DOCSLIB.ORG

A Nutritional and Anthropometric Assessment of Marshallese School Children

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Nutritional and Anthropometric Assessment of Marshallese School Children A NUTRITIONAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MARSHALLESE SCHOOL CHILDREN Todd L Foster Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University April 2015 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee Paul L Jamison, Ph.D. Frederika Kaestle, Ph.D. Valerie O’Loughlin, Ph.D. Richard E. Ward, Ph.D. March 23rd, 2015 ii Copyright © 2015 Todd L Foster iii Acknowledgements Sitting down to write my acknowledgements gave me pause. I say this because it has been ten years since I began graduate school. In the autumn of 2004, I started a journey that I am not entirely sure how it would turn out. The entire process has been transformative and changed me as a person. The graduate school experience has been full of achievement, loss, and humility. I am a working class kid from Mars Hill, Indianapolis, Indiana. I was never supposed to be here. In the last ten years, I earned a master’s degree and a PhD, forged lifelong friendships, saw love come and go, became a father, overcame struggles, and found that I could make learning my profession. I have recently been asked if I am proud of my accomplishment here. I was hesitant to answer that question. It was not because I felt a lack of pride in the moment. The pause present in my reply was because I know that I would have never gotten here without the multitude of people who have been there to teach and guide me. I can never forget the people who fed me or gave me a couch to sleep on when I couldn’t afford much on a graduate student income. I will never forget the teachers and mentors who let me ask one more question because I just did not understand. I have a lot of people to thank here, but this will never repay them for the kindness, patience, and help they offered. I came into the Department of Anthropology at Indiana University in 2004 to be trained as a biological anthropologist with three awesome ladies. Susan Spencer, Maria Roditis, and Ellen Salter-Pedersen have all finished their PhDs before me. (And they say chivalry is dead!) Each of these ladies helped me through academic trials, for which I am sincerely thankful. Each of them has moved on to successful endeavors and I am proud to call them academic siblings. These ladies, along with Rob Taylor, Allison Foley, and Cameron Griffith, are people who I am iv very proud to call my friend. They pushed me when I needed pushed. They listened when I needed an ear. We walked this academic path together and I will forever be grateful for this experience because of them. I also want to thank Debra Wilkerson and Susie Bernhardt in the Department of Anthropology. You ladies do not get the respect you deserve. I have learned so much from the many professors that taught me over the years. Mark Braun, Michael Muehlenbein, Della Cook, Laura Scheiber, and Robert Meier are professors who deserve acknowledgement here. I might have only had one class with these professors (I never took a class with Laura Scheiber or Robert Meier), but these people took the time to listen and helped guide me as a student. I also want to thank Jeanette Dickerson-Putnam for introducing the peoples of the Pacific Ocean, specifically the Marshall Islands, to me in my undergraduate training. You planted the seed and watched my intrigue grow. This project would have never happened if it was not for some very key people in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Alson Kelen, Ben Graham, Ben Chutaro, Justina Langridrik, Sheldon Riklon, and Neal Palafox were all instrumental in assisting me with methodology and design. They opened the doors to research in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. A huge thank you is extended to Majuro Cooperative School and Kathy Stratte. They gave me a job teaching middle school children while I was in the field. My project was not funded and without this income, I would not have been able to survive on Majuro Atoll. One of the more enriching experiences on Majuro Atoll was getting the opportunity to teach these young minds. The following people are included in my “Majuro”crew: Ryan and Angela Fronek, Kristin Olson, Lauren Pallotta, Darren Nakata, Clint Jeavons, Provan Crump, Jim Bruer, Anna Zelinsky, v Malcolm Freberg, Kiersten Hallquist, Natalie Nimmer, Ingrid Alhgren, Rachel Miller, Tamara Greenstone Alefaio, and Randy Sylvester. All of these people share a love of the Marshall Islands and its people. They also opened doors for this research