REPORT

OF

THE CENSUS OF 1901 A, D.

OF

TBE JIINAGADB STATE

••11111 ••

BY

MANlLAL KESHAVLAL B~'·A.,'L. L B. CENSUS OOlOOSSIONER, JUNAGADH ST1TE.

_~'~OOOoioalll._

PRINTED AT THE" JUNAGAI>H ST'ATE" PRESS.

CONTEN·T8.

PAnEs.

CH A.PTER L-ADlfINISTRATION OF THE CENSUS OPERAT[OY.

Towns lind villages; ehargp.s, circles, and blocks; charge' superintendent, circle super\1isor and block.c1erek,. house·defined r house·number·ing; systems of house.numbering discussed; :Mr~ R. E. Enthoven nt Rajkote ; Inspection tours ; forms, schedules and tables; ~'inal enumeration i enumeration of floating popula· tionEl ; day cenSllS in hilly parts; meeting at Bombay; Abstraction- slipsystem ;. 'fabulation...... m ...... 1-33

CHAPTER H.-GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE J UNAGADH STATE •.

Limit,. area, physic],l u"pect, climlter helt, rainfall, soil and its fertility, usual crops... .11 ...... ••• ••• •••. 34.-3~

CHAPTER UI.-MAHA'LWAR DESCRIPTION.

N,me of ~hhals ; climlte, cuI th·a.tion, irrig:,tion, physica.l as· pec·t, kinds of soil etc. of each M'ah:,l briefly reviewed... ••• 33-57.

OH APTER IV.-AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, DENSITIES AND THEIR COMPARISON WITH' TIrE PRECEDING DECADE.

Rtttio percent. of o~cupied to total buildings; grade ofdensity ; comparison of population of 1871,1881,1891 and 1901 ; decrease .11~unted for; variation in villagp.s; comparison of occupied '.houses in 1S,71, 188.1, 1891 and 1901...... 58-17

CHAPTER V.-REI:.IGIONS AND SECTS.

~ain religion; Charwak and Boudh doctrines; Jain religion ~ Zoroastrian religion; Mahomedan relig.ion ; Chril!tianity ; Jew reli· gion; animistic j Hindu Sampradays a~d Panthas; tlain sects; Ma· homedttn sects; Parsi sect~ ; num3rical stt'ength of different reli· gions ; mlles and fennles of e w-b reiigion ;- their percentages; com· parison between 1891 and 1901 by religion.... M4 ...... 78-92:

CHAPTER VI.-AGE AND SEX. Births, death;, sa.nitation, stat.e help" number and percenta.ge­ of the population by s~ and age·pariod. Comparisuu bt-tween, 1891 and 1901. Increa.se and decrease in the popUlation by age· period; average death and birth rate in the decennial period under review...... , ...... , ...... 93-115 CHAPTER rU.-CIVIL CONDITIONS.

Hindu, Mahomedn.n and Parsi systems of marringe ; nnmOOr of married, unmarried, widowed, males and females; same by age­ period ; widow·re-marriage, Infant and early marriages, married, unmarried and widowed by religion, ratio of married" uumarried and widowed; compllrison of 1891 and 1901...... " ••• 116-138

CHAPTER VII I.-EDUCATION AND LANGUAGES.

Ancient education, general education j education in the State, educational state shown by percentage; educational ratio by chlrge, the SlJ.ma by religion, edll~a.tion in the ,J unngadh city, comparison bet""een 1891 and 190 L. Departmental figures and cenSllS figures of learners. Languages ; main language and. its divisions. T~ble giving family, gronp, language and dialect. Langilages returned with numb~r of p:!r.3ons sp3ilking them~.. 139-161

CHA.PTER lX.-BIRTH PLACES AND INFIRMITIES.

Causes of migrat ion and their influence in our State; number of persons of different birth.;places ; number of ~ersons born in Juna ol gadh State per each charge., Infirmities; 4 kinds, number of each; same byageoperil)d ...... OJ' ...... 168-17'

CHAPTER I.-CASTES.

Hindu castes, original quadruple divisions, castes and sub·cas­ tes, reasons for sub-ca.stes. Hindll castes and the number in each returned, Hindu castes, chief of the~ bL'iefiy described comparing their numbers with L89 I... ..• .• ...... ~ ...... 175 ... 188

CHAPTER XI.-OCCUPATIONS'.

Classification of occupations and means of livelihood. Total population maintained by each occupation, actual workers. Mules and females with their dependants. Interest in land...... ' 189-21,6

. ,', ~

Conclusion ...... '" ...... ••• .217

I~ to'li Appendices ... ..t ...... • A Tables showing numbers, education and civil conditions of

Nagars o.nd Nagar Bhramins.... .tt ... t.t ••• • ••

Errata... .,...... tl' ••• II. ,.. I" ••• ", FROM

O:&NSUS OOMMISSIONER O~ JUNAGADH. To Ihun.at la,tonk IhuU.1 $atJbhai, CHIEF DIW AN SAHEB OF JUNAGADH.

laSPEont) SIR,

I have the honour to submit, in the following few pages, a report of the Census of Junagadh State·taken in 1901 A. D.

2. The linal ebumeration of the entire territories ruled oyer by .His Rigbpes9 Ra~ulkhanji Mohabatkbanji K. C. S. t. Nawab &heb of Junagadh; was taken, synchroDous with that ot all India, on the night of the let March ·190·1 /... D" tlmt is, after ten years and three days from the last Census which was taken on the night of the 26th February 1891 A.:O, This is the first attempt of itt kind 00 submit a. systemt7.tic Census report of our State.

S. The order of my appointment of No. 8400 dl\ted 6-8-1900 a& Censua Commissioner, reached me at Una, jllst at the close ofthe hardest duties of the c.mine relief officer of th~ Una Division, at the time when the monsoon, late jn ~n, had already burst in with unusual force and fury.

4. Immedia.tely on the receipt of the order, leaving the charge of the famipe relief officer, I hastened to Jllnagadh to join my appointment as· speedily a8 the conditione of the roads and rlyers in such a heavy monsoon per­ mitted. No'Sooner did I assume the cbarge of this new office, to th, inner 'Working of which, l should admit without ostentation or assumption, I was·

" complete strangert than I thought it advisable to 9,pproach your honour with I request to allow me a little more extensive, though hy no means an unlimit­ ed, power, so that I can have. a freer and a wider scope to work out my plans .with faeility, which request your honour so kindly and graciously acceded to.

5. Thus equipped; and I should. acknowl~dge with feelinga of genuine tha.nkfulness, very well equipped, I, in ea.rnest, at once commenced the work entrusted to me. .

6. To begin with, the office establishment was :fitly organized for the pur­ J'OBe, and tbe work of the Census Department was regularly put in motion from the 1st September 1900 A. D. A budget, providing for the expeIl8es for the ADMINISTRATION Ol!' ( 2 ) CBllSUS OPERATIONS. CHAPTER r.

entire Census Operations, was sanctioned by your honour which is annexed here­ with as Appendix A. 7. At my request your honour was pleased to issue a general order No. 11:106 dated 22nd AuguBt ] 900 A. D. Samvat 1956 Shra- Administration of the W census operations van Vadi 12th ednesday (printed in the Dastural ______1 Ama! of Samvat 1956 Bhadarvlt Shud 2nd, Vol. 34 No. I page 2), calling upon the Heads of all the Departments to render full and timely help in tlJll Census work, such as may be required of them from time; to time by the officiall engaged in the Census operations. A notice of No. 778 dated.15th·November 1900A. D.under your honour's order, was published in the Dastural Amal of Samvat 1957 Margashirsha Shud 2nd Saturday, 24th Nm'em. ber 1900 A. D., Vol..34, No.4, page 38, calling upon the Bhayats, Mul.gira­ sias, Inamdars, Kheratis &c., to expedite supply of all the means and materials requisite for carrying on the Censu~ operations in their respective villages or parts of villages, and the State, it was further notified in the same notice, would be compel1ed .to supply them at the expense of those who would fail to give a prompt response to the call. 8. In collecting materials for the preliminary operations of the CensuS wotk, at the outset. I prepared an up-to·date list, adapted for the use of Census work, of all the vil1ages, towns and nesses undt>r each Mahal arranged in an alphabetical order, which is annexed herewith as Appendix B. In the prepara~ .tion of this list special care was taken to introduce all the changes that took place between 1891 A. D. and 1901 A.. D. such as transfers of villages from and into Mahals of the State, depopulated villages turned into populated villages, populated villages that have since become extinct, 'villages amalgamated with other villages of the same Mahal and villages that came intO existence after 1891 A. D. (Appendix ~). 1 . 9. I have made one departure from the arrangements of the last Census which deserves to be noted viz., that in the last Census those villages which were under the Judicial jurisdiction of one Mahal and the Revenue juris­ diction of the other Mahal, were irregularly treated as some to be under the Ma­ hal which has revenue jurisdiction over them and some to be under -t~e Ma· hal which has judicial jurisdiction over them; but now in the prescnt Census I have, for the sake of convenience, treated such villages, exclusively for the Census purposes, under those Mahals which have revenue jurisdiction over them. 10. Thus preparing the ground work for the Census operations I divided for the Census purpose the whole Junagadh State into 24 Charges correspond-. ing to the recognized administrative divisions, Townships and Mahals and, for all the Charges, I appointed Charge Superintendents-Officers -responsible for their respective Charges. The Charges of the whole Junagadh State were as under:- 1 J unag'!.ldh 2 Dungar • Bagat, which was treated as a separate Cbarge in the present arrangement, may be more conveniently treated in the future Census as a part and pareel of Junagadh city it­ self without making a separate Charge of it. ADMINIIITRATION OF (8) CHAPTER CENSUS OPEllA.TIONS. I.

Gadhakda. 5 Rabariawad 6 Una. "7 Sutrapada. 8 Pattan 9 Verawa.l 10 Chorwad 11 Malia. 12 Keshod 13 Mangrol 14 ShU 15 Balaga.m 16 Kutiana. 17 Va.nthali 18 Shahpore DivisioD. 19 Vadal 20 Bhesao 21' Navagadh 22 Dl&l!u 23 Gir (Sansan) ~4 Visavadar 11. Subsequently in pursuance of the instructions received from Mr. R. E. Enthoven, 1. C. S. Provincial Superintendent Census, Bombay, each shipping port of our State wa.s made to form a separate charge and thus 3 cha.rges of ports viz: Una. Band'ar, Verawal Bandar and Mangrol Ran dar were added to the original number of Charges, thus ma.king in all .27 Charges. 12. I may, conveniently, here define Chat'ge and' Charge Superilltendent. The Cbarge is " a group of circles under a. Charge Superintendent who exercises general supervision over the Census operations and tests as large a portion as possible of the work of his subordinates". The Vahi watdar and the Munsiff of each Mahal were appointed joint Charge Superintendents with co-extensive powers aRd with joint and several responsibilities for the Census.operations in their respective Mahala. In those Ma.hals in which there are no Mansi:ff'a Courts, Vahiwatdars alone were appointed Charge Superintendents. 13. I must here frankly confess the defect of this arrangement which my experienee throughout brought home to me. One has very probably and na.tural· 11 to take as the basis of his preliminary arrangement in a work entirely new, the scheme drawn up in past times and I was not an exception to·it. U. Thus in absence of any suggestion or recorded experience as to the defect or disadvantage of the arrangement to guide me in. the matter, I adopt­ ed it in the present Census. nut the recent experience has induced· me to think that this arrangement is not quite suitable to the ·nature of the work .and there­ fore 1 am of opinion that it should be, at the best, abandoned as a principle and a better one should be substituted instead. I venture to suggest its substitute which may be adopted if it Buits the future Census Commissioner's views and convenience. 15. 1 have nothing to object to treating each Mahal as one Charge and its Vahiwatdar and MUDSiff its Charge Superintendents, but as an internal ar· rangement I strongly and particularly recommend to divide each l{ahal into two convenient parts and to put one part separately and independently under the exclusive Charge of a. Vahiwatdar and the other part. under that of a Mun­ siff, holding each individually responsible for the entire Census work in his own part.

16. As an alternative arrangement it may be suggested to put the whole Mahal under the exclusive Charge either of a Munsiff· or a Vahiwatdar, and

• Some of the Vahiwatdars, on their opinions being invited, have suggested 00 appoint, HtlIlSii's alone as Charge Superintendents, but I can't echo this proposal. ADilINI$TR4T10N 0)' CENSUS OPEIIATIONS. ( 4 ) CIiAJ'1'Eit t.

more conveniently under that of a Vahiwatdar alon", who generally commands more resources a~ his'· disposal.than a Munsiff does, but as the Census work needs the help of, many hands at a time, 'the substantial help of both revenue 8S well as Judicial Deportment is needed, which will DOt be secured practically if anyone:M the Departments is absoh-ed :from direct .reSponsibility. Therefore this alternative arrangement is nat quite worthy of recommendation. 17. F~r Junagadh city itSelf special arrangementS were made. It was regarded' as' an independent charge and an the ~uisite arrangements through.

out were fiu~de by this Office. I tbink f I may be allOll'ed to venture a 8Ugges" doh. that; a~ appointment of an independent charge ,Superintendent for the J u· nBgooh 'city: itself is an absolute necessitYt which was keenly felt by me as the work progressed, and without whioh the Census Comtnissioner of the State has to. devote much of bis time and energy to tl,le arranging matters in the city itself, which he could otherwise more profitably utilize in the "interest . . .' " . of the entite'.. work. . 18., The whole Census work of, Mangrol cbargQ was eamed out in ae­ 'cord.nce with the instructions given to Mangrol from J unagadh Census' Office afld AS a part and parcel of J uMglidh State's Ceneus wbrk, excepting tho internal' a.rmngement for the census operations in' Mangrol and its sWAng villages, which was left with it; but in all other respects Mangrol charge:\V~s treated, in all its a.spects, alike all other· charges of our State. 19. It should be noted that the Census of the n.ailway line coming betmen . two di8tant Ilignals wail arranged to be taken by the Railway authoritiee with which. therefore, we were not 'concerned, except that on receipt or block· looks of th4 ' Railway line running through Junagadh tel"1'itorie& at\er the final tllumel'8tion, the persons therein entered. were ahltmcted and tabulated along with the po.~ pulations of our State, adding them up to the popUlations of the teBpect~Te ~ j()ining charges. The Census of that pal-tof the railway line, which lay beyond,­ the two distant signals on either side, Was to be taken by us anq henQe these ~rti ","re inoluded, as far as Census was ooncerlloo,into adjoiulng respective ~rgest The enumMtion of coasting steamers; touchiog several ports during the night of the nnal enumeration,' was arrange

villages than one, however small and contiguous they may be, in one block, nor to include a whole village and a portion of another village or portions of two se­ parate villages in one and the same block.

21. Circle and block are the technical terms of Census, the former mean­ ing a compact group of from 10 to 15 blocks or about 500 houses or there about and the latter i's the smallest Census unit containing from 50 to 60 houses or if the houses be close together, each block may contain 100 houses or more. All these depend upon the circumstances of each block and no hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the exact extent of a block and a circle, but a general rule, subject to variations according to circumstances, may be laid down that a block should contain the number of houses for which the enumerator can reason­ ably be expected to complete the final enumeration within the time appointed for the purpose and that the size of a circle is determined by the number of vil­ lages or the length and breadth of the portions included therein for which the supervisor can thoroughly check the preliminary enumeration during the last . week or ten days before the :final enumeration.

22. The boundary limits of the circles with the number of blocks in each charge have been shown in the table herewith annexed as appendix D, from which it will be seen that in the whole J unagadh State· there were 307 circles and 2339 blocks in all.

23. At this stage to sum up the result of the preliminary arrange­ ments we had, for Census purpose in the whole Junagadh State, 1 towns,· 811 Villagest 27 charges, 307 circles and 2339 blocks. 24. Thus all the arrangements preliminary to the numbering of the houses 'were complete by the 15th September 1900 A. D. 25. For the sake of convenience I dh'ide the whole Census work into four main parts, viz:-(l) House-numbering, (2) Preliminary enumeration, (3) Final enumeration up to the submitting of the provisional totals a.nd (4) the work of Abstraction and Ta.bulation up to the !ubmission of the Final Tables and Final Report. 26. Taking these four divisions in order I first advert to the first division, viz:-House·numbering. 27. Before the regular house numbering was undertaken, at the request of the writer, your honour was pleased to issue Zaherkhabar, No. 1852, dated

In Oensus lore town is restricted to import a particular sen~,e, that is, it is made to include "(1) Every municipality of whatever size, (2) Ey-ery cantonement, (3) All civil lines not included within municipal limits, (4) Every other continuous collection of houses inhabited by not less than 5000 persons". (1) Junagadh, (2) Una, (3) Veraval, (4) Patan, (5) Mangrol, (6) Yanthli, (7) Kutiana were reckoned as towns.

t The temporary nesses in Gir are not each separately treated as a. village bUL It cluster of them, containing two, four or five nesses, ha.s been regarded a.s one villtlge for ~ensus purpose. ADMINISTRA.TION 0, CHAPTER CENSUS OPERATIONS. ( 6:) I.

27-8-1900 A .D. St. 1956 Bhadarva Shudi 2nd Monday (printed in the Dastural Amal, Vol. 34, N~. 1 of 1956, Page 2) impressing upon aU the subjects of Juna­ gadh State as well as those found on the spot on the occasion, the necessity as well as their implicit obligations to subinit to all the accepted rules and regulations of Census Department, and not to hinder, oppose or defy anyone engaged on Cen­ sus, duty.

28. As this was the 3rd regular and systematic Census, not taking into calculation the enumeration tnken in a tolerable fair way in 1872, A. D. the people were accustomed to the way in which the Census was being taken and with the march of time owing.to the spread of education and the firm faith of the people ill the leniency and the goodness of His Highness the Nawabsaheb's rule, the majority of people were far from feeding themselves on unfounded and foolish alarm of any secret intention underlying the scheme. Still however as a pre­ cautionary measure a public proclamation was issued under your honour's order, announcing to the public that the Census of 1901 has been undertaken, that all the people were bound to render all necessary assistance to those engaged ip Census work, ~o supply to them all correct informations essential to their ~ork, and not to object to numbers being painted on their houses, nor to the enn~. meration taken of tl;lemselves and the inmates oftheir houses on peril of in­ curring , penalty in case of· disobedience.

JlO'O'SE-IroDElLII'G ..

.29. Hou·se bas been defined as a building to which a separate number has been affixed and House-numbering is the process of painting numbers by means of lime, and Geru, or such other substance on all the houses which are habited or are likely to be inhabited on the night of the final enumeration. The Dumber was made -to run in a. continuous series throughout one circle and each first house in a new. circle had painted on it number "1". In Junagadh city itself the work of house numbering was successfully and satisfactorily carned out by 10 clerks ( 5 from Revenue Department and 5 from Judicial Department) and in all other charges the work of ~ouse numbering was also carried out, with equal success, by th.e .employment of convenient numbers of. clerks in this work, taking one or two from all the depa.rtments. Requisite Geru, lime a.nd labourers were san­ ctioned for the purpose. Printed instructions had beeh issued to the Charge Superintendents to guide them in the· work of numbering the houses which is appended here-with as appendix C. For numbering the huts, special instructions were given, viz:-when the huts were made of wattled bamboos, a. small space to be plastered with mud and white-washed and the number painted on the plaster; where huts were made of interyoven leaves, the numbers were to be painted on bits of wood or tin, tiles, earthen-pots or winnowing fans ·which can be hung to the eaves or given to the inmates to keep.

30. Jails, Dharmashalas, Hospital and Swaminarayan-Mandir, in .the tTunagadh city itself can be more conveniently tr~ated (which was not entirely done this time) each as one ~uilding forming one block each. . The .Gujrati ADMINISTRATION OF CHAPTBR CENSUS OPERATIONS. r.

Alphabets were used to denote circles and Gujrati numerical numbers were used to denote the number of blocks and houses. The house number wall shown above the number of .. he block with fractional line iIi the middle and the_letter of a circle was painted in the place of an integer as shown in the ~ ~ I margin. Here"!- 0, denotes circle, " ~ ,0 number of house and" 'I( " num: ber of block. The whole connoting 2nd house of the 5th block of circle ~.;

31. With a view to prevent mi&take of counting the same house over again instructions had been issued to paint" 0 " on the back doors or extra. doors of the houses; and for the convenience's sake the numbers on the first and the last houses situated in one Deli or compound wall were painted on the conspicuous part on the front face of the Deli or compound wan, visible to the public view.

32. Houses left out of calculation by accident and discovered after the :u.umbers had been painted or those newly erected after the house numbe~ing was finished, were, in conformity with the instructions issued from this office, inserted as sub-numbers of the nearest houses.

33. I think a brief discussion of the ad vantages and disad vantages of the various systems of painting numbers on houses, is not out of place here -and. may be read. with some interest by those who may, in· future, -~ve to deal with it. It is already seen that each. charge is divided into circles and each circle, into blocks. Thus, a Charge is the largest Census unit~ smaller than that is a Circle, stilI smaller a Village and the smallest unit is a Block.

34. The principal and primary question with which we are to be con .. fronted, while undertaking house-numbering, is about the scheme of numbering, that is, whether the serial numbers to the houses should be gh'en by' circle8~ villages or blocks; in. other words whether houses in .each circle, village or block should hlLve a separate series of consecutive numbers?

35. In the present Census of this State, the serial numbers to the house~ were given by circles, the number being chlmged afresh at the beginning of each new circle. This system was a deviation from different systems adopted and followed in some other States and Taluk.as which during the Census tour in·Jil,~ nagadh territories I had the occasion to mark while passing through them on. my way. At some places I found the houses numbered serially for circles while at others for villages. - The scheme and system best ada.pted for Census purpose are those which ensure highest possible standard 'of correctness. The experience of work speaks in the favour of numbering the houses serially by block, that is the the series of consecutive numbers on houses should be changed afresh with the commencement of each block. This system of nnmbering' the houses serially by blocks will, I think, minimise the chances of errors and facilitate immediate corrections of mistakes if any. I, therefore, venture to recommend, in future Census, the adoption of the system of numbering the houses serially :by each block and n~t by circle or village. _ . _. _ AD'IDNISTRATION OF CHAPTER CENSUS OPERATIONS. ( 8 ) I.

36. In certain cases the rule, that the maximum n:umber of houses in one block should be 100 was a little infringed, but in ~uch cases (which were very few) the majority of houses were found to be unoccupied which were not very likely to be inhabited on the night of final enumeration, and therefore, I did not interfere with the arrangement as it did not materially .. disturb the result in the end.

37. The work of house numbering was finished throughout the Junagadh State by the 15th November 1900 A. D. The village register, n.bstract of village register, circle list, and the extract of circle list had been prepared as required. The table showing the result of all the work done upto this stage has been ap­ pended herewith as Appendix D. The expense of house numbering, leaving out of calculation the salaries of the clerks, . taken from other departments of the State, amounted to Koris 671.

38. As an after effect of the excessive rainfall, malarial fever and dysentry were growing rampant and were working frightful havoc through the length and breadth of the country which proved a great stumbling block in the pro­ gress of our work, as many of our enumerators and circle Supervisors h"d fallen victims to them. This made me a little doubtful as to the completion of the work in time, but I feel genuine delight in recording that all the Charge Super­ intendents, without exception, had, surmounting all the difficulties and ob­ stacles, proved equal to the task entrusted to them.

