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New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam contributes to the ongoing dia- logue about the nature and influence of the Nation of Islam (NOI), bringing fresh insights to areas that have previously been overlooked in the scholar- ship of Elijah Muhammad’s NOI, the Imam W. D. Mohammed community, and Louis Farrakhan’s Resurrected NOI. Bringing together contributions that explore the formation, practices, and influence of the NOI, this volume problematizes the history of the movement, its theology, and its relation- ships with other religious movements. Contributors offer a range of diverse perspectives, making connections between the ideology of the NOI and gen- der, dietary restrictions and foodways, the internationalization of the move- ment, and the civil rights movement. This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of current scholarship on the Nation of Islam and will be relevant to scholars of American religion and history, Islamic studies, and African American Studies. Dawn-Marie Gibson is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at Royal Holloway, University of London, UK. Herbert Berg is Professor of Religion in the Department of Philosophy and Religion and the Director of International Studies at the University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA. Routledge Studies in Religion For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com 46 Scripturalizing the Human The Written as the Political Edited by Vincent L. Wimbush 47 Translating Religion What Is Lost and Gained? Edited by Michael P. Dejonge and Christiane Tietz 48 Refractions of the Scriptural Critical Orientation as Transgression Edited by Vincent L. Wimbush 49 Innovative Catholicism and the Human Condition Jane Anderson 50 Religion and Ecological Crisis The “Lynn White Thesis” at Fifty Edited by Todd LeVasseur and Anna Peterson 51 Secular Cosmopolitanism, Hospitality, and Religious Pluralism Andrew Fiala 52 Religion, Migration, and Mobility The Brazilian Experience Edited by Cristina Maria de Castro and Andrew Dawson 53 Hans Mol and the Sociology of Religion Adam J. Powell with Original Essays by Hans Mol 54 Buddhist Modernities Re-inventing Tradition in the Globalizing Modern World Edited by Hanna Havnevik, Ute Hüsken, Mark Teeuwen, Vladimir Tikhonov and Koen Wellens 55 New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam Edited by Dawn-Marie Gibson and Herbert Berg New Perspectives on the Nation of Islam Edited by Dawn-Marie Gibson and Herbert Berg First published 2017 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Taylor & Francis The right of Dawn-Marie Gibson and Herbert Berg to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-18188-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-64671-8 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Contributors vii 1 Introduction 1 DAWN-MARIE GIBSON AND HERBERT BERG PART I Gender, Society, and Global Connections 7 2 “A Superb Sales Force . The Men of Muhammad”: The Nation of Islam, Black Masculinity, and Selling Muhammad Speaks in the Black Power Era 9 D’WESTON L. HAYWOOD 3 Ebony Muhammad’s Hurt2Healing Magazine and Contemporary Nation Women 31 DAWN-MARIE GIBSON 4 The Crescent Moon and the Carceral State: The Nation of Islam and the Legal Battle for the Right to Assemble 46 SENECA VAUGHT 5 Eat to Live: Culinary Nationalism and Black Capitalism in Elijah Muhammad’s Nation of Islam 68 MARY POTORTI 6 Was It a Nine Days Wonder? A Note on the Proselytisation Efforts of the Nation of Islam in Ghana, c. 1980s–2010 95 DE-VALERA N.Y.M. BOTCHWAY AND MUSTAPHA ABDUL-HAMID 7 The Nation of Islam and Japanese Imperial Ambitions 118 FRANK JACOB vi Contents PART II Propaganda and Theology 133 8 Propaganda in the Early NOI 135 PATRICK D. BOWEN 9 “The Secret . of Who the Devil Is”: Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam, and Theological Phenomenology 154 STEPHEN C. FINLEY 10 Elijah Muhammad’s Christologies: The “Historical” Jesus and the Contemporary Christ 174 HERBERT BERG 11 Black Muslims, White Jesus: Removing Racial Images of God with CRAID and W. D. Muhammad 190 JAMIE L. BRUMMITT 12 Clearing the Planet: Dianetics Auditing and the Eschatology of the Nation of Islam 218 JACOB KING 13 The Evolving Theology of the Nation of Islam 236 NATHAN SAUNDERS Index 251 Contributors Mustapha Abdul-Hamid is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Religion and Human Values, University of Cape Coast. He holds an MPhil degree in Religious Studies from the same university. His