and each one of them will forever be considered as a friend. Some of these people are also budding anthropologists and I look forward to collaborating with them in the future. I really think of my graduate experience as consisting of three trimesters. The first trimester included my coursework, the second involved my time in the Marshall Islands, and the third involved my time at St. Vincent Hospital. I ended up taking a position as a clinical research scientist at the beginning of 2011 for positive and negative reasons. My time at St. Vincent has taught me what it means to be a professional and rounded out my training as a scientist. Elizabeth Moore, Vicki Wasy, Anne Coleman, Curtis Ramsey, Adrian Katschke, and Tina Noonan all have been influential in getting me to this point. The Center for Prenatal Diagnosis also deserves mention here, particularly James Sumners. He has been another mentor to me and I owe him a debt of gratitude. I was told in the last year of my undergraduate training that graduate school would be one of the most selfish things I ever did. I do not think I understood that statement until the last few years. To my father, mother, step father, all of my friends, family, and Jedi council, I am so sorry that I have been absent from your lives over the last decade. I hope that you are proud of what I have accomplished here. I can never say enough to thank my dissertation committee: Valerie Dean-O’Loughlin, Frederika Kaestle, Rick Ward, and Paul Jamison. Each of you is special to me. In the end, I hope I made you proud, and yet, I hope to continue to make you proud for years to come. Each of you vi gave me your time when you did not have it. Each of you listened when you were tired of hearing my ramblings. You pushed me beyond my perceived limits and made me a better person. You saw me grow up over the past ten to fifteen years. (Rick Ward was my undergraduate mentor). My life would have been drastically different if you were not a part of it and I have been lucky to have you guide me. To the people living on Majuro Atoll and in the Marshall Islands at large, thank you. Ultimately, this dissertation is for you. It truly is my goal to continue to work and advocate for you for the rest of my academic career. My heart longs for the Marshall Islands and I will always consider the Marshall Islands as my second home. The Marshallese Islanders changed me and my heart is full of love for all of you. And last, but not least, I want to thank my daughter, Mary Rose. She is only two at the time of this writing, but I hope she is interested to read this dissertation twenty years from now. Young lady, I never wanted kids. I never wanted to be a parent. But, you have been the single most extraordinary thing in my life. I never knew I could love someone this much. Whether you know it or not, you helped me finish this dissertation. In the end, I did take this journey for myself, but you helped me across the finish line. Yokwe yuk. vii Todd L Foster A NUTRITIONAL AND ANTHROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF MARSHALLESE SCHOOL CHILDREN The study is a cross-sectional examination of growth and nutritional status among Marshallese school children living on Majuro Atoll. Colonialism and globalization have altered the foods available, economic structure, and historical social constructs of Marshall Islanders, especially those living on Majuro Atoll and these transitions have affected the growth and nutrition of the islanders. Anthropometric measurements were used to calculate nutritional status and body composition indices. The WHO 2007 child growth reference and Frisancho’s Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status were used to explore the growth of Marshallese children. The sample consisted of 588 Marshallese children, aged 5 to 14 years of age, attending primary schools on Majuro Atoll. The overall rate of stunting among sampled Marshallese children was 34.6%. The rate of underweight children was less (8.2%) but this rate only reflects children aged 5-9 years due to the design of the WHO 2007 reference. This proportion of weight to height among the sample revealed body mass indices as “normal” when compared to the reference and the utility of body mass index among the Marshallese sample is brought into question. After exploring the rates of malnutrition among the entire sample, the anthropometric and body composition z-scores, as calculated in comparison to the references, of children attending public and private schools on Majuro were compared. The average z-scores for every nutrition and body composition measurement were statistically significantly higher in private school children.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Militarization, Destruction, and the Search for a Remedy in the Marshall Islands
