US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania November 8

Home , Kigoma Region, Sikonge District, Tabora, Tabora Region, Urambo District, Uyui District

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania November 8 – 23, 2009

December 2009

Prepared by Beverly Young Robert Sassor Environmental Engineer Water Resources and Biodiversity US Forest Service Manager Northern Region US Forest Service, Office of PO Box 7669 International Programs Missoula, MT 59807 Kigoma, Tanzania Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Contents

Acknowledgements...... iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... iv 1. Summary...... 1 2. Introduction...... 2 3. Background and Context: Safe Water...... 3 3.1 Source Water Protection ...... 3 3.2 Water Quality Standards and Monitoring...... 4 4. Water Quality Equipment and Training...... 5 4.1 Water Quality Testing Equipment Invested in Tabora ...... 5 4.2 Source Sampling and Training...... 6 5. Source Water Protection Training ...... 10 6. World Water Monitoring Day...... 11 Glossary ...... 12 Bibliography ...... 13

Appendix 1: Mission Scope of Work...... 14 Appendix 2: Mission Itinerary...... 17 Appendix 3: Individuals Consulted ...... 22 Appendix 4: Tanzanian Drinking Water Standards...... 25 Appendix 5: Marketing of Equipment Donated to the Tanganyika Basin Office ...... 27 Appendix 6: Standards for Bacteriological Sampling ...... 29 Appendix 7: Source Water Protection Workshop Attendees...... 31

Tables Table 1: Training conducted during this mission...... 1 Table 2: Water Quality Results from Sikonge District and Igombe, Tabora……………………...9 Table 3: World Water Monitoring Day data from the Kigoma region………………………..…11 Figure 1: Draft flyer advertising TBO’s water quality testing equipment...... 28

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page ii Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the following individuals for their time and commitment to help make this mission a success.

At the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania, we are grateful to the following for their input on the mission’s scope of work and support during its implementation in Kigoma region: Emmanuel Mtiti, Mary Mavanza, Aristedes Kashula and Adrian Jackson. We are additionally grateful to Adrian for accompanying us to the Kalinzi Secondary School for the World Water Monitoring Day activities.

We are also grateful to our colleagues at Africare for hosting the Tabora portion of the mission, including a field practicum conducted in Sikonge district. Our thanks to Shidumu Mawe for organizing local logistics and facilitating village water committee meetings in Isanjandugu and Usunga. Rafael Mhapa, Africare’s driver, made our long trips enjoyable and safe with his good cheer and careful driving.

We are privileged to share ongoing collaborations with our partners in the Sikonge District Council related to seven USAID/TZ-funded water resources to be developed in Sikonge district in 2010. In particular, we appreciate Severino Kagyabukamo, Technical Manager of the Sikonge Urban Water and Sewerage Authority, for his important contributions to the village water committee meetings in Isanjandugu and Usunga and his support during the water quality practicum in Sikonge district. We continue to enjoy a fruitful working relationship with Paschal Ngunda, Sikonge District Water Engineer, and Jafari Wibonella, Senior Technician for the Sikonge District Water Department, whose support and hard work give shape to USFS’ activities in Sikonge district. Thanks also to Paschal and the Sikonge District Council for the excellent meals provided during the Sikonge portion of this mission.

Our gratitude also to Julius Ishabakaki at the Tanganyika Basin Office for his guidance related to Tanzania’s water laws and input on the one-day source water protection workshop conducted in Kigoma during this mission.

Additionally, we thank Dr. Hassani Mjengera and Nadhifa Kemikimba at the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Chobaliko Rubabwa at the Tanganyika Basin Office for their input regarding the mission’s scope of work and the equipment purchased by USFS for the Tanganyika Basin Office’s sub-office in Tabora. The Tanganyika Basin Office also supported this mission through the involvement of: Paul Kiliho, Zonal Water Chemist; Benard Chikarabhani, Hydrogeologist; and Peter Hosea, Hydrology Technician.

Thanks also to Mr. Evans Binya, Lab Chemist of the Tabora Urban Water and Sewerage Authority, for providing insight on water quality testing and lab space for our water quality testing practicum.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page iii Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Acronyms and Abbreviations

JGI-TZ the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania MDG United Nations Millennium Development Goal mg/l milligrams per liter (equivalent to parts per million) NGO Non-governmental organization ppb Parts per billion ppm Parts per million R&S the Roots & Shoots global program for youth of the Jane Goodall Institute TBO Tanganyika Basin Office of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation TNTC Too Numerous to Count TUWASA Tabora Urban Water and Sewerage Authority UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development USFS United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service UV Ultraviolet WHO World Health Organization WWMD World Water Monitoring Day

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page iv Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

1. Summary The US Forest Service (USFS), through the Office of International Programs, is an implementing partner of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)/Tanzania to promote water resource projects funded through the Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. The role of the USFS in this program is as a provider of targeted technical assistance and capacity-building aimed at assisting lead implementing non-governmental organizations (NGOs) – specifically Africare and the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania (JGI-TZ) – with the implementation of USAID-funded water resource projects.

During a USFS mission to the Tabora and Rukwa regions in May and June 2009, the following opportunities for USFS investments were identified, which have subsequently been undertaken:

• funding the development of four boreholes in the Kipanga ward of Sikonge district using USFS best practices, and capacity-building related to project design; and • purchasing water quality testing equipment1for, and additionally donating equipment from USFS stocks2 to, the Tanganyika Basin Office, with training as needed regarding the equipment’s maintenance and use.

The purpose of this mission was to: work with the Tanganyika Basin Office to set up USFS- funded water quality testing equipment, including a practicum related to the equipment’s use which evaluated the quality of traditional and improved water sources in Sikonge district; establish systems for the ongoing use and maintenance of USFS-donated equipment, including systems to test the quality of water produced by USAID-funded water points in the Tabora region once they are completed in 2010; raise awareness among youth related to water quality and source water protection; and promote source water protection among water engineers and natural resource professionals in the Kigoma region.

Capacity-building and trainings conducted during this mission are summarized in Table 1 Table 1: Training conducted during this mission. Activity Number of Number of Number of Total individuals person days person days person days trained (men) (women) of training Water Source Protection 12 9 3 12 Training (November 11) World Water Monitoring Day 108 students 20 7 27 water quality testing with youth and teachers (November 12-13) Meetings with the leaders and 26 4 1 5 Village Water Committees in Usunga and Isanjandugu, Tabora region (November 18) Water quality testing of water 5 7 0 7 sources with TBO and TUWASA staff (November 19-20) Total 151 40 11 51

1 The equipment purchased for the Tanganyika Basin Office includes: one microbial testing kit and consumables for 90 tests; a fluoride meter; a nitrate testing kit; and an arsenic testing kit. 2 Used equipment donated to the TBO from USFS stocks are: one portable incubator and one UV sterilizer.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 1 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) 2. Introduction Safe water is a basic human necessity which is in scarce supply in many parts of Tanzania. The Tanzanian Government reports that only half the nation’s rural population has access to a water source (United Republic of Tanzania, 2002). And despite excellent efforts by a variety of institutions, over 30% of rural water schemes are nonoperational due to poor maintenance (Ibid).

Through generous funding from USAID, the Ugalla Community Landscape Conservation Project of Africare will drill and develop sixteen boreholes in the Tabora and Rukwa regions in 2010. The Tabora region is one of the regions with the least access to improved water sources, with an estimated 13% of rural households able to access such sources (WaterAid Tanzania 2004). In the Sikonge District of Tabora, the access to improved water sources is reported at just 4% (Research on Poverty Alleviation, TZ).

