Miraklet I Bristol

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Miraklet I Bristol Stage Fright (Steve Box, 1997). (Reproduceret med tilladelse fra Aardman Animations Ltd.). Miraklet i Bristol Historien om, hvordan den engelske havne- og industriby blev dukkefilmens Mekka A f Steen Dalin I 1990 erne boomede engelsk model­ ankom til Bristol med modellervoksfigu­ animation og vandt år efter år Oscar-priser rerne Wallace & Gromit (på dansk Walter for bedste animationsfilm. Opskriften og Trofast), blev engelsk dukkeanimation var et samarbejde mellem animatorer og verdenskendt. Andre selskaber - som Bo- professionelle filmfolk, som Peter Lord lexBrothers med deres vrimlende, beskidte og David Sproxton siden 1970 erne havde insekter - tilførte miljøet og filmene en etableret i deres lille selskab Aardman komik og en sort humor, som er engelsk Animations. Da filmskoleeleven Nick Park animations adelsmærke. 127 Miraklet i Bristol The Revenge ofa Kinematograph Came- animation.2 raman. Sådan lyder titlen på den vel nok Det at optage en dukke- eller modelani­ allerførste dukkefilm i filmens historiebog, mationsfilm er meget mere i familie med eller bedre udtrykt: den første model­ almindelig live acf/on-filmproduktion, end animationsfilm. Den blev lavet i Rusland det er tilfældet med alle andre animations­ i 1912 af en polak, Wladyslaw Starewicz, teknikker. I tegnefilm eller computerani­ som med sine manipulerbare insekter merede film bliver selve animationen til fremstillet af tråd og kunstgummi fuld­ på papir eller i et digitalt univers, men i stændig bjergtog et uforberedt publikum modelanimationen er der både konkrete - kun godt et tiår efter filmens opfindelse ’skuespillere’ og en fysisk ramme - blot overhovedet. Som en samtidig betragter i skikkelse af modellerbare dukker, som udtrykte det: agerer i en nedskaleret scenografi. Materia­ lerne kan være modellervoks, træ, stof eller Det fantastiske ved filmen er den troværdighed, hvad som helst andet. billerne forlener situationen med. Når de er vrede, ryster de deres følehorn og hæver deres “Vi laver tilfældigvis animationsfilm,” antenner. De marcherer på samme måde som siger David Sproxton fra Aardman Anima­ mennesker ... Hvordan er det lavet? Ikke en tions, “men grundlæggende er det, vi gør, eneste blandt publikum kunne forklare det. Hvis billerne var instrueret, måtte deres domptør at lave film på temmelig konventionel vis. nødvendigvis være en mand med magisk udhol­ Metoden er fuldstændig som på en almin­ denhed og tålmodighed. Og at der var tale om delig live action-film: der er manuskript og biller, stod klart fra en nøje granskning af deres fremtoning.1 storyboard, lys og optagelser. Det tager os bare meget lang tid at lave dem.”3 Magisk udholdenhed og tålmodighed - bedre beskrivelse af en animators langsom­ Talehæmmet animation. Da tonefilmen melige arbejde kan næppe leveres, specielt fik sit gennembrud sidst i 1920’erne, havde når det gælder modelanimationsfilm. tegnefilmen ikke de store problemer med Animationens grundprincip blev for­ at opnå læbesynkronicitet. I 1937 præsen­ modentlig opdaget ved et uheld: en stum­ terede Disney med Snow White and the filmscene bliver optaget, men noget kikser, Seven Dwarfs (Snehvide og de syv dværge) og fotografen holder op med at dreje på ligefrem en tegnet film i biograffilmlængde håndtaget, der driver filmen frem. Proble­ med talende karakterer og indlagte sange met bliver klaret, og fotografen genoptager af musical-agtig karakter. Der skulle gå sit arbejde, men da filmen projiceres, skif­ anderledes lang tid, inden dukkefilmen ter det bevægelige motiv plads i det ellers antog en lige så ægte ’filmisk’ karakter. ubevægelige rum. Vupti, som ved et trylle­ Faktisk lykkedes det først at ramme det slag forsvinder noget eller nogen - og duk­ store lærred med en læbesynkron model­ ker op et uventet sted. Hvis man gentager animationsfilm i spillefilmlængde helt oppe processen billede for billede og kontrolleret i vores egen tid, lige før årtusindskiftet: bevæger genstande rundt med ganske Tim Burton og Henry Selicks musical The små intervaller foran kameraet i pauserne Nightmare Befare Christmas (1993).4 mellem eksponeringerne, har man skabt Den sene opblomstring skyldes til dels, animation. Eller rettere den disciplin inden at modelanimationsfilmen har hængt fast for animation, som hedder pixilation, og i traditioner, som tegnefilmen ikke har 128 som formentlig var den første form for været tynget af. Med undtagelse af nogle a f Steen Dalin af de tidligste eksperimenter med pixila- Det var de engelske studier i Bristol tion og stop motion (som i tilfældet med og Manchester, der udviklede teknikken Wladyslaw Starewicz’ insekter) fortsatte til perfektion i de sidste årtier af det 20. modelanimationen med sine bevægelige århundrede, og dét i en grad, så model­ dukker i Mester Jakel- og