    TRUST ISSUES: MILITARIZATION, DESTRUCTION, AND THE SEARCH FOR A REMEDY IN THE MARSHALL ISLANDS Shannon Marcoux* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................ 100 I. United States Presence in the Marshall Islands: Historical Harm and Current Crises .................................................................. 103 A. New Name, Same Game: U.S. Colonization Becomes U.S. Trusteeship in the Marshalls ....................................................... 104 B. Slums and Suburbs: Displacement, Overcrowding, and the Creation of the “Ebeye Problem” .................................................. 109 C. Environmental Harm and its Impact on Human Health in Ebeye .............................................................................................. 113 II. Failed Obligations and Disregarded Rights: Kwajalein and Ebeye Under International and U.S. Law ........................................ 122 A. The United States Failed to Meet its Obligations Under the Trusteeship System ................................................................ 123 B. The Compact of Free Association and U.S. Law Deprive the Marshallese of a Remedy and Allow for Continued Human Rights Violations ............................................................. 132 * J.D. Candidate 2021, Columbia Law School; B.A. 2016, Fordham University. I am immensely grateful to my former students who opened my eyes to the gross injustices that Micronesian nations face at the hands of ongoing colonial
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye
    Coastal Risk Assesment for Ebeye Technical report | Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye Technical report Alessio Giardino Kees Nederhoff Matthijs Gawehn Ellen Quataert Alex Capel 1230829-001 © Deltares, 2017, B De tores Title Coastal Risk Assessment for Ebeye Client Project Reference Pages The World Bank 1230829-001 1230829-00 1-ZKS-OOO1 142 Keywords Coastal hazards, coastal risks, extreme waves, storm surges, coastal erosion, typhoons, tsunami's, engineering solutions, small islands, low-elevation islands, coral reefs Summary The Republic of the Marshall Islands consists of an atoll archipelago located in the central Pacific, stretching approximately 1,130 km north to south and 1,300 km east to west. The archipelago consists of 29 atolls and 5 reef platforms arranged in a double chain of islands. The atolls and reef platforms are host to approximately 1,225 reef islands, which are characterised as low-lying with a mean elevation of 2 m above mean sea leveL Many of the islands are inhabited, though over 74% of the 53,000 population (2011 census) is concentrated on the atolls of Majuro and Kwajalein The limited land size of these islands and the low-lying topographic elevation makes these islands prone to natural hazards and climate change. As generally observed, small islands have low adaptive capacity, and the adaptation costs are high relative to the gross domestic product (GDP). The focus of this study is on the two islands of Ebeye and Majuro, respectively located on the Ralik Island Chain and the Ratak Island Chain, which host the two largest population centres of the archipelago.
    [Show full text]
  • Statistical Yearbook, 2017
    REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS STATISTICAL YEAR BOOK 2017 Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO) Office of the President Republic of the Marshall Islands RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 Statistical Yearbook 2017 Published by: Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO), Office of the President, Republic of the Marshall Islands Publication Year: June, 2018 Technical support was provided by Inclusive Growth Thematic cluster, UNDP, Pacific Office, Suva, Fiji Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP or EPPSO. The pictures used in this publication are mostly taken from the Google search and some from the respective organization’s websites. EPPSO is not responsible if there is any violation of “copy right” issue related with any of them. 1 RMI Statistical Yearbook, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................... 7 SUGGESTED NOTES PRIOR TO READING THIS PUBLICATION .......................................................... 10 BRIEF HISTORY OF REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ............................................................. 12 REPUBLIC