39. While concluding my remarks on house-numbering I may be allow­ ed to make one suggestion which, if it meets with your honour's approval, may be adopted in future, viz:-to affix permanent pakka numbers to the houses in Towns instead of temporarily numbering by Geru, which is to be repeated at every periodic count with immense trouble and wa.ste of time.

PRELIMINARY ENUMERATION.

40. The completion of house-numbering brought us to the threshold of the second part of our work, viz : Preliminary Enumeration. 41. At this stage of the work, Mr. n. E. Enthoven, I. C. S., the Pro­ vincial Superintendent, Census, Bombay, paid a visit to Rajkot, and there call­ ed the meeting of all the Census Officers of the First Class States of Kathiawad. (Junagadh, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar, Porbandar, Dhrangadhra, Gondal and Morvi). I, as the Census Commissioner of the J unagadh State, attended the meeting and joined in the lively discussion that took place there. Various points. of im­ portance as regards Census work were discussed at length and the ViE~.wS of all assembled there were exchanged and doubts and difficulties raised by some were explained and removed. Mr. Enthoven read and chiefly dilated on the important· points in the instructions issued for the guidance of the Census Of. ficers. When he learned. from me, on inquiry, that out of all the States as­ sembled there, Junagadh alone had put the Census Department under the ex· clu.sive control of a full· time Census Commissioner whose sole duty was Census ADMINISTRATION OF CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS. ( 9 ) work and who had no other duty to discharge, he expressed his satisfaction about the amngement made by the Junagadh State.

42. The Preliminary Enumeration was to be commenced from the 15th January, 19Q1.A.. D., and the interval between the completion of the house· numbering and the commencement of the Preliminary Enumeration was utilized in"making requisite preparations for the Preliminary Enumeration.

43. Although it was a month and a full fortnight left at our disposal for the said preparations, yet we had to mind so many important and SO" many· minute details, and we were all so much busy with, and so much absorbed in our work with constant anxiety to keep pace with the Heeting time, that" we felt as if the appointed day of enumeration had stolen march upon us.

44. The preparations for the Preliminary Enumeration involved the supply of many and multlfurious means and materials and their enormity and many siuedness are fully evident from the fact that there was not a bingle depart~ ment in the whole State which had not to give its quantum of share in the as· sistance to the Census work, which was sought for from all the qUfl.rters. First of all, the requisite forms were to be got ready. On requisition from the Agency for an indent for the schedules and other forms &c., for our State; we declined to give the required indent, but asked for the samples of all kinds of schedules and forms that were to be used in the present Census and resolved to get them printed after the samples thus supplied, in our own State Press.·

45. Accordingly on receipt of the required samples from the Agency, '1000 Block lists, 75,000 General schedules, 1500 Private schedules, in Gujarati, lOO·Private schedules in English, 100· Household schedules for Europeans and Eurasians, were got printed in our State Press on yellow coloured papers special. ly sent for from BomhloY for the purpose. The specimens of each of these have been annexed herewith as Appendices E, ~, E,~. Table, annexed herewith . 1 2 B . a,s Appendix F, shows the whole work which our Sarkari Press had to do for" Censul!! Office. b all 76 Reams of yellow coloured papers and 7 Reams of buff brown papers forcoyers of the Block Books were sent for from BomblY. From this only 32! Reams of yellow papers and Ii Reams of Buff' brown papers were requireq and the remaining 43: Reams of yellow papers and 51 Reams of buff brown papers were found to be ill e400ss to the actual need. 46. l'4e fAl.ble showing the total expense of the p3.pers, printing charges &~., has b~~n annexed herewith as Appendix F, from which it will appear, that ~he total expe~se is Koris 2203 ••

~7, It ~ay, in p~ssing, be re~arked that the indent of papers for pre­ paring schedules anq Qther Census for~s &c., was ma.de, taking the actual re~ 'JuireDlent at the last Census :1.~ the basis. But this time an important departure from the last time was made in filling up the schedules. Last time it was ar­

J'ang~d to begj.n ·e~ch house with a new scheduleJ i. e. in one schedure only the ADMINISTRATION OF ( 10 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERA1'IONS.

entries of one house were to be inserted and the surplus columns of the sche­ dule, if any, were to be left blank. This time, in one and the same schedule, aU the entries of different houses were to be inserted, leaving one line blank, at the end of each house. This economical arrangement needed considerably less number of schedules than that required last time and it needs no explana~ lion now, why the papers ordered out at the computation adopted last time were found in' excess to the true requirement.

48. Indent of schedules and forms was called forth from Mangrol Charge and all the necessary forms and schedules were supplied to Mangrol, from time ·~o time, by this office according to its requirement, at its expense. .

49 .. After all the forms and schedules were ready for distribution, first of all, the block. lists were got written out from the house lists which were pre­ pared in each Mahal at the completion of house-numbering. The block list is an extract from the house list giving the Census number of c,'l.ch house, a description of the house and the names of the heads of the families which it ~ontains. Bya reference to the I:Ipecimen Block list (Appendix. G) it will be seen that the column 5th of ".heads of the families," and its 'serial numbers' needs some comment.

50. In Bombay or in such other big cities, it is not unusual for many families to reside in one chaul, which is treated as one building for die Census purpose and which has one Census number given to it. In this sense one house can .be concehTed Qf containing more than one family. In cases like these (which are very rare or generally not to be met with on this side. of the Bombay Pre­ sidency) opposite the entry of the same house -the names of all the heads of the families residing therein are to be given, e[1ch of which to be numbered separately but serially for the same h011se. Where a house contains one family only whicn is generally the case here, the serial number against the name of the head of the family will be 1 and then in the house that follows if there is one family residing, against the name of the head of that family, the serial number will not be 2 but 1 and so forth.

51. For a clear understan~ing of this, attention is invited to the specimen Block list attached herewith as Appendix G. The Block lists of the Juna­ gadh town and those of Shahpur didsion, Dungar :md Una had been got pre­ pare.d at this office by piece work system at the rate of one Kori per 400 houses. The Block lists' of'other charges had been made ready by the block clerks in the respective charges under the supervision of their Charge Superintendents. 52. After the block lists for all the Charges were ready they were all collected at this office, and then, per each block the enumeration book-was pre­ pared being sewn locally, consisting of:- (1) The cover. (2) Pages of block lists written up per each block. (3) General Schedules at the rate of 1 per four houses (occupied . and unoccupied. taken in gross ). ADMINISTRATION OF ( II ) CHAPTER 1. C11:NSUS OPERATIONS.

These block books, with spare pages of. General Schedules, in order to meet with additional ingress of people, if any, at the rate of 1 per twenty houses and the house-hold and private schedules to meet the requirements of each Charge, were sent to the Charge Superintendents of all the Charges.

53. Print~d instructions in detail were duly issued and copies of these were circulated amongst the Charge Superintendents, Circle Supervisors and Elock Clerks, for the Preliminary and Final enumerations (Appendix H).

54. The indents for requisite materials such as ink, inkstands, pens, pencils, papers &c., were called forth from all the Charges and they were duly sanctioned or supplied from this office according to the need of each Charge. Inkstands and pencils were bought from Junagadh city at possibly cheap rate ~nd were dispatched by posts to all ~he Charges. Papers were also sent to ,them from this office according to their wants. The Charge Superinten­ dents of Una, Babariawad, Gadhakada, Verawal, Patan, Wanthali, Kutiana and Naw:J,gadh ~ere empowered to purchase requisite materials which were procur~ able from their charges ,or neighbouring towns.

55. It was really a little hard work to procure and arrange for a large number of circle supervisors and block clerks. ,The general rule recommended was to appoint one supervisor for each circle and one block clerk for each block. At this rate were needed at one time for the whole State 307 circle supervisors and 2339 block clerks. The prevalent fever and consequent increase, by leaps and bounds, of t.he rate of mortality, throughout the country, made the situa­ tion more difficult and a little more unmanageable. One appointed to-day as a circle supervisor or a block clerk was heard next day to have been attacked by fever or to hllve lost his dearest relative, or himself succumbed to death. 'This melancholy State of affairs repelLtedly unhinged the plan set right with difficulty so much so that some times it was found hard to get way out of the difficulty. 56. First of all the services of the servants of the State were utilized freely and fully, which were put at the disposal of the Census Office by the Heads of the Departments so ungrudgingly and they, without exception, so readily responded to every call, made from time to time, by Ccnsul:! office inspite of whatever amount of inconvenience it entailed upon their office work, that I thank them one and all from the bottom of my heart for their good offices to­ wards me in this time of real tri9.1. 57. For appointing Cil'cle Supervisors and Block Clerks in J unagadh city itself, a list of the names, with their pays and castes, of all the servants of the State in Junagadh Tllipad was called forth and from these Circle Supen,isors . and Block Clerks, according to the requirement, were selected.

58. The principle of selection, generally adopted, was to consider Sarkari Servants, drawing 100 Koris 01' more per mensem, below the rank of a head of the office as eligible for the posts of Supervisors, and those whose monthly salary was under 100 Koris to be eligible for the posts of Block Clerks. Possible care was taken to make the selection in such a way as not to AmUNISTRATION Or ( 12 ) CENSUS OPERATIONS. CHAPTER I.

cause more than average inconvenience to any Department because it is an undeniable. fact that the Census 'work: cannot claim entire freedom from the blame of causing some inconvenience to every Department. Exceptional cases were also carefully considered and duly provided for. In short, all that could p~sibly be done, under the circumstances, to minimise the chances of in convenience were resorted to and adopted to the fullest extent. ; 59. For the sake of special convenience the rule requiring one circle super-' visor per each circle and one block clerk per each bJock was a.little relaxed to the extent of allowing one block clerk to be put in charge of, at the most, three blocks at a time, and one circle supervisor in charge of, at the most, two circles at 3 time. It is particularly to be borne in mind that this relaxatjon of the rule was allowed only in the preliminary enumeration but in the final enumeration the original rule was strictly and scrupulously adhered to. The said relaxation, to a considerable extent stopped the loud and lengthy complaints of the Charge Superintends as to the numbers of hands falling short of requirement.

60. Besides utilizing the services of the State servants. the employment of paid enumerators, if the official and Voluntary Agency, available local1y, was ~ound inadequate, was duly sanctioned for all the charges, the rate being fixed, as a general rule at one Korl per 100 persons enumerated and written out fair in the Block books. Exercise of due discretion was allowed to the Charge Superintendents in exceptional cases. BhatIa Allowance according to the exist­ ing rules in the State to the permanent State servants of other Departments engaged on Census duty outside the Head Quarters, and special allowance to the Volunteers from the non-official classes were sanctioned under Your honour's order. The order is appended herewith as appendix 1.

61. Making all these n(lcessary arrangements for the appro'.lching preIimi­ -F-!rst Inspection Inary enumeration I undertook the inspection tour into the Tour charges. During my first tour, I visited Navagadh, Vadal, Vanthali, Keshod, Balagam, ShU, Chorwad, Verawnl, Patan, and Sutrapada. There, first of all, I inspected and tested the work of house numbering. Ge­ nerally I found the work done to be satisfactory. The numbers were quite neat, and clearly painted. At certain places only some mistakes, owing to the mis~ understanding of the block-clerks were found to have been committed. There the necessary corrections and changes were made on the spot and due notice was taken of those who were found remiss in t4eir work •

.' 62. I:q each ofthe above charges, I called all the Circle Supervisors and :alack Clel~ks together and in the presence of their Charge Superintendents read to them all the printed in8tr;uct~ons concerning both preliminal'lY as- well ~s the final enumeration. explained to them their respective duties and responsibilities, ~nd solved all their QQUbtE1 and dlfflcul~ies, I W~l'ned them all l\gainst the pe, plilty they sha.ll have to incur if they work inadvertently or carelessly and iI\­ dicated to them the necessity Qfthe entire Wol'~ heiJ;lg do~~ corre<;:tly ®.tl witho~t ft.ny mistake or mis~understapd~:!lg, AmIINISTRATION OF ( 18 ) CHAPTER CENSUS OPERATIONS. I.

63. I personally filled up, in their presence, specimen schedules taking all possible cases likely to come within the scope of their inquiries.

64. It is an obvious fact, which, I think, cannot be called in question, that the amount of care and caution in doing a work varies directly with one's consci­ ousneE.S of the importance of the work and of his responsibilities about it. And therefore, w.berever I found those not quite alive to the importance of the Cen­ sus work, and to the sense of their responsibilities, I tried my best to impress upon their mind the utmost importance of the work they were entrusted with, nnd the necessity' of extreme care and caution with which the trust should be discharged.

65. In the record of each charge I put my remarks a~ 1.0 the way-in which the work was done &nd the record was kept.

66. I found the record of Shil ,kept in a most satisfactory state, and as far as my informations go, the credit for that mostly rested with Mr. Anand­ Ial Vrujdas, the Munsiff of the place, who had taken particular care, as I under­ stand, to keep it neat and orderly.

67. At Patan, I found the work in arrears. The whole work, there, was managed by the Munsiff of the place alone, the Vahivatdar being engaged in the preparations for the expected arrival of His Excellency the Viceroy. I, at once, transfered the whole work to the Vahivatdar, Mr. Anatrai Bhnpatrai with due sugge~tions, and instructions to be very particular with the w.ork which, I shall have occasion to say further on, he carried out in a very gratifying manner.

68. Navagadh, Vadal, Veraval, Vanthali and Chorwad work was satisfactory. Navagadh Charge Superintendents, Mr. Chhelshankar Dulerai Bana and Mr. Prabhashanker Fulshanker ( and especially Mr. Chhelshanker) were found. ,sufficiently diligent and equal to the' task, and, above all, I am glad to make a special note regarding them, that they were very economical in their work and the total expense in Census work of Navagadh charge is, while compared with other charges, in-proportion simply insignificant. ,Their example is worthy of imitation by all the Charge Super­ intendents in future in the economy with which they have worked allowing no room to unnecessary waste.'

69. In Verawal, Mr. Ambaram Sunderji and Mr. Venishankar Dayalji, in Chorwad Mr. Jaswantrai Mayashanker Vaidya and, in Vadal Mr. Gordhandas Indraji have been found sufficiently industrious. In Vanthali, Mr. Pratapshanker Re-rashanker and Mr. Mahasukhrai Mathuradas B. A. ,L L. B. (and especially Mr. Mahasukhrai) were found totake keen interest in the Cep.sus work; and it is really gratifying to note that their' way of working, and above all the hearty co-operation with which they worked together, really elicited my admiration.

70. Sutrapada work upto the house·numbe~ing was done quite in keeping ADMINISTRATION OF ( 14 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS. with the instructions given for the guidance in the work under the supervision of Mr. Purshoto.mrai Bhagwatidas, B. A., the Vahiwatdar of the place, but during his absence for a time, the work was found in arrears. Instantly the matter was set right and soon after Mr. Purshotamrai's presence back into the charge, restored order and regularity which I had occasion to mark enroute Una during my second inspection tour.

71. From Sutrapada I returned to Junagadh owing to an urgent call from ,your honour and thus ended my first inspaction tour.

72. jn Junagadh I called to-gether in the Hall of the local High School aU the Circle Supervisors and mock Clerks of Junagadh, Shahpur, Dungar und Bagayat charges and explained to them, in detail, the printed instructions, both regarding the preliminary as w~ll as the final enumeration.

73. As my hands were too full, I could not afford to start on the second inspection tour, before the commencement of the preliminary enumeration and so I requested your honour to call here (at Junagadh) Mangrol Charge Superi. ntendent, Mr. Govindji Dahyabhai to receive instructions from me personally re­ garding preliminary as well as final enumeration which request your honour was pleased to comply with. Accordingly Mr. Govindji Dahyabhai theCharge Super­ intendent of Mangrol charge had come here before me to whom I gave copies of printed instructions ( appendix H.). I explained to him the nature and all the particulars of the Census work and solved all his doubts, and impressed very strongly upon his mind the necessity of the work being done in a very accurate manner and warned him of the pos~ible risks and responsibilities he shall have to incur in case there is any imperfecti?n in the work.

74. The Charge Superintendents of other Charges, which I could llot visit, were required to call at the Census Office where necessary instructions were imparted to them.

75. The date fixed forthe final enumeration was the 1st March 1901. A. n. But as it was not possible to take down the names and all the requisite parti· culars about all those found on the night of the final enumeration, throughout Junagadh territories within £.ve or 8ix hours allowed for the work, it was thought expedient, first to make Kachee Ganutri (preliminary enumeration) of those who were likely to be in the places on the night of the final enumera· tion where their names and particulars regarding them, had been taken down, at the preliminary record.

76. This facilitated the work on the night of the final enumeration, itS 'n, rough sketch was already at hand and it remained, on the J1ight of the final enumeration, simply to make necessary changes and l1dd the names and parti. culars of the new arrivals and scratch out those of the absentees.

77. As some of the block clerks, especially in the moffusils, were Dot likely to be very well educated, there was thought every likelihood of their ADMINISTR.ATION OF ( 15 ) CHAPTER 1. CENSUS OPERATIONS. filling the entries inaccurately or unintelligently. As a precautionary measure, therefore, suggestions were given to all concerned to get the necessary facts and particulars collected and written out in the books of ordinary pa.pers and to get them entered into the printed block books only after these kachi ( rough ) books had been examined and found correct by the Charge Superintendents. 78. As the preliminary enumeration was a means towards making the final record as perfect as possible, it was directed not to enter in the preli­ minary record the names of the temporary residents of houses, Dharmashalas,

Mandirs, Masjidsl of the houseless beggars and of those to whom private sche­ dules or house-hold schedules were to be given.

79. Orders from your honour, as to whom the private schedules were to be given, were solicited and received (Appendix J).

80. All tbese tremendous preparations were complete before the 15th of January, which was the date fixed for the commencement of the preliminary enumeration and thus on the 15th January 1901 A. D. the preliminary enumera­ tion was duly commenced throughout the whole State.

81. After I made myself perfectly sure of the commencement of the pre­ liminaryenumeration through out the Junagadh territories, I undertook my second inspection tour.

82. I firl'lt visited Malia, where the work needed a better handling and a Second insilection Icloser supervision. All the mistakes were corrected on the Tonr. spot, and calling together the Charge Superintendents, circle. supervisors and block clerks, I explained to them, at lengtb, every letter of the instructions and removed their misunderstandings. The Charge Superin­ tendents were sufficiently put on their alert with strict suggestions to attend to the work with more care and caution, closely supervising it in all its stages.

83. From Malia, returnirig for a day to J unagadb, I went to Verawal. On my way to it, I examined the preliminary record of Reshod and gave necessary suggestions regarding it.

84. In Verawal, I found VahivatJar Mr. Ambaram Sunderji absent on sick leave, and the charges of both, Verawal and Patan, were in the 'hands of Patan Vahivatdar, Mr~ Anatrai BhupatraL I examined the preliminary reeords of both~ Patan and Verawal, at Yerawa]1 both of whicb, I fonnd to be J in a most desirable State. There were found some misunderstanding on the part of some of the circle supervisors which was instantly removed and they were put on the right path. It is really gratifying to note that Mr. A~atrai Bhupatrai was found persevering and painstaking and, above all, very parti. cular and regular in the Census work inspite of the heavy calls of the duties concerning both the Mahala. Mr. Motilal Havishanker B. A., L L. B. the Munsift' of Veraval had also materially helped the progress of the work both at Ehesan and Veraval. · ADMmSTRATION. Or (16 ) CUAPTER I. CmUS OPEB.ATIONS.

85, The Vakils of Yerawal, 'some of whom, I found to be competent, had volunteered their services in Census work, to whom, therefore, my best thanks are due·.

86. Thence I visited Sutrapada where Mr. Purnshottamrai Bhagavatidas with his admirable close supervision, had not allowed any mistake to creep in the ·preliminary record, which was found exceptionally satisfactory.

87. Thence I travelled on to Una and Babriawad where the work was done in a tolerably satisfactory way. The record of Una was well kept, but there were fouud some differences of opinion about the interpretation of cer­ tain words. Learning this state of things, I assembled all the circle supervisors and block clerks, and explained to them, in full, the true import of the words and put them on the right scent. The books were closely examined and necessary changes and corrections were made immediately there and then.

88. The work in Babariawad was tolerably well done, bQt needed a better handling, especially in Nageshri division, which fact was brought to the notice of Mr. Jesukhlal Bhagvandas, whose perseyerance in the work was enough to make me sanguine of good results, which hopes were fully realized in future.

89. In Una. and Babariawad, the Vakils bad also volunteered their ser­ vices in the Census work. From the experience I have of Una and Babaria­ wad Vakils during my tenure of office as Una Babariawad Sessions Judge, I was fully confident of their readiness and willingness to serve the State, to the best of their abilities and especially to oblige me~ to whom they all were very kind and courteous, by doing the work, {or which I was, in the end, to be held responsibl~, and it afforded me an unspeakable pleasure when I had occasion to realise personally that my confidence was well-founded.

90. The last charge that I visited after Baba.rillwad was Gadhllkda, where the work f.mtl record were both neat and as it would be desired. Mr. Vainkuthrao Bhimrao, the charge Superintendent of the place, was found work­ ing sincerely and to the true spirit of the instructions issued from this office.

91. From Gadhakda, ·direct, I returned to Junagadh on the 15th Febru­ ary 1901 A. D., the date fixed for the delivery of oral instructions regarding the test work to be carried out as will be stated below, and also concerning the final enumeration to those circle supervisors and block clerks of Junagadh"D~ngar, Shahpur and Bagat, ,who were absent on the former occasion. Accordingly reaching Junagadh I fulfilled my promised engagement; to all of them com­ plete instructions were given, limits and extents of their respective circles and blocks were pointed out and the necessary materials were supplied.

92. Mr. Kantilal Balvantrai B. L., Mr. Ruderji Kruparam and Mr. Prataprai Vasantrai the Charge Superintendents of those charges which I could not visit had, I should not omit to note, discharged their c!'uties in a very satisfactory way. ADMINISTRATION OF ( 17 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS.

93. The nature of the mistakes in the preliminary records in different charges and the suggestions and instructions which I found necessary to com- . municate to the Charge Superintendents as a result of my inspection and the experience of the work derived there-from, were embodied in the circula.r circulated among all the Charge Superintendents and appended herewith as appendix K.

94. The Charge Superintendents were directed to complete the prelimi­ nary enumera.tion of their respective charges 00, or before the 10th February 1901, A. D. and I have a very great pleasure in recording that throughout Juna­ gadh State the preliminary enumeration was completed within the time prescrib­ ed for the same.

95. After the work of the preliminary enumeration was over, with a view to save time and trouble on the night of the fin[1.1 ennmeration, it was resolved to put the work to test before it. Where-upon 18th, 19th and 20eth of February 1901 A. D. were set apart for the testing of' the preliminary record throughout the whole Junagadh territories simultaneously with the whole of India. To afford special facility to the work and with a view to a.chieve perfect accuracy therein your honour was pleased to order to close all other offices of the State for the convenience of the Census work on 18th, 19th and 20eth February 1901 A. D. Thus during these three days all the Charge Superintendents and Circle Super­ visors teste~ the preliminary records in a.ll the charges and corrected errors which were very few as the entire work had to undergo at this stage repeated tests and trials. (3) FINAL ENUlIEBATION. 96. The approach of the day a.ppointed for the final enumera.tion was now imminent, and a w.arning note of its approach, with rapid strides, was soundet! in the ears of all concerned as an incentive to activity and vigilence. 97. I, once more, with scrutiny reconnoitered the whole field and found p.ll engaged therein up with the means and materials to begin operations at any moment. All the materials had a.lreat!y been sent to the Cnarge Superinten­ dents as said above. Red powder for preparing red ink, which was to be used jn final enumeration was soon after supplied to each Charge Superintendent.

