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THE FINAL YEARS of BRITISH HONG KONG the Final Years of British Hong Kong

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THE FINAL YEARS of BRITISH HONG KONG the Final Years of British Hong Kong THE FINAL YEARS OF BRITISH HONG KONG The Final Years of British Hong Kong The Discourse of Colonial Withdrawal John Flowerdew Associate Professor English Department City University ofHong Kong First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-333-68313-2 ISBN 978-1-349-26135-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-26135-2 First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-17775-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Flowcrdew, John, 1951- The final years of British Hong Kong: the discourse of colonial withdrawal 1 John F1owerdew. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-17775-1 I. Hong Kong-History-Transfer of sovereignty to China, 1997. 2. Hong Kong-Politics and government. I. Title. DS7%.H757F58 1997 951.2505~c21 97-27124 CIP © John Flowerdew 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WI P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 To Lynne,Rupert and Humphrey Contents Acknowledgements ix Table of Acronyms x Introduction xi PART I 1. The Imperialist Background 3 2. From Early Development to the Beginnings of Retrocession 16 3. The Negotiations and the Joint Declaration 32 4. Representative Government and the Basic Law 53 5. Tiananmen and After 66 PARTn 6. Enter Christopher Patten 85 7. Patten's Political Reform Programme 106 8. The Through Train Derailed 129 9. A Lame Duck Government? 150 10. The Die is Cast 171 II. Ideology and Values 191 12. Conclusion 214 Index 249 vii Acknowledgements A lot of people have helped me in the preparation of this book. I would particularly like to record my thanks to the. following: Eddie Leung, Clara Mak, Joey Wong, and Jacqueline Young, who worked as research or student assistants at various stages of the project; Barry Lowe, Norman Flynn, and Jonathan Zhu, who took great trouble in reading an earlier draft of the manuscript and giving me very useful feedback; and especially Connie Ng, who worked with me in the last year of what was a five-year project, putting in overtime in helping me with the final stages of the preparation of the manuscript. Thanks also to Daniel Reeves. I am also very grateful to those people who gave up their valuable time to be interviewed for the book: Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, Governor's Spokesperson, Kerry McGlynn, and Governor's Personal Adviser, Edward Llewelyn. Finally, I would like to thank my family, for putting up with my long hours spent on the book, when we might have been doing other things. ix List of Acronyms ADPL Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood BPG Business and Professional Group of the Basic Law Consultative Committee BPF Business and Professionals Federation BLCC Basic Law Consultative Committee BLDC Basic Law Drafting Committee CCP Chinese Communist Party CFA Court of Final Appeal CPPCC Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference CT9 Container Terminal 9 DAB Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong Exco Executive Council GIS Government Information Services ICAC Independent Commission Against Corruption ISD Information Services Department JLG Joint Liaison Group KCR Kowloon Canton Railway Legco Legislative Council MFN Most Favoured Nation MTR Mass Transit Railway NCNA Xinhua (New China News Agency) NPC National People's Congress OMELCO Office of the Members of the Legislative and Executive Councils PC Preparatory Committee PLA People's Liberation Army PRC People's Republic of China PWC Preliminary Working Committee RTHK Radio Television Hong Kong SAR Special Administrative Region SEZ Special Economic Zone UDHK United Democrats of Hong Kong x Introduction In 1793, the British Government sent an emissary, Lord Macartney, to Beijing, with a view to establishing diplomatic and trade relations with the Middle Kingdom, as China was known at that time. Macart­ ney refused to perform the kow-tow, or ritual prostration, which all emissaries were required to carry out before the Emperor, and the mission ended in failure. In 1984, Britain and China had a more successful diplomatic encounter in Beijing, and representatives of the two countries entered into an agreement that, in 1997, Britain would return the colony of Hong Kong, 'an accident left over from history', according to the Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping, to China. This agreement, or Joint Declaration, was widely hailed as a model of international co-opera­ tion, peacefully negotiated by two countries with radically different histories, cultures, ideologies and political systems. In 1992, Britain sent another emissary, Chris Patten, as Hong Kong Governor, to oversee the last five years of British Hong Kong, before it finally became a part of China. Like Macartney, Patten refused to kow-tow to China's rulers, not in the physical sense, but in refusing to co-operate with China's preparations for taking over Hong Kong. Under the terms of the Joint Declaration, Hong Kong had been offered a high degree of autonomy and the continuation of its capit­ alist way of life for fifty years. This had been negotiated according to Deng's slogan: 'one country two systems'. Patten judged that China was trying to erode Hong Kong's freedom agreed in the Joint Declaration. He also wanted Britain to withdraw with honour and dignity from the last significant colony of what had once been the most powerful empire the world had ever seen. He therefore embarked upon a course of confrontation, a policy which, according to some, was a disastrous failure and, to others, a valiant attempt to preserve those values for which the British Empire was renowned: free trade, freedom of the individual, the rule of law, and democracy. This book describes the final years of British Hong Kong, with a special emphasis on Patten's attempts to, as he put it, stand up for Hong Kong, and the accompanying clash of cultures and ideologies. Before turning to the Patten era, however, Part I of the book describes the development of Hong Kong under British rule from its very beginning. The main focus of the book, nevertheless, is Part II, which xi xii Introduction deals with the final period, the period during which Chris Patten was the last governor. • •• The most famous view of Hong Kong is its spectacular waterfront skyline of giant gleaming office towers set against the backdrop of the mountain known as The Peak. The view is said to rival, if not surpass, that of Manhattan. The physical parallel is not the only one com­ monly made with Manhattan. Because of its fabulous wealth, Hong Kong is also regularly touted as the Manhattan of Asia from the economic point of view. It is the gateway to the outside world for China's burgeoning economy, which, since 1979 and Deng Xiaoping's 'open door' policy to the outside world, has become increasingly market- and internationally-oriented. It is also a regional hub for international companies wishing to do business with China and the rest of East Asia. With its tiny population of only 6.3 million squeezed into an area of just 412 square miles, Hong Kong is the world's eighth largest trading nation, is the world's busiest container port, has the world's sixth largest stock market, is the fifth largest banking centre in terms of the volume of external banking transactions, has an average per capita income among the top ten in the world, and has the world's most expensive real estate. Hong Kong also has the largest number of Rolls Royce cars per capita and the site of its new airport, Chek Lap Kok, is the largest civil engineering project in the world. Over the last two decades, the Hong Kong economy has quadrupled in size. Very low unemployment rates are the envy of the employment and finance ministers of the developed countries. Matching this economic dynam­ ism and sophistication, Hong Kong has S9 daily newspapers and 67S periodicals, it has four terrestrial television channels, is served by the Star satellite television network and has a number of cable television operators. Hong Kong has one of the highest usage rates per capita of population of mobile telephones. Hong Kong is also a healthy society, with a life-expectancy of 81 years for women and 7S for men.! Hong Kong people are very materialistic. They have a reputation for hard work and many of them put in long hours. Saturday is still a half working day for most people. Among the most popular leisure activities are shopping, eating and gambling on horse races. Any Saturday or Sunday sees Hong Kong's plethora of modernistic indoor shopping malls packed with families, couples and individuals jostling each other to get a better look at the goods on display.
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