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • TROPICAL STORM TALAS FORMATION and IMPACTS at KWAJALEIN ATOLL Tom Wright * 3D Research Corporation, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands
    J16A.3 TROPICAL STORM TALAS FORMATION AND IMPACTS AT KWAJALEIN ATOLL Tom Wright * 3D Research Corporation, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands 1. INTRODUCTION 4,000 km southwest of Hawaii, 1,350 km north of the equator, or almost exactly halfway Tropical Storm (TS) 31W (later named Talas) between Hawaii and Australia. Kwajalein is the developed rapidly and passed just to the south of largest of the approximately 100 islands that Kwajalein Island (hereafter referred to as comprise Kwajalein Atoll and is located at 8.7° “Kwajalein”), on 10 December 2004 UTC. north and 167.7° east. Kwajalein is the southern-most island of Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (see figure 2.2 Topography/Bathymetry 1). Despite having been a minimal tropical storm as it passed, TS Talas had a significant impact The islands that make up Kwajalein Atoll all lie not only on the residents of Kwajalein Atoll, but very near sea level with an average elevation of on mission operations at United States Army approximately 1.5 m above mean sea level. The Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)/Ronald Reagan Test Site highest elevations are man-made hills which top (RTS). out at approximately 6 m above mean sea level. This paper will describe the development and evolution of TS Talas and its impacts on Kwajalein Atoll and USAKA/RTS. Storm data, including radar, satellite, and surface and upper air observations, and a summary of impacts will be presented. A strong correlation between Tropical Cyclone (TC) frequency and the phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has been observed for the Northern Marshall Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigating Our Energy Future Marshall Islands Electricity Roadmap
    Navigating our Energy Future: Marshall Islands Electricity Roadmap December 2018 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS ROADMAP WAS SUPPORTED BY THE NEW ZEALAND MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE This document may be cited as follows: Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. (December 2018). Navigating our Energy Future: Marshall Islands Electricity Roadmap. For further information please contact: Angeline Heine, RMI National Energy Office [email protected] www.rmienergyfuture.org Foreword Minister-in-Assistance to the President and Environment Minister, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) The Republic of the Marshall Islands is calling for The Marshall Islands was one of the first countries ambitious action by all countries to reduce greenhouse to prepare and submit a long-term decarbonization gas emissions (GHG). And we are leading the way. Our pathway to the United Nations Framework Convention commitment to ‘walking the talk’ is demonstrated by our on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as called for under the adoption of a pathway to a low-carbon energy future. Paris Agreement. Our Electricity Roadmap once again shows how even the smallest and most isolated of In our Nationally Determined Contribution, the Republic nations can lead the way to a safe and prosperous future of the Marshall Islands has committed to reducing GHG for all people. emissions to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, with two significant milestones along the way – by 2025 our emissions will be at least 32 percent below 2010 levels, and 45 percent below by 2030. While all sectors of our society need to reduce emissions, the electricity sector is where the most HONORABLE DAVID PAUL developed and cost-effective technologies are already Minister-in-Assistance to the available, and therefore the greatest opportunities.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report on the Preparatory Survey for the Project for Installation of Solar Electricity Generation System in Ebeye Island