During a USFS mission to the Tabora and Rukwa regions in May and June 2009, USFS identified and subsequently undertook the following investments:

• funding the development of four boreholes (additional to original 7 for Tabora and 5 for Rukwa) in the Kipanga ward of Sikonge district using USFS best practices, and capacity-building related to project design; and • purchasing water quality testing equipment for, and donating equipment from USFS stocks to, the Tanganyika Basin Office, with training as needed regarding the equipment’s maintenance and use.

This mission was designed to complement the above investments by achieving the following:

• create an enabling environment for testing the quality of USAID/TZ-funded water sources in the Tabora region in 2010; • transfer donated equipment to the Tanganyika Basin Office (TBO) and conduct a practicum regarding the equipment’s use; and • establish mechanisms for the long-term maintenance and use of donated equipment, including marketing among local stakeholders to spur demand.

Details on the water quality equipment donated to the Tanganyika Basin Office are contained in Section 4.1 of this report; an overview of the practicum and results of the water quality testing are contained in Section 4.2.

Additionally, this mission capitalized on the expertise of the USFS detailer by providing the following support:

• a one-day training for water resource professionals in Kigoma related to source water protection and social marketing; and • water quality and source water protection training conducted at three schools in the Kigoma region, which culminated in water quality monitoring conducted by youth.

These tasks were accomplished November 9-20, 2009 in close collaboration with Africare, the Jane Goodall Institute-TZ and its Roots & Shoots (R&S) program, the Sikonge District Water Engineer and technicians, and TBO staff in Kigoma and Tabora.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 2 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) The scope of work for the mission is contained in Appendix 1 and the itinerary for the mission appears in Appendix 2. Individuals consulted during and prior to this mission are listed in Appendix 3.

3. Background and Context: Safe Water The UN General Assembly declared the period from 2005 to 2015 as the International Decade for Action with a goal to halve, by 2015, the percent of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) support the right of communities to have access to an adequate supply of safe water. “Safe water” meets the following criteria: • it does not represent a significant health risk; • is of sufficient quantity to meet all domestic needs; • is available continuously to all of the population; and • is affordable.

Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 per cent of diarrheal deaths are due to unsafe drinking water, inadequate availability of water for hygiene and a lack of access to sanitation facilities (World Health Organization 2003). The death toll from diarrhea among children far exceeds that for HIV/AIDS among children (Ibid).

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined a basic level of service as 20 liters per capita per day within a 30 minute round trip or within 1 kilometer. The Tanzania National Water Policy (July 2002) states that the level of service for domestic water supply in rural areas shall be “a protected, year-round supply of 25 liters of potable water per capita per day through a water point located within 400 meters from the furthest homestead and serving 250 persons per outlet.” The Tanzanian policy focuses on integrating water supply, sanitation services and hygiene education with a platform of gender equality, empowerment of women and community planning, supervision and management. The provision of improved water points alone is not sufficient to supply sustainable access to safe water. It has been estimated that between 20% and 70% of installed handpumps in Sub- Saharan Africa are not functioning (Harvey 2007). The high rate of failure can be attributed to technological reasons – poor construction, high cost of spare parts, inappropriate technology – but also social and institutional factors. The USAID-funded USFS/Africare collaboration is attempting to address all of these through village involvement and ownership, financial capacity-building and an appropriate technical approach including proper borehole development and protection and the specification for handpumps that can be maintained at a village level. 3.1 Source Water Protection Resource protection and source water protection provide the first barriers in the protection of drinking water quality. Source water protection takes into account the hazards contributing pollution such as latrines, animal wastes, agricultural chemicals and industrial sources. Other factors affecting source water can be direct pathways into the aquifer, such as abandoned wells, leaking pipes and catchment areas. Specifically for boreholes with handpumps, the risks to source water are: • entering of contaminated surface water directly into borehole; • entering of contaminants due to poor construction or damage to the borehole casing; and • leaching of microbiological and other contaminants into the aquifer.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 3 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Control measures for groundwater sources should include protecting the aquifer and the local area around the borehole from contamination and ensuring the physical integrity of the well (surface sealed, casing intact, etc). In the United States, federal regulations require the delineation and assessment of potential contaminants in the source water protection area and strongly encourage the development of a source water protection plan. The critical area is identified as the control zone or exclusion zone. It is an area of at least 30 meter radius around the well. The Tanzanian Standard for Drinking Water 5.4.4.1 has a requirement of fencing a 50 meter radius around the water intake to protect it from animals, pit latrines and septic tanks and agricultural activities. The newly passed Tanzania Water Supply and Sanitation Act of 2009 requires no human activities within 60 meters of a source and that boreholes be located 150 meters from a major water body (Venance 2009).

Effective resource and source protection includes the following steps: • developing and implementing a catchment management plan, which includes control measures to protect surface water and groundwater sources; • ensuring that planning regulations include the protection of water resources (land-use planning and watershed management) from potentially polluting activities and that those regulations are enforced; and • promoting awareness in the community about the impact of human activity on water quality.

This mission reinforced the latter of these, as did a USFS mission to the Tabora and Rukwa regions in May and June 2009.

3.2 Water Quality Standards and Monitoring To insure a safe supply of drinking water, the source must be free from microbes and parasites as well as chemical, physical and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to health. Infectious waterborne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid and cholera are leading causes of death and illness in the developing world. Drinking water must also be acceptable in terms of taste, appearance and odor so that individuals will choose this water rather than polluted alternatives that may taste better or look more attractive but in fact pose a greater risk to public health. Since water can rarely be treated, protection of the source and the contributing catchment and infiltration area is of utmost importance.

The WHO establishes international standards for drinking water, which are health-based as well as aesthetic. The control of microbial quality in drinking water sources remains the highest priority for the WHO, with thermotolerant coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli or E. coli) being the indicator of choice for microbiological quality. Only a few chemicals have been shown to cause widespread health effects in humans as a consequence of exposure through drinking water when they are present in excessive quantities. These include fluoride, arsenic and nitrate.3

Total coliform bacteria, which are used as an initial water quality measure in the United States, include organisms that can survive and grow in water. They are used as an indicator of treatment effectiveness and to assess the cleanliness and integrity of distribution systems and the potential presence of “biofilms.” Total coliform bacteria are not, however, acceptable indicators of the health risk of water supplies, particularly in tropical areas, where many bacteria of no sanitary significance occur in almost all untreated supplies. E. coli, on the other

3 USFS donated kits to measure fluoride, arsenic and nitrates and the reagents for at least 100 tests of each to the Tanganyika Basin Office’s Tabora sub-office during this mission.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 4 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) hand, provides conclusive evidence of recent fecal pollution and should not be present in drinking water.

Exposure to high levels of fluoride, which occurs naturally and is quite high in certain areas of Tanzania, can lead to mottling of teeth and, in severe cases, crippling skeletal fluorosis. Mjengera and Mkongo reported fluoride levels for the Tabora region that average 1.20 mg/l (the range of acceptability according to Tanzania standards is 1.5-4.0 mg/l) in 44 samples collected in 1974. Elevated fluoride is more common in areas underlain by volcanic rocks which do not occur in the Tabora or Rukwa regions.

Similarly, arsenic occurs naturally and excessive exposure to it in drinking-water may result in a significant risk of cancer and skin lesions. Elevated levels of arsenic have been reported by Kassenga and Mato (2008) in the mining areas of Lake Victoria Basin, but no elevated arsenic data is known for the Tabora or Rukwa regions.