98. The night of the First March 1901 A. D. was fixed for the :final enu­ meration throughout India. Directions were issued to commence the work of final enumeration in the night of 1st March at 7 P. M. and to complete it at midnight or there-about. The instructions were already is~ued for the guidance of all concerned which l~ annexed herewith ail Appendix lI. 9a. The rule about the appointment of Circle Supervisors and Block Clerks which was allowed to be modi:fied in the arrangement at the prelimina:ry record was ordered t,o be observed s~rictly now in the :final enumeration, and its least violation was not allowed.

JOO. Flr~t of ~ll, therefore, in each charge, the arrangement per each circle, .ADMINISTRATION OF ( IS' ) CHAPTER r. CENSUS OPERATIONS.

of one circle supervisor, and per ea.ch block, of one block clerk was to be made.

,The deficiency of menJ after utilizing the services of all the available State Ser .. vants and volunteers, was sanctioned to be supplied by employment of paid clerks at the rate of one Korl per day for 1st and 2nd March. 101. Your honour was pleased to order to stop the works of all the De· partments on the 1st and 2nd March 1901 A. D. to afford special convenience to the' work of the .final enumeration. 102. Special arrangement was made for the final enumeration of the float. . . I ing populations at all shipping ports of oUr State. Enn~eratlons of floatmg Each port was made to form a sepnrate ch:U'ge and populatIons. . . ' was put under the supervisIOn of Tan Daftari as its Charge Superintendent. Special instructions were issued (Appendix H ) for ports for the guidance of the port Cbarge Superintendents and the masters of the ships and others concerned. 103. The enumeration of the :floating populations wa.s directed to be made on loose schedules which were to be adapted for the purpose by making neces· sary changes by red ink in the headings of the general schedules. 104. The preliminary record of the floating populations was commenced on February 26th 1901 A. D. All the vessels lying in the harbour on the night of 26th February were numbered and entered into the port block lists.

105. The loose schedules for the enumeration of the Hoating populations were given to the masters of ships with due instructions for their filling in up. These were collected from them on the night of the First March.

106. Passes certifying the fact of their final enumeration having been made, were ordered to be given to the crews, ,passengers &c. of ships whose final enumeration is made at our ports. The said passes were printed in our Sarkari Press, and duly dispatched to the port charges-Veraval, Mang· rol and Uoa bunders.

107. The private schedules and household schedules, according to the need of all the charges were sent to all charge Superintendents with printed instruc­ tions (Appendix:. L ) to the recipients of the private and household schedules. 108. The nomenclatures private and house hold schedules, were employed for convenient reference. Thus house·hold schedulei other than those required for Europeans and Eurasians were called private schedules. The house·hold schedules were drawn up in English and private schedules were drawn up both in English and in Gujarati. The private schedules and ,,' house-hold schedules were distributed to their recipients with instructions, on 26th Fe­ bruary and were collected back on the night of the] at March by the block clerks. 109. Proper inquiry was made into the question whether night enu­ meration was practicable in the Gir Mahal and other isolated and hilly parts and districts and thickets abounding in wild and ferocious animals. As a ADMINISTRATION Or ( 19 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS. result of the inquiry I came to the conclusion that in certain parts in Gir Mahal, and in Dunger, night census was not feasible, and hence in these parts, as exceptional cases; day census was taken. The enumeration of the population of these parts was taken in day-time on the 1st March 1901 A. D. from 12 A. M. to 4 P. M. Strict orders were out to allow none of those, thus enumerated, to­ stir out of the~r respective houses, till the morning of the 2nd March.

110. As the final enumeration was to be commenced at 7 P. M. through out Junagadh State, except the parts excepted abO\'e, it was ordered not to allow anyone to leave his house after 7 P. M. on 1st March till the following mornmg.

111. Printed passes were specially issued certifying the fact of final enll- • meration, and these were directed to be given to those only who were obliged to leave their houses under unavoidable circumstances, while the final enumera­ tion was going on.

11.2. Orders were duly issued and circulated by yoUi' honour calling upon the public to stop on the night of the :first March, shows, fairs, religious and social observances and gatherings and such other undertakings collecting a great assemblage of people at a time. This arrangement was calculated to add to the enumerable facilities already aft'ordered by your honour to the Census work.

113. At early dawn of 1st March 1901, Friday, a public Dhandhem. was beaten enjoining on the public to get themselves into their houses befor~ 7 P. M. and to awake, with lights, in their houses till the enumerators had vi· sited them.

114. All the house--less beggars were ordered to be collected in any convenient place and to enter them in the record of the :6.n:1l enumeration, there and then.

1 Ui. Due sanction was given to the Charge Superintendents, to pro­ vide the circle supervisors and block clerks with light;:;, on the night of the final enumeration.

116. The circular communicating certain necessary instructions to the charge superintendents, regarding the arrangements at the time of final enu· meration, is appended herewith as Appendix H.

Special arrangement for J unagadh town itself.

117. For the final enumeration to be carried out in Junagadh itself, a sketch plan was submitted by way of a report to your honour and inspite of the pressing and multifarious calls of duties and plethora of business, your honour readily lent your attention to this matter of great moment and issued peremptory orders, the execution of which was watched with exceptional care and a.ttention.

118. The arrangement of circle supervisors and block clerks were made ADMINISTRATION Or ( 20 ) CENSUS OURATIONB. CuAPTEB I. in J unagadh just in' the' same' wily and on the same line as it was dOlle in aU other charges with one exception namely that each circle in Junagadh was placed under the charge of two circle supervisOl's instead of onQ~'

119. With a view to achieve greater accuracy in the execution of the work by a possible' closer supervision :lond to afford special facility to the progress of the work, the whole Juuagadh city was divided into ten Wa.rds and each Ward was placed under the s'upervision of two Ward Supenntendents who were held responsible for making all the arrangements necessary for the :final enu. mer~tiotl and for the regularity, Correctness, and accuracy of the work in their respective Wards.

UO. The list of the names of the Ward Superintendents and circle super­ visors of the J unagadh town and the instrUctions issued for the guidance of the Watd Superintendents have been annexed herewith as Appendices M and N.

121. The private schedules with the printed instructions we.re distributed to the recipients on the 26th FebruarY 1901. A. n.

122. Although the night of the First March, corresponding to the Falgun Shud~ 11 th, was a clear moon-lit night, still it WaS deemed expedient to supply the circle supervisors and block-clerks with lights with a view to~ expedite the work of the enumeration, without loss of time, which may otherwise result from pure dependellce on the lights £rOUl priyate houses. Consequently 200 lanterns with wicks, oil and everything were hired for the occasion at the l,'ate of four per Kori. Lanterns, labourers t.o lift them up, red ink, writing materials, spare schedules &c., wefe duly su:pplied to the Ward Superintendents aCCOrding to their need, The d~ffi,culty encountered by the inability of any block-clerk or circle supervjsor to attend to bis duties on account of illness or any other unavoidable circumstance, was speedily remedied by a supply of another clerk or supervisor fNrn the reserve4 hands specially kel>t to meet the exegency, The work of all the o:tIices be~ng stopped on the 1st nnd 2nd March, the peons arid Harnals of ~ll the o:\lices were employed foc lifting up the lanterns of th6 eil'cle super-visors and block-clerks, the de:&ciency being made up for, by engag.. iIlg paid labourers ~t the fate of half a Kor~ for the night.

1~3. From the red powder, red ink was prepared at this office and bottles of red ink were sent to the Ward Superintendeitts.· On the :first of March froIl\ the early morning till 4 P. 'M., we all had to attend, without a moment's rest, to the frequent and urgent calls from the Ward Superintendents for the supply of means and materials requisite fw the final enumeration.

l24. At 4 P. M. we found all the calls stopped and all the bustle disap­ peared and felt ourselves free to move round to see all th~ arrangements per­ sonally w~th a view '0 remedy imperfection, if any.s I called upon all the Ward Superintendents personaliy and 'inquired wheth.er any thing remained to be done but whe~ I learnt from them all that nothing was wanting, I foun(\ ~ great relief froD:\ the worlies i\nd. trarqIIlels oj the t~eIIlendous ~reparat~04s, ADMINISTRATION OF CENSUS OPERATIONS. ( 21 ) CHAPTER T.

125. At the sun-set of the 28th February and the morning of the 1st March it was publicly proclaimed, by Dhandhera, to all the inhabitants to get into their houses before 7 P. M. and not to leave them during the night and to be awake with lights in their houses till the enllmerators had visited them. 126. In order that the commencement of the work of enumeration may be 8imultaneous in all the blocks of the town, punctually at 7" P. M. a gun was ordered to be fired and all concerned were enjoined to begin the work at the report of the gun.

127. Strict ord~rs, from your honour, were issued to the Police Depart. ment to keep pakka BandoUasta through out the town and to assist in every way the progress of the work of enumeration. Personal assistaIit police super­ intendent, Mr. Mohanlal Fulshanker personally. got the Police Bandobasta made under his direct supervision, which was really satisfactory. He, with Police Swars, patrolled in the town and his admirable arrangements greatly contributed to facilitate the progress of the work of the night. All the house. less beggars, wandering in the town, were collected by the Police Department in accordance with the direction from this office, under your bonour's order, in the Dharmashala near Vera val gate and a special block clerk was placed there who made their final enumeration, filling in all the particulars in the general schedules afresh. 128. These beggars were fed for the day and night at the expense of the State by your honour's order. Four Hwars from Risala were stationed near Diwan Office with a view to send a speedy communication if need for the Sa.me arISes. Passes testifying to the fillet of the final enumeration having been made, were supplied to the circle supervisors and block clerks 'With strict directions to issue them only in exceptional cases to those who under unavoidable .circum­ stances, were obliged to leave their houses, while the work of the final enumera­ tion was in progress. The Circle Supervisors and Block Clerks were instructed to ask for sllch Ii pass from every person, they may chance to meet on the road after 7 1'. H., and to make hi.s 'final enumeration in case of his failing to produce it.

129. The news of the existence of such passes having got wind,-there was a regular rush on the Census Office on the 1st March for securing them, but I swerved not an inch from the principle laid down fGr their issue. As I said above, all the preparations were completed at 4 P. M. on the 1st March. At 7 P. M. sharp, the gun was fired as arranged, as a wa.rning to all concerned to begin the work and the work was commenced .simulta­ neously through out the town. I drove through ttlmost the whole town, inspect. ed the work as it was in progress, at times checked the entries in the blook-books personally, and continued moving on an inspection trip all round till the work of the final enumeration was over through out the city.

130. The work of the final enume1'3ltion was carried out qUietly and peace­ fully without the least disturbance of any kind whatever. Before 12 P. M. it was finished through out the city and the Ward·Superim1endentl sent in their :re- AnllINISTRATION OF ( 22 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS. ports as directed, communicating to this office the pe~ceful completion of the work in their respective wards. After all the reports had been received, I submitted a general report to your honour of the peaceful completion of the gigantic .. work through out the city. This closed the business of the eventful night of the 1st March.

131. On the following day, all the ward Superintendents submitted the results of the final enumeration in their respective wards in the form of the provisional totals as required.

132. The ward Superintendents, with immense pains and perseverance, have kindly rendered very v3.1uable help to me in bringing the night's work to a successful terminati.on, and to all of them, therefore, I tender my heartfelt thanks ~or the very great fa~our done to me. Messers Narsingpr[lsad Kahan· das and Jatashankar Jivonlal, the leading Vakils of our courts, had, kindly taken the charge of one of the wards in the town, to whom, therefore, my special thanks are due.

133. All the Charge Superintendents were directed to communicate tile results of the final enumeration in their respective charges on the 3rd March by wire and the results of those charges which had no telegraphic communication were directed to be sent reaching this office latest on the 3rd March by special swars. 134. It is reaUy gratifying to note that the results of all the charges were received by this office punctually at the prescribed time. 135. The provisional total for the whole State, in the prescribed form, was }ll'epared and submitted in the Agency by this office by a special swar on the 5th March 1901. 136. In concluding my remarks about the final enumeration, I may be deemed lacking in my duty if I were not. to acknowledge my sense of deep gra­ titude towards the heads of all the departments and the offices of the State who haye ever shown complete readiness and willingness to lend their supports and render a very valuable help to me in my work. 137. It would be simply inapt to conclude without a word of satisfaction, to say the least, for the admirable ways in which all the Charge Superinten­ dents have exerted themselves to discharge their onerous duties in the teeth of the dire and disastrous decay of the country, which was subjected by Provi· dence to an unprecedented famine and attack of pestilence of sweeping and far reaching effect. 138. Finally but fully, I express my entire satisfaction for the zeal and persevera.nce of all the Circle Supervisors and Block Clerks of the J unagadh city, which I had occasion to witness personally, some of whom (marked with asterisk in the Appendix M) have been found to be very hard working and sin­ cere in the .execution of their duties. ADMINISTRATION OF ('23 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS.

ABSTRACTION AND TABULATION. ] 39. As soon as I became free from the enumeration work, I set myself immediately to work out the plans for the formation of the Ahstrll:ction and Tabulation office.

140. The first questioD,;. which called for an immediate solution was the deterlIHnation of the place where the work of abstraction and mbulation was to be done. Last time this work was done at Jetalsar, the head quarter of Sorath P rant office, under the supervision of the Deputy Assismnt .Political Agent, to whom the management of the work was delegated by the Political Agent.

141. This time, too, we were asked by the Agency to do our abstraction and tabulation work at Jetalsar. We tendered our protest against the order to the Deputy Assistant Political Agent, who, with his favourable opinion en­ dorsed there on, forw:trded it to the Assistant Political Agent, w110 also with his remarks in our favour, forwarded it to the Political Agent Colonel Hunter who, on a full consideration of our grounds of contention, granted our request and allowed us to del our abstraction and tabulation work at Junagadh itself which he ordered, theDeputy Assistant Political Agent, to personally supervise at least once a week. After the retirement of Colonel Hunter, Colonel Kennedy, who succeeded him, in view of the !!uggestion he received from the provincial Superintendent, cancelled the s:tid arrangement sanctioned by Colonel Hunter and :tgain required us to do our abstraction and tabulation work at Jetalsar.

142. We again submitted our protest with a result that we were 1I.110wed to do our abstraction and tabulation work at Navagadh but not at Junagadh.

143. Although this order entailed upon us an immense trouble andincon­ ,'enience, still seeing that the Political Agent strongly desires it, we without any further protest abided by it.

144. Before this question was set at rest, I went to Bombay to attend the meeting of the census officers of the first class States of Kathiawar, convened in Alice building at Bombay by Mr. R. E. Enthoven I. C. S. the provincial super­ intendent, Census, Bombay. There he gave oral instructions regarding abstrac­ tion and tabulation work and explained to all assembled, the working of the slip' system. After a stay of a week in Bombay I returned to Junagadh. Soon after the question about the place where to do abstraction and tabulation work was settled as said above and we were ordered to go to Navagadh and at once to begin our abstraction and tabulation work there. In the meantime, all the block-books from all the charges had been received and collected in this office. The block. books of Mangrol charge were also sent for and were received by this office through your honour.

145. Now the whole of my mind was concentrated in making requisite preparations' for the accommoda.tion of a big staff and for the arrangement of abstraction and tabula.tion office at Na,ragadh. Your honour being out in. ADMINISTRA.TION OF ('24 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPltRA'fIONS. the district, I approached Naib Diwa.n Saheb Khasushiyat Dastagah Pursho­ ttamrai Sunderji Zala, who inspite of engrossing cares of the administration, always graciously lent a willing ear to every request tendered to him, with his wonted courtsey and consideration.

146. I requested him to be pleased to favour me, by ordering arrangement to be m~de for (1) organiza.tion of the esbblishmeftt for abstraction and tabula­ tion office, (2) the accommodation at Navagadh of the big staff, I had to take with me for abstraction and tabulation purpose. (3) the preparation and speedy supply of wooden stands for ke(lping records, wooden boxes and wooden desks and (4) the supply of all the necessary things and furniture for the office. 147. The time left at our disposal was very short, but Niab Diwan Saheb with his mar\rellous power of organization, in no time, disposed of all·the ques­ tions concerning the said artangetnent and in a conple of days everything need­ ful Was roody. lIe left his instructIons fol' the organization of the establish­ ment With RilO Bahadur Gulabdas Laldas, Razur Adalat SlI.bha-sad Saheb, who I gratefuly a.nd sincerely acknowlege, ever since from the beginning of the Cen­ sus work to its termination, has taken personal interest in all its management 11nd has graciOlisly helped rne with his practical experience and valuable advice from time to time. He carried but, to the letter, the instructions of the Naib Diwan Sll.heb. I:le was good enough to give me choice in the selection of my assistant and the staff. I selected Mr_ Motilal Shivpl'll.srui, the Shirastadar of the 1Iiulki Dafto:r as my assistant, which selection, I shall have a pleasure to acknow­ ledge further on, proved. completely satisfactory. Then I selected one or two clerks from each office of Junagadh Talpada and submitted their names. There upon~ caUlng together all the heads of the offices, Gulabdasbhai consulted their convenience and settled the point at iss~e . with one stroke. The deficiency of hands Was made up for by engaging pn.id clerks with 45 Koris maximum and 15 Koris minimum salary per mensum plus four annas Bhutta allowance per day according to the existing rule. ,The names of all those who constituted my office-sta1i', have been appended here with as Appendix O.

148. The staff and every thing being ready I went with my staff and offioe to Navagildb. I\tr. Chhelshanker Dulerai Rana, the Vahivatdar of Nan­ gadh, was kind enough til make all arrangements for th-g accommodation of my staff which 1 divided into 6 batches. Your honour had liberally sanctioned the em­ ployment of one cook ~nd one servant for each batch and the supply of fuels free of charge. ·Besides this, Bho.tta allowance according to the existing rule, was sanc­ tioned to be given to everyone of the Census staff which consisted bfabaut 100 men (including menials, cooks, &c.) Mangrol had sent, in com pliarice· with your bonourJs order, four clerks who were also made to work in this office at Navagadh.

149. The whole Cens.us staff was directed to bring with them the Gadis and Takias with their covers and .tables from their respective offices and also their beddin.gs and so I had nothing·to arra..nge a.bout tbem. The utensils were taken &otO the store and the deficiency WILS .supplied by hiring necessary vessels it-om J unagadh, ·the tnonthly hire ~ha.rge being 36 koria. Wooden boxes with ADMINISTRATION 0, ( 25 ) CHAPTER CENSUS OPERATIONS. 1.

18 small compartments for keeping slips at the time of posting and 500 baskets for sorting the slips were got ready in J unagadh. 150. One Tanga of one horse was placed at my disposal and sent to Nava­ gadh. The whole staft' being conveniently housed and comfortably settled and the office arrangement being nicely and neatly made by Mr. MotHal and Mr. Yallabhrai, my assistant and shirastedar personally supervising it, on the 27th April 1901 Saturday, the abstraction office was regularly put in motion. 151. The brief sketch of the system known as slip system which. in this present Census, is for the first time adopted for the abstraction purpose through. out India, would be, I th!nk, of some use to those who may have in future to be concerned with the Census work. 152. To give a rough and ready idea of what abstraction is, we may say Abstraction explained. I that it is a process by which the requisite particulars re garding the individuals taken down in the schedules at the final enumeration are collected in It. group suited to the arrangement and requirements of the final tables. 153. It can be fitly described as a step or more properly a first step in the process of tabulation. :Mr. H. H. Risley, the Census Commissioner ~f India for the present Census, defines a~straction as the process which groups in­ dividual entries by classes such as sex, religion, occupation and the like and gives totals of these classes for small territorial units such as blocks or villages. I think this conveys a mere abstract idea. and its true import would not be quite intelligible without a concrete description. Before describing the process and the means employed to work it out, I think the best way to make the matter more comprehensible, would be to give a possibly complete idea of the end to be accomplished by the process under consideration. This end is, to say at once, the preparation of the final tables in the required form. 154. As for instance the 6th table requires to group individuals by sex ~nd religion, in other words it requires to determine the number of males and females of different religions respectively viz. Hindus, Musulmans, Ja.ins, Christians, Animistic, Jews etc. The table 8th requires to group individuals by sex and literacy and illeteracy with age periods, in other words it requires to determine the number of males and females of different religions respectively un­ der 10, between 10 and 15, between 15 and 20, and over 20 years, educated and uneducated and in case of the educated, the names of the language or la.nguages they are literate in. Now to supply the data for these tables, it is necessary to .collect these particulars from the block-books and this very collecting is called abstraction and the process employed for collection of . these particulars is the system of abstraction. 155. The ordinary process of such collection, is to count from the columns of block-books the number of males that are Hindus, that are Musalmans and so on. This i,s the most cumbrous and complicated process which would be 'Pra­ ctically an endless task. 'fhus our endeavour must be to get at some easy method ~ arrive l\t the same result. In all the past Censu~_the method employed in ADMINISTRA.TION OF ( 26 ) CHAPTER OENSUS OPERATIONS. I. abstraction was the system by 'strokes' and 'ticks' which, to all intents and pur­ poses, was a different form of the same cumbrolls system of the foregoing des­ cription with some intelligent contrivances to possibly get oft' the tediousness of the process.

156. Below I reproduce the description given by Mr. H. H. Risley, the Cen­ sus Commissioner for India, of the old method of abstraction and its defect&. " Abstraction has hitherto been conducted in lndia by means of ab- Old method of abstraction. I straction sheets, which practically reproduce the final tables on a greatly enlarged scale. If, for example, one of the finn I tables is t~ show the population grouped according to sex, age, religion and civil con­ dition, the abstration-sheet in which the requisite data are entered, will cotain, assuming three religions to be dealt with, 636 distinct compartments, each re­ presenting a separate combination of the factors exhibited in the table, or a total relating to such combinu.tion. The entries in the sheet consists of "strokes" or "ticks" each representing an individual. Thus if a .male Hindu, who is mar­ ried and is 35 years old, is to be recorded, the abstractor 100ks first to the general heading " Males" and under that to the division " Hindus, " which is sub-dlvided into" married, singlr, and widowed." He then runs his eye down the side column till he finds the age period 35-39. In the compartment thus marked oft' he makes a stroke. Further strokes are added for other personl:l fal­ ling into the same category, every fifth stroke being made diagonally through the four strokes preceding it, so as to enable the strokes to be totalled by fiveil_ The unit of abstraction is the block and for each block there are as many abstraction sheets as there are final tables. The totals and cross-totals of the strokes on the abstraction sheets give the block-totals for religion, sex, civil condition and age-periods. These, after undergoing certain tests, and in a certain proportion of cases being re-abstracted ab initio, are entered in the ta­ bulation registers, where the block-totals, are combined into village-totals and the village-totals into totals for towns, talukas, thanas, or tahsila whichever is adopted as the unit of tabulation in any particular case.

Its defects-This method of abstraction is open to the following objec- tions:-

(1) However careful the abstractor may be; the difficulty of picking out the right cump3rtment in a lar~e sheet is very great, and even with expert abstractors, such as are employed on this work in Europe, mistakes are frequent. (2) With the class of abstractors available in this country, care­ lessness and wilful fudging have also to be reckoned with, especially when the abstractor is paid by the month and has to do a certain task in order to earn his pay.