marionetteaterets animationsfilm som nævnt vandt adskillige spor. Ligesom stumfilmen i sin barndom Oscars på ganske få år. Succesen skyldtes ofte var præget af en slags affilmet teater nu ikke udelukkende, at computeren havde med kameraet placeret i publikums sted, gjort det muligt at forbedre animations- lignede dukkefilmen alt for ofte affilmet flowet, men i lige så høj grad, at samar­ dukketeater. Men hvor filmens pionerer bejdet mellem animatorer og fotografer hurtigt udviklede filmsproget med avance­ fjernede dukkefilmen fra dens teatralske ret fotografering, klip og lyssætning, hang udgangspunkt. I stedet trådte en lystfyldt dukkefilmen uhjælpeligt fast i sin teatralske udforskning af filmmediets muligheder: arv og de tekniske problemer med læbe- brug af lave kameravinkler, stemninger synkronicitet. fremkaldt af lys, klip, musik. Man tog kort sagt filmmediet alvorligt. Revival for modelanimation. Efter An­ Ved årtusindskiftet kunne Aardman den Verdenskrig nåede dukkefilmen et Animations og Nick Park i samarbejde højt visuelt stade i et stort antal studier i med Spielbergs DreamWorks præsentere Østeuropa, især i Tjekkoslovakiet og Ru­ Chicken Run (2000, Flugten fra hønsegår­ mænien. Men den helt store fornyelse for den). I en forrygende parafrase over klas­ genren kom først med computerens indtog sikere som The Great Escape (1963, Den i dukkefilmstudierne i 1980 erne. store Flugt) og The Bridge on the River Kwai Men ikke, som man måske skulle tro, i (1957, Broen overfloden Kwai) skildrer form af computerskabte billeder.5 På det filmen en deling høns, som med hjælp fra tidspunkt var computeranimation nemlig en kanonkonge forsøger at slippe ud af en lig med primitive tændstikmænd og gum­ kz-lignende hønsegård, inden de alle bliver lende oste. Computerrevolutionen gjorde lavet om til hønsetærter. Som Aardmans det derimod muligt at styre modelanima­ øvrige produktioner er Chicken Run en tionen og umiddelbart monitorere ani­ meget engelsk film, skønt den var produce­ mationen, efterhånden som arbejdet skred ret for amerikanske penge. frem. Hidtil havde animatorerne arbejdet Der findes flere engelske studier for mo­ i blinde, i modsætning til deres kollegaer delanimation, men Aardman blev stille og på tegnefilmstudierne, som altid havde roligt flagskibet, der med sin excentriske kunnet afprøve deres animationer på papir blanding af britisk humor, filmisk profes­ eller med de såkaldte Leica reels-, sort/hvide sionalisme og satsning på unge talenter og hurtigt fremkaldte affilmninger af de rå blev i stand til at ramme en tidsånd og stregtegninger. Dukkeanimatorerne, deri­ ryste teaterstøvet af genren. mod, kunne udelukkende stole på deres instinkt og først se resultatet, når scenen Modellervoksen modnes. Det var to unge var animeret færdig og fremkaldt på labo­ fyre fra Liverpool, som i 1976 startede ratoriet. Computeren gjorde arbejdspro­ Aardman Animations, men til forskel fra cessen synlig, og pludselig var det muligt at deres musikalske blodbrødre i The Beatles animere dukker med læbesynkronicitet. skulle der gå mange år, inden verdensbe- 129 Miraklet i Bristol Rose et vågent øje til animation, og mak­ kerparret begyndte at levere korte ler- animationer til BBC s børneprogrammer. Her opfandt de bl.a. figuren Morph, som fik sit eget program, The Amazing Adven­ tures o f Morph (1980), der efter et kvart århundrede stadig produceres i studierne i Aardmans kælder, men nu bragt til live af vordende animatorer, der som oftest er yngre end seriens titelperson. Lord og Sproxton havde dog en idé om, Creature Comforts (Nick Park, 1989). (Reproduceret med tilladelse at animation kunne række videre endnu: fra Aardman Animations Ltd.). de ville gerne gøre genren spiselig for et voksent publikum. Udstyret med Nagra- båndoptagere drog de ud og optog stumper rømmeisen bankede på. Deres afsæt var af samtaler mellem mennesker i deres i den klassiske tegnefilm, men de fandt hjemlige miljøer. Tilbage i studiet redige­ på at flytte kameraet fra lodret til vandret rede de lydbåndene, inden de med 16mm position og erstatte tegninger med model­ Bolex-kameraer filmede de visioner, de lervoks. David Sproxton, som var søn af havde inde i hovedet, blot materialiseret i en BBC-producer, lånte fars kamera og animeret modellervoks. filmede, mens Peter Lord flyttede rundt på ”Vi vidste virkelig ikke, hvad det var, vi modellervoksklumperne. lavede,” fortæller David Sproxton, ”men Firmanavnet opstod mest af nødvendig­ naiviteten i animationerne passede til hed, da der skulle oprettes en firmakonto i naiviteten i den dagligdags dialog. I et film­ forbindelse med de allerførste bestillings­ manuskript er dialogen helt klar, men i en opgaver for BBC. Navnet kom fra en Su~ dagligdags dialog siger folk ikke det, de perman-lignende figur, som de unge men­ mener, de snubler
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