Increased levels of nitrate in groundwater and surface water are typically a result of leaching or runoff from agricultural fertilizers or contamination from human or animal wastes. Nitrate is used as an indicator chemical for other chemicals which could be transported from domestic and agricultural wastes. High levels of nitrate can lead to methaemoglobinaemia (“blue baby syndrome”) in bottle-fed infants.

The Tanzania Standard TZS 789:2008 prescribes the water quality requirements for drinking water, including community standpipes and wells (see Appendix 4 for Tanzania’s water quality standards). The microbiological standard for Tanzania and the WHO is that there be no fecal coliform (E. coli) in water supplies. Up to 10 colonies of total coliform, on the other hand, are allowable under Tanzania’s standards since the total coliform group represents both fecal and environmental species.

- The Tanzanian nitrate (NO3 ) standard is 10-75 milligrams per liter (mg/l or parts per million), whereas the WHO guideline is 50 mg/l. The Tanzania standard for arsenic is 50 micrograms per liter (µg/l or parts per billion) whereas the WHO guideline is 10 µg/l. The Tanzania standard for fluoride is 1.5-4.0 mg/l and the WHO guideline is 1.5 mg/l.

4. Water Quality Equipment and Training

4.1 Water Quality Testing Equipment Invested in Tabora Many parts of the Tabora region do not have access to bacteriological water quality testing equipment; several organizations which develop water resources in the region send samples to Dar es Salaam or Mwanza for testing. Tanzania’s Ministry of Water and Irrigation and its Tanganyika Basin Office therefore identified the procurement of water quality testing equipment – particularly for bacteriological parameters – for the Tabora region as a priority for USFS investments related to water resources and sanitation. Tanzania’s basin offices have the mandate to monitor rural water resources. The Tanzanian Standard TZS 789:2008, in section 6-Sampling, suggests a minimum of bacteriological sampling every 6 months for boreholes deeper than 8 meters, serving up to 1,000 people. Sampling frequency increases from this point relative to source type and population size served.

The US Forest Service had an additional incentive to make this investment. In 2010, ten USAID/TZ-funded boreholes will be developed in the Tabora region, including four financed by a USFS grant to Africare. Testing the quality of USAID/TZ-funded water resources is a

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 5 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) priority for USFS, and this equipment will enable the long-term testing of USAID/TZ-funded water supplies and other rural water sources in the region.

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation identified the Tanganyika Basin Office’s Tabora sub- office as the appropriate partner to utilize and maintain this equipment. During this mission, the following equipment was invested in the Tanganyika Basin Office’s Tabora sub-office:

• a Hach Field Filter Kit for simultaneous detection of total coliform and E. coli using membrane filtration; sufficient consumables for 90 tests; • an Extech fluoride meter and reagent tablets for 120 tests; • a Hach nitrate colorimeter with reagents for 100 tests; • a Hach semi-quantitative arsenic testing kit with reagents for 100 tests; • a cooler for transporting bacteriological samples, alcohol for sterilization, and safety goggles.

Additionally, during this mission USFS also invested the following two devices from current USFS stock:

• a portable Millipore bacteriological incubator with temperature settings of 35oC and 44 oC; and • a Millipore Ultraviolet (UV) sterilizer capable of sterilizing glass, metal and plastic.

This equipment will enable local government authorities to test rural water resources for compliance with drinking water standards, and prioritize interventions to improve sanitation.

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation and its Tanganyika Basin Office agreed to: mobilize a technician to operate and maintain the equipment; purchase consumables on an ongoing basis to enable the long-term use of the equipment; and provide refrigeration for the broth required to conduct bacteriological testing.

The US Forest Service recognizes that in order for this equipment to be utilized and maintained, and in order for the training conducted during this mission to be retained, there needs to be a demand for regular sample collection and testing.

Consequently, a USFS staffer visited seven organizations4 in Tabora which provide rural water sources and informed them of the Tanganyika Basin Office’s ability to test water quality for certain parameters, including the presence of bacteria and E. coli, and the costs associated with these tests.

Additionally, USFS developed a flyer to promote the equipment among local stakeholders. The draft flyer and contact details for potential patrons of the Tanganyika Basin Office’s equipment are contained in Appendix 5.

4.2 Source Sampling and Training The practicum for the sampling and analysis of improved and traditional water sources was carried out in two parts – 1) field sampling, and 2) laboratory analysis – over a period of four days. Participants in field sampling were from the Sikonge District Water Office, Sikonge

4 USFS visited the following organizations: the Anglican Diocese of Tabora, Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders, Caritas, Millennium Villages Project, Moravian Church, Tabora Development Foundation Trust and the Uyui District Office.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 6 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Urban Water and Sewerage Authority and the TBO. Bacteriological laboratory analysis involved TBO staff working with Tabora Urban Water and Sewerage Authority (TUWASA) staff at the lab in their water treatment plant outside Tabora town.

While the bacteriological analyses could have been performed in the field, there was merit in collaborating with Tabora’s water professionals who have experience with similar equipment and methodology.

Traditional and improved sources were sampled in the Sikonge District at: • three villages that will receive USAID-funded boreholes in 2010; and • other improved water sources logistically convenient in Sikonge District.

Chemical analyses for fluoride, arsenic and nitrates were conducted within a few hours of collection and concluded up to two days later. Consistent with best practices, bacteriological analyses for total coliform and E. coli were conducted within 24 hours of sample collection and samples were kept cool until processing. Standards for handling and processing of bacteriological samples are detailed in Appendix 6.

Table 2 (see page 9) lists the data for seven sources collected in five villages of Sikonge district, in addition to samples of raw and treated water at the Igombe water treatment plant outside Tabora town which supplies Tabora’s water. The shaded cells represent the villages where Africare will drill boreholes with USAID funding in 2010. Results of the analyses are revealing but not surprising; they clearly reinforce the importance of source water protection.

Bacteriological Results: Traditional water sources in the villages of Usunga and Isanjandugu were highly contaminated with both total coliform and E. coli. These were hand dug wells with pollutant pathways from human and agricultural activity. Likewise, the “improved” shallow wells at Usega and Usunga had significant bacteriological contamination; both wells had compromised protective concrete well covers. At Usega the original hand pump had failed and been replaced with a Nira pump; yet the concrete slab had atmospheric openings and the 4 meter deep well was within about 8 meters of a fish pond. It is likely that the shallow aquifer feeding this well is highly contaminated by fish-farming activities. At Usunga, the water level in the improved shallow well had dropped below the pump intake and villagers were extracting water by buckets via a hole in the concrete cover. The well was subject to contamination by lack of sanitary practices related to buckets, ropes, people going down into the well to deepen it, nearby agricultural activities and latrines.

The Udongo piped water system was sampled in the distribution system at Kijiweni, near Ipole. This spring-fed system was developed in 1977 and relies on a diesel powered pump to fill a reservoir near Ipole; a gravity-fed distribution system then supplies multiple water taps in the villages and sub-villages near Ipole. The bacteriological quality was excellent, with no total coliform or E. coli observed. The source is protected by a fence around the spring box and surrounding area, and the wetland feeding the spring source is virtually devoid of human activity. Two other improved wells in the vicinity – one hand dug and one drilled - were sampled and showed no fecal contamination, and their results for total coliform were within the acceptable range. Igombe dam, the water supply for Tabora town, had E. coli present in the raw water, but not in the disinfected water. Total coliform were, however, present in the treated water collected at the lab, indicating possible biofilm growth in the pipelines or insufficient disinfectant contact time in the waterline supplying the lab.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 7 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) - Chemical Results: Nitrate (NO3 ) results for the seven sources showed a wide range of variation, depending upon a source’s protection or proximity to pollutant pathways. The improved sources all had very low levels of nitrate, close to or below the Tanzanian standard of 10 mg/l. The traditional wells at Usunga and Isanjandugu and the shallow well at Usega had significantly higher levels, closer to the upper limit of 75 mg/l in Tanzania’s standards; in the case of Isanjandugu, the sample far exceeded national standards with 94.2 mg/l. Additionally, all three of these sources were above the WHO guideline of 50 mg/l. Adjacent farming activities – tobacco for Usunga and Isanjandugu, and fish farming for Usega – and livestock access are probably the greatest contributors to these high levels of nitrates.