(3) No test of the correctness of any given sheet can be applied while abstraction is proceeding; evell when a sheet has been totalled, the accuracy of its totals can only be gauged by comparison with the corres­ . ponding totals as worked out on other sheets; and when these totals do not" ADMINISTRATION Or .( 27 ) CHAPTER CENSUS OPERATIONS. T.

correi.lpond, as is usually the case, the only method of determining which of the discrepant totals is correct, is re-abstraction; in other words, doing the work again from the begining. In Bengal in 1891 the cost of abstract· tion alone, apart from supervision and checking, was estimated a.t Rs.3200 per million, of which Rs. 800 was for re-abstraction, and Mr. 0.' Donnell, after remarking that the test slip prescribed for the purpose of comparing the different abstraction· sheets I, became the cause of much fudging," goes on to say that in practice It re-abstraction was permitted free of fines on the abstrctors upto a sum equal to ag per cent of original abstraction. " Mr. Stuart, in Madras, gives 33' 04 as the percent­ age of re·abstraction, and observes that only 14. 32 per cent of the books were correctly abstracted at the first working. (4) As it is usually impossible to abstract on a single working sheet more than one book of schedules, and in last Census owing to the system of central binding, there were often several books for a single block, the number of small totals to be entered in the tabulation registers is unduly multiplied and the possibility of error increased."

157. This old method of abstraction is, to put it in the words of Professor

Von Mayr a distinguished statistician I " a clumsy, untrustworthy, and anti­ quated method of procedure. "

158. Thus we stood in the need of a better and a more convenient system for abstraction. The system adopted in BaVarlR and in France known as slip . system was found, to a cOIlsiderable extent, to answer the purpose and so the Bavarian slip system, with necessary modifications with a view to add to the facility of the work, has been adopted this time for abstraction purpose through outindia~

159. Slips a~e the pieces of pllper. All the particulars recorded in the Slip system I. schedules nre ~ to be extracted on these slips. The extraction of sketched. i these particulars on slips is called 'abstraction'

160. For allch individual, two slips were to be fined up. To differentiate one from the other of the two slips thus filled up for one and the s!l.n:le indivi­ dual, one slip is called" A" slip and the other "fi" slip. On the slip' A' those particulars are to be recorded which furnish the data for tables V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XII, XIl.A, XUI, XIV, XVII, XVIII i. e. the particulars contained in the columns of the schedules 2-4-5·6-7-8-14-15-16 and on the slip 'B' those parti­ culars are to be recorded which furnish the data for the tl1bles X, XI, XV and XVI i. e. those particulars contained in the columns of the schedules 2·4·5·6·8 9-10·11-12-13. Thus it will be seen that out of 16 column!! in every sche· dule, particulars of 14 columns are to be taken down on slips and the particulars of the columns 1 and 3 (i. e. house numbers and names of the individuals) are not to be recorded at all, because they are of no use in supplying the data for the final tables. 161. Now in absence: of any more convenient contrivance, all the aboye ADMINISTRATION OF ( 28 ) CHAPTER" CENSUS OPERATIONS. 1. said particulars of the 14 columns shall have to be extracted on the slips, word for word, from the schedules, but a superior intelligence has been fortunately brought into play to enhance as far as possible the facility of the working of the system. The slips are made of different colours and shapes. The colours are used to indicate different religions and the different sbapes are intended to indi­ cate different sexes and civil condition!!. For a complete comprehension of this, attention is invited tb the appendix P. The key to the clear understanding of it is briefly this:-

Brown colour represents Hindu. Yellow Jain. White " " Musulman.· " " Green ~, Animistic." Blue " Christian. Red " " " " Other re.ligions. 162.i The state of the ripper corners of the slips is indicative of sex and that of the lower part is indicative of civil condition. A slip that has both the upper corners uncut indicates" male" and a slip that has its upper right hand corner cut (in the way, it is done in the figure appendix P) indicates' female.' A slip that has two lower corners uncut, indicates 'married '. Thus a slip having all the four corners and all the parts uncut, represents a married male and if the slip is of brown colour, it represents a Hindu married male and if it is of white oolour, II musalman married male and so on. A slip having its lower cor. ners' and lower part uncut but having its upper right hand corner cut, represents a married female and if it is of brown colour, a Hindu m,arried female and if it is of a yellow colour, a Jain married female ahd so on.

163. A slip, thQ.t has its lower pqr~ cut in such a way that both ends meet ~tt a point ( see the figure in the appendix: P ) indicates 'unmarried' and if the same slip bas its both upper corners uncut, the whole represents an 'unmarried male' and if its upper right "hand corn~r is cut, the whole represnts an, 'un-married female', and if the colour is brown or white or blue, it represents a Hindu un· marrip-d male or a :aindu unmarried female or a Musul-man rinmarllied male or flo Musulman unmarried female or a Christian unma:fr~ed ma~eor~ Chr~astian un­ married female respectively an~ so on.

164. If the lower part of a slip is cut in a triangular form, it indicates one having lost a wife Qr a husbDtnd, i. e. widower or widow, and if the sa.me slip has its upper corner uncut, the whole represents a' widower ' and if its upper right hand corner is cut, the whole represents a 'widow,' and if. the colour is brown, white, green &c. it represents a Hindu widower, a lllndu widow; ~ Mahomedan widower, a Mahomedan widoW; an An~m.istic WIdower, aI\ Animistic widow respectively and so forth.

, Animistic denotes those aboriginals who profess n~ recognizeq religion and who. worship spirits of good and evil in the guise of material objects such as the ~.lUl and t~ees pr !lv-en of immatQrial objectil as tIle small-~ox~ ADMINISTRATION OJ!' CENSUS OPERATIONS. ( 29 ) CHAPTER I.

165. Thus it is clear that each slip, by its very colour and shape, re­ presents religion, sex,: and civil condition; i. e. the particulars in the columns of the schedules 4 (except sect), 5 and 6. Thus while posting slip for any individual, a poster first has to run his eye on the columns 4, I) and 6 and 'select a slip corresponding to the religion, sex and civil condition of the indivi­ dual to her abstracted; as for instance if an individual to be posted is a Hindu married male, the poster should select a. brown slip having all its four corners un­ cut and 80 on. 166. Because of the slip itself representing religion, sex Imd civil condition, the poster shall have not, now, to write on the slips the particulars of these columns bec,ause the very slip itself is fully suggestive of these particu­ lars without they being recorded on a slip in so many words. Thus excluding all these particulars indicated by the slip itself, (viz. religion, sex and civil condition) and the particulars of columns 1 and 3 (which are, as said above not at all needed in the arrangement of the whole work) all the particulars of the sche­ dules (i. e. columns 4 (sect only), 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16) are to be recorded on slips. On 'A' slips as Mid above, sect, age, caste, sub.caste, literacy in languages other than in English, literacy in English and infirmities are to be recorded; in other words the particulars of columns 4 (sect only), 7,8, 14, 15, and 16 are to he recorded on "A" slips; and on "B" slips are to be recorded caste, sub-caste, principal and subsidiary occupations, means of livelihood of de­ pendents, birth place and language ordinarily used, in other words on the "B" slips the particulars of the columns 8· 9, 10, 11, 12, & 13 are to be recorded. 167. For further facility, certain recognized abbreviations were allowed to be employed in posting of the slips. The list of the recognized abbreviations has been appended herewith as appendix P.

168~ The abstraction Office under my immediate control, with one assis­ tant Cemms Commissioner under me, consisted of (1) one correspondence clerk, (2) Two record clerks, (3) Four examiners, (4) Two inspectors-one for "A" Branch and one for "B" Branch.-(5) 24 Posters of A slips (6) 24 Posters of B slips, (7) six checkers and (8) thirteen peons.

169~ Instructions for the working of the abstraction Office were printed and distributed to all concerned for informations and gllidance ( Appendix. p).

170. As the system adopted this time for the abstraction purpose was com· pletely different from that adopted last time, its working, as a. matter of fact, is also completely different. The system introduced this time is based on the principle of division of work, distributed in different parts of the same machinery, one part working in harmony. with the other, ea.ch part be!ng dependent for the supply of WQrk on the rqater~ls prepared by the part preceding it in order ' of arrangement. Thus the working of the system is briefly as under:-

• The partic1'!-lars of tbe column "8" Bfe COIQ.IQ.OIj. to both A an

111.' :All the block.bool(swere arranged in the record room in the charge of Ilo record. keeper •. The whole office staff consisting of all Gur clerks, and four'Mangrol clerks, .was divid,ed J for the abstractiun purpose, into four parts ,viz:-(l) Examiners (2) Posters of A.slips, (3) Posters of B slips Ilnd (4) check· ·erB. From the record room the books were fit'st issued to the examiners for exa. ;mination and corrections of obvious errors, The books exa.mined by them were ·uext given for posting to the Posters of "A" slips, Thes~ posters, after posting 'A' slips for each book, returned that book to the record keeper with the bundle of,' A' slips wrapped into it, These books were then given for posting to the ':posters, of B slips who returned the books to the record keeper with both the 'bundles of A and B slips, wrapped in them, Then these books and the bundles of A and 'B slips were given to the checkers for checking, The books aHd the ,slips returned by checkers after checking were kept in separate stalls to be ,given for sorting, when that work was to be taken up •

. 172. Wires to put the slips as they were being written, Title.slips and strings to tie the bundles were duly provided for.

173. All the clerks were trained up for the work. The ave~ge number of slips per poster was in the bebrining 600 but when by practice the hands of the posters were fully adapted to the work, the average went up from 800 to 900 per poster. The maximum number of slips posted by one poster (' Mr. Chhan· '~ulal Janmshanker Vaid) in a day of six hours wo.s 1501. The abstraction work, which wa.~ commenced on 27th April 1901, was completed, as far as examining and po$ting work was concerned, on the 3rd June 1901.

174. In all together 395428 entries were exa.mined, 395428 A slips were posted, and 395428 B slips were posted The slips checked were 790856 and the checking work, by the additions to the numbers of checkers which were hICl'eased from 6 to 40. WilS completed on the 13th June 1901. The checking of the slips was not done by percentage but each and every slip was checked. 115. Niab Diwan Saheh Khasusiat Dastagah Purshottamrai Sunderji Zala. a.ccompanied by Rao Bahadur Gulabdas Laldas, Hazur Adaiat Sabhasad Saheb, inspected the abs~raction Office at Nayagadh and as far as I understand, was pleased with the arrangement and the work. Mr. Harsukhram Panditram Sir­ Nyayadhis Saheb, Mr~ Ganpatrai Mayashanker Ghoda Rajpral\rani Court Judge, Mr. Tribhovanrai Dulern.i Itana Sarkari Vakil, Mr. Girjashanker Fulshanker Prant Vakil, Mr. Gopal Narayan Sant the ITead of the Audit department 'Mr. Anantrai Bhupatrai Patan Vahiwatdar, Mr. Pratapshanker Uevashanker Wanthli Vahivatdar, and Mr. Gordhandas Indraji Vadal Vahivatdar paid So visit to the Census Office at Navagadh and saw 0.11 the arrangements while it was in working order. 176. After the completion of the abstraction· work, the sorting work, -sorting Wo~ was taken up. 177. When the end proposed viz. the preparation of the final tables, is kept steadily in view, the necessity of Borting the slips posted, becomes quite AnMINISTRA.'llON Ol!' 31 CENsUS OJ.lEkATIONS. (' l

manifest. The final tables ,require various particula.rs, such as n~mber of males and females of different religions, number of males and females (per religion) with their Civil conditions arranged in the required groups of age periods, number of educated and uneducated males and females &c. All these pa~iculars have al­ ready been abstracted on the slips and now the slips are to be sorted according to the requirement of the tables. As for instance to know how many Hindu males are in each charge, all the slips of brown colour having their both upper corners un­ cut, are to be separated from the rest and counted, and the number of the slips thus arrived at, will represent the number of Hindu males and so on. The arrange­ ment made for sorting was briefly this.

178. For each table, a gang of five or six sorters was formed and it was placed under a direct supervision of an inspector. Baskets of bamboos, which were got ready for the purpose, were arranged according to the requirement of the tables the specimen of which is given below.

Table VI.

Hindu Male Hindu Female

Brown Brown

Husalman Male Musalman Female

White _Q~ AmllNIBTlUTION 0, ( 32 )' CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS.

Christian Male .Christian Female

:Blue OQ~

Jain Male Jain Fema.le

Yellow

Animistic Male Animistic Female

Green,

Parsi, Jew and other's M~le Parsi, Jew and other's Fema.le ADMINISTRATION OF ( 33 ) CHAPTER I. CENSUS OPERATIONS.

Similarly baskets were arranged for aU the tables. To each gang was assigned the work of the same table for all the charges and thus the work of sorting the slips for all the tables was simultaneously commenced .

. 179. The work of sorting was a little hard one to the sorters as they had to keep up standing and moving for the whole day.

180. The sorting was commenced on the 8th June and was finished on the 13th July, The tabulation work was going on, in tabulation office along with the sorting work and so the whole work including tabulation was complete on the 19th July 1901 A. D. A.ll the tables were duly submitted in the Agency and our duties in Navagadh being ovel',I returned with the whole staff to Juna­ gadh on the 20eth July 1901.

181. Rao Bahadllr Motilal Ratanji, the Deputy Assistant Political A.gent Sorath Prant, used to visit the office at Navagadh once or twiee a week as it s.llited his CDnvenience.

182. The table showing the expense of entire census operations and abstrac­ tions and tabulations, not taking into considerations the salaries of all those State­ eervants whose services had been utilized u.s charge superintendents, circle lIupervisors, block clerks, posters, e~amiDers, checkers, sorters etc, is appended as Appendix Q.

183. BefoJ:'e conclu4ing this chapter, I feel it my bounden duty to bring to your honour's notice the enumerable kindness that was showered on us by the loca.l otfioorsofNavagadh and Jetulsar during ourshort sojourn at Navagadh. Mr. Chhel­ shanker Dulerai Rana, the Vahiwatdar of t4e place, has left not a stone un­ turned to make me and my staff, in every way con.fortable, readily responding to every call with a smiling f!Jce. l\1:r~ Chhot~lal Sbankerdllos Hospito.l Assistant, who is in 'the aharge of the Navagad4 Q.ispenSQ.ry, has equally rendered us a very valuable help by sincerely giving go very n,ttentive and careful medical treatment to 11011 ~hQse of ID'y st:).if who had fallex). victims to t'Qe sudden out­ burst of fever of a devilish kinQ.. Mr, Prabhashanker Fulshanker, the Munsiff of the place, and Mr. !ratlal, the Police Foujdar, were also very kind and obliging, To all of them I tender my very best thanks for their ki.nd offices towards me and my staff which cOI).~ribt;lte

184. In eonclq.sioIJ, l should not omit to express my sense of entire satis­ faction for tb~ promptnel!!s and perseverance with which :Mr. Vasantrai Laxmidas, our Dep~ty Vakil !Jot Jetalsi;l.r, l).~s 4iscl).~rged his 4uties in cODnection with the

CeI).s~s work throughoutp

--:0:-- GmmtAL l>EBOBlt'ttON Or ( 34 ) CUAPTBK II. ':ruE JWAGADB SUTE.

Chapter II. General description of the Junagadh State, L The J unagadh State comprises of the territories which generally lie --;,,....,-.,------; Limit. I in a compact mass, although extended oyer a considerable area and interyened at some places by the foreign territories not all of them quite undisputed. It, situated as it is to the south-west of the Peninsula of . I I . Kilthiawad, lies between 24°44 and 21 °35 north latitude and 70° and 72° east-longitude. The State is bounded on the north by the Barda, Dalar, Vasavad and Virpure, on the east by Gohelwad and Kathiawad and on the west and south by the Arabian sea. Jodbpure and Kandorna of Jamnagar, Dhoraji of Gondat and the villages of Jetpure are quite closely contiguous to the northern boundary of the state and the villages of Porbandar skirt its western border. ,Batwa, Bilkha JIDd Mendarda. ta.lukas are located in to the heart of the J unagadh territory while JafrabLd, Dedan, Amreli and Dhari are coming in close contact on the ell.stern side, with the exterior of the state. 2. The area of the J unagadh state is roughly estimated at about 3283 -A":""r-e-a·---JI square miles. The regular snrveyof the wholestate, though under­ taken, is not yet completed and so the said figure is open to correction in future.

By a glance at the map of the Junagadh state, the aspect of the country --,P"'I-ly....,sl-ca'1-as-p-ec7t.j that prominently and conspecuously stands out before the eye of an observer, is generally hilly. To begin with the Junagadh City itself, the observel"s eye there will first catch the view of the gigantic Gil'nar Hill with its spacious 'rugged sides and e\·erlasting rocks', over-grown with green shrubs and beautiful verdure, begirdled by a continuous chain of smaller mounts, such Ui'o the Datar and its surrounding hills, the Lassa and Ada mounts, the stopa of IJoria &c, and surrounded by deep and dread-inspiring Valleys, covering a large area of land. Next the observer's eye runs down on an 'extensive thickly wooded tract of land known as Gir-forest 'the habitat of lions' and the abode of other wild and ferocious animals, stretching from the south· east of Junagadh to the sa.'}" Besides this, many smaller mounts, stupas and detached groups of hills seem scattered over many parts of the country, giving on the whole a hilly aspect to it. This is the aspect which the country, taken as a whole, presents at the first sight when viewed exterIltl.lly, But it abounds in m:tny :rich and exten­ sive planes of marvelous productive power, richly responding to the labour of lIard wOl'king cultivators. The ever-green strip of land known as 'Lily Nagher along thecoaat extending from .Mac1havpure to Una and yielding in abundance and plenty, the crops of various descriptions and also the ex.ceedingly fruitful planes that are found scattered all round in the J unagadh territories, give :l very charming aspect to the country when viewed internally, . .. 3, The climate of Junagadh State is different in different parts and at GENERAL DESCRIPTION Or ( 85 ) CHAPTER II. THE J UNAGADB STATE.

Climate. I many places varies with the seasons. The. climate of Veraval and the whole sea·coast and that of mount Girnar is salubrious and healthy in winter and summer but in monsoon it is damp and foggy. The clitnate of Raj­ pura. in Una, VaharaSwarup in B:ibllriawad, Dhamlej in Sutrapad!l, Hirakote in Pattan, Chorwad, 11handuri, Vallthali, Malia, Shahpur, Tarnetars' Math, Koeli, Kutiana, Mazevdi, Ranpur and Bheean is very mild, genial and healthy. The climate of Gir forest and that of Visavader and other parts contiguous to the Gir forest is totally bad and unwholesome, reeking with malaria especially in monsoon, which tells heavily upon the health of those exposed to its vitiating influence. In extremely hot season the climate of Gir becomes tolerably healthy. The climate of Junagadh city itself is not quite healthy although it has, by habits generaiIy become congenial to the children of the Boil. However the climate of the western part .of the city and more especially that of the south­ western part of it is comparatively healthy. The Junagadh city is a little too hot which is believed to be due to its close vicinity to the mount Girnar, the stones of which in the hot season are extremely heated by the rays of the Sun.

4. The thermometer readings at J unagadh showed this yea~ minimum

Heatand Rain-fall. J of 57° in the month of January and a maximum of 119° in the month of May. The average rain·fall in the Junagadh territoridl during last ten years is 29 inches and 95'2 cents. In the year 1878 A. D, there had . been an exceptional fall of 104·42 inches while in the direct contrast with it, in the year 1899 A. D. the average rain-fall is 6 inches and 15'5 cents with J. result of an unprecedented visitation ofa dire famine. The average rain·fall necessary for crops in this stateis from 25 to 30 inches except in Ghed where the nature of the soil require scanty rain for thriving crops.

5. The formation of the soil from rocks crumbled away' by being exposed . Soil and its fertility. I to the action of winds, rains, and frosts is no longer a my· stery especially to the students ofagrict1lture. The soil thus formed necessarily shares the chemical character and composition of the rock to which it owes its origin. If the rock is sand·stone, the soil is sandy, if it is clay-stone the ~oil is clayey and if it is lime stone the soil is calcarious i. c. containing. carbonate of lime. Thus the mo.in four divisions in which the soil can be divided are :-'-

( 1) Clayey ( 2) Sandy (3) calcarious and (4 ) containing mixture of these three ingredients. The soils, containing purely and exclu­ sively clay, sand 01' lime, are very rare and exceptional; generally all the farm and garden soils are composed of all these three constituents viz cloy, sand and lime-stone, in unequal proportions. Thus the kinds of soils that a country can have, depends upon the kinds of rocks it contains. The kinds of soil generally found in Junagadh territories are:-

(1) Pure.black, or Kali-soil i. e. clay loamy soil free from stones and rich in carbonate of lime. (2) Kali·Khokhar or greyish black clay soil, suitable for the growth of whea.t, Juwar and rice but not for that of cotton. (3) Kali·Bara GENERAL DESCRIPTION Or ~ 86 ) CHAPTER II. THE JUNAGADH STATE. or dark brown black friable soil, containing much carbonn.te or chloride of sodium. suitable for the growth of wheat and cotton. (4) Kali-Besar or dark· brown soil. (5) Goradu proper 01' sandy soil. (6) Goradu Besar or'Goradu soil mixed with K~li and other clay soil. (7) Gorat soil which is found near rivers or forming the old beds of rivers. (8) Bhad or soil fl,ccumulated along the banks of the flooded rivers.

6. The subdivisions of the main divisions of the soil fOllnd in this State, many of which can more appropriately be classed as tbe £'J,ults oftbe soil which greatly affect its; fertility in various ways, are: ...... (I) Achhi, (~l~)or of very thin strata. (2) Antri (:2Jli

7. The different kinds of soil enumerated above are found to PQas~ss ~ift'erent powers of productioQ. The fertility of the soil depeQqs qpon mallY ~ircumstap.ces nQ.tur~1 as wen !loS acquired! One of the important circumstallces which affect consider.~bly tbe fertility pf flails, is t4e proportion ill which prgainc' 'ma.tter or 4Q.~qs J!,ud inorgainc matter are found to e~ist in them. 'J.'4e gre~ter ~s the ~u~:Qtity of hllmus ill tbe soil, t4e greater is i~s fertility. GENERAL DESCRIPTION O:r ( 37 ) CHUTED II. TUB J UN.!GADU STATE.

As the territories of J unagadh. state are rich in vegitations and abound in trees a.nd plants, they afford much humus to its soils making them in .ma.ny parts very fertile. The Lili Nagher is specially distinguished for its exceptional fertility. On the other hand there are also some parts hardly cultivable and others totally barren. On the whole, the soils in .J unagadh territories yield al· most all kinds of Indian produce containing land of various productive powers ranging from ltbe exceedingly rich plans down to the totally unproduct­ ive tracts of land. 8. The usual crops produced in the Junagaclh State are:-( 1) Juwar, Bajro, Rice, Mag, Math, Cotton, Oil-seed, Adad, Wheat, Kang, Danger, Airadi, Sugarcane, Gram, Rai, Kaltbi, Deshan Tobacco, Chino, Banti, Olia, Makai, Banto, Methi, Kampli. Tal, Kamod etc.

~- MAHALWAR (' 38:) CHAPTER DESCRIPTION. III.

Chapter III. .

l'tIA.HALW AB. DESCBlfTION.. .

1. Junagadh State is divided into 21 divisions called Mahals viz :-(1) Gir, (2) Una, (3) Kutiana, (4) Yisawadar, (5) Bhesan, (6) Pattan, (7) Babarin­ wad, (8) Vanthali, (9) Malia, (10) Shee!, (11) Sutrapnda, (12) Chorwad, (13) . Vadal, (14) Keshod, (15) Balagam; (16) Bagdu, (17) Navagadh, (18) Veraval, (19) Dungar, (20) Gadhakda, and (21) Bagat. 2. Below is given a general Mahalwar description which is intended simply as a rapid sketch of some of the important features of each Mahal.

