaborators in Dar Es collaborators, beneficiaries and stakeholders, and Salaam, Tabora, and Urambo, and the community within the limits of human error, the following is meetings and focus group discussions with a summary of the evaluator’s assessment of the project beneficiaries in 5 (out of the 9) project results, achievements and impact of the Urambo Wards, namely: Tobacco Sector Project (UTSP). It should be noted that the findings are based on project • Itundu Ward (Itundu, Kasisi, Wema, Mpigwa, reports and stakeholders’ interviews and limited Kitete) field visits in Urambo.
    [Show full text]
  • US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Water Resources in Tabora and Rukwa Regions, Tanzania May 17 – June 5, 2009
    US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Water Resources in Tabora and Rukwa Regions, Tanzania May 17 – June 5, 2009 June 2009 Prepared by Joe Gurrieri Beverly Young Robert Sassor Geology & Ground-Water Programs Environmental Engineer Water Resources Manager USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Intermountain Region Northern Region International Programs 324 25th Street PO Box 7669 Kigoma, Tanzania Ogden, UT 84401 Missoula, MT 59807 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Contents Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ iv 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Geographic Context .............................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Climate.................................................................................................................................. 3 3. Background and Context: Water Quality ................................................................................... 5 3.1 Source Water Protection ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Study on Rural Water Supply in Tabora Region in the United Republic of Tanzania
    MINISTRY OF WATER THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA FINAL REPORT SUMMARY MAY 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. GED JR 11-105 MINISTRY OF WATER THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA THE STUDY ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN TABORA REGION IN THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA FINAL REPORT SUMMARY MAY 2011 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. KOKUSAI KOGYO CO., LTD. In this report, project costs are estimated based on prices as of November 2010 with an exchange rate of US$1.00 = Tanzania Shilling (Tsh) 1,434.66 = Japanese Yen ¥ 88.00. Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT AND CURRENT SITUATION OF THE STUDY AREA The government of Tanzania started the Rural Water Supply Project in 1971 aiming to provide safe and clean water to the entire nation within a 400m distance. The Ministry of Water (MoW) has been continuing efforts to improve water supply coverage formulating a “Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)” in 2000 and “MKUKUTA (National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) in 2005. NSGRP targets are to improve water supply coverage from 53% to 65% in the rural area and from 73% to 100% in the urban area up to the year 2010. However, it is probably difficult to realize the target. The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MoWI) formulated the “Water Sector Development Programme (WSDP)” in 2006 to improve water supply coverage using the basket fund based on a Sector Wide Approach for Planning (SWAp).
    [Show full text]
  • Rice Market Chain Analysis in Kigoma, March 2018
    MARKET CHAIN ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT FOR RICE PRODUCED IN KIGOMA REGION, TANZANIA FINAL REPORT CONSULTANTS NICHOLAUS .E. NIKUSEKELA & GWALUSAJO K.J, KAPANDE MARCH, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This comprehensive market analysis and development for rice produced in Kigoma region is the result of the invaluable efforts of many people and organizations. There is insufficient space and time to mention all organisations and individuals that made it possible to conduct a successful market chain analysis. However, our sincere gratitude goes to all who contributed technically and/or financially to this work. We are most grateful to the cooperation accorded by the management of NIRAS-LIC and all local leaders in the targeted irrigation schemes, villages and districts as well as all market chain actors (farmers, traders, transporters, millers and consumers) who made possible for this market analysis to take place. Specifically we would like to acknowledge the NIRAS-LIC for commissioning this work and supporting it technically and financially up to the end. We would also like to acknowledge the team from Nkamson Consultancy Co. Ltd who collected, analyses data/information, drafted the report and worked tirelessly to improve it to this final report. i Market Chain Analysis and Development for Rice Produced in Kigoma Region, Tanzania CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i CONTENT ii LIST OF FIGURES iv ACRONYMS vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Project Background ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Value Chain Analysis of Tamarind Fruits in Kishapu District
    0 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF TAMARIND FRUITS IN KISHAPU DISTRICT, TANZANIA HAMZA OMARI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2016 ii ABSTRACT The study was conducted to analyse value chain of tamarind fruits by characterising the actors, assessing socio-economic factors influencing income from tamarind fruits, determining the gross margins, identifying trees ownership regime and challenges encountered in the value chain. Primary data were collected through household survey, market survey, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. A random sample of 176 households, 33 traders and 59 consumers were interviewed to gain their insights on the topic. Low price, limited access to market, lack of market awareness, poor storage facilities, lack of price information and limited number of buyers are the major constraints faced by harvesters in the value chain. Large proportion of tamarind fruits harvested from homestead land, followed by farmland and grazing land. Among the market participants, retailers showed highest gross margin, followed by middlemen and harvesters. The higher margin gained by retailers was due to higher selling price and low inputs costs such as low transport cost and low cost of labour. Regression of socio-economic factors showed that the number of tamarind trees owned and quantity sold significantly contributed positively to tamarind income (P < 0.001) while selling price significantly contributed positively to tamarind income (p < 0.05). Experience in harvesting significantly reduces the income from tamarind fruits (P < 0.05). The contribution of tamarind fruits to household income (3.4%) would have been enhanced under well organised market conditions.
    [Show full text]