Fluoride levels were all below the TZS range of 1.5 – 4.0 mg/l, indicating that not even the beneficial amounts of fluoride, known to be protective of dental health, are met.

Arsenic was measured using a semi-quantitative color comparison method; results ranged from 8 to 60 µg/l. Though the Tanzanian standard is 50 µg/l and all but one result was less than this, the WHO guideline is now 10 µg/l, and all but one result was higher than this. Arsenic testing using quantitative methods is advised for groundwaters in this area.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 8 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Table 2: Water Quality Results from Sikonge District and Igombe, Tabora: November 17‐18, 2009

Nitrate as Fluoride, Arsenic, Total Coliform, E. Coli, - NO3 , mg/l µg/l colonies/100 ml colonies/100 ml mg/l Tanzania’s Drinking Water Standard 10-75 1.5-4.0 50 >10 Unsatisfactory >0 Unsatisfactory Location Water Source Usega, sub-village Shallow well with Nira pump; 4 m deep. Lined 61.2 0.6 15 TNTC TNTC of Sikonge, with concrete rings. Close to fish ponds. Sikonge District Usunga- Shallow well with concrete rings, 4 m deep. 37.8 0.8 20 TNTC 20 Kilombelo, Handpump and slab installed in 2002, but water Sikonge District level is now below pump intake; well is almost dry year-round. Villagers lower buckets via an opening in the slab. Usunga-Barabara Traditional open well; 2 m static water level; 3 59.8 0.4 60 TNTC TNTC Sikonge District m depth of water Isanjandugu, Traditional open well; 1 m static water level; 1.5 94.2 0.6 40 TNTC 20 Sikonge District m water depth. Udongo, Sikonge Spring source for piped water system; 1.3 0.1 15 (not sampled due to (not sampled due to District established 1977. holding time; holding time; distribution system distribution system sampled) sampled) Udongo, Sikonge Distribution system tap at Kijiweni near Ipole; 2.2 0.3 50 0 0 District part of the Udongo piped water system. Udongo, Sikonge Hand dug well with Nira pump, 6 m depth; lined 13.2 0.2 20 1 0 District with concrete rings; developed 2006 (“Kwa Mdalla”). Chabutwa, Borehole with Nira pump, 35 m depth, drilled in 3.5 0.5 8 8 0 Sikonge District 2006 by TDTF. Igombe dam, Untreated water sample collected from the 20 10 Tabora district source for Tabora town. Igombe dam, Treated water source for Tabora town; sample 0.9 0.3 26 0 Tabora district collected immediately after disinfection site. TNTC = Too Numerous to Count; colonies were not counted when there were more than 200 on the plate Shaded cells represent results from villages where Africare will drill USAID-funded boreholes in 2010.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 9 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

5. Source Water Protection Training As indicated in section 2.1, source protection is the first step in insuring the highest quality of water for domestic use. The Tanzanian Standard for Drinking Water 5.4.4.1 supports this with the requirements of no contaminant sources within at least 50 meters – and up to 150 meters for high hazard contaminants – and fencing at a 50 meter radius to prevent livestock entry. However, this guideline is rarely, if ever, followed in rural settings.

During the May 2009 USFS mission for hydrological review of proposed water systems, recently constructed boreholes were observed adjacent to housing and latrines, which were well within the recommended protection zone. Domestic activities such as bathing and laundering frequently took place at the water point itself. Obviously, these activities are not in compliance with Tanzanian Standards for Drinking Water. Consequently, USFS staff emphasized source protection in each village visited during that mission, and village water committees committed to build a fence with at least a 30 meter radius of protection. (In the United States, a 30 meter radius is considered the critical protection zone.)

Additional source water protection training for relevant partners in the Kigoma region was requested by the JGI-TZ, and a one-day training was conducted during this mission which involved 10 people (see Appendix 7 for a list of participants); participating institutions included JGI-TZ, Ingeniería Sin Fronteras, the Kigoma District Council Water Office, TBO and Sustainable Harvest.

The source water protection training addressed the following topics, which were determined in consultation with JGI-TZ and TBO: • global water issues and water scarcity projections; • forecast for Tanzania’s renewable water resources; • the hydrologic cycle; • Tanzania water law, including the newly passed Water Resources Management Act of 2009 (this excellent summary was provided by TBO staff); • source water protection as assessed and implemented in the US, and associated benefits and threats; • critical protection areas for both ground and surface waters; • potential contaminating activities in the Kigoma region, and a discussion and prioritization of those activities; • ways of implementing protection zones and inventories of potential contaminants (e.g. maps of the greater Gombe ecosystem); • emerging concern in US over pharmaceuticals’ and personal care products’ estrogenic contamination of water bodies; and • social marketing of source water protection goals to local constituencies.

The training involved group discussion and exercises to tailor the training to issues relevant in Kigoma. Potential hazards for water sources identified by the group included: sewage and septic system discharges (especially in town); latrines and privies; chemical use by tobacco and coffee growers in catchment areas; palm oil processing; fuel spills along roads; fishing in surface waters; insufficient land-use planning to control source water areas; inadequate buffer zones and vegetation, thereby enabling soil erosion; rainy season storm water runoff; active or closed mining sites; unconfined and shallow aquifers influenced by surface waters; and inadequate borehole development and protection.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 10 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

6. World Water Monitoring Day The World Water Monitoring DayTM (WWMD) is an “international education and outreach program that builds public awareness and involvement in protecting water resources around the world by engaging citizens to conduct basic monitoring of their local water bodies.” The program is coordinated by the Water Environment Federation and the International Water Association, with a goal to involve 1 million people in 100 countries by 2012.

The program asks that 4 basic water quality parameters be measured in local surface water bodies – pH, turbidity, temperature and dissolved oxygen – and reported online in an international database which is accessible through the World Water Monitoring Day website. Though September 18 is the “official” monitoring day, activities that take place anytime between March 22 and December 31 are reportable.

In addition to the mission’s primary responsibilities, this mission also presented the opportunity to engage students in JGI-TZ’s Roots & Shoots global program for youth in World Water Monitoring Day activities.

The mission visited three secondary schools in the Kigoma region and engaged 108 students and teachers in training about water quality and source water protection, as well as monitoring of local surface waters. Although WWMD’s water quality testing kits did not arrive in advance of these activities, the TBO water lab graciously lent their equipment to enable students to measure pH, temperature and turbidity.