(1) GIR. 8. The area of this Mahal is roughly about 1500 square miles. Under it there are about 21 -villages and besides these there are many. permanent and temporary nesses.· . 4. In Gir Maha! the thickly grown trees interposed, at places, by gently rising hills and meadows of large extent, clothe it ( the Mahal) with lovely and attractive scenery. In the whole of Kathiawad, Gir forest stands almost unparalleled in respect of the picturesque scenery, 'plentiful sup­ ply of good and long enduring wood, best suited for building purposes and in respect of the abode of the lions of the best kind, deer, sayar, paehu, suwar, panther, jarakh and such other beasts of sport. The forest, being the habitation of these beasts of sport, attracts to its hunting places many EuropeaJls and Natives fond of hunting. 5. The chief kinds of tree&-the specialities of the Gir forest-are sag, sisam, timbervo and sajad, best suited for the purposes of house-building .. B.e­ sides these there are found Bore trees, Bedan, Bili, Asundro, .Am bli, Banian trees &c., &c. The Gir forest supplies the whole Kathiawad with the wood for building purposes. The wood known as "Vankia" is the special product of this forest and it is used in building ship!!. This is exported from Gir as far as to Ara.bia. The sag of the Gir forest is superior in stiffnes.s to, and endures longer than, the sag produced in other Jungles.

6., Besides this tbe Gir forest abounds in many medicinal plants, and the abundance of grass and vegitation, of which there is luxuriant growth here, sup­ plies an inexhaustible quantity of fodder to the cattle even during the hard ti me of famine. 7. The soil of Gir Mahal is of varied fertility, ranging from the best down to the most inferior one. There are certain tracts of land in Gir, which, I am informed, excel in fertility, many fruitful tracts of land in Kuthiawad. The average rain-fall dUTing the last ten years amounted to 25 inches which is also sufficient for the Barat-crops in this Mabal. The arable land under this Mahal is about 12720 acres. l\{AHALWAll (' 39 ) CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTION.

-~------~------8. The cultivators in this M'ahal are chiefly, Kunbis who are very dili- ' g-ent and hard working and almost all of them are in a thriving State. The bringing up of Pit-crops is not quite a favourite subject with the cultivators of this Mahal, their whol~ attention being mostly confined to Barat-crops. But the experience of the recent fomine has aroused them to the appreciation of theadv:mtages of the pit·crops and now their inclinations are begun directed in that channel. 9. The rivers Hiran, Singvado, Somat, Machhundri, Ra.val, Jotardi, Ambakhoi, Ambazar and Saraswati flow with plenty of water through out the year. 10. The Gir jungle, being, as said above, luxuriant with the growth of fodder fOl' the cattle, goats, sheeps &0., is a constant residence of shepherds and Mal·dharis with their cattle.

] 1. The chief articles of commerce of this M'ahal are ghee, honey, and Kapasia or cotton seeds.

(2) UNA.

12. Una Mahal is the largest Mahal of the State Rnd furms a very ,im­ pomnt factor in its revenue administration. It is bounded on the north by the Gir forest, on the west by Kodinar, on the south by the Arabian sea and­ the ~sland of Div and on the east same part of Babal'iawad and Jafrabad yilIo.ges.

13. The area of Una Mahn.l is 626 square miles and under it there are about 150 "illllges. The Maho.l as 0. whole bears a very charming aspect. The whole Mahal is for administrative convenience apportioned into four divh;ions technically termed 'TapIS' viz. Una, Delwada, Dhokadvo. and Gadhadll. Each Tapa is snpervised . and managed by a Tapa-Wahivatdar with 110 small establish· ment under him.

14. Una Tapa is the most flourishing of all. The-villages under it are --Una Ta~ large and comparatively in a prosperous State. It is in a tole· rably good State of cultivation and the cultivators in it are also hord.working and presevering. It is fairly equipped with the means for re~ring up the Pit.crops and in the last famine, which necessitated a general resort to the Pit· crops, this Tapa, with its abundllnt and plentiful Pit.crops, was -clothed with a green aspect ali round which at once enchanted the attention of all the obser. vers.

]5. Next to Una Tapil comes Delwada Tapa in fertility, prosperity and _~~D~e--'lwada Tapii:! everything. The village Delwada in that Tapa is a lovely village surrounded by beautiful scenery and inhabited by many wealthy and enterprizing merchants with civilized mode of living. The village Delwad:lo by­ itself excels and surpasses in many respects and is more inviting to the visitors' MAHALWAB (40 ) CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTioN. than, the town Una. itself. The Boil of Delwada. Tapa is also very fertile and· the Baret crops and the Pit-crops are also satisfactorily thriving. 16. Next to this Tapa, in order, is Dhokadva Tapa. This Tapa is not in Dhokadva Tapa. I a prosperous state now although it here and there gives glimpses of past prosperity. Certain villages in this Tapa. are Gir villages and 80 they are not at all contributing anything material to the agricultural prospect of the Tapa. Except in certain villages, the growth of Pit-crops, is not .very satisfactory although Baret.crops, if the rain is sufficient and regular, are thriv­ ing. But there is good deal of arable 'Waste land purely on acCOUDt of the want of good and persevering farmers . . 17. Last comes Gadhada Tapa; though the inferionty ohhis Tapa to the --'GO"""a."dha'-d.a.. Tapa. 1 Dhokadva Tapa is not very significaJlt and roughly it could be said that both these Tapas are on equal foo~iDgt at least looking from the agricultural stand point of view. Like Dhokad va. Tapa this Tapa. also contains some Gir villages which to a eert..'\in extent are responsible for the inferiority of the agricultural state of the Tapa. Bare~rops ( especially cotton) are also plentiful in this Tapa. 18. Una Mahal which forms almost one fifth part of the wltole Junagadh territory in point of area. and revenue, is at present gradua.lly falling down from its original proud and prosperous State. 1 yenture to think that the Kalis who form. the majority 01 the agriculturists in this Mahar are mostly responsible for making the Una Mahal what it is now. The Kolis, I may be allowed to say from my experience as a (amine reliet offic.er of Una Mahal, are the most indolenta.nd indifferent class of cultivators, completely destitute of any human sense of the prestige as agriclliturists a.nd read~ly liable to be yielded to the Inllaences of the famine without withstanding its first shock, showing their absolute inability to cope with the calamity even in its prime stage. A close investigation into the agricultural resources. of the Mahal makes this fuct too manifest and a hard reality.

19. As the Una' Mahal.needed considerable ·amoant of care, no ·stone wa.s left untumed by the administration of the State t() render it every possible help which enabled it to steer clear of the calamity which was really over­ whelming. Mo~ than 500 wells were got dug up and the Undri, Akolali and Sanvav cana.l-works were undertaken which served as the relief works to the. labouring· classes and which are calculated to confirm a lasting boon over the agricultural world. The i~gated ~ commanded by all these wells and ca,n~]s is not less than 9QOO acres of land. The average .. rain-fIll in the last ~Jil years is 32 inches and that necessa.ry for the crops is 30 inches. 20. ¥anpuri kapaa and Mathio kapaa are chiefly sown in this Mahal. Egyptia.n cotton :Lnd RfJ.jagro kapa& were once sown in Zlldvadli and Delwada. bu~ the effort being not quite successful, was. ':lltimate~ abandoned.. In the year l891 the arable land ~Q. this Ma.hal was ~14,460 a.cres out of which 1,2600G ·MAHALWA.R (41 ) CHAPTBR III. DESOlUl>TION •

./ acres were cultivated and 88;460 acres were arable waste, while in the year 1901 the arable land was 2,14,460 acres out of which 1,16,680 acres were cultivated and 97,780 acres were arable waste.

21. There are Agaras of salt on a small scale in Sejalia and Jhankhervada which yearly yield salt of the value of about 1200 Rupees. .

22. There are four ports in this Mahal viz :-Nawabunder, Simar, .Raj­ pura and Vahi or Dhara Bunder. Nawabunder, where a very nice Dock has been built in the last famine, is a good shipping port although no very brisk commerce is being carried on there. Rajpura and Simar Bunders are used by fishermen for fishing purpoees.

23. The climate of Una. Mahal is tolerably healthy, while as regardEl com­ merce there is nothing particular in this Maha1. ( 8) KUTIAN A. 24. Kutiana Mahal is bounded on the north by Gondal and Jamnagar villages, on the west by Porbandar, on the south by Porbandar villages, BaIa­ gam and Batwa and on the east by Gondal villages and Batwa. The area. of .this Mahal is roughly 300 square miles and under it there are about 52 villages .

.25. The physical aspect of the Mahal is not at all charming. It is quite dull and dry, being totally destitute of green vegetations and flower and other beautiful trees and hence it iK unpl~sant and uninviting to the eye. The soil of this Mahal can generally be .divided in tothree main divisions viz :-(1) Dharod' or hilly, (2) Niyad, (3) Ghed.

26. The .baret land in the first of these divisions is less in quantity and inferior in quality. It is not sufficiently fertile for yielding good crops. The water in the well is too deep to afford easy convenience for watering the pit-cropil and consequently in this kind of soil the State of pit-crops is not satisfactory.

27. The second division viz Niyad soil is inundated by the flood of the rivers which by depositing alluvium on the soil makes it rich and malmred and . obviates the necessity of artificially manuring it. The baret-crops in this soil are thriving and plentiful and pit-crops also turn out in abundance .

.28. The third division viz. Ghed is inundated by the flood of the rirers and being lQw,lying land the. wa.ter is collected thereon which permeates through all the strata on account of the pervious nature of the soil. The soil is thus made very agreeable to the growth of plants and yields the harvest in abun­ dance and plenty.

29. Taken as a whole the Kutiana. Mahal ranks very high in point of fertility of soil and produce of crops and forma one of the important factors in the revenue administration of the State. MABALWAR. ( 42 ) CB~R III. DESCRIl'TION.

SO. This Mahal has the advantage of having many big and useful rivers such Ba Bhadar, Ozat, Minasar, Vinu, Kalundri, Niraman and Valol. Out of these, waters in Bhadar, Ozat, Vinu, Minasar and Niraman remain through­ ·out the year and hence they serve the most useful purpose in irrigating the surrounding district. These rivers and besides these, the wells 1050 in number, which are in the Mahal, combinedly make it enjoy a decided superiority over many other Mahals in respect of irrigation, as it is enabled to have at a time, pit.crops in not less than 9000 acres of land.

31. The faults in the soil generally to be met with in this Mahal are (1) Kadi, (2) Dhl1rod, (3) Fodavali, (4) Ratad, (5) Rechak and (6) Vekro. The average rainfall during the last ten years is 26 inches, and that, required for the crops is 20 inches. Under this Mahal the arable land is 59965 acres out of which 33333 acres are· in 1901 A. D., brought under the plough while 26632 acres ofland a.rearable waste. Gudhli Juwaris the special product of this Mah~l. The cultivators are the Kuubis, Karadme, Sindhis, Ahirs, Rabaris, Sayyeds, Mirs, 'Memans, Jats, Kolis, Khojaa and Luvanas. Out of these the Kllnbis, Ahira, Mers, Memans and Khojas are hard· working and try their best in better­ ing the agricultural State of the Mahal, while the rest are lacking in activity and energy. 32. One circumstance prejudicIal to the agricultural prospect of the Mahal is that the water of the rivers at various places· wash off the Baret soil render­ ing it completely useless for any agricultural purpose. This state of things requires special consideration and speedy remedy. Also the wells in Niyad soil which are over-Hooded by the chhel water and are thus rendered useless, require to be built by solid masonry work and to have their banks Iaised higher than the maximum height of the chhel·water with a view to prevent it from running into the11l.

3S. There is no regular Agar in this Mahal but salt is produced by the water of the river in Mahiari and Jamla. The average quantity of salt thus pro. duced comes up to about 450 Maunds.

34. Kutiana holds an important position as rego.rds commerce. Memo.ns are very enterprising merchants. They export grain and cotton and import cloth and are great bankers. Theyare wealthy merchants and they briskly carryon extenshTe commerce ill Bombay, Rajputana, Malabar, Madras, Cylon, Brahmdesh and even as far as in Africa. Bania and Luvana merchants are also thriving and they trade in cloth, grain, cotton &c., and are also respectable money -dealers.

( 4) VISA VADAR.

3.1 •. Vis:wadar Mahal is bounded on the nOl'th by Bilkha and its vil­ lages .Bandhala and Umrala, on the south by Gir, on the east by Dhari and its villages and on the west by Sarsi. ?tI...mALWAn ( 43 ) DESORIPJION.

36. Thearea of this Mahal is 202~ square miles and under it there are about 61 villages. Some part of this Mahal is not still survayed and when this is done the said figure will undergo necessay change.

37. This Mahal is ~ontiguous to the Gir forest and so abounds in many. trees especially suited to the Gir soil. The climate of Visavadar is unhealthy and damp. In the last ten years the average rain-fall is 30 inches and the ave­ rage rain·fall necessary for the crops,is 25 inches.

38. In this Mahal barat soil covers a greater area of the Mahal. No careful endeavour seems to have been made, till recently, to develop the means for bringing up the pit.crops. Quite recently this spirit, which was lying dor­ mant, is stimulated.and means are being employed to direct the inclination of the cultivators in that channel. In the last famine-two canal works, one at Kanavadala and other at Bhutdi, have been started but they are not yet completed. 39. The soil of Visavadar Mahal is Karal. Ratad soil is also found in some of the "mages of the Mahal. Kadi and Dharod soils, which greatly inter­ fere with the agricultural value of the land, are also met with. The soil 'of Visavadar Mahal generally may be taken as fertile, but as all the arable land' is not every year brought under the plough on account of the lack of good farmers, the favourableness of the soil does not comparatively do any percep· ~ible good to further the agricultural prospect of the Mahal.

40. The cultivators are Kunbis, Abirs, Kumbhars, Ghanchis, Kh3nt8, Kolis and Memans. Kunbis, Ahirs, and Kumbhars are careful and painstaking in their agricultural pursuits, while others are little indifferent.

41. In 1891 A. D. out of 24530 acres of arable land 24215 acres were cultivated and 315 acres were not cultivated. In 1901 A. D. out of 32560 aeres of arable . land 29620 acres were brought and 2940 acres were not brought under the plough.

42. In this Mahal there is nothing significant about commerce. It is absolutely necessary to import good and hard-working cultivators into the Mahal to put it on a sound footing as far as the agricultural prospect of the :Mahal is concerned. (5) BHESAN.

43. Bhesan Mahal is located into the heart ofKathiawa.r. It is bounded on the north by J etpur, Gondal and Vasavad, on the east by a part of Jetpur Taluka and Amreli, on the south by Bagasara and Bilkba and on the west by a part of Jetpur Taluka. The area of the Mahal is 192~ square miles and under it there are about 46 villages. 44. The surface of this Mahal is generaUy flat. Its soil is exceedingly rich and fertile and in a high state of cultivation. ·The diversities of the soil l\1.AHAL WAR ( 43 ) DESCRIPTiON.

36. The area of this Mahal is 202~ square miles and under it there are about 61 villages. Some part of this Mahal is not still survayed and when this is done the said figure will undergo necessay change.

37. This Mahal is ~ntiguous to the Gir forest and so abounds in many. trees especially suited to the Gir soil. The climate of Visavadar is unhealthy and damp. In the last ten years the average rain-fall is 30 inches and the ave­ rage rain·fan necessary for the crops, is 25 inches.

38. In this Mahal barat soil covers a greater area of the Mahal. No careful endeavour seems to have been made, till recently, to develop the means for bringing up the pit.crops. Quite recently this spirit, which was lying dor­ mant, is stimulated and means are being employed to direct the inclination of the cultivators in that channel. In the last famine-two canal works, one at Kanavadala and other at Bhutdi, have been started but they are not yet completed. 39. The soil of Visavadar Mahal is Karat Ratad soil is also found in some of the villages of the Mahal. Klidi and Dharod soils, which greatly. inter­ fere with the agricultural value of the land, are also met with. The soil of Visavadar Mahal genemlly may be taken as fertile, but as all the arable land' is not every year brought under the plough on account of the lack of good farmers, the favourableness of the soil does not comparatively do any percep­ tible good to further the agricultural prospect of the Mahal.

40. The cultivators are Kunbis, Abirs, Kumbhars, Ghanchis, Khants, Kolis a.nd Memans. Kunbis, Ahirs, and Kumbhars are careful and painstaking in their agricultural pursuits, while ot.hers are little indifferent.

41. In 1891 A.. D. out of 24530 acres of arable land 24215 acres were cultivated and 315 acres were not cultivated. In 1901 A.. D. out of 32560 aeres of arable land 29620 acres were brought and 2940 acres were not brought under the plough.

42. In this Mahal there is nothing significant about commerce. It is absolutely necessary to import good and hard-working cultivators into the Mahal to put it on a sound footing as far as the agricultural prospect of the Mahal is concerned.

(5) BHESAN.

43 .. Bhesan Mahal is located into the heart ofKathiawar. It is bounded on the north by Jet.pur, Gondal and Vasavad, on the ellstby a.part of Jetpur Taluka. and Amreli, on the south by Bagasara and Bilkha and on the west by a part of Jetpur Taluka. The area of the Mahal is 192~ square miles and under it there are about 46 villages. 44. The surface of this Mahal is generally flat. Its soil is exceedingly rich and fertile and in a high state of cultivation. The diversities of the soil 1IA1lA.LWAR . ( 44 ) CHAPTER Ill. DESORIl'TlON. met with in this Mahal are:-Achhi, Kadi, Kali, Dharod, Fodavali, Bhagari. Lolsavali, Malni, Rechak etc. The average rain-fall in the last ten years is 31 inches and that necessary for the crops is from 25 to 30 inches. To supply the Yahal with adeq cra.te number of wells for pit crops during the last famine years, in all 194 wells have been prepared which command 8400 Bighas of irrigated area. The agiculturists of this Mahal are mostly Kunbis and they are very well disposed towards their agricultural pursuits.

45. In the year la91 A. D. the total area of arable land was 25020 a.cres out of which 24180 acres were cultivated and 840 acres were arable waste. In· 1901 A.. D. the total area of the arable land is 25900 acres out of which 25100 acres are brought under cultivation and the remaining 800 acres are arable wa.ste. 46. There is nothing particular about commerce in this Mahal. The clima.tic e1Fect here is generally wholesome and the Mahal is comparatively in a. prosperous condition. (6) PATAN. 47. Patan YaMI is bounded on the north by Gil', on the west by Chorw8.d and Verawal, on the south by the Arabian Sea and Sutrapada and on the east by Sutr:1pada. The area of the Mahal is l651~ squlU'e miles and under it there are about 59 villages. 48. The physical aspect of the Maha1 is very interesting and·its beauty and attractiveness have greatly been enhanced by the big and beautiful rivers :Bowing with plenty of water a.nd the roaring sea that washes the southern side of the M&hal. The Lili Nagher, with its well known greenness abounding in many shadowy trees, clothes the Mahal with picturesqueness all its own. 49. The average min-fall in the last ten years is 30 inohes and 90 cents, the maximum faU being of 57 inches and 56 cents in the yea.r 1900 and the minimum being 7 inches and 57 cents in 1899. The average rain-fall necess­ ary for the crops is 25 tQ 30 inches. In the strip of land kflown as Lili Nagher the water is within easy reach and plentiful and so there is never experienced even the least hardsbipof difficient supply of water. The pit crops there flourish. in abundance. There are pJ.lopartionately inadaquate number of wells in Gir­ part but that part contains five Sarans which materially help the irrigation in it, The northern and easter-n parts of the Mah8.1 contiguous to the Chorwad Mahb,l are, to a certain degree, lacking in suffi.cient means for bringing up the pit.crops.

50. In o.ll there are 460 wells and 5 canals in this 'Mahal-an equipment sufficient to fortify it to encounter any famine crisis. In the. last famine, the biggest, most costly and the ~ost important work sta~ed in this Mahal to afford a. rellef to the labourers, was th,e work of Curzon Can!\l named after His Excellency the Viceroy Lord Curz.OIl~ Japadhar Canal is also a very useful work. All these old ,and new canals will be able to command, as it is estimated, ;nearl, 15QOO Bighas of ~~rigated area, MAHALWkR ( 45 ) CHAPTER III, DESCRIPTION.

51. The cultivators are Ahirs, Kanbis, Karadias, Kolis, Gbanohis, and Pat­ ms. These are, with some exceptions, not very hard-working and persevering. The total area of arable land in 1901 is 44440 acres and 21 gunthas. The diversi­ ties of the soil and the faults that are met with in different parts of this Mahal, l~re Naram-karal, Kathan-karal, Kankarial, Kanthi, Kadi, Rakhod, Ratad &0.

52. The town Pat::m and the surrounding country called Prabhas Khetra have a wide reputation in the whole of India for their antiquity and sanctity. There is nothing particular about commerce here. (7) BABARIAWAD. 53. Baooriawad Mahal is bounded on the north by the villages of Aga­ ria, Rajula, Zampodad, Vadli, Vavdi, etc., nnd the villages of Dedan, on the west by Una, on the south by J afrabad and the Arabian sea and on the east by Jholapar, Pipavav, . Kumbharia etc.

54. The area of the Mahal is about 158~ squnre miles and under it there are 51 villages. The surface of the Mahal is Hat and its physical aspect is charming.

55. One circumstance, which differentiates this Maha! from an the other Mahals of the State, is that all the village~ except two, are the villl\:,D'Els of Mal­ girasias as far as revenue rights are concerned; of course the sovereign rights over the whole Baba.riawad are enjoyed by His Highness the Nawab Sabe~, and certain dues such as mahamuli, peshkashi, sudharawarad etc. are levied on these villages of Mul-girasias.

56. The bundar and agar are exclusively State property and their whole proceeds go to the State treasury.

57. The villages in this Mll.hal are situated so very close to one another that each village looks as if it were a suburb of the other village. 58. The rivers Rupen near Timbi, Raidi near Nagasari, Dhatarwadi near Vad, Jholapari near Deoka., How with their melodeous sOllnd and deeply impress the travellers with feelings of joy and admiration. 59. These rivers divide the whole Mahal into three divisions viz. that por­ tion of the Mahal situated (1) between the Jholapari and the Dhatarvadi (2) bet­ ween the Dhatarvadi and the Raidi and (3) between the Raidi and the Rupen Out of these tbe portion lying between the Jholapari and the Dhatar­ wadi is the most fertile and luxuriantly endowed with all the circumstances favourable to the baret as well as pit crops. The soil is generally black, naram-kartLI and Kathan-Karal and of wonderful productive capacity. The depth of water in a well is at the most 10 feet and as there are no rocks in this part, the soil being generally transported and not sedentary, the diggers do not meet with bard stones:while digging the welh and thus it is quite easy for tWQ men to djg a well in the course of lit day. MAHALWAR (46 ) , DESCRIPTION. CHAP~EB III.