articles include “Reli- gious Language and the Charge of Blasphemy: In Defense of Al-Hallaj” and “Islam, Politics & Development: Negotiating the Future of Dagbon.” Herbert Berg is Professor of Religion in the Department of Philosophy and Religion and the Director of International Studies at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. He holds a PhD degree in the study of religion from the University of Toronto. His monographs include Elijah Muhammad and Islam and Elijah Muhammad in the Makers of the Mus- lim World series. De-Valera N.Y.M. Botchway is Associate Professor of Africa and African Diaspora in the Department of History at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. He holds a PhD from the University of Cape Coast. His arti- cles include “Fela ‘The Black President’ as Grist to the Mill of the Black Power Movement in Africa,” and “ ‘When the Global Marginalises the Local’: Marcus Garvey and Kwabena Damuah as Mortar to the Bricks of 20th Century Afrocentric Religious Reformation.” Patrick D. Bowen is an independent researcher who holds a PhD in Religion and Social Change from the University of Denver-Iliff School of Theol- ogy Joint PhD Program. He is the author of the multivolume book series A History of Conversion to Islam in the United States. Jamie L. Brummitt is an instructor at the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of North Carolina Wilmington and a PhD candidate at Duke University. Her publications include “Mary Lyman’s Mourning Piece” and several encyclopedia articles. Her research focuses on the visual and material cultures of American religions. Stephen C. Finley is Associate Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the African & African American Studies Program at Louisiana State University. He holds a PhD from Rice University. His articles include viii Contributors “The Meaning of ‘Mother’ in Louis Farrakhan’s ‘Mother Wheel’: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Cosmology of the Nation of Islam’s UFO”; “ ‘From Mistress to Mother’: The Religious Transformation of Tyn- netta Muhammad in the Nation of Islam”; and “Mathematical Theol- ogy: Numerology in the Religious Thought of Tynnetta Muhammad and Louis Farrakhan.” Dawn-Marie Gibson is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at Royal Holloway, University of London. She holds a PhD from the School of History and International Affairs at the University of Ulster. Her books include A History of the Nation of Islam: Race, Islam, and the Quest for Freedom; Women of the Nation: Between Black Protest and Sunni Islam (coauthored with Jamillah Karim); and The Nation of Islam, Louis Far- rakhan, and the Men Who Follow Him. D’Weston L. Haywood is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Haywood received his PhD in American history from Northwestern University. His research explores histories of Black protest, Black masculinity, and Black newspapers. Frank Jacob is Assistant Professor of World History at the City University of New York. He holds a PhD in Japanese studies from Erlangen Univer- sity. His publications include The Thule-Society and the Kokuryûkai and A Short History of the Amur Society. Jacob King received a MA in Religion from Claremont Graduate University in 2014, with a concentration in history of Christianity and religions of North America. He is a freelance writer, living in Los Angeles. His stories include the Pushcart-nominated “Dear Denny,” in the winter 2015 issue of Permafrost, and “The Great Excuse,” in issue number eleven of Fan- tasy Scroll Magazine. Mary Potorti is Affiliated Faculty at the Institute for Liberal Arts and Inter- disciplinary Studies at Emerson College and Lecturer of American Studies at the University of Massachusetts Boston. She holds a PhD in American and New England studies from Boston University. Her articles include “To Feed the Revolution: The Black Panther Party and the Politics of Food” and “Planning for the People: The Early Years of Baltimore’s Neighborhood Design Center.” Nathan Saunders is Head of Collections at South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina. He holds a PhD in American history from the University of South Carolina. His most recent articles include “Spec- tacular Evangelist: Aimee Semple McPherson on the Fox Newsreel” and the forthcoming publication “Conservative Chick? Conservative Culture Warriors at War.” Contributors ix Seneca Vaught is Associate Professor of History and Interdisciplinary Stud- ies at Kennesaw State University.
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