    KWAJALEIN ATOLL JOINT UTILITY RESOURCES THE REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS FINAL REPORT ON THE PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR THE PROJECT FOR INSTALLATION OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEM IN EBEYE ISLAND OCTOBER 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC. IL JR 17-085 KWAJALEIN ATOLL JOINT UTILITY RESOURCES THE REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS FINAL REPORT ON THE PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR THE PROJECT FOR INSTALLATION OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEM IN EBEYE ISLAND OCTOBER 2017 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD. KYUSHU ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC. Summary Summary Country Overview The Republic of Marshall Islands (herein referred as “RMI”) has 34 atolls of 1,156 islands having a land area of about 181.3 square kilometers. The RMI has an estimated population of 53,134 inhabitants. About 27,797 of the islanders live on Majuro, where the country’s capital city is located. The population density is of 295 per km2. The RMI has a high dependency on fossil fuels for energy generation, and almost all of the electricity supply (99%) depends on diesel generation using imported fuel (Office of Insular Affairs (2013). This situation represents a thread for the energy security of the RMI as well as a burden for the country’s trade balance. In order to improve this situation, in September of 2009, the RMI established “The National Energy Policy and Energy Action Plan (herein after referred to as NEPEAP)”, aiming to cover 20% of power supply with renewable energy sources by 2020. At the moment, the introduction of PV systems is advancing in the capital city, Majuro, but in order to achieve the above mentioned energy goal, it is necessary to introduce renewable energies into other areas of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Ebeye 2010 Infrastructure Survey Report
    UNCLASSIFIED Ebeye 2010 Infrastructure Survey Report 565th EN DET (FEST‐A) United States Army Corps of Engineers Honolulu Engineer District 15 June 2010 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY u.s. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, HONOLULU DISTRICT FORT SHAFTER, HAWAII 96858-5440 Rl!PLYTO ATTEN110N OF: CEPOH-FE 15 JWle 2010 MEMORANDUM THRU Co der, US Army Corps ofEngineers, Honolulu District, CEPOH-DE, Bldg 230, Fortli S fier, HI 96858-5440 FOR Commander, US Army Kwajalein Atoll I Reagan Test Site CMR 701, Bldg 730, APO, AP 96555 SUBJECT: Ebeye Infrastructure Reconnaissance Report Closure Memorandum 1. In September 2009, the US Anny Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) Command requested support from the Honolulu District US Anny Corps of Engineers to conduct a field engineering survey of the civil infrastructure on the Island ofEbeye. 2. The 565th Engineer Detachment, Forward Engineer Support Team-Advance (FEST-A) deployed to Kwajalein Atoll from April 1-14, 2010. The team surveyed four major utility systems on the island of Ebeye (Sewer, Water, Electrical, and Trash). 3. The objectives ofthis survey included: assessing existing conditions ofutilities, researching operations and maintenance processes, identifying deficiencies, documenting findings, and recommending improvements. 4. The enclosed formal report was prepared and forwarded to the Honolulu District Executive Office, Engineering and Construction, Programs and Project Management, Office ofCounsel, and the USACE Reachback Operations Center for comment and review. All comments and recommended changes were addressed or incorporated into the final report, dated JWle 15, 2010. 5. This report is intended to provide decision makers with critical infrastructure information to aid in capital planning and resource allocation.
    [Show full text]
  • 46346-003: Additional Financing of Ebeye Water Supply and Sanitation
    Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 46346-003 Date: August 2020 Republic of the Marshall Islands: Additional Financing of Ebeye Water Supply and Sanitation Project Prepared by the Kwajalein Atoll Joint Utility Resources, Inc. (KAJUR) for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. iii CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ vii I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 12 II. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK ............................................................ 15 A. National and Local Legal Framework ........................................................................................... 15 B. ADB Safeguard
    [Show full text]
  • A Report of Repatriation of the Rongelap People for Us