60. The portion orthe Mahal iying between the Dhatarwadi and the Raidi is compar~tivelYj inferior in fertility and it is not so much attended with agricultural advantages. Although the soil of Nagasri, Mithapore, Baharpatoli, Kotdi etc. is very fertile and contains favourable means for bringing up pit crops, yet this division taken as a whole can not claim in any way superiority to or even equality with the portion lying between the Jholapari and the Dha· tarwadi. '

61. The portion lying between the Raidi and the Rupen is decidedly in a dis­ advantageous situation as far as the agricultural considerations go. Excepting the fertile soil of Timbi and Bhada, the whole divis,ion is possessed of the in­ ferior order of soil and is very poorly furnished with the means for pit crops. It is in every way inferior without having any immediate hope for bettering its agricultural prospects. The ~oil near the sea is little salty and so it'stands very low as far as its agricultural value is concerned. The soil of this Mahal seems particularly suited for the growth of habul trees which are found thickly grown throughout the Mahal. The a ..·erage rain·fj,ll in the last ten years was 22 inches. That necessary for the barat crops is 20 to 25 inches.

62. During the last famine year many wells have been dug up and by the water of these not less than 3000 Bighas of land can at present be irrigated. There is no canal in Babariawad although the rain water in the lake near Sara­ Yarda, if properly collected therein by errecting Bandhas ma.y be utilized for irrigating purposes.

63. The cultivators are Pancholis, Kolis, Babarias, Ahirs, a.nd Khll.nts'. These are not generally very industrious in their agricultural pursuits, and make DO any very actiyeendeavours to make the soil yield more by improving it. They are idly pulling on with the cultivationl hardly earning their livelihood. 64. In this Mahal there are for the present three agars in working state Bherai, Kadiali, and as Nigala which can supply the best quality of salt to the extent oflO,OOO Khandis every year.

65. The Bundar of Bherai is not 3 thriving one and there is very little chance for it to be so as it is far removed from the field ~f commercia.l competition. ( 8). VANTHALI.

66. Vanthlli Mahal is bounded on the north by Vadal Mahal and the part of Gondal territory, on the east by Bagdu Mabal and Junagadh, on the west by the part of Manavadar Taluka and on the south by Keshod M:a.hal and Mendarda villages. 67. The total area of Vanthali Mahal is 156! square miles, aDd under it there are about 49 villages.

68. The physical aspect of the Mahal is very charming to the eye. It is rich in beautiful and picturesque scenery, profuse_dIy favoured by nature with MAHALWAR 47 DESCRIPTION. CB:Al'TER III. green verdure and looking from the agricultural point of view it is most favourably situated.

69. Three big and beautiful rivers Ozat, Uhen, and Madhuvanti supply plenty of water for the Pit-crops in the Mahal and form the most . potent factor in adding to its agricultural wealth. Besides these three rivers there are numbers of paka arid kacha wells which is an additional circumstance for the good prospect of the Mahal.

70. The different kinds of Boil found in this Mahal are, pure black, Naram·karal, Kathan-karal, and Kobu. The soil of this Mahal is very fertile and in a high state of cultivation. The average rain-fall in the ··last 10 years is 29 inches and 50 cents. The maximtlm rain-fall being 56 inches 85 cents in 1894 A. D. and the· minimum rain-fall being 2 inches 96 cents in A. D. 1899. The average rain·fall necessary for the crops is from 25 to 30 inches.

71. The cultivators in the Mahal are Kunbis, Naghoris, Ghanchis, Sath­ varas, Memons, 8ayads, Meers, Ayars, Kolia, Kumbhars, Momnas, RaMris, Sindhis, Atits, Brahmins, Banins, Charans &c. and as I understand, they are all hardworking and persevering. The mode of cultivation is thesame as is ordinari­ ly followed throughout the state; Here some cultivators sow cotton seeds by the mode of sowing technically known as 'Pl1tla' i. e. leavil}g' three eblisses or,· fur· rows without sowing anything and the seeds are sown in"theJourth, 'chass or furrow. This mode of sowing yields bettE r produce a.nd a.lso greatly., eontri· butes to the improvement of the soil.

72. The flourishing state of the Mahal can well be seen from the fact that out of the total area deducting 9000 acres as Kharabo and pasturage, all the acres 66430·16 Gunthas are every year brought under the plough, and besides this the pit~crops can be realized annually from acres 13500. The climate of the Mahal is enlivening and healthy, the commerce and the commercial class are in a thriving state and on the whole with still better supervision and management there is every likelihood of adding to the prosperity of the Mahal.

(9) MALIA.

73. Malia mahal is bounded on the north by Keshad mahal and Mender­ da. ,;llages, on the east by Gir, on the south by Chorwad Mahal and ali the west by Chorwad and Sheel mahals. The area of the Mahal is 135~: square miles and there are about 37 villages under it ..

74. The aspect of the Mahal is interesting and pleasing to the eye. The average rain-fall in the last 10 years was 41 inches and that needed for the baret crops is 20 to 25 inches. There is no canal in this Mahal but by the help of the wells and saran, pit crops can be realized in not less than 9000 bighas of land. The cultivators in the Mahal are Kunbis, Momnas, Karadias, Sagars, Kolis, Khants, Brahmins, Hatie &c. They are fairly going on with their MAHALWAR 48 CHAPTER Ill. DESCRIPTION. '"' agricultural pursuits. The arable land under this Mahal is 28680 acres out of which 26940 acres are cultivated and 1740·acres are arable waste.

75. There is nothing requiring special mention about commerce in this Mabal.

(10) SHEEL.

76. Sheel Mahal is bounded on the north by Balagam a.nd Kesbod Mahals, on the south hy the Arabian sea Ilond Mangrol villages and on the east by Mangrol villages and a. part of Malia. Yaml and on the west by Balagam Mahal and Porbandar villages.

77. The area. of the Mahal is 1291 square miles and under it there are a.bout 40 villages,

78. The soil of the villages situated near the sea· shore abounds in Rantala Tlzores (!"lIOlI ~l~) aDd Goradia Bavals (5lI~nl(1 I)(I"Et). Gbed soil which lies on the north, in Hood times being covered over with water all round, makes the neighbouring villages look like islands in the sea. During the continuence of the flood, an the Ghed soil iii found a spontaneous growth of roots popu­ larly known as Loth-ganth (Eh& ;)Ii~) which soon grow into plants and bear leaves and look beautiful and charming like lotuses. The loth root is produced in aban. dance which supplies food to the poor population for two or three months. Equal­ ly spontaneous is the growth of kasia (4l~"ll) and samo (~l~l) which are used as huma.n food. The Loth stalks yield a. sort of grains on which also poorer class maintains itself, In Sheel Talpad there is a wonderful growth of RataZu ( ,dlW by the sale of which the labouring class' ea.rn their livelihood,

79. The 1l\lerage rain-fall during the last ten years is .24 inches and that necessary for the crops is 30 inches,

80. On the whQle the cqltivation in the Mahal is in II desirable State. The Mahal is well up with the means for rea.ring qp the pit-crops. There aFe aolmQst 100 wells, 2 sarans and Olle ~nal in the Mahal which command the area of 25035 Bighas for irrigation purposes,

81, The kinds of soil gene~lIy to be met in this Malw.] are Achbi, Antri, K.~ral, Kadi, Dhaso, Dharod, Rechak and Ve~ro &c. The cultivating class in this Mailal generally consists of Kolis, Meh-ers, Ahirs, :a,abaris, Aboti Bmh­ mins, Turaks, Saiyads, Karadia·Rajputs, Bawas, Kanbis and Girnara·_arahmins. Kunbis, Ahirs, and Mehers ar-e zealous workers while the rest are not so active as it could be desired. The ~ature of the soil in tqis Mahal is generally such that it is easily cultivable and so the bqllocks ha.ve not to exert themselves so ba.rd as is the case in other Mahals, The ara-bIe land under this Mahal is 52151 acres out of which 46131 ~res. are ye~rly brought '!l:Pder Qllltivation and 60~0 llocres ~ ~rable wai1!t~. . MABALWAR ( 49 ) DESCRIPTION. CHA.PTER III.

82. Near the sea·shore in Sheel, Divasa and Sangavada!J. mineral the kineI of Parvala is found in the months Bhadarva and Aso which labourers sell among the inhabitants of this Mahal. 83. There is nothing worth noticing about commerce in this Mahal.

(11) SUTRAPADA.

84. Sutrapada. Mahal is bounded on the north by the Gir forest, on the west by Patan Mahal, on the south by the Arabian sea and on the ea~t by the l\odinar Prant. 85. The total area of the Mahal is 108! square miles and under it there are about 38 villages. A part of the Mahal still remains to be Burvayed and thul! the above figures are open to correction in future.

86. The Sntrapada Mahal abounds in many places of interest especially from the religious point of view. The 1\.1:ahal has a fairly charming aspect and the Lili Nagher and the Motu and Nanu Zunds greatly enhance the beauty of the scenery.

87. The kinds of soil and the faults in it that ~re found in Sutrnpadn.

MalIal are-(l) Black, (2) Red, (3) Goradu, (4) Rakhod, (5) Brown1 (6) Kara1, (7) Kanthi, (8) Kadi, (9) Kobu,· (10) Kharech, (11) Kharo, (12) Dhaso, (l3)

Dharod, (14) Ratad, (15) Rechak f (16),Rafdo, and (17) Sadan. The Boil of Sutrapada Mahal is mostly fertile, but its close vicinity to the Gir forest has to a certain extent interfered with its otherwise favourable situation from the agricultural stand point of view.

88. A new canal near the village Mohobatpura is being prepared by which the neighbouring land. is begun to be irrigated. The depth of water in the w.ells for watering the pit.crops is 20 feet minimum and 50 feet maximum. In the year 1891, about 16000 acres were cultivated and in the year 1900 A. D., acres 23465-5 Gunthas of land were brought under cultivation.

89. The average rain·full necessary for the crops in this Mahal is from 25 to 35 inches and the average fall during the 138t ten years amounted to 23 in' ches. 90. The cultivators are Ahirs, Karadias, Sheikh!', Maleks, Kunbis, Pathans, Brahmins and 1l.8 I am informed, many of them are not so painstaking anti perse­ vering in their work as they are expected to be and therefore something need· ful is required to be done in that direction.

91. The water in the Saraswati and the Somat, the former of which flows on the west and north of the Mahal and the latter on the east and south­ east of the Maha], remains flowing throughout the year unless there is scanty rain in the preceding year.

92. The climate of Sutrapada i~ on the whole healthy except that of that l!ABALwAR ( 50 ) CHAPTER DESCRIPTION". In.

part which is in close vicinity of the Gir forest where the ~limatic effect 19 generally unwholesome.

(12) CHOR WAD.

93. Chorwad Mahal is sitllated at the distance of about 40 miles in the south of J unagadh city. It is bounded on the north by Malia Mahal, on the south by the Arabian Sea and Verawal Mahal, on the east by Yerawal and Patan Mahals and on the west by Mangrol Villages.

94. This Mabal abounds in many shadowy trees and is blooming with green vegetations which add a peculiar charm and magnificence to the scenery with which the whole Mahal is profusedly f~woured.

~5. The average rain·nll1 in the last ten years is SO inches which is also necessary for the crops.

96. The soil of this Mahal is generally Goradu. Tn certain parts Rl1.tad soil is met with. The .MahaI is generally in no way inferior in fertility. The baret.crops are thriving and the pit-crops are also good and plentitul. The number of wells in this Mahal is proportionately adequate to the true require­ ment and the Gadll and Kadaya canals h'1ve supplied the Mahal with additional means of irrigating the Jands. By the water of Gadu canal the land in Vishan­ vel, I\:anek and Chorwud is irrigated and by the water of Kadaya canal. the land of KadaYlll Moti Dhanej, Nani Dhanej and BhaIJduri is irrigated. All these means have enabJed the Chon'ad MaLal to have at a time pit crops in not less than 10,000 bighas of land. Out of nearly 32500 acres of arable land about 29107 acres are yearly brought under tht-: plough. 97. The climate of this Mahal is moat healthy and cheering. There is nothing special about the commerse in Chorwad. (13) VADAL;

98. The Vadal MaLal is bounded on the north by Gondal and Setpur, villages, on the 'vest by Gondal villages and Vanthli Mahal, on the south by Vanthli Mahal and the mount Girnar, and on the east by Bhesan Mahal and Uanpur villages.

99. The area of the Mahal is 101i square miles and under it there are in aU 35 villages. This Mahal is contiguous to the mount Girnar and some of its border villages have an advantage of sharing in the charm and richness of the scenery which beautifully adorns the illustrious mount Girnar and its surroun<1ings, but this advantage is counter-balanced by a corresponding disadvantage of the unwholesome climate resulting from the dampness, the natural incidents of the vicinity of dense and thickly wooded valleys; but as we go further into the interior of the Mahal we find the climate healthier and healthier. 100. The average rain-fall in the last ten years is 28 inches. The :n'erage rain·fall necessary for good crops is ~5 inches. The soil of VadalAbhal :rvIAHAL WAR ( 51 ) DESCRIPTION. CIIAPTBB III.

·is generally rich and of good productive power .. The kinds of the soil and faults that are generally found in it are Kadi, Kobu, Kharu, Kharech, Dharod, Naliu, 11rown, Lolsawali, Ratad and Rechack.

101. As far as the agricultural advantage is concerned, Vadal Mahal en­ joys almost the superiority of the situation with the Yanthli, Kutiana. and Bhe· san Mahala, although each of these lo.tter Maha.ls has besides this, ma.ny otheJ; peculiar and special advantages of its own. The cultivators are mostly Kunbis whose traditional occupation is cultivation and who are always diligent in the agricultural pursuits and are credit to their profession. In 1891, 16450 acres were cultivated and 130 acres of arable land was uncultivated. In the year 1901, 16500 acres are brought under the plough and 80 acres arable are not cuI· ti ra ted-a very satisfactory result taking into consideration the disastrous el~ feet of the famine.

102. Vadal and Mazevdi may be mentioned, though not with any specia­ lity about them, as having some good grain-merchants, but besides this there is nothing worth recording as regards commerce in this Mahal.

103. Vadal Mahal although possessing all the means favourable for the pit crops, had not, till now, seen, like many other Mahals, their full development but in the last fa.mine the practical and mature experience of your honour had, with signal snccess equipped almost all the Mahals with the well developed means for the growth of the pit crops such as the digging of the numbers of wells in proportion to the area of land fit for the growth of pit ~rops and the starting of the canal-works for irrigation purposes. The Vadal Mahal has shared this boon with other Mahals to the extent of securing good many puckc& and kucna wells and now with a little more encouragement to the agricultural ehss with a view to give a fair field to competitiun, as is recommended by Mr. Govardhandas Indraji the Vahiwatdar of the place, there is every chance for Vadal Mahal to expect a better prospect in future.

( 11) KESHOD.

104. The Kesbod mahal is bounded on the north by Vanthali mahal, on the south by Malia and Sheel Maha]s, on the east by Malia mahal, and Mendarda villages and on the west by Balagam mahal.

105. The total area of the Keshod mahal is 100~ equare miles. There is no any special charm attached to the aspect of the 'Mahal. The clusters of mango and other kinds of trees afford, at places, some pleasing sight but on the whole there is no such beauty of scenery as to need any special mention.

106. The kinds of the soil and the faults in it that are found in this 'Mahal are chiefly-(l) Kadi (2) Kobu (3) Dharcid. The very possession of the inferior order of the soil generally shows the inferiority of the Mahal in fertility. The baret crops are not generally very thriving in Keshod Mahal, but they a.re of M.urALWAB ( 52 ) CHAPTER lIT. DESCRIPTiON. ordinary' kind, yielding, in'majority of cases, not more than average quantity of produce. 101. The average rain fall necessary for the crops is 25 to 30 inches. The water in rivers Sabli~ Badodri, Tilori and Noli that flow in this Mabal does not remain throughout the year but is dried up before or aboutHoli time, and hence for pit erops they'do not serve any useful purpose.

108. The cultiva.tors are Kunbie, Mumnas, Meirs, Khants, Kalis, Ghanchis, Aboti.Brahmins, Ahers and as far as my informations go excepting the Kunbie and Mumnas, rest are not very well industrious in their work.

109. The climate of Keshod is good. As regards commerce there is no· thing note·worthy in this mahal.

(15) BA1AGAM.

110. Balagam mahaI is bounded on the north by BatwI; on the west by Kutiana. mahal, on the south by Sheel mahal and on the east by Keshod Mabal. The area. of this Mahal is about 97~ square miles and under it there are a.bout 20 villages.

111. The possession of the Ghed soil covering the large area is thE.' Bpe'Cia.­ lity of this Mahal. Ghedor low.lying land extending from 8 to 10 miles from sea.shore is thlLt pa.tt near Balaga.m and Sheel which is inundated during the rainy season alid looks like 0. swa.mp. That portion of Ghed which remains cover­ ed with water till March and April is caned Bel and that portion which remains covered with water during the flood times but becomes dry immediately with the disappearanoe of the flood is called Ohhel. In rainy season the Ghed soil being all round covered with water of three rivers Ozat, Uben and Sabli looks like a large lake and interposes as a barrier separating this part of the country with the rest and rendering it unapproachable except by means of boats. 112. The crops in the Ghed soil are produced and fostered not by rain­ water falling at certain interva.ls as is the case with the crops of other ordinary soils but as the Ghed soil is low-lying land, flood. water collects itself on it and passes through all the strata keeping the soil wet and in a. fit state for foster­ ing the plants. Thus for good haryest in Gbed, scanty rain is favourable, pro­ vided a.t least one flood has inundated the soil. 113. The average fall during the last ten years amounted to 27 inches while that necessary for the crops throughout the Mahal is SO inches. 114., The prospect of Baret.crops in Ghed soil is shrouded with a greater 11ncetta.inty than that which is ordinarily counted upon. Success or failure there­ in vaties with the least variations in the rain.fall, which, if moderate secures the one and if excessive hastens the other. In these places, therefore, pit crops engage g~tet atten.tlon of the cultiva.tors. The rivers Ozat, Uben, and Sa.hli MAHALWAR ( '53 ) CHAPTER DESORIPTION. Ill. render great and material service in bringing up the pit.crops. The arable land in this Mahal is about 16500 acres. 115. The cultivators are Abirs, Kunbis, Kalis, Meirs, Luvanas, Sagars, Sindhis, Memons, Karadias, Rajputs, Rabaris, Kasbatis, &c. out of these Kunbis" Abirs are displaying great,zeal in' their vocations. , . 116. There is nothing special about commerce except that of ghee of the best quality.

(16) BAGDU.

11 '1. This Mahal is bounded on the north by the Mount Girnar and a p:J.rt of Bilkha, on the west by Vanthali villages, on the south by Mendarda. and Gir and on the east by BUkha. 118. The area of the Mahal is 961 square miles, and there are about 32 villages under it, The aspect of the Mahal is charming and its climate is wholesome The average rain·fall in the last ten years is 31 inches while that which is neeqed for t:Q.e rearing up' the baret crops is 22 inches',

119. The pit and baret crops in this Mahal are generally thriving and plentiful, There is.no· canal in this Mahal but the proportionately adequate number of wells enables it to have a.t a time the pit crops in 4,700 bighas of land. The arable land in 1891 A. ]). was ahout 14966 acres out of which 14475 Beres were brought under the plough and 491 acres of land was arable waste, 11) the year 1901 the toml area of arable 'land was 19570 acres (result of the actual survey subsequently made) out of which 19410 acres are cultivated lind 160 acres of land is )lot brought under cultivation.

120. The cultivators are chie:fiy Kunble and Ahirs who are very diligent lP. the ~ricul~qrlll pursuits. There is nothing particular about commerce.

( 17) }fAVAGADl{.

121. The Mahal Na"agadh, as its name sufficiently implies, dates its exis­ tence very recently from about 1879 4. :no thllot is after the separation of inte­ rests with Jetpur Bhagdar~,

122. The Mah.al is bounded on the north by Virpore and the villages of Jamnagar, o:q. the west by Gondal villages, on the south by Gondal villages and Jetpur villages !!ond oq. the east by Jetpure villages.

123. 'fhe area of the MahaI is 72M square miles. The Mahal with its gent- . , . . Jy risiq,g hills which a,.re faqnd scattered 01) its surface and the beautiful and lovely windings with their varmgated banks of the big rivers Bhadar and Uben which flow through the Mahal, presents a very delightful aspect. l'24. The soil of the Mahal is generally black, ramd, Kankrol, Dharod, :MaUn~ Bec4ek, Und etc. The soil is "\'err fertile and of good productive po,,'er. MAIULWAR ( 54 ) CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTION.

In the last ten years the average rain· fall in this Mahal is 28 inches and the average rain-fall necessary for the crops is 25 inches. The arable laRd in this Mahal is about 134258 acres and 33 gunthas, and all the arable land is yearly brought under the plough.

125. For pit crops there are about] 69 wells in the whole Mahal. There is no canal work started up till now. The water of the Dholia vokala near Panchpipla and Makhiyala. may be utilized for irrigation purposes if it is taken through a properly constructed canal. The level of the surrounding places has been taken but nothing further is done till now. The pit crops in this Mahal are produced in about 2000 acres of land. The cultivators are Kunbis, Kolis, Ghanchis, Memons, Sepais, Khants, Khojas, Banias, Valands, Kumbhars, Urahmins, Ahyars, Pinjaras, Sutars, Kadin, Sindhis etc. The Kunbis are very hard working and in dustrious in their work. The Khants and Kolis are the most idle class of cultiators.

126. The soil of this Mahal is utterly unfit for the growth of mango trees. There is nothing about the commerce in the Mahal requiring any special mention. 127. The climate of Nawagadh Mahal is healthy in the winter and sum­ mer but in monsoon it is rather damp. Navagadh is 0. very thinly populated place although large expenditure has been incured by the State to make it 11 thriving town.

C 18) VERAWAL.

128. This 1\1o.hal is bounded on the north !lnd west by Chorwad Mahal on the east by the Pamn Mahal and on the south by the Arabian Sea. 129. The area of the 'M.ahal is 67ii and under it there are 27 villages. The physical aspect of the Mahal is very cbarming and inviting to the eye. The Lili Nagher and the Arabian Sea with its mountain-high waves, that wash the southern side of the Mahal, impart a peculiar loveliness to its scenery.

130. The average rain-fall in the last ten years amounted to 23 inches and 44 cents the maximum fR.ll being of 50 inches and 34 cents in the yearR ]S99 and 1900 A. D. the minimum fall being that of 6 inches and 40 cents in the years 1898·1899 A. D. The rain necessary for the crops is from 25 to 30 inches.

131. The total area of arable land in 1891 was 13200 acres out of which 12300 acres were cultivated in 1891 and 900 acres were arable waste. In the year 1901 the total area of arable land is 16920 acres (result of actual survey) out of which 13360 acres are brought under the plough and 3560 acres are arable waste. 132. The pit crops in this Mahal are brought up by the water of the well which are 348 in number by which about 3220 acres are irrigated. T.here . is no ca.na.l in this Ma.hal. The cultivators are Abirs, Karadias, Kolis) MAHALWAR. '~ ... \ \ ( 1J3"', ' DESCRIPTION. C~~'i~._ ...... 'lIl~ ,'

Patnis, Halas, and Aagarias. These are fairly pulling on with their agricultural pursuits.

133. In Verawal Mahal the chief object of interest is Verawal town itsel£ It is next to Junagadh, the capitaJ town, in beauty and elegance of buildings and it enjoys a commercial superiority even over Junagadh itself. Looking from the commercial stand point of view it is most favourably. ·situated.

134. The Railway Traffic on the one hand and the brisk commerce carried on with the great and distant countries by sea. on the other, have made Vernwal an important place of commercial activity. It affords a fair field to the keen commercial competition to its wealthy and enterprizing mer· chants and inviting to its doors the commerce of the distant countries vives in commercial importance, with m:l.ny trading towns in India.

