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Anàlisi De La Ideologia Gihadista I Mesures Pluridisciplinars Per a Combatre-La Guifré Montoto Manent

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Anàlisi De La Ideologia Gihadista I Mesures Pluridisciplinars Per a Combatre-La Guifré Montoto Manent ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en TESI DOCTORAL ANÀLISI DE LA IDEOLOGIA GIHADISTA I MESURES PLURIDISCIPLINARS PER A COMBATRE-LA GUIFRÉ MONTOTO MANENT DIRECTORA ROSER MARTÍNEZ QUIRANTE DEPARTAMENT DE DRET PÚBLIC I CIÈNCIES HISTORICOJURÍDIQUES PROGRAMA DE DOCTORAT EN DRET PÚBLIC GLOBAL UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA 2016 1 ÍNDEX Agraïments ............................................................................................................................. 2 Introducció ............................................................................................................................. 3 Capítol 1: Naixement de l’islam, expansió imperial, decadència del món musulmà i aparició de l’islamisme polític ..................................................... 9 1.1. - L’aràbia preislàmica ..................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 - Societat tribal i formes econòmiques .................................................................. 10 1.1.2 - Importància econòmica i simbòlica de les ratzies de pillatge i la revenja: el “gazu” .............................................................................................. 12 1.1.3 - Politeisme tribal i presència de religions monoteistes ....................................... 13 1.2. - El Profeta Muhammad/Mahoma .................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 - Infantesa i primers mites profètics ..................................................................... 15 1.2.2 - Revelació de l’ordre divina d’iniciar la prèdica profètica ................................ 18 1.2.3 - Inici de la prèdica a la Meca: Període Mequí .................................................. 19 1.2.4 - Inici de la prèdica a la Meca: Període Mequí ................................................... 23 1.2.4.1 - Els primers seguidors del Profeta ....................................................... 24 1.2.4.2 - Crisi personal i grupal, les primeres desercions ................................. 26 1.2.4.3 - Enfrontament obert amb les autoritats de la Meca .......................... 28 1.2.4.4 - El “viatge nocturn”: importància simbòlica de les revelacions profètiques i el paper del missatger de Déu ................... 29 1.2.5. - L’hegira: fugida a Medina, any zero del calendari musulmà ........................... 30 1.2.5.1 - Conversió d’un grup àrab de Medinai inici de la normativa islàmica ............................................................................. 30 1.2.5.2 - Consolidació de les conversions i adopció de ritus jueus .................. 33 1.2.5.3 - Signatura del pacte amb els conversos de Medina i acord de trasllat de Mahoma ...................................................................... 35 2 1.2.5.4 - Fugida de la Meca, importància simbòlica i espiritual del viatge .................................................................................................. 36 1.2.6 - Fundació de la societat islàmica a Medina; la “Constitució de Medina” ........................................................................................................... 37 1.2.6.1 - El Gihad: creació de la guerra santa en nom de Déu ......................... 40 1.2.6.2 - Crisi a Medina, els jueus no accepten Mahoma com a Profeta ................................................................................................ 42 1.2.6.3 - Transformació i arabització dels ritus religiosos jueus ....................... 43 1.2.6.4 - Els èxits militars com a base per a la consolidació de la figura del Profeta i l’expansió de l’Islam .......................................... 45 1.2.6.5 - L’assassinat com a forma de mantenir l’ordre intern .......................... 47 1.2.6.6 - Primera derrota militar i reacció religiosa ......................................... 48 1.2.6.7 - Regulacions islàmiques per a les dones ............................................... 51 1.2.6.8 - Eliminació dels enemics interns a Medina: atacs als jueus de la ciutat .......................................................................................... 53 1.2.6.9 Batalla “dels pous”, la victòria decisiva en la consolidació de l’Islam ............................................................................................ 54 1.2.6.10 Reacció a la victòria: expulsió dels jueus de Medina .......................... 55 1.2.7. - La guerra i la diplomàcia de la guerra: el triomf de l’Islam ............................. 55 1.2.7.1 - Primer pelegrinatge i pacte amb els governants de La Meca ................................................................................................... 55 1.2.7.2 - Expansionisme militar com a mandat islàmic. Els jueus les primeres víctimes ............................................................................... 56 1.2.7.3 - Segon pelegrinatge i segona victòria politico-simbòlica de Mahoma .............................................................................................. 58 1.2.7.4 - Noves regulacions respecte al comportament i drets de les dones .................................................................................................. 59 1.2.7.5 - Conquesta de La Meca sense violència ............................................... 60 1.2.7.6 - Expansió militar: ús del botí per a la cohesió i la captació ................. 61 1.2.7.7 - Consolidació del poder musulmà a Aràbia .......................................... 64 3 1.2.7.8 - Fatah: guerra expansionista cohesionadora de la umma .................... 65 1.2.7.9- Mort del Profeta de l’Islam .................................................................. 66 1.3. - L’Imperi Islàmic ........................................................................................................... 66 1.3.1 - L’Islam a la mort del Profeta ............................................................................. 66 1.3.2 - El gihad expansionista esdevé la forma de cohesió de la umma ........................ 68 1.3.3 - La successió de Mahoma .................................................................................... 70 1.3.4 - Fitna: escissions internes en l’Islam ................................................................... 71 1.3.5 - Trencament entre sunnites i xiïtes ....................................................................... 73 1.3.6 - L’Imperi Omeia, primera dinastia califal ......................................................... 74 1.3.6.1 - Expansió bèl·lica del Califat ................................................................ 74 1.3.6.2 - Dhimmis, cristians i jueus sota domini musulmà ................................. 75 1.3.6.3 - El col·lapse del califat Omeia .............................................................. 75 1.3.7 - L’Imperi Abbàssida, segona dinastia califal ..................................................... 76 1.3.7.1 - Reacció de la perifèria contra el centralisme califal corrupte .............................................................................................. 76 1.3.7.2 - Renovació abbàssida de les estructures de govern: obertura de l’Islam a les conversions massives ................................. 76 1.3.7.3 - El nou exèrcit imperial, la importància de mercenaris i esclaus-soldat ..................................................................................... 77 1.3.7.4 - Caiguda del califat; conquestes mongols de Bagdad i Damasc ............................................................................................... 79 1.3.8 - El Califat Otomà, darrer imperi islàmic ............................................................. 80 1.3.9 - Importància de l’imperialisme en la expansió i consolidació de l’Islam ................................................................................................................ 81 1.3.9.1 - L’expansionisme àrab .......................................................................... 81 1.3.9.2 - La consolidació imperial: els califats .................................................. 82 1.3.9.3 - L’Islam com a força cohesionadora ideològica imperial .................... 83 4 1.3.9.4 - Establiment califal de la norma islàmica: la xaria i els hadits ........................................................................................................... 84 1.3.9.5 - Les quatre escoles de jurisprudència islàmica .................................... 85 1.4 - El segle XX i la configuració de l’islamisme polític .................................................... 87 1.4.1- Colonialisme i post-colonialisme .................................................................. 87 1.4.2- El panarabisme ............................................................................................ 88 1.4.2.1 - El Baas ................................................................................................. 90 1.4.3 - Fracàs del panarabisme laic i ressorgiment islamista ...............................
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