The mission met with students before and after field measurements to discuss the importance of source water protection, the meaning of each water quality parameter and the interpretation of local results. Table 3 displays the results of WWMD water quality monitoring in the Kigoma region. Table 3: World Water Monitoring Day data from the Kigoma region. Site Kalinzi Secondary Mwandiga Secondary Newman School School School Water Body Name Nyankende Mwandiga wells Mungonya River Water Body Type Spring/Seep Hand dug wells River City/Village Kalinzi Mwandiga Kigoma Number of 32 32 44 Participants Date 11/12/2009 11/13/2009 11/13/2009 Time 11:30 12:00 16:00 Land Use Agricultural Residential Near road/bridge Latitude -4.626 -4.814 -4.840 Longitude 29.731 29.659 29.666 Air Temperature 27.5 27.5 28.5 Water Temperature 21.5 26.0 30.0 Turbidity 0 JTU 40 JTU >100 JTU pH 6.28 7.3 7.9

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 11 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Glossary

Aquifer: A rock formation that is sufficiently porous and permeable to be useful for water supply.

Biofilm: A collection of microorganisms surrounded by the slime they secrete, attached to either an inert or living surface.

Borehole: A cylindrical hole (usually greater than 20 m deep and less than 0.5 m in diameter) constructed to allow groundwater to be abstracted from an aquifer.

Groundwater: The name given to water stored in an aquifer in pore spaces or fractures in rocks or sediments.

Hydrology: The study of groundwater.

Water point: The point at which water is intended to emerge from a public, improved water supply, such as a tap or handpump.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 12 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Bibliography

Harvey, P., May 2007 “Handpump data from Rural Water Supply Network.” UNICEF Zambia http://www.rwsn.ch/prarticle.2005-10-25.9856177177/prarticle.2005-10- 26.9228452953/prarticle.2009-03-09.1365462467 (accessed on June 11, 2009).

Kassenga, G.R., and R.R. Mato, 2008. “Arsenic contamination levels in drinking water sources in mining areas in Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania, and its removal using stabilized ferralsols.” International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 2 (4) 2008: pp. 389-400

Mjengera, H.J. and Mkongo, G.B., 2003. Occurrence of Fluoride in Water Sources and Water Defluoridation in Tanzania. Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Mjengera, H.J, 2007. “Water Quality and Health Aspects.” Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Research on Poverty Alleviation, 2005. “Poverty and Human Development Report.” http://www.repoa.or.tz/documents_storage/PHDR_2005_Chap2.pdf (Accessed June 8, 2009)

United Nations. “Millennium Development Goals.” http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml (Accessed on June 16, 2009).

United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Water, 2002. “National Water Policy.”

Venance, Dodomah, 2009. Instruction during the Source Water Protection Workshop in Kigoma, November 11.

WaterAid Tanzania, 2004. “WaterAid Tanzania Policy Programme Budget Analysis Workshop.” Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

World Health Organization, 2003. “Right to water.” Health and human rights publication series; no. 3. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/rightowater/en/ (Accessed April 30, 2009)

World Health Organization. “Guidelines for drinking-water quality [electronic resource] incorporating first addendum.” Vol. 1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 13 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Appendix 1: Mission Scope of Work

US Forest Service International Programs Technical Assistance in Collaboration with Africare and the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania

Water Quality Testing in Tabora and Kigoma Regions November 2009

I. Introduction The US Forest Service (USFS), through the Office of International Programs, is an implementing partner of the US Agency for International Development (USAID)/Tanzania to promote water resource projects funded through the Paul Simon Water for the Poor Act of 2005. The role of the USFS in this program is as a provider of targeted technical assistance and capacity-building aimed at assisting lead implementing NGOs – specifically Africare and the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania (JGI-TZ) – with the implementation of USAID-funded water resource projects.

In October and November 2009, USAID water-earmark funding will be utilized by Africare to drill sixteen boreholes in the Tabora and Rukwa regions of Tanzania, and the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania is utilizing its funding to develop a variety of water resources for the Kigoma region, including four boreholes. While testing facilities are available to test the quality of water for boreholes in the Rukwa and Kigoma regions, facilities do not currently exist to test for coliform in the Tabora region.

As a result, USFS is donating equipment to test for coliform, nitrates, arsenic and fluoride to the Tanganyika Basin Office to facilitate the initial and ongoing testing of USAID-sponsored water resources in the Tabora region. Specifically, USFS is donating: one microbial testing kit and a small number of disposable materials (i.e. Petri dishes and membrane filters), a portable incubator, a UV light sterilizer, a fluoride meter, a nitrate colorimeter and an arsenic testing kit.

The purpose of this mission is to: work with the Tanganyika Basin Office to set up USFS- donated equipment and to provide training as needed regarding the equipment’s use and maintenance, including a practicum to evaluate the quality of improved and traditional water sources in the Tabora region; and to raise awareness regarding water quality and water source protection in the Kigoma region.

The mission will occur in November 2009 and will consist of one individual with expertise in both water quality testing and water source protection. The dates for this mission are November 8-23, 2009.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 14 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

II. Mission Objectives The purpose of this mission includes the following.

• Donate equipment5 to the Tanganyika Basin Office and provide training as needed regarding the equipment’s use and maintenance. As a practicum, collect samples from improved and traditional water sources in the Tabora region and evaluate the quality of the water they produce in terms of the following parameters: coliform, nitrates, arsenic and fluoride. • Promote awareness regarding water source protection and water quality among Roots & Shoots youth in the Kigoma region, including conducting water quality testing and utilizing World Water Monitoring Day youth activities and curriculum. • Conduct a one-day workshop in Kigoma related to water source protection, including an exercise for developing a water source protection plan, for the benefit of personnel working for the Tanganyika Basin Office, Kigoma District Council and the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania.

III. Responsibilities and Expectations

1. United States Forest Service a. Recruit and mobilization a USFS technical assistance team: i. Recruit one individual with expertise in both water quality testing and water source protection.

b. Technical Assistance (USFS): i. Deliver USFS-donated equipment to the Tanganyika Basin Office and provide training as needed regarding the equipment’s use and maintenance, including a practicum to evaluate the quality of improved and traditional water sources in the Tabora region. ii. Conduct a one-day workshop on source water protection for the Tanganyika Basin Office, Kigoma District Council and JGI-TZ staff. iii. Promote awareness regarding water source protection and water quality among Roots & Shoots youth in the Kigoma region, including conducting water quality testing and utilizing World Water Monitoring Day youth activities and curriculum.

2. Africare a. Logistical support i. Organize two vehicles to make separate but simultaneous trips to 1) Sikonge District and 2) Uyui and Urambo Districts in order to collect water samples to use during the water quality testing practicum in Tabora. ii. Coordinate transportation and accommodations in Tabora; accommodations will be paid by USFS.

5 This equipment includes: one microbial testing kit and a small number of disposable materials (i.e. Petri dishes and membrane filters), a portable incubator, a UV light sterilizer, a fluoride meter, a nitrate colorimeter and an arsenic testing kit.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 15 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

3. the Jane Goodall Institute-Tanzania a. Logistical support: i. Coordinate transportation and accommodations in Kigoma; accommodations will be paid by USFS. ii. Mobilize area schools and youth groups to ensure they are prepared to participate in World Water Monitoring Day activities on the dates established. iii. Keep records for all World Water Monitoring Day tests and report the results to USFS by November 30, 2009. iv. Facilitate a one-day source water protection training, including arranging for meeting space, inviting participants at least two weeks before the scheduled date of the training, and provide electronic training tools (LCD projector and power cables).

4. Tanganyika Basin Office a. Mobilize a trained technician to operate and maintain USFS-donated equipment in Tabora. That technician should be on-site during the Tabora portion of the USFS mission.

IV. Deliverables The mission will accomplish the following: 1) provide a one-day training related to water source protection in the Kigoma region; 2) document the quality of water produced by several improved and traditional water sources in the Tabora region; and 3) document water quality of surface waters in the Kigoma region using basic parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and turbidity), although the primary purpose of this activity is to promote education among local communities.