    REPORT OF REPATRIATION OF THE RONGELAP PEOPLE Distribution: No. of Copies Division of Military Application 2 -7 Division of Biology and Medicine 2 i Commander, Joint Task Force SEVEN 2 Manager, AL00 1 Manager, San Francisco Operations Office 1 J Assistant Manager for Test Operations, AL00 1 Director, Pacific Operations Division, OTO, AL00 1 AEC Contract Representative, Los Angeles 1 Chief, Eniwetok Branch 4 Los Alainos Scientific Laboratory 3 University of California Radiation Laboratory 3 Mail and Records Section, AL00 2 Office of Test Operations Files, AL00 2 I Holmes & Narver, Inc. 5 TOTAL 30 1 1 November 1957 I HOLM-ES & NARVER INC OFFICIALUSE ONLY I PART I II NARRATIVE SUMMARY Introduction Planning Homeward Bound PART II PICTORIAL REVIEW PART III SITE PLANS AND BUILDING LISTS OFFICIAL USE ONLY +: _~---tf OFFICIAL USE ONLY PART I NARRATIVE SUMMARY OFFICIAL USE ONLY OFFICIAL USE ONLY INTRODUCTION On 1 March 1954 a thermonuclear device (the Bravo event) was deto- - I nated in Bikini Atoll. A shift of winds occurring after the detonation car- ried radioactive particles towards the islands of RONGELAP, RONGERIK,; ..-‘I . and UTIRIK. Thirty-one American test personnel and 236 Marshallese I were exposed to radiation. Because the level of residual radioactivity at I RONGELAP remained una,cceptable from a health point of view, emergency evacuation of 82 Rongelapese was effected by the vessels of TG 7.3 (U. S. - I Navy). These people were landed in KWAJALEIN Atoll, where they were 1 housed in emergency quarters on EBEYE Island until a village could be I constructed for them.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecosocial Approach to the Epidemic of Cholera in the Marshall Islands
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH An Ecosocial Approach to the Epidemic of Cholera in the Marshall Islands Seiji Yamada and Wesley Palmer Abstract A cholera outbreak occurred in the Marshall An epidemic of cholera occurred in the Islands in December 2000 to January 2001 with Marshall Islands in December 2000 through over 400 cases and six deaths. Within Kwajalein January 2001. We will focus our attention on two Atoll, cholera occurred on Ebeye Island, while it islands within Kwajalein Atoll: Ebeye Island and did not occur on Kwajalein Island, three miles Kwajalein Island. Thus, this is a tale of two away. We apply Krieger’s ecosocial approach in islands, three miles and a twenty minute ferry ride order to explicate the reasons for this dichotomy. apart. Ebeye Island was the epicenter of the We first examine how Marshallese people came to cholera epidemic, while there were no cases at all embody cholera as a disease state. Secondly, we on Kwajalein Island. This was not a matter of a examine the (a) arrangements of power, property, differential in rates of occurrence; it was a production, and consumption in the Ebeye- dichotomous phenomenon. As a chapter in the i Kwajalein complex, as well as (b) human biology global pandemic of cholera, the numbers of as it has been shaped by the ecological context in people affected were relatively small. order to elucidate the pathways to the embodiment Nonetheless, as the Marshall Islands were a Trust of cholera. Thirdly, we examine the cumulative Territory of the U.S. until recently, we in the U.S. interplay between exposure to cholera, as well as have some measure of responsibility for what susceptibility and resistance to the disease at the happens there.
    [Show full text]
  • Marshall Islands Chronology: 1944-1981
    b , KARSHALL ISLANDS CHRONOLOGY - ERRATUM SHEET Page 12. column 1 and 2. “1955 - March 9 United Xations. .‘I and “May Enewetak . .” This should read. L956 - IMarch 9 United Nations..,“and IMay Enewetak .--*‘ Marshal ACHRONOLOGY: 1944-1981 LISRARY - ~ASHINCTGN, D.C. 2054-5 MICRONESIA SUPPORT COMlITTEE Honolulu, Hawalt F- ‘ifm ti R.EAD TICS ~RO?OLOGY: Weapons Testim--even numbered left hand pages 4-34; destruction of island home- Lands and radioactive wntamination of people, land and food sources. Resettlement of People--odd numbered right hand pages 5-39; the struggle to survive in exile. There is some necessary overlap for clarity; a list of sources used concludes the Chronology on pages 36 and 38. BIKINI ATOLL IN 1946, PRIOR TO THE START OF THE NUCLEAR TESTS. 1st edition publishe'dJuly 1978 2nd edition published August 1981 “?aRTlEGooDoFM ANKlND..~ Marshall Islands people have borne the brunt of U.S. military activity in Micronesia, from nuclear weapons experiments and missile testing to relocations of people and radio- active contamination of people and their environment. All, as an American military com- mder said of the Bikini teats, “for the good of mankind and to end all world wars.” Of eleven United Nations Trusteeships created after World War II, only Micronesia was designated a “strategic” trust, reflecting its military importance to the United States. Ihe U.N. agreement haa allowed the U.S. to use the islands for military purposes, while binding the U.S. to advance the well being of the people of Micronesia. Western nuclear powers have looked on the Pacific, because of its small isolated popu- lations, aa an “ideal” location to conduct nuclear activities unwanted In their own countries.
    [Show full text]