Warts and All: the Representation and Interpretation of War in Museums
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Warts and All: The Representation and Interpretation of War in Museums Rebecca Harmsen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2016 Committee: Wilson O’Donnell Christoph Giebel Dan Hagedorn Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Museology © 2016 Rebecca Harmsen Warts and All 3 University of Washington Abstract Warts and All: The Representation and Interpretation of War in Museums Rebecca Harmsen Chair of Supervisory Committee: Wilson O’Donnell Museology The goal of this research was to address the issue of sanitization in the development, design, and presentation of exhibits about war. The definition of sanitization was to make a topic less offensive by limiting, altering, or removing anything that could be considered inappropriate or controversial for visitors. There was little available literature concerning how military museums interpreted the horrors of war within an exhibit and on the existence of sanitization. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were completed with military museums to determine their opinions on sanitization and the methods that they employed to create a balanced war exhibit. The research determined that strategic sanitization was an appropriate practice to utilize in some circumstances, which allows for the broad story to be told accurately while remaining sensitive to the audience’s sensibilities and the museum’s mission. A best practice recommendation list was created to guide military museums and other museums displaying and interpreting difficult stories in obtaining the relevant balance in their exhibits between historical accuracy and audience acceptance. Military museum professionals understand the necessity of displaying and interpreting challenging subject matter to the public; however, the degree to which exhibits display the horrors of war depends on the specific institution. Warts and All 4 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 11 Museum Interpretation .............................................................................................................. 11 Museum Audiences ................................................................................................................... 13 Past War Exhibits ...................................................................................................................... 14 Emotions and Ethics ................................................................................................................. 18 Memorial/Commemorative Aspect of Military Museums ........................................................ 19 Critical Analysis in Military Museums ..................................................................................... 22 Balancing Commemoration and Critical Analysis ................................................................... 23 Does War Belong in Museums? ............................................................................................... 27 Chapter Three: Methodology ........................................................................................................ 28 Participant Selection ................................................................................................................. 29 Interview Guide and Data Collection ....................................................................................... 31 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 31 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion .......................................................................................... 33 Institution Descriptions: ............................................................................................................ 33 Findings and Results: ................................................................................................................ 42 Research Subject 1: Museum Policies and Processes ............................................................... 42 A) Judgement ........................................................................................................................ 43 B) Organization ..................................................................................................................... 45 C) Context and the Storyline................................................................................................. 49 D) The Human Element ........................................................................................................ 51 E) Cooperation and the Community ..................................................................................... 51 F) Museum Facilities ............................................................................................................ 54 Research Subject 2: Visitor Sensitivities .................................................................................. 55 A) Tailoring to Your Audience ............................................................................................. 56 B) Effects of Different Wars on Visitors .............................................................................. 57 C) Handling Offended Visitors ............................................................................................. 58 D) Soldiers and Exhibits ....................................................................................................... 61 Warts and All 5 E) Comfort Strategies ........................................................................................................... 64 F) Limitations........................................................................................................................ 66 Research Subject 3: Commemoration and Critical Analysis .................................................... 67 A) Broad Narrative ............................................................................................................... 67 B) The Nature of Emotion .................................................................................................... 68 C) Personal Interpretation from the Visitor .......................................................................... 70 D) Concept of Memory ......................................................................................................... 71 E) Diverse Focus of Museums .............................................................................................. 72 F) A Balancing Act ............................................................................................................... 73 Research Subject 4: The Practice of Sanitization ..................................................................... 73 A) Museum Cores ................................................................................................................. 74 B) Divergent Opinions .......................................................................................................... 75 C) Exposure .......................................................................................................................... 77 D) Remaining Balanced ........................................................................................................ 77 E) Abhorrent Practices .......................................................................................................... 79 F) Strategic Sanitization ........................................................................................................ 80 G) Open Museum Conversation ........................................................................................... 81 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications ..................................................................................... 83 Implications............................................................................................................................... 83 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 83 References ..................................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 1: Best Practice Recommendation List ........................................................................ 90 Appendix 2: Interview Guide........................................................................................................ 92 Appendix 3: Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 95 Appendix 3a: Themes ............................................................................................................... 95 Appendix 3b: Lettering System and Coding Sheet Example .................................................... 96 Warts and All 6 Chapter 1: Introduction The goal of this research was to address the issue of sanitization in the development, design, and presentation of exhibits about war. The definition of sanitization was to make a topic less offensive by altering, limiting, or removing