NovembeV. Calendarr 2009

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Arrive Dar in late eve 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Meet with Water Source World Water Monitoring Day JGI; prepare Protection Activities with Roots & Shoots Fly to Kigoma for training Training youth 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Review Equipment- Equipment- Equipment- donated use practicum use practicum use practicum Report Fly to Tabora equipment & WQ testing & WQ testing & WQ testing write-up 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Debriefing Fly Tabora with USAID; to Dar flight to the US

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 16 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Appendix 2: Mission Itinerary

Time Activity Individuals Met

Sunday, November 8, 2009: Arrive in Tanzania 0000 Arrive in Dar es Salaam 1100 Familiarization with water quality equipment purchased by USFS to invest in the Tanganyika Basin Office

Monday, November 9: Travel Dar es Salaam to Kigoma 0645 Depart for Dar es Salaam airport 1130 Arrive in Kigoma 1230 Preparations for Water Source Protection training on November 11

Tuesday, November 10: Kigoma 0930 Introductions and Meeting with Jane Goodall • Emmanuel Mtiti, Program Institute staff Manager, GGE Program • Mary Mavanza, Project Manager, TACARE Project • Aristedes Kashula, Section Head, Forestry 1100 Meeting with Tanganyika Basin Officer and Rubabwa, Zonal chemist; tour of TBO laboratory Paul Kiliho, Zonal Chemist 1400 Preparations for Water Source Protection training on November 11

Wednesday, November 11: Water Source Protection Training 0900 - Water Source Protection Training, hosted at 1700 JGI and attended by representatives of the Jane Goodall Institute- Tanzania, Tanganyika Basin Office, Ingeniería Sin Fronteras, Kigoma District Council and Sustainable Harvest 1800 Preparations for World Water Monitoring Day water quality testing activities to be conducted with Roots & Shoots youth on November 12 and 13

Thursday, November 12: World Water Monitoring Day Activities with Youth 0900 Depart Kigoma for Kalinzi Traveling with*: Adrian Jackson 1115 Arrive in Kalinzi; meet with school • Gibson Maswa, Headmaster headmaster and teachers • Sir Thomas Custer, Teacher 1130 Conduct training among Kalinzi Secondary Students related to water quality and water source protection; facilitate testing conducted

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 17 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) by students of the Nyankende spring for pH, temperature and turbidity 1400 Wrap-up with students and discuss results 1420 Travel to Bitale Secondary School 1500 Meet with Bitale Secondary School teacher • Augustine Mziba, Teacher and conduct test of local water source for pH, temperature and turbidity 1600 Return to Kigoma; clean equipment

Friday, November 13: World Water Monitoring Day Activities with Youth 0945 Depart Kigoma for Mwandiga 1020 Arrive at the Mwandiga Secondary School; • Joel Guitaba, Headmaster meet with school headmaster • Abel Manguya, Teacher 1045 Conduct training among Mwandiga Secondary Students related to water quality and water source protection; facilitate testing conducted by students of nearby hand-dug wells for pH, temperature and turbidity 1300 Wrap-up with students and discuss results 1330 Depart Mwandiga for Newman Secondary School 1400 Arrive at the Newman Secondary School; • Brother Pascal Chora, meet with school headmaster Headmaster • Respice Kapalale, Teacher 1500 Conduct training among Newman Secondary • Albert January, Roots & Shoots Students related to water quality and water club leader source protection; facilitate testing conducted • Bedan Gadson, Roots & Shoots by students of the Mungonya River for pH, member temperature and turbidity 1700 Wrap-up with students and discuss results 1730 Depart Newman Secondary School for Kigoma town; return water quality equipment to the Tanganyika Basin Office

Saturday, November 14 Rest Day

Sunday, November 15: Travel Kigoma to Dar es Salaam 1000 Depart for the Kigoma Airport 1630 Check-in at Hotel in Dar es Salaam 1700 Procure final materials required to conduct bacteriological testing 1900 Report the results of World Water Monitoring Day activities to the WWMD organizers at the Water Environment Federation

Monday, November 16: Travel Dar es Salaam to Tabora 0600 Depart Hotel for Dar es Salaam Airport 1200 Meet with colleagues at Africare’s Tabora • Shidumu Mawe, Project office; discuss week’s logistics Coordinator, Tabora and Rukwa 1250 Check-in at Tabora Hotel

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 18 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) 1400 Meet with the Regional Commissioner of • Honorable Abedi Mwinyimsa, Tabora and discuss the water quality Regional Commissioner, Tabora equipment being donated to the Tabora region 1430 Meet with the Tabora Urban Water Supply • William Ruhigi, Design and and Sewerage Authority Construction • Evans Binya, Lab Technician 1500 Meet with the Tanganyika Basin Office’s • Thaalab Suleiman Alliy, Acting Tabora sub-office staff to discuss the week’s Basin Officer, Tabora sub-office logistics and the equipment to be invested in • Benard Chikarabhani, their office; tour the office and future Hydrologist laboratory • Peter Hosea, Hydrologist 1700 Return to hotel

Tuesday, November 17: Water Quality Testing Practicum Begins 1045 Depart Tabora for Sikonge to begin the Traveling with*: Shidumu Mawe practicum related to the proper use of USFS- and Peter Hosea donated water quality equipment 1230 Arrive in Sikonge and meet with the Acting • Paschal Ngunda, Acting District District Executive Director Executive Director 1400 Travel to the Usega sub-village and Ipole village to collect water samples for chemical analysis 1700 Conduct chemical analysis of water samples from Usega and Ipole

Wednesday, November 18: Water Quality Testing Practicum Continued 0730 Depart Sikonge for Usunga village of Traveling with*: Shidumu Mawe, Kipanga ward Linus Salema, Peter Hosea and Severino Kagyabukamo 0930 Meeting with Usunga’s Village Water • Alimas Abdallah, Water Committee related to the status of Committee Chairman USAID/TZ-funded water resources, in • Ramadhani Ismaili, Water addition to introducing the water quality Committee Member testing to be conducted and reinforcing messages about water source protection 1100 Collect samples from traditional water sources in Usunga for testing of bacteriological and chemical parameters; visit sites proposed for borehole drilling by the geophysical surveys 1215 Travel to Isanjandugu 1235 Meeting with Isanjandugu’s Village Water • Rajabu Husseini, Village Committee related to the status of Chairman USAID/TZ-funded water resources, in • Amina Salumu, Water addition to introducing the water quality Committee Chairwoman testing to be conducted and reinforcing • Steven Kesheto, School messages about water source protection Headmaster 1415 Collect samples from traditional water sources in Isanjandugu for testing of bacteriological and chemical parameters; visit sites proposed for borehole drilling by the

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 19 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) geophysical surveys 1500 Depart Isanjandugu; collect samples from Ipole village and Usega sub-village of Sikonge 1700 Debriefing with Sikonge’s Acting District • Paschal Ngunda, Acting District Executive Director Executive Director 1730 Depart Sikonge for Tabora

Thursday, November 19: Water Quality Testing Practicum Continued 0900 Meet at the Tanganyika Basin Office and Traveling with*: Paul Kiliho, travel to the Igombe Dam, water source & Bernard Chikarabhani and Peter laboratory for Tabora Hosea 1000 Arrive at the Igombe Dam; discuss day’s • Evans Binya, Lab Technician agenda; introduce equipment and prepare bacteriological samples which will be read on Friday 1400 Take samples from Igombe Dam and treatment facility and prepare those samples for bacteriological testing 1430 Tour Igombe Dam and water treatment facility 1500 Depart Igombe Dam for Tabora 1545 Prepare document requested by the Western Zonal Chemist related to the equipment which is being invested in the Tabora Office