( 19) DUNGER.

135. The Dunger Mahal consists of 6 villages and the whole of the Girnar mount and its surroundings. The actual survey of the Dunger part is not made but its area is estimated at 25 square miles. The area of the villages in it is about 1520 acres.

136. The whole Mo.hal fully shares the pitcuresque beauty of the Girnar mount; its soil being generally hilly and Dharod, is inferiorin fertility. The climatic effect there is also not good.

137. The average rain-fall during the last ten years is 21 inches and that necessary for the crops is 25 to 30 inches.

138. In .this, Mahal pit crops are rare and not very thriving. Baret· crop is comparatively good; the cultivators are Kunbis, Kalis, Khants and Kumbhars. The Kunbis are industrious while the rest are more or less indolent.

139. The arable land in this Mahal is 6100 acres all of which had been brought under the plough in 1891 A •. D. In 1901 A. D. out of6700 acres of arable land 6120 acres have been brought under the plough and 580 acres. are arable waste.

140. There is nothing particular Il.bollt commerce.

(20) GADHAKDA

141. Gadhakda, 12 Kos from Bherai, is a yery small Mahal ha.ving only two villages under it viz:-Gadhakda and Padargadh. The latter is under the Jurisdictiona.l rights of Datha ThaDdar and hence the cen~ of Padargadh was not taken by us.

Bagat being garden-land no such separate description is necessa.ry about it. lfA.HALWAR ( 56 ) CHAPTER III. DESCRIPTlOll'.

. 142. Gadhakda is bounded all, the east by Likhala., Bhekra. 'and Khadsli on the west by Zabal and Badhada., on the north by I\undla., Jhill,zuda, and Pithawadi, arid on the south by Goradaka and Luwara,

143, Padargadh is bounded, 00, the east by K;undavi an,d Ghana, on the west by Gundarlla, on, the north by I\.hardi, and on the south by Bhaguda, BarcH. Bto,d Borda. 'l'he distance betwee.Q Gadhakda. 8,nd Padargad4 is 42 miles.

14.4. The aspect r(lUnd Gadha~da is hilly and the sUl"face of Pa,dar­ gadh is Hat

145. The soil of Gadhakda is inferior in fertility while the soil of Padarga,dh is compamtively good though not very fertile. The avel"Dtge rain.f~H in the last ten years is 25 inches and the average rain-fan necessary for, the crops in Gadha.kda is 30 inches and in Padargadh 25 inches. The culti­ vators of Gadh,a~da seem loathe to bring up pit crops, while those of Padargadh are wor~ing well in that direction~ In Gadhakdo" in all, there are ~5 wens by which 400 Bigb,as are irrigated. In Padargadh there are 22 wells by which, 200 Bighas are irrigated~ The water ill the rivers Fuljhar near Ga,dhakda. and Bagad near Padargadh remains Howing through, out the year~

l46. The cult~vators in Gadhakda are JimbiR, Abira, Kolis, :&anias, BrahlI\ans aQd MeIIlans~ T~e arable land in G~dhakda is about 4140 acres and ~lmost all of them are brought under the plough~ I~ Padlltrgadh all 1200 ~cres are yearly brought under the plough,

147. The state of Padargadh ~s compaJ;'D:tiyely sqperior in aU f.es~ect~ to that of Gadhakd~, MAHALWAR' ( 57 ) CSUTER III. DESCRIPTION.

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------I------I~~ It') ·s~uao ~ lQ ~ ~ ~ ~ ....t 0 0 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 bl)~ .~ I------t------~~~ ....t AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 58 ) CaAPTER IV . . DENSITIES AND ConARISON.

TABLE

Statement showing Area, Populations a.ud their ratio, the density.

Ratio to total Ratio to Populations. Area Name of the Total area popnlations. \In square ..... r.: Per d Q) • .... ,J:I Totu.1. Females. Percent. :;j Charges. miles. ,.. e Males. Jj::s m::s~ S cent. Z Z 1 2 3 4 5 , 8 9 - - 6 - Junagadh .29 18 84251 17848 16403 8.68 2 with Bagat. li+~t} Gadhakda. 17i .53 17 1745 893 852 ·44 22 1 Babariawad. 15820 4.81 5 15024 7844 7180 s.n 12 Una ...... 626 19.06 1 38204 19274 18930 9.67 1 Sutrapada ... lOB! 8.31 9 12670 6521 6149 3.21 16

Pattan ...... 1651~ 5.01 4 24882 12837 12045 6.30. 6 7 Verawal. ... 6716 2.04 16 25970 13039 12931 6.56 5 Chorwad ••• I05i 3.20 10 12018 6209 5809 3.04 17

Malia ...... 135!!!16 4.14 7 16062 8287 7775 4.09 11

Keshod ...... 100~6 3.07 12 U583 7485 7098 3.67 13 Sheel ...... 129-& 3.94 8 14242 7224 7018 3.61 14

Balagam .... 97~16 2.98 13 11709 5923 5786 2.96 18

Vanthali .... 156! 4.75 6 31972 16052 15920 8.08 3

Vadal ...... 101! 3.09 11 17543 8983 8560 4.46 9

Nawagadh ... 72}9 Iii 2.22 15 8154 4133 4021 2.06 19

Bhesan ...... 192!!16 5.85 3 22816 11608 11208 5.76 8 Bagdu ...... 96i 2.93 14 13191 6683 6503 3.33 15

9 Visavadar .•• 20216 6.17 2 17309 8950 8359 4.42 10 Kutiuna .... 80302 14919 l5388 7.66 4 Gir ••• ... } Specially kepi 6824 3768 8056 1.73 20 Dungar ... 1447 blank. 2544 1097 1.64 21 Ml.\n~rol .•• 23418 11797 11616 5.92 7 895428 201724 193704 100.00 I- • The Shah pur division IS AREA, POPu]'ATIONB, ROUSES, ( 59 ) CHAPTER IV. Dr~NsITIES AND COMPARISON.

NO.1. and the number of villages and houses ill eaoh charge·

Vil- Density. Rntio Houses. Ratio lages in per cent per cant each Average number of of occu- of unoc· charge . persons per pied to cupied to as for Tota]. Occu- Unoc· total occupied census Occu- pied. cupied. houses. houses .. Village Square purpose mile pied house. 10 I 11 12 - 15 16 17 18 13 ~ - 14629 8986 5643 61.42 62.79 1 34251 8501.02 8.87

484 434 0 100. I 0 1 1745 99.71 4.02 7689 4788 2851 62.67 59.54 60 300.48 95.05 3.13

20783 10149 10634 48.83 104.77 148 258.13 . 61..02 3.76

5233 3137 2096 59.94 66.81 38 333.42 116.50 £.03

8334 5822 2512 69.85 43.14 59 421.72 1~O.70 4.27

8323 5117 3jJ06 61.48 62.65 .27 961.85 385.09 5.07

5022 2828 2194 56.31 77.58 31 887.67 114.27 4.18

7954 3893 40'6L 48.94 104.31 37 434.10 118.15 4.12

7227 3357 3870 46.45 115.28 27 540.11 144.62 4.34

6858 3601 3257 52.50 90.44 40 356.05 109.87 3.95

5430 2915 2511 53.68 86.27 20 585.45 119.55 4jOl

16087 7608 8479 47.29 11 1.44 49 666.08 204.73 4.22

5367 4243 1124 79.05 26.49 35 , 515.97 172.41 4.13. 4864 1900 2464 43.53 129.68 14 582.42 111.70 4.29

12226 5186 7040 42.41 135.75 46 496. 118.64 4.39

7454 3106 4348 4.1.66 139.98 32 399.72 136.87 4.24

8944 3961 4983 44.28 125.80 61 283.75 85.45 4.36

1402!J 7581 6441 04.06 84.~6 52 582.73 >. 3.99 =~~ .~ 0.. ~ 2403 1543 860 64.21 55.73 21 324.95 o Q) d 4.42 ~~;a 1544 686 858 44.43 123.61 6 424.' (S) 3.70 8837 5168 3669 5850 70.93 23 975.54 4.52 179114 96009 183i0'5 SiS I ama]gamated. ARIA., POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 60 ) CHAPTl!IR IV. DENSITIES AND OOMl'ARISON. r

Chapter IV.

Area, Populations, Houses, Densities &%0. and their oo:oaparllon with the Feceding doc~de.

1. The population of the whole J unagadh State, according to the enumeration taken in the present Census of 1901, including the tloating population and the population of the Rail Wfl, y line running through J unagadh territories, is a total of a95,*~ soqls, IIlade up of 201124 males and 193704 females.

~. The whole area of the Junagadb territories is J!01~ghly estimated at _3283 s~ual'e miles,. but the survey operations have· not been carried on through.. out the· territories, and I\utiana Mahal, the Dungar and its sun'auuding places, Gir :Mahal and Gir J qogle and sQme pa.rts of Vis3.,'adar and Suo trapada still :feIQaill . to be surveyed "nd it is. 'quite conceivable that, Whell the true q,gures of the arello of these Mahala and places bn.ye been arrived at, these, together with the true figures of the area of ~angrol and its suang villages, will swell up the itbove figure of 3283 square n~iles to aboqt 4000 or 5000 squllire ~iles~

3. I have thought it fit to avoid recording all those calcu~tions rego.rding those, Mah&ls ~nd the parts, which can entirely be based on the figures of their area, because, without knowing the correct figures of their area, the caiculatiolls ba.sed OQ very roqgh figures, do :Qot gi ve ~IlY accurate idetl. of the particulars' intended to be sub~itted, but on the contrarYI the result of comparison someti~es see~s mislead~ng and there ~s 3 po$Sible :risk of the trqe state being mis-apprehended. I have careftdly, therefore,: guarded m,yself, to the best of my understanding, ~g~inst such 0. risk. This explq,ins why the columns 2, 3, 4 and 17, in the accompanyiqg ~Qle I, witl~ respect to the ~bove said charges ar.e ..left blallk.

4t limy let us adver.t to the s~te of thiqgs tha.t the aooorqpa.nyinif table I, represents, and tQ the reflections it· suggests. This table I, gives the ()hargewa1' infqrmationa about the particqlars of great impor~nc~. The column ~ givea the l),1"ea in square miles of eacq ch:~rge and the column 3, gives the ratio of the area of each charge to the total area of the whole State;. the column 4 gives the order~ccording to which the charges arr~nge t~ell\Belves with respect to their comparative si2ie. ~ooking to the comparative size of ~ach Mah~l in the taQle I, it will appear that Una ~ahal is t4e largest Mahalof the Junagadq State, bearing a percentage of 1~.06 to the total area of the whQ}~ Stat.e and Gadhakda !4ahal is the smallest Mahal, bearing the per~ cen~ge of ~53 to the total area. The Junagadh city together with the Btlgat part, bears a percentage qf .29 to the 'Yho1e area, lY~le J'~~~dq clty l~seff, Q~n a percentage of .03, to the ~otal ~~e!h .. . . . AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 61 ) OHAPTER DENSITIES AND COMPARISON. IV.

6., Dividing the: Mahala: with: respect to th~ir area into' n:ive classes vizt ..... The: Maha}s; having the' a.rea; (1) above 500 square mileS', (2) bet· ween 50() and 20() sq1ia:re mile&1 (3) betw'een 2.00 and: 100' equare: m~Iie$l, (4) between 100 a.nd 50 square' miles a.nd (5) below 50' square: miles" 'We hav'e the following classifications:-

I Area itt Class. Number. Name of Mahals. square mileS'.

.. _ .. " ' " ] 1 Un~. 6,26

I 'II 1 " Visavadar.- 20'2& - .. -.. ' 16 III 1 Bhesan. 192'16

~ ; 2 , ~. Pattan. 165~ ,j ' 1 3 Babariawad. 15820 4 Vanthall. 1561 5 MaHa. 135!!16 , i' 6 Shee!. 1291 ; r 1 Sutrapada. lOS!

8 Chorw~d" 105t

9 Vada!. lOll, 4

10 Keshod, ~ 100!.., 6

, " ' " ',',. . _" ....·.5:5S ;

IV 1 Balagam. 97!!.16 ~ Bagadu. 961 15 3 Nawagadh. 7219' 7 ~ I Veraval 67if"

. o_'. ,," -~'" '" .. ., ',., ._ ; ..... ,', .... ' ......

V J I ; '. Gadhakda~ I Hi , 2 Bagat. 81 3 Junagadh~ Ii

.,;.~ , .. , " ... : ... " , 6. When the true figures of Gir, Kntiana., Mangrol and Dungar be knqwn, most probably, Gir and Kutiana. will fall under c~a.ss 17 ~angrol \l~del' p'~; H ,p.d, DUR-gar ~nder class Y. a1D; POP'ULATlONB, HoUSEs, ( 62 ) CHAPTEB ~s .AND OOIlPABISON. IV.

1. The column 5th of table I, gives the Ohargewar total population, the column 8th gives the ratio which the population of each charge, bears to the total population of the whole State, and the column 9th gives the order in which the charges stand to one another with respect to their populations. Una Mahal even in this respect, as in that of comparative size, stands fore· most, with a popUlation of 38204 souls, bearing a percentage of 9.67 to the total population of the State while the Gadhakda Mahal comes last (as is

the case also in respect of comparative size) having If, population of 1745 souls and bearing a percentage of .44 to the total population of the whole State. The J unagadh city together with Bagat contains a population of 34:251 and bears a percentage of 8.68 to the total population and the Junagadh city itself, having a population of 33621 souls, bears a percen~ age of 8.5 to the whole popUlation of the State.

8. With a view, to at once see, what charges come nearer to one another as regards the population, if we class them under five heads viz: cha.rges having the population of (1) above three thousands, (2) between three thousands and two thousands, (3) between two thousands and fifteen· hundred, (4) between fifteen-hundred and one-thousand and (5) below one· thousand, the result is as under:-

Serial Class. Name of charges Population. Number

I 1 Una. 38204

2 J unagadh with Bagat. 34251

3 Vanthali. 31972 I 4 Kutiana. 30302 II 1 Veraval. 25970

2 Pattan. 24882

3 Mangrol. 23413

4 Bhesan. 22816 - HI 1 VadaI. 17543

2 Visa,Fadar. 17309

3 Malia. 16062 I 4 Baba.ria.wad. 15024 AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 68 ) CHAPT.BB IV. DBNSITIES, AND COMPARISON,

IV 1 Keshod. 14583

2 Shee!' ]4242

3 Bagdu. 13191

4 Sutrapada. 12670

5 Chorwad. 12018

6 Balagam .• 11709

y 1 Navagadh. 8154

2 Gir. 6824

3 Dungar~ 2544

4 Gadhakda. 1745

9. The column 10th of the table I, gives the total number of houses per -..:na:-t""-io-=Percent of occupied Ieach charge, the columns 11th and 12th give the to total buildings. number of occupied and un·occupied houses respec .. tively. 'j'he total number of houses in the whole Junagadh State was estimated to be 179114 out of these 38251 were the houses in the towns and 140863 in villages. Out of the total number of houses 96009 houses were occupied out of which 23264 houses were in towns and 72745 in villages and 83105 houses were unoccupied out of which 14983 were in town's and 68122 in villages. 10. Column 13 of the table I, gives the ratio percent of occupied houses in ' each charge to the total houses in the same and the column 14 of the table gives the ratio percent of the occupied houses to the un.occupied houses. Dividing all the charges into 4 classes viz. those having occupied houses, bearing "ratio to the total houses of, (1) above 70 percent, (2) between 70 percent and 60 per· cent, (3) between 60 and·50 percent and (4) between 50 and 40 percent, we have the following order:-

Serial Ratio Percent of occupied Class. Number. Name of charge. I to total houses. I. 1. Gadhakda. 100. 2. Yadal. 79.05

II. 1. Pattan. 69.85 2. Gir. 64.21 3. Babariawad. 62i7 4. Verawal. 61.48 I 5. Junagadh. 61.42 ARBA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 64 ) DENSITIES, AND OOHPARISON. CJuPTlm IV.

III. 1. Sutrapadlh 59.• 94 2. Mangrol. 58.5

3. Chorwad. 56.31 4. Kutiana. 54.06 5. Balagam. 53.68

6. Sheel. 52.5

lV. 1. },Ialia. 48.94 2, Una. 48.83

3, Vanthali. 47.29 •• Keshod. 46.4~ 5. Dunger, 44.43 6. Visayadar. 44.28 r. Navagadh, 43.53

8, Bhesan. 4~.41

9. Bagadu1 4l.66

II. From the above, it will appear, that Gatbakda has all the houses OCt cupied.· This ~t the :first sight appears startling but the fact is, that the charge Superintendent there did not number !lony of the houses that were un.occupied, because, on proper inquiry in the matter during my inspection tour there, I ~eamt that GadhaMa be~ng out-of~the·way place, he did no~ expect any of the lIn.occupied houses to be inhabited at the time of' final enumeration aDd it prac~ tically :prowd to be so, If we take 100 to be the total number of houses in each pharge tlIen, (1) in VadaI charge 79 houses are occupied IUld 2~ -qn.occupied, (2) In th~ ch!lorges of 2nd class, from 70 to 6Q houses are occ~pied and fro~ ~O to 40 hous~s un· occupied, (3) In the charges of 3rd class, fnom 60 to 50 houses are occupied and 40 to 50 houses un~o~cupied, (4) In the charges of 4t~ ~l~ss, 5Q to 49 houses are occupied ~nd 50 to 60 houaes are un·occupied.

12~ rhe column 14 of the table I, gives the ratio· p~rcent of un~ccupied ~ouses in each charge to t4e occupied houses of the same. If we arrange the charges in fiye classes viz those. having the ratio percent of the unoccupied houses to the occupied houses, (I) below 60, (2) between 60 and 10 (3) betweeI\ yo ~p.d 80 (4) between 80 and 100 (5) above 109, we have the result ~s undefi- AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 65 ) CHAPTER DENSITIES, AND COIIIPARISION. IV.

Serial Class. Name. IRatio percent of un-ocenpied Number. to occupied houses.

I. 1. Vadal. 26.49 '2. Patan. 43.14

3. Gir. 55.73 4. Babariawad. 59.54

II:.. 1. Verawal. 62.65 2. Junagadh with Bagnt! 62.79 8. Sutrapada. 66,81

I II! Ill. I I, Mangrol. 70.93 2. Chorwad. 77,58 I •. IV, I! Kutiana. 84.96

~. Balagam, 86.27

3. Sheel. 90.44

I .' -. v. 1· Malia. 104.31 2. Una. lO4.7T

3. Vanthali. 111.4*

4. Keshod. 115.2S

5. punger. ~23.61

6. Visavadar. 125.80

7.• Navagadh. 129.68

8. Bhesan. 135.7~ 9. Bagdq. 139.98 ... " - Note. In Gadhakda, as all the houses ret~rned are occupied, n,othin~ could hI) rccord~ ed in this column about it.

13. The above table tells us that, if we ~ssurpe one hundred to be the AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 66) CHAPTER IV'. DENSITIES, AND COMPARISON, number of occupied houses per each charge then per each hundred occupied houses, (1) in the charges, of the first class, the number of un-occupied houses is below sixty, (2) in the charges of 2nd class, the number of un-occupied houses is between sixty and se,·enty (3) in the charges of 3rd class the number of unoccupied houses is between seventy and eighty, (4) in the charges of 4th class, the number of unoccupied houses is between eighty and hundred and (5) in the charges of 5th class, the number of un-occupied houses is above hundred.

14. The reason, why the ratio of the un-occupied houses to the occupied houses in some of the charges appears high, is that in villages there are many houses built of mud-walls for housing cattle, which may more fitly be desc:ri bed as cattle-shades rather than the houses as defined in the Census code and there is never even the remotest possibility of their being ever inhabited. But the charge Superintendents, I have personally marked, to atroid the least risk or res­ ponsibility coming upon them, invariably have thought it safe to number almost all the houses of whatever descriptions, without troubling themselves with the con­ sideration of the possibility or otherwise, of their being inhabited at the time of the final enumeration. This precaution-if we may call it so-on the pl\rj of the charge Superintendants is, to a great measure, responsible for seemingly low percentage of <;Iccupied to the un-occupied houses. Another reason explaining the same state of things is, that in villages many cultivators are in habit of tern", J)orary residing in their field$ and Vadas to keep watch over the crops, le:n'ing their houses locked up. Labourers, too, are in the habit of residing in the huts near the work they are engaged in, and so their houses remain un-occupied. All these reasons satisfd.ctorily account for the low ratio of the occupied to the un-occupied houses.

15. Turningto the column of density in the table I, we find for each charge, in the column 15th the number of viUages-, in the column 16th average llumber of persons per village, in the columh 17th average number of persons per square mile, and in the column 18th average number of pers(Jns per occupied house.

,16. What ought to be the density per square' mile of a country, 0. town or a village to be properly styled dense, thin" sparse &c., depends upon the circllmstances of each sllch country, town or village and no general applica­ tion, invariable in its nature, could be attempted.

] 7. Varied cogent considerations arise, such as habits of the people, ~limate. geographical and other peculiar circumstances before deciding on the ratio deci~endi for different grades. I

. lB. Taking into consideration all the circumstances which are thus to be i~nted upon, the following different grades of density may be laid down for oiif~e. l .. Dense ...... over 400 souls;per square mile. t.:' ::Fairly dense ... between 400 and 200 souls per square mile .

.~ '" AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, . (67 ) CuAPTER IV. DENSITIES AND COMIIARI'80N.

3. Average ...... ~tween 200 and 100' souls per square mile. 4. Thin ...... between 100 and 7;) souls per square mile. 5. Sparse ...... below 75 souls per square mile. . U. In accordance with the above test we have the following classifica­ tions.

Serial Name. Density per square mile. IGrade of density. Number.

Dense. 1 Junagadh city wlth Bagat. 35'01'02

Fairly Dense. 2 Verawal. a:S5'09

3 Vanthali. 204·73

A,·erage. 4 Yadal. 172'41

5 Patane 150'70

S Keshod. 144'62

7 Bagdu. i36'87

8 Balagam. 119'55

9 Malia. 118'15

10 Bhesan. 118'19

11 Sutrapada. 116'50

12 Chorwad. 114'27

13 Nawagadh. 111'70

14 Shil. 109'S7

Thin. 15 Gadhakda. 99'71

16 Babariawad. 95'05

17 Visa\'adar. 85'45

Sparse. 18 Una. 61'02 - .

20. Being not in possession of the figures of the area of Gir, Kutiana, Dungar and Mangrol, I have not been able to gl'ade them accol'ding to the density in the above table. 21. Taking the above grade as the standard we find that the popu· lation of the whole J unagadh State is " average" as it gives 120·44 persons per square mile. AREA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, CHAPTER IV. DENSITIES AND COMPARISO~.

Table NO. II.

Comparative statement showing comparison between the populations of 1891 and 1901 in different provinces !1nd States oflndia.

, Difference between population of 1901. Population of 1891. 18~1 anq 1901, Provillces and States. ~!1.1es. Females. Total. 1\'[ales. Femf1.1es, Total. Nu.mber. Percent.

