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Management of Aromatic Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotypes Using Varietal Resistance Against the Prevalence of Rice Stems Borers

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Management of Aromatic Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Genotypes Using Varietal Resistance Against the Prevalence of Rice Stems Borers International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. Vol., 3 (8), 295-299, 2012 Available online at http:// www.ijappjournal.com ISSN 2051-1914 ©2012 VictorQuest Publications Management of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using varietal resistance against the prevalence of rice stems borers Muhammad Sarwar Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam-70060, Pakistan *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Abstract Growing of resistant cultivars against insects’ infestation has received much consideration due to increasing problems of environmental pollution and health hazards. Systematic screening of 42 aromatic rice genotypes was initiated for testing their resistance to the rice stem borers (Lepidoptera) under field conditions. By choosing pest damage and seed yield parameters, the tolerance and susceptibility of rice genotypes were determined. The obtained results showed prominent differences between the genotypes due to variability in the degree of all parameters studied. Out of screened aromatic rice selections, the variety Khushboo-95 followed by Basmati-15-14/93 and Basmati-20-1/93 showed the least deadhearts and whiteheads causing maximum yield as compared to the remaining genotypes identified for tolerance. Owing to the occurrence of highest seed yield and least borer’s invasions these varieties expressed resistance to pest. High densities of borers (deadhearts and whiteheads) and lower yield were associated with SG-15-7/97, Jajai-77 (P) and Basmati-370 (P) which were susceptible for the parameters under observations. These resistant sources found in the trial can further be exploited in breeding program for the development of borer’s resistant commercial rice cultivars by determining their genetics. Keywords: rice, steme, resistance, borer's infestation and yield. Introduction The rice stem borers (Lepidoptera) are serious pests and of regular occurrence to infest the rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop at all stages of growth. The yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Pyralidae) had emerged as the dominant pest of rice. The major factors regulating its populations were; the incidence of weather extremes (temperatures> 340C with relative humidity< 70%) before flooding which are lethal to eggs and 1st instars; the presence of succulent and elongating stems which are favourable for larval penetration and development; the occurrence of rapid water rises (6-8 cm day-1) which drown the immature stages; the activity of natural enemies particularly the complex of egg parasitoids, spider and orthopteran predators; and the harvesting and threshing operations which kill many diapausing larvae in the stems (Catling & Islam, 1995). Observations carried out by Catling et al., (1984}.showed that S. incertulas usually comprised more than 90%, Chilo polychrysus 11% and Sesamia inferens 6% of the population in the pre-flood and ripening stages. Tripathy et al., (1999) in a field study examined the population dynamics of different rice borers species. The yellow stem borer (S. incertulas) produced two broods, with the first peaking during the last week of September and the second peaking during the second week of November which coincided with the dough stage of rice. Egg masses were more abundant in the second brood than the first. The S. incertulas was dominant species until the first week of October when the stripe stem borer (C. suppressalis) and pink stem borer (S. inferens) contributed to the total larval population, which were greatest during the second and third week of December (Sarwar, 2011; 2012 a). Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 3 (8), 295-299, 2012 The fine grain basmati varieties of rice are considered high quality rice and fetch a high price in national and international trade. However, yield per unit area of basmati rice is very low due to tall plant habit and late maturity (Rashid et al., 2003). Flowering behaviour is also an important character which distinguishes basmati rice from non basmati rice. All traditional basmati varieties are highly photoperiod sensitive with respect to flowering. These are tall stature having weak culm, low yield and prone to lodging. At the time of selection of a basmati variety, special attention should be given to those varieties which show photosensitivity (Rafiq et al., 2005). The appearance of a novel, resistant plant genotype in the environment presents a challenge to its herbivores insect populations utilizing that host (Thompson, 1996; Hawthorne, 1998). On account of new developments in rice genetics, the need for examining host plant resistance to insect pests has been progressively intensified. As a result, growers and other members of the rice industry would be benefited tremendously from the information on resistance of rice germplasm resources that is the cornerstone of crop breeding and protection. Therefore, this work aims