Friday, November 20: Water Quality Testing Practicum Continued 0830- The USFS detailer returned to Igombe Dam Working with*: Paul Kiliho, 1300 to read the results of Thursday’s Evans Binya and Peter Hosea bacteriological tests with Tanganyika Basin Office and TUWASA chemists and technicians 0900- A USFS staffer traveled to 9 offices and 1300 visited with representatives at 7 of those offices to discuss the equipment donated to the Tanganyika Basin Office and to promote regular testing of rural water sources using that equipment 1430 Return to the Tanganyika Basin Office; conduct tests of chemical parameters for remaining water samples 1530 A USFS staffer met with the Tanganyika • Benard Chikarabhani, Basin Office to discuss the ongoing purchase Hydrologist of consumables for the USFS-donated equipment, and the long-term maintenance and use of those devices Saturday, November 21: Report Write-up 0930 Confirm flights at Air Tanzania; final meeting at the Tanganyika Basin Office 1130- Report write-up and other work 2000

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 20 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Sunday, November 22: Travel to Dar es Salaam 0830 Travel to the Tabora airport 1630 Check into Dar es Salaam hotel 1800 Prepare for Monday meeting

Monday, November 23 1000 Debriefing meeting with USAID/Tanzania 2115 Airport pick-up for return flight to the US 0045 Depart Dar es Salaam on KLM flight 569 (Tuesday)

*Titles and contact information for individuals in these lists are contained in Appendix 3.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 21 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Appendix 3: Individuals Consulted

Africare www.africare.org

Shidumu Mawe Linus Salema John Stephen Africare Africare Africare Tanzania Project Coordinator, Tabora and Field Conservation Officer (Sikonge) Senior Programs Manager Rukwa Regions Phone number: E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: +255-787-933-218 (Cell) [email protected] Phone numbers: +255-22-266-7242; +255-22-266-7086 Phone numbers: (Business) +255-26-260-4907 (Fax, Business) +255-26-260-4906 (Business) Work address: Galu Street Plot No. 116, Work address: Ada Estate, P. O. Box 63187 Swetu Street Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tabora, Tanzania

Jane Goodall Institute

Adrian Jackson Aristedes Mary Mavanza Roots & Shoots Coordinator Project Director, Tanganyika Kashula Section Head, Catchment, Reforestation and E-mail address: Forestry Education Project [email protected] E-mail address: E-mail address: Phone number: [email protected] [email protected] +255-759-193-765 (Mobile) Phone number: Phone number: +255-717-901-958 (Mobile) Work address: +255-754-761-312 (Mobile) PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania Work address: PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania

Emmanuel Mtiti Program Manager, Greater Gombe Ecosystem Program

E-mail address: [email protected]

Phone numbers: +255-713-492-172; +255-754-329-920 (Mobile)

Work address: PO Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 22 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Ministry of Water

Nadhifa Dr. Hassani Mjengera Director, Water Laboratories Unit Kemikimba (Retired) Water Laboratories Unit E-mail address: E-mail address: [email protected] [email protected] Phone number: Phone number: +255-784-885-875; +255-713-533-142 +255-756-666-415 (Mobile) (Mobile)

Work address: P.O. Box 35066 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Sikonge District Council

Severino Paschal Ngunda Mohammed Hamadi District Water Engineer and Acting Senior Technician, Water Department, Kagyabukamo District Executive Director Sikonge District Technical Manager, Sikonge Urban Water and Sewerage E-mail address: Authority [email protected]

Phone number: Phone number: +255-787-845-360 (Mobile) +255-784-664-773 (Mobile)

Work address: PO Box 70, Sikonge, Tanzania

Tanganyika Basin Office

Thaalab Suleiman Benard Chikarabhani Paul Kiliho Alliy Hydrologist Western Zonal Chemist

Acting Basin Officer, sub-office, E-mail address: E-mail address: Tabora [email protected] [email protected]

Phone number: Phone number: Phone numbers: +255-26-260-4403 (Business) +255-26-260-4403 (Business) +255-713-565-290; +255-766-488-799 (Mobile) Work address: Work address: PO Box 307 PO Box 307 Work Address: Tabora Tabora Zonal Water Laboratory P.O. Box 105 Kigoma Chobaliko Rubabwa Peter Hosea Hydrologist Tanganyika Basin Officer

E-mail address: E-mail addresses: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Phone numbers: +255-754-201-210; Phone numbers: +255-786-084-878 (Mobile) +255-767-600-021; +255-713-600-021 (Mobile)

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 23 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Tanganyika Urban Water and Sewerage Authority

Evans Binya Lab Technician

E-mail address: [email protected]

Phone number: +255-787-218-468 (Mobile) Work Address: P.O. Box 147, Tabora

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 24 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Appendix 4: Tanzanian Drinking Water Standards6

Table 4: Microbiological Requirements Class of Piped Water/ Coliform count per 100 ml at E. Coli (fecal coliform) count Type of test count 37 oC per 100 ml at 44 oC Excellent 0 0 Satisfactory 1 - 3 0 Suspicious 4 - 10 0 Unsatisfactory More than 10 1 or more

Table 5: The chemical and physical limits for quality of drinking water supplies No. Name of Constituent Symbol Units Limits Toxic 1 Lead Pb mg/l 0.01 2 Arsenic As mg/l 0.05 3 Selenium Se mg/l 0.05 4 Chromium Cr mg/l 0.05 5 Cyanide Cn mg/l 0.20 6 Cadmium Cd mg/l 0.05 7 Barium Ba mg/l 1.00 8 Mercury Hg mg/l 0.001 9 Silver Ag mg/l Not mentioned Affecting Human Health 1 Fluoride F mg/l 1.5 - 4.0 2 Nitrate NO3 mg/l 10 - 75

Organoleptic 1 Color mg/l 15 - 50 2 Turbidity mg/l 5 - 25 3 Taste - Not objectionable 4 Odor - Not objectionable

Salinity and Hardness 5 pH 6.5 – 9.2 6 Total Filterable Residue mg/l 500 - 2000 7 Total Hardness CaCO3 mg/l 500 - 600 8 Calcium Ca mg/l 75 - 300 9 Magnesium Mg mg/l 50 - 100 10 Magnesium + Sodium Mg-Na2 mg/l 500 - 1000 sulphate 11 Sulphate SO4 mg/l 200 - 600 12 Chloride Cl mg/l 200 - 800

Less-toxic Metals 13 Iron Fe mg/l 1.0 14 Manganese Mn mg/l 0.5 15 Copper Cu mg/l 3.0 16 Zinc Zn mg/l 15.0

6 This table was extracted from the Tanzania Standard TZS 789:2008.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 25 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Organic Pollution of Natural Origin 17 BODs( 5 days) O2 mg/l 6.0 18 PV (Oxygen abs. KMnO4) O2 mg/l 20 19 Ammonium NH3 mg/l 2.0 20 Total Nitrogen Exclusive mg/l 1.0 Nitrate Organic Pollution Introduced Artificially 21 Surfactants ABS mg/l 2.0 (Alkyl Benxyl Sulphonates) 22 Organic matter as carbon mg/l 0.5 in chloroform extract) 23 Phenolic substances as mg/l 0.002 phenol

Table 6: Radioactive Materials Material Limit Gross alpha activity 0.1 Bq/l Gross beta activity 0.1 Bq/l

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 26 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) Appendix 5: Marketing of Equipment Donated to the Tanganyika Basin Office

To ensure the long-term use and maintenance of USFS-donated water quality testing equipment, USFS raised awareness about the availability of water quality testing at the Tanganyika Basin Office among institutions in Tabora which provide rural water resources. This Appendix contains: 1) principal contacts at relevant institutions; and 2) draft marketing materials to announce the equipment in Tabora.