to elucidate the larval or adult preference of stem borers for susceptible and a resistant rice plant genotypes. Materials and Methods Forty two aromatic rice genotypes/ lines representing distinct parentages were used in this field study and compared for pest damage and seed yield parameters to determine their tolerance and susceptibility. Early in July 2004 seeds of each genotype/ were sown at Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam, for use in the field assays. All seeds were obtained from Rice Genetics Laboratory of the Institute. After 7 week, nursery seedlings of each variety/ genotype were transplanted for use in the trial. Trial was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated thrice. For each genotype and replicate an area of 3 m2 was specified.The fertilizer granules N: P: K were applied as broadcast, and especially in the vicinity of the roots at a dose of 60:30:30 kg/ ha. Total Phosphorus and Potash and 1/3 nitrogen granules were applied at the time of land preparation, whereas, left over 2/3 N was applied at 25 and 45 days after nursery transplanting in two equal doses. ZnSO4 (35%) was applied @ 12.5 kg/ ha, 15 days after nursery transplanting. The weeds in rice field were controlled manually. No pesticide was used throughout the experimental period. The differences in genotypic resistance of rice were identified by taking the criterions; (a) the percentage of deadhearts, (b) the percentage of whiteheads, and (c) grain yield. Yield parameter was recorded at crop maturity stage after harvesting. Total numbers of plants in 1 m2 selected area were counted and then total numbers of -1 damaged tillers hill were recorded to calculate percentage deadhearts. At the later stage for borers infestation data were recorded on whiteheads basis by counting numbers of damaged panicles and then percent whiteheads were calculated. Pooled and average data calculated were analyzed statistically and treatment means were compared with each other by using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) Test. Then differences were considered only when significant at p< 0.05. Results and Discussion In the present study, different rice germplasm accessions were screened against stem borers under field conditions, but no one of these were absolutely resistant or even extremely resistant to pest. This shows a high level of aggressiveness of the pest or comparatively constricted diversification of genetic material under study. In the area of the present study, stem borers infestation in various germplasm after transplantation was at variable levels. The infestation levels on Khushboo-95, Basmati-15-14/93 and Basmati-20-1/93 genotypes (2.51, 3.65 and 3.72% deadhearts, and 4.09, 4.55 and 4.87% whiteheads, respectively) were significantly different from that of S.G-15-7/95, Jajai-77 (P) and Basmati-370 (P) (18.41, 16.32 and 13.58% deadhearts, and whiteheads 14.80, 15.61 and 16.50%, respectively). Owing to the occurrence of highest seed yield and least borers invasions on Khushboo-95, Basmati-15-14/93 and Basmati-20-1/93, these varieties/ genotypes expressed resistance to pest. High densities of borers (deadhearts and whiteheads) and yield were associated with S.G-15-7/95, Jajai-77 (P) and Basmati-370 (P) which were susceptible for both the parameters under observations (Table 1). The mainly imperative parameter and critical task of farming community is paddy yield which differed significantly with various genotypes. It can be visualized from data in Table 1 that genotype Khushboo-95 produced maximum paddy yield of 1803 gm per 3 m2 area and it remained statistically more yielder than with Basmati-15-14/93 and Basmati-20-1/93 genotypes with 1763 and 1707 gm paddy yields. The genotypes S.G-15- 7/95, Jajai-77 (P) and Basmati-370 (P) gave minimum paddy yield (610.0, 666.7 and 733.3 mg/ 3 m2). Similar results were reported by Ahmad et al., (2006), Safdar et al., (2008) who claimed that among various basmati strains tested paddy yield varied. Yield losses caused by borers were mainly due to increases in the number of 296 Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 3 (8), 295-299, 2012 empty panicles and a reduction in grain weight. The relationship between yield components and resistance to striped rice borer (C. suppressalis) was investigated by Kang (1997) in rice cultivars differing in resistance level to pest. Yield losses caused by borers were mainly due to increases in the number of empty panicles and a reduction in 1000-grain weight. Our research findings are also in the same direction. The specific mechanism of resistance responsible for the differences between tolerant Khushboo-95 and susceptible SG-15-7/95 germplasms is unknown; however, the evidence suggests that resistance in rice may be primarily due to involvement of some kind of secondary compounds to which the feeding larvae is forced to respond. In other words, neonates feeding on the resistant host Khushboo-95 faced with secondary compounds and responded negatively, while neonates on S.G-15-7/95 which is the more palatable host would not have such compounds. Further studies are necessary to determine the secondary compounds responsible for resistance in Khushboo-95 and the mechanisms of resistance used by borers in response to these compounds in the host plant.
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