Deogratias Kahumbi Richard Lwali Majila Mahugi Tabora Development Foundation Moravian Church, Millennium Villages Project, Trust, Program Manager Secretary Water and Sanitation Facilitator

E-mail addresses: Phone number: Phone number: [email protected] +255-784-549-858 (Mobile) +255-787-290-704 (Mobile) [email protected]

Phone numbers: +255-784-315-065 +255-715-315-065 (Mobile)

Mr. Ndonde Christopher Jonathan Caritas, Nyamwanji Stephen Association of Architecture and Water Coordinator The Anglican Church of Tanzania, Tanzania Tobacco Traders, E-mail address: [email protected] Diocese of Tabora, Development Social Responsibility Coordinator Coordinator Phone numbers: +255-784-363-738 E-mail address: Phone number: [email protected] +255-784-802-483 (Mobile)

Phone numbers: +255-26-260-4899 +255-754-505-387

District Water Engineers

Lucky Mgeni Faustino Misango Paschal Ngunda Acting District Water Engineer, Acting District Water Engineer, Uyui District Water Engineer, Sikonge Urambo District District District

E-mail address: [email protected]

Work address: PO Box 70, Sikonge, Tanzania

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 27 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Figure 1: Draft flyer advertising the water quality testing equipment which USFS donated to the Tanganyika Basin Office’s Tabora sub-office

66666666666666666

Water Quality Testing Now Available

6 at the Tanganyika Basin Office 6

Testing is available for: 6 6 • Total coliform • Arsenic • E. coli • Fluoride - 6 • Nitrate (NO ) 3 6

Test the water you drink, or the quality of water your organization 6 provides in the Tabora region! 6

Prices vary depending on: number of testing parameters requested; 6 number of samples; and distance of sources from Tabora town. 6

Contact the Tanganyika Basin Office for more details 6 026-260-4403 6

66666666666666666

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 28 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Appendix 6: Standards for Bacteriological Sampling

Proper sampling techniques are extremely important in obtaining accurate water quality information. Poor sampling techniques may lead to test results which indicate bacteriological contamination when the water is in fact safe. Consistently using proper sampling techniques will save time and money. Those techniques include:

• Make sure the water in your sample is representative of the water you are providing for consumption. o In a water system with multiple distribution taps, rotate sampling among the taps which are routinely used. o After any repairs, be sure the system has been disinfected, flushed, and is operating normally before drawing samples. • Use the correct bag or bottle and in the correct way. o Use only sterilized sample bottles or containers (e.g. sterile Whirl Pak bags) provided by the laboratory specifically for bacteriological sampling. o Do not rinse the sterilized bag or bottle before sampling. A chemical placed in the bags or bottles by the lab is necessary for correct test results of systems that are disinfected. This chemical does not interfere with samples for systems which are not disinfected. • Bring extra sampling containers (bags or bottles). • Don't open the bag or bottle until the moment of sampling. Label the bag or bottle prior to opening. • Fill out the sample information and keep a copy for your permanent records. o The information accompanying the sample should include: Date and time the sample was collected Location where the sample was drawn Name of person collecting the sample Free chlorine residual, if the system is chlorinated • Sampling Taps or Ports must not contaminate the water. o The best sampling ports (faucets) have these features: Non-swiveling spout No aerator or splash guard No leaks or drips Plain spout (no threads for attaching hoses) No vacuum breakers No attached water purifiers or other assemblies CLEAN and sanitized Inside a building unless there aren't any inside faucets o If your sampling ports don't meet all these requirements, you can mitigate: If there are aerators, splash guards, screw-on vacuum breakers, water purifiers, or other assemblies, REMOVE THEM before sanitizing, flushing the line, and drawing the sample (then put them back). If the spout is threaded or if you're not sure it's sanitary, apply a solution of bleach or hypochlorite of at least 1 teaspoon bleach to 1 liter water to the end of the spout (may need to use a disinfected brush wetted with the bleach solution to make sure threads are clean and disinfected), then let the water run an extra couple minutes during flushing. Alcohol may also be used to disinfect the tap or hydrant.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 29 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009) There is no mitigation possible for swivel spouts, for leaking or dripping faucets, or for built-in vacuum breakers. Don't use these faucets. • Flush the lines so your sample represents the water in the main. o Open faucet to full flow for 5 minutes or a temperature change in the water before taking the sample. o When sampling from a hand pump, pump water for at least 5 minutes to flush. • Keep the sample bag or bottle sanitary. o Bags: Carefully open the top of the bag, making sure nothing comes into contact with the inside of the bag. o Bottles: Keep a good grip near the bottom of the bottle and don’t set the lid down; hold it by the outside surface while you fill the bottle. Don't stick your finger or anything else inside the bottle, on the threads, or in the lid. • Use a small water stream so it doesn't splash or overflow. o A stream about the diameter of your little finger is just right. o Bag: Gently fill to the 100 milliliter line or slightly above. Whirl shut and close tabs. o Bottle: Gently fill the bottle, leaving half an inch to an inch of air space at the top. Collect at least 100 milliliters. Immediately replace the lid and tighten it so the bottle won't leak. • Deliver the sample to the lab immediately. The sample must be tested within 48 hours to be valid, and should be delivered to the lab within 30 hours. o Keep sampling containers upright. o Be sure to send the lab form with the sample. o o Keep the sample cool at about 4 C. Only use sealed cold packs, don't use ice. Ice can melt, infiltrate the sample bottle, and contaminate the sample.

Bacteriological testing is just a tool that will alert you to potential problems with your system and help you find and fix them.

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 30 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

Appendix 7: Source Water Protection Workshop Attendees

11-Nov -09 Attendance List

Name Title and Office Email Phone Number Acting District Water Engineer, Kigoma Hamis J. Baruti District Council 0754-770-516

Philip Francis Water Technician, Kigoma District 0756-905-435 Institutional Development Officer, Joyce Kakyogi Ingeniería Sin Fronteras [email protected] 0754-274-330

Jane Rweyemamu Lab Technician, Tanganyika Basin Office [email protected] 0756-939-083

Julius Ishabakaki Water Technician, Tanganyika Basin Office [email protected] 0785-570-158, 0713-521-006

Dodomah Venance Water Technician, Tanganyika Basin Office 0754-559-668

Aristides Kashula Section Head, Forestry, GGE Program, JGI-TZ [email protected] 0787-443-172

Amani Kingu Project Agriculturalist, TACARE, JGI-TZ [email protected] 0713-492-171

Genevieve Edens Project Assistant, Sustainable Harvest [email protected] 0764-147-426

Mary Mavanza Project Director, TACARE Project, JGI-TZ [email protected]

Bev Young Environmental Engineer, US Forest Service [email protected] Water Resources and Biodiversity Manager, Rob Sassor US Forest Service, Office of Int’l Programs [email protected] 0768-438-480

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 31 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)

US Forest Service Technical Assistance Mission Page 2 Water Quality and Water Source Protection in Kigoma and Tabora Regions, Tanzania (November 2009)