>' I 1 I 2 ! 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 7 I 8 I 9 Ajmir-Mar- war ~50721 225609 476330 288325 254033 542358 -6602~ ~12:17

Berar 13941071 1358311 2752418 1491500 1405540 28a7040 -144(\22 -4,99

Bombay-Pre .. sidency 9595805 8988691 1.8584496 9779743 90935991887a342 -288846 -1'53,

(A) Bombay 7804931 7525535 15330466 8180239 77;7250115957489 -627023 -3:93

(B) Sindh 1762794 1450114 3212808 1568500 1303184 2871774 +341034 +11'88 (C) Aden 28180 13042 41222 301114 13165 44079 -2857 -6·48

Central-Pro- vinces ~841872 5003446 9845318 5397304 5386990 10784294. -·938976 -8'71 Hydrabad 5664772 5510125 11174897 5873129 5663911 11537040 -362140 -3'14 .~ .1" . Barpda 1007944 942983 19p0927 1252983 1162413 ' 2415396 -464469 -19'23

Rajputana 5167640 ~p73392 9841032 6353488 5662614 12016102 -2175070 -18 1 OentralIF- dilt 43572215 4144658 8501883 539p536 4923~76 103l881~ -1816929 -17' 5 Native Sta- tj;ls of BQmbay 350497~ 3386716 6891691 4120125 3939173 805829~ -1167607 -14'4\1 States under Central Pro- VInces 982823 1000673 1983496 1089011 1071500 21605q -177015 -8'19 Total Num- ber of 8tates under Agency 32465697 307 Hi8'f2. ; 63181569 34184557 3+865922 6605P479 -28~8910 -4'34 Total Num- ber for the 14~9063!9 144?60352 I294266701 146768527 140548721 287317048 +694975~ +2'42 ,-whole of India, 22. I regret that it has fallen to my lot to compile the result, which stands Comparison between 18711 very low in comparison to that obtained in the Census 1881-1891 and IDOL of '1891 A. D. It seems however, to have been the lQt of many officers engaged in Cellsus duty ~n. different province~ and states AREA, POPULATIONS, HouSEs, ( 69 ) CHAPTER IV. DENSITIES A~D COMPARISON. of India. Famine and pestilence are mostly responsible for this. The population of our State shows the decrease of 88,762 or 18'35 percent. The population has fallen oft'in Bombay Presidency and many States and Talukas have con­ tributed their quotta of share to that diminution. The total population of the Bombay Presidency in 1891 A. U. wa.s 18873342 and in this Census it is 18584496 which give~ the decrease of 288846 souls or 1'53 per cent . .The populati~n of Baroda State in the year 1891 A. D. was 2415396 and in the present. Censns it is found to be 19509~7 showing the falling off of 464469 or 19.23 per cent. Ajmir show!! the decr~se of 12'17, Central Provinces of S'71, Rajputana of IS'I, Central India. of 17'5 a.nd the liative States of Bombay of 14.49 per cent &c., &0.

23. The accompanying table II gives the decrease in population that various provillces and states &c.,show, from which it is evident that the decrease fs general and on the whole the total population of the whole India represents 1).11 increa.se simply of 2'42 per cent which is in fact too insignificant to, be rejoiced ~t.

24. Below I gire the table showing the state of things In 1871·1881~ l89·l and 1901, ABBA, POPULATIONS, HOUSEs, ( 70 ) DENSITIES !:ND COllPUISON. CHAPTER IV'.

OOOOO~OO~~~OO~~~OO=~=~~~h ~~~~~~~~oo~~ ~~oo~~~~~~~ I~ ~~~~~~~~ci~~ci~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~OO~ ~~= ~~ M ~~~~ ~ +111111+111+11+11111 ~I l I·

~~~~~~oo~~~~~~~~OO-~ I~ ~ooooo~~~~~~o~~~o~o~~ ~ ~~~~6~~o~~~~~~6~~~~ lC';l (;'1 ~~M~~~~~~~-~~~~+++++++++++++++++++ -~~ +

.S

------~--~~--I ~~~m~~~~~~~=~~~~~~~1 -~ ~h~~~~OO~OO~~~~~~~~~ OO~ O~~~~~OO-~-~~OO~~M~~~ 00 ~ ~~-~~~oooo~~~~-~~~~ol ~oo ~ ~~~M~~MM =-~~M ~ --

~~O~~~~~~~OO~~~Oh-~~ ~~~~~~~~~o~~~~-oo~~­ oO=O~OO~O~~-~hO~~~h~ o~~O~~OOOO~.M~-~~~~~ ~ ~~M-~~_~_~~~~M ~ AREA, POPULATIONS, ROUSES, ( 71 ) CaAPTER IV. DENSITIES, AND COMPARISON.

25. Now let us turn to the comparison table No. III and analyze the result. The table marks the fiuctu!l.tions that the population of every charge under went every declde from 1871 A. D. to 1901 A. D. and gives the comparative difference per decade and finally gives the net variation between 1871 & 1901.

26. The result of comparison between 1871 and 1881 shows an in­ crl!ase in populations in Junagadh City, Babariawad, Una, Patan, Verawal, Malia, . Keshod, Yadal, N:wagadh and Visavadar, the increase ranging between 26 per cemt and 22 per cent; while there is a falling oft' of populations in Dunger; Gaclhakdll, ~utrapada, Chorwad, Shil, Balagam; Kntiana, Ma.ngrol, Van thali , Bhe!lan and Bagdu and the decrease ranges between 32 per cent and 21 per cent.

27. The result of comparison between 1881 & 1891 is 'most satisfactory. There is 110 falling oft' of populations but every' charge shows an increase which ranges between 54 percent and 2 per cent.

28. But the decade under review has almost nndone what was nc' comp1ished till no,v and has almost put us thirty years back. The city of Junagadh has held its own very strongly against the scourge and has maintain­ ed the increase in population throughout from 1871; to IDOl, the net increase between these 30 years being of 14,226 souls or 71'04 per cent. Simi. larly Verawal has also shown increase throughout last thirty years, the net increase between those years being of 5914 souls or 29'42 per cent. Review­ ing the net variation from 1871 to 1901, besides Jurmgadh and Verawal, Patan, Chorwad, Malia, Balugam, }\:eshod, Mangrol, Vanthali, Vadal. Nawa­ gadh, Bhesan, and Visavadar show increase in population which varies from 42 per cent to.·O 1 per cent.

29. Excepting these charges) all the other charges show, as a net re­ sult of comparison bJtween 1871 and 1901, a fJ.lling off ill popUlation vary­ ing from 41 per cent to 9 per cent. The total population of' the whole J una­ gadh State in 1871 was estimated at 3,82,053 souls, in 1881 at 3}84,293 lIouls,in 189t at4,84,1908011ls, while in 1901 at 3,95,428 souls. '.thusthe difference between the years 187 Land 1881 shows the increase of 2240 souls or 58 per cent, the difference between the years 1881 and 1891 shows 'the increase of 99,897 souls or 25'99 percent, the difference between 1891 and 1901 shows the falling off of88,762 souls or 18'35 per cent, while the net variation between 1871 and 1901 showi:l an increase of 13,375 souls or 3'50 per cent.

:10. Taking the progressive state of the world into consideration and also making due allowance for preventive and positive checks upon the in· crease·of population, the increase per decade in the population, under all fa­ vourable auspices is estimated at 10 per cent. Thus according to this stan­ dard, in _the last thirty years we ~hould expect the increase of 30 percent or of AREA., POPlI{.A.TIONS, HOUSES, ( 12 ) DENSITIES' AND COMPARISON,

114615'9 souls that is in 1901 we should have thepopulatio.n of 4,9-6,668'9 soula and in fact we have the population of 3,95,428 SQuls, thus we are falling short of the result which ought to be arrived at in the natural oourse of things, by the population' of 1,01,240 souls. This is the result, if we count from Itl71 direct. But if we weve to apply the said standard to the result we ,hl\ve in 1891, th~n according to the standard under consideration there should be the in­ crease of 10 percent or 48,419 80uls; that is in 1901 we should have the popula­ tion of 5132A609 souls and in fact we have ill 19Q1 tqe popu,lq.tioD, of 8,,95,.28 souls. Thus there is the deficit oq,37,181 souls.

31. There are 80 many causes operating to bring about the fiuctliatlona in The

32. 411 these five caqses can be s~id to have in~uenced, more or ~ess, the r-esult -qnder cQ~sideJ.1q.tion as reg~ds our Stq.te.

33.,. The first cavse inv~riably exists tn all t~e coqntries, at all times ~nd ages and under all circumstances, of course tqe resultant of tqe two co~nter­ acting forces vq.ries with the different cons*utions of socities. and their en­ "VirQn~epts, aqd guiding ~rinc~~les. 84, The power of increase in humaq apeoies is infinite and the actual , ' :multiplication would be extraordinarily rapid if it~ exercise is allowed ",ithout it being i~ any wq.y cqecked. The cqecks that keep down the rapid increll-se of population are known as positive chec\ a[\d preventive or prudential check. Mr. Malthqs iq his assll-Y. has discussed at le:qg~ th~s subject which is really fnteresting. :fo~ our present purpose we 'Vould examine the question a& far as it relates to the C\rcut:qstances of tqe coqntry aqd the pqnditions and the views qf tqe people.

~5. The ~rst of tqe above five CaUSf3E1 directly hears ~elation with t~e consideration only of the preventive or pr~dential cqeck, while the 2nd and ard causes viz famine and epidemic diseases wiII ~eaq. us to the consider-atioll pf the positive check .. Now confining ourselves, fqr *e present, to the cq~­ side~tion of preventive or nrlldential check, we can generally say tha.t it is m6stly non-existent on this side of the country, but o~ tqe contrary the attitude o~ the peoBle, is directly in t4e opposite direction. M.ll-rriage ABEA, POPULATIONS, HOUSES, ( 73 ) CHAPTER IV.- DENSITIES AND COMPAIUSON. is not only a. favourite subject of' all the Hindu. people of whatever rank or status in life, but as it has been deemed Il. religious necessity, no other considerations, however weighty:. will induce even a poorest man to do so much as to postpone a marriage. Generally the people are fatalists and their inability to maintain their wives and c.hildren and the consequent loss of comforts &c. a.re~·he coru;iderations which would not only never cross their mind but on the other 'hand, it would be simply looked upon as a. piece of cowardice even to embark on su.ch considerations. The poor while doting after marriage thinks .that "God never sends mouths but he sends meat" and they are heard to Sl\Y that it is the operation of natural propensity and that a man has neither the voice nor choice ill the matter.

36. Thus the preventive or the prudential check has II no operative effect on this side of the country. The governing motive in the recommendation of the said check is to keep up the normal growth of the population and at the $ame time to seCllre comfort and health for the people. The absence of this check, though seemingly appearing to multiply the population, ultimately brings about a melancholy result. Early marriages force upon women pre· }n.'1.ture maternity with a. result of breaking up their constitutions in the prime ot' their youth and the premature procreation of a Yery we:ik and sickly pro­ geny. The impt'udent rn!lorriages multiply children more tha.n the estimated :.,rea. of the country can maintllin and thus in the time of scarcity and fa­ JDine the population is kept down by actual starvation in spite of the stupendous efforts of the I.l>dministrations .. The sickly weQ.klings, t4e result of such ~ndiscriminate marriages, succumb themselves to death, thus unnecessarily swelling up the rate of mortality and they once for a time, showing a gain to the. number of population, simply contribute, at the next moment, to jncl'ease the percentage of decrease in the population.

37.' It is a well-known law of nature, that it "equilibriates and counter· balances", Whep the pru4ent~nJ or preventive check, seems unwisely to ha.ve been neglected and hence multiplication of human race becomes indefinite, the Providence puts a positive check on the abnormal increase of population with his irresistible and mysterious power, witJ~ a view to level it again to its normal state. This positive check comes in the shape of famine, epidemic, war &c. Which carry off the redundant growth by hundreds and thousands. At this stage of the world the Providence seemed to be under the necessity to employ all the me",~s simultaneously. Famine fJ.nd Fpid~IDic of uppFecedented kind pad scourged the country ~ruelly in t4e decennial period under reyjew. From 1891 4-. I). to 19P1 A.. D. there were many years of insufficient and irregular rains ~nd conseqq.ent scarcity of food and prevu.len~e of pestilence and diseases. Under these unfq.vourable circumstances ~any poorer people were simply limited to ac· tuaJ necessaries and to a bare sufficiency of these an4 it quite com~s within the . }lUman conception al!-d caJculation whap a world of evil was hurled upon the illhabitants of the earth by the severest famine of 1900 A. D. and far spreading pestilence of sweeping effect which closely followed it~ AREA, POPUJ,ATIONS, HOUSES, ( 74 ) CHAPTER IV. DENSITIES AND COMPARISON.

34. The state nobly and boldly combated with this dire famine and did aU in its power, nay more, to alleviate the distress of the famine-stricken by a well organized system of famine reliefs and thus saved the lives of the helpless multitude. But the develish maladies-cholera-dysentry-fe\Ter-fdriously rag1ng and devastating the country indiscriminately swept away thousands of the ill' ·habitants of all ranks and ol'ders and it is mostly ~sponsible for the ll!arked decrease in the population. Migration ·is not very significant a f.'l.ctor in the variation's in population, because, excepting certain class of people who carry .011 commerce with the distant countries, the generality of people :ire given to agriculture and so they are bound to tIle soil and are not in habit of stay­ ing away from their houses fur a considerable period of time. Thus general­ ly the immigrants and emigrants cancel themselves leaving no any perceptible surplus to swell up either side. Migration, thel'efore, .does not influence the result, under consideration to any appreciable extent.

39. The last cll:use ; accuracy of enumeration' may have its share how­ ever smafl of becoming instrnmental in bringing nbout the result under consi­ demtion· But when the foregoing el('ments preponderate over all others in setting 'off a great loss agninst the small gain of the past, of course all other minor causes do not !orce themselves upon om' consideration as tlie im­ pcrtant factors in the variations of the populations so much as they would otherwit;e haye done. But to be brief, it could be said that all the above cnu~e8 combinedly worked together tu bring about the stn.te of things under discussion. AREA, POPUJ.ATI~NS, HOUSES, ( 75 ) CIIAPTIm IV. DENSITIES, AND COMPARisON.

JllP'l1A'I1S!A CI1 0 0 1Q\1 .1m I:") 0 0 1-;;- np.§tlg .... 0 0 I_:_ 0 0 0 qpu.§uA'llN 0 1 u'CsaqH .... 0 0 1- ItlPtl A 0 '"i- 0 1- . UO!S!A!G 0 '- 'Buul~n}I 0 0 11:1:1 'Iluupn)J --0 0 ..., I~ C) 0 00 . UIu.§tllug-. 0 .... 0 I~ wu.§'lll'lIH 0 0 0 I 0 to-. 0 6 0 10 l!q8 0 -o-~-f~ 0 l!QS 1-_-=0'-':''''- lOJ~iJW_ 0 0 0 10 tOJ8uuW Q 0 0 10 rJJ C 0 0 0 0 rn puqStl)l 1 ~gsa}l 0 C> 0 I 0 Cl 0 0 0 0 'Il!I'CW 0 ~ 0 I ,...., c3 'IlHtlF~ 1 ..., ptJ,\\.toqa ..-4 0 0 I .... PtlMJOllO 0 0 0 I 0 rJJ 0 .-I .....n _11l·"H1Jtl ~\_ 0 1- pU.\.Wtl A 0 0 0 I 0 Q) U'll~'tld CQ 0 .-I I~ n~'lld 0 CQ ..-4 I ~ 'llptld'tlJ.ln~- 1:1:1 0 0 ICQ 'IlP.'lld'llJltlS 0 ~ c::: I ~ . =Q () t:: llUil ~ 0 CI1 00 'BUll 0 t:Q ...... 1'I:tI ..... 1 I---~!...f CIl --- pllJ\I. 'Il!J'Ilq 'IIg 0 0 0 I_~ p'll.M'llpuq'llg 0 0 0 I 0 III Q) 0 0 cO 'llP)(uqp'llS 0 0 1 'BP'lllqp'llf) 0 . 0 0 1'0' 0 ~ JuljunG 0 0 o· 1 JlI.~un([ .... 0 0 I .... ~ ..... 0 0 ~ -:> ~'Il~ug 0 cO 1 1'1l~tlH CI1 0 .-I I 1:1:1 .... un 0 o· 0 0 """ 0 qp'll.§'Il r 1 qp'll1l1mn roo 0 I 0 ~ ~ 'CII'" CII : pilot .rJ 8 "" 8 ...+" ::l .~ I=l .....rIJ '" ~..., .....s:I ..iJI · ::l · .rJ · ...... ,§ ~ ..-4 .g ,..tl ~ ... Q() d d .... :-- ::a s... ri2 s::l · .s ...... ::S al ::I Q) 0 0 bO l/l Q) d rn 1:1 ~ Q) ...... · Q po. ... = rIJ · Q) ~ ... rD. 'd CD CI) ~ ....-= ~ ,..d bO IJ.O 'b.9...... Q .g"" ~ ..... 111 .... o P- ~ CII ..., · o '" ..., · = CI) ~ ._g '"''''Ii= .... "0 ... CII r:n '"' II.l .l!l ~ ..d~ o! d l/l .....() "0 ...Q "a =c:! ..clQ) () I:l. ... 0 ..., ~~ ....= I:l. rJJ rJJ ... CI) CI) ..... CII d :>-. bil bilE! ...... c:l' 0 Ii: ...... r.::g~::l E-4 Z ;... ~ -.l\BEA" POPULATIONS, HOUSES, (' ~6 ) CiW'1'E'lf IV. , DEliSI'l.ifii!f AND COMPARISON.

40~ The table IV gives the accollnt, of variations, that took place , iil: ~be decenniDll period under review, in the constituent villages ofMahals. Last time the total of 8'~2:, made up of 82;5 villages and 7 towns, was sub· mi.tted as the Census total of the villages and towns; this time the total sub­ m:itted IS' 818~ made: up of 811 villages and r towns,. The number of towns is iii:variable aild they are the game in this Census as 'they were in the last Census viz,: (I} Junagadh (2} Una (3) Veraval (4) :rattan (5) Mangrol (6) Vllnthali and (7) ·Knw.na. The, nQ~ber ot villages falls short by 14 or the number of villages in the Itlst Ceusus. Looking ill tbe table IV a~ tbe head 'reasons fot deotease' we find tbQ.t 2 "illages in Bag,at, 1 in' Dunga.r and 1 in Bagd1l Ilnq 25 nesses in Gir; in all 29, which were :regal'ded as independe~t 'Villages !lild enillIlerated as such ii11S'91 A. D. were in the present Cens1.ls jQhled to their parent vllIages and so their'iud;pendent ex;istenoo was lQerged in that of theil' parent' village&. Three villages in Una, three in Sutmpada.~ tqree in F~ttftn, One in M.alia lJnd two in Visa.va;dar, in q;1l12 villa.ges have been reduced, to ~ depop~lated state J+fter the last Census and th1.l$ ~ey are left out of cal· cull'l.tiQn, ~s' far ~s CensUiJ was concerned. O'ne village' of B~gn.t, OM of Una, one of Patta.n, five of Shool,. four of ~utiana, three of Va~t4a.li, o~e of Shah. pitt Diyision, one arVada}, one of Bagdu, ill all 18 villQ.ges are trf.\niiferred to ~bIQe othe", Mahala ~nd so these mahals show so ~uc4 dect~se in tpe nqmbel' Qf villages. Thus on the decl'ea!le (or debit) side tQe tQtal is 59, which for. COIl~eniences sl!oke we may ptit Ii.s-5~~

41. Looking to the head of ' reason of Increase ~ we ~nd 6 villages i:q. Una, ain Sqtrapada, 8 in Patan, 1 in Chorwad, 1 in Bhesq.n, 1 in Bagdu, ~ in Gir, and ~ ih Visavadar in all 20 villages newly ~op1.l]atcd, In all 16 villages have been transferred to the different Mahals viz. 10 to Balag~m, 1 tq Y~~t4~li, 4: to Sutrap",da and 1 to Vadal. In all Q vill~ges w~ich wer.e joined to other villllgas ln )891, have l~ the present CensUs, been enurqer~ted 48 in~ pepeI\dent villages VIZ ~ in Una, 1 in Patan, 1. in Verawl+l, 3 in I\utiana, 2 in "VantbQli.~ '_fhu8 on t~~ increase or credit sid~ there \8 tp'~ tq~l pf i5 which, t~ sigIlify illcree.ae we ~ay put as + ~5~

NQw setting the incre~se ~gaiq.st the deer-ease we have as the net re~ s.ult ,:,,14~ ~he nu~be1' by whic~ we fall shprt or th~ ~umQer of villages s40wn i~ $be last Ce~sus: For t~e de~iled infor~ll.tiq~s ~qout tltis~ ~t~~t~qn ~s i~vited tq the ~ql~ ~lIorked !! ill th~ ap~ndix: , ~" '

42. In cqncludiqg my remark~ on the cO'll1~rative state qf things, I may a.s well, give a running sketch, qf tqe Yai'i!l~on.s in, tpe numl!er of ()Ccupied ~oq8es» ifoin 1~71 ~o ~90t AuA~, POPULATIONB~ HoUBBB, CUPmt"lV. DBNsri'IEs AND COMPARISON.

Ta.ble No.3.

: Difference in occu- Occupied ~6use9 in Net :pied Houses between State Variation ~ 1871 1881 1891 between '1871': 1,881- li891 1901 and , and ' and 1871aIidll9M 1881 189i I~Ol 1 .. .. ~-.- -._- --

...... 1 -- . 2'-. 6 _ : 7__ J __ 8, - 9 ~ 4,5 jimagadli .. 199083 98168 ,96009 ;i9~O+18314-2r59' ' --3254;: -

4:S~ The difference' behveen: the numberof ooaupiecf houses' in -161;}:, and- 18S1' is~19230, in 1881 and 1891 is+18315, irr189land 1901 is--~15~Jiahd:the net variation from 1871 to 1901 is-3254.

44; Thus it is obvious that with the fall in the population a correspond. iDl'faUin number of the occupied-' houses is inevitable and; the ratio batMen theuf is-~ regulated by &dve-ntitions causes -too numeroua tb' be'mentioned'here~ RlILIGIONS AND SBOTS. ( 78 ) CHAma V.

Chapter V.

Religions and Sects.

1. The final tables V and VI give the number of males and females pro­ fessing different religions pre\Tailing in and uutside India, The complications, which have been the inevitable result of the al'bitary and wilful divergence from "the main or the principal religion and of the establishment of different branches known as flects and sub-sects, ench claimimg to have its own seemingly inde­ pendent, dogmas, tending to make c!onfnsioll worse confounlled, have hecome a source of Imich annoyance and trouble to the ('numerators, mORt of whom were, of COllrs!', men of ordinary run. The subject of religion, with its above-said complicationR, and the intricate principles involved therein, is not a matter of easy comprehension and rendy expoli!ition •

.2. It becomes the duty of Do reriewer of Census to give a running sketch oftbis subject, reviewing it in its mllin fen.tures nnd analysing them as bl'iefly as the 'CeT1SUS report can . prop~ly be ~f).id to Im'w'e bp.aring upon the question .. Without nny pretension to the claim of having done justice to this lofty theme, I try to di~l:h(Lrge this duty, as a Census I'evien-er, to the best of my abilities.

3. It may be safely lmmi~e(l, at the outset, that religion is one of those ..,M...... ,ai,-n-l·'eligion.! subjects of endle~s contr()\'ersy. the origin, E'xtent and many other poiIJts r('garding which, may not be universally accepted, like Mathema­ ticlll cn.lculation!1. The sul~ect is differently viewed by various writers, past and present, eastern and western, and what I ufcm' to submit is one of such ,·jews, which I humbly endorse, about the subject. The different religions that have come within the scope of the inquiry of the present Census in this State, nre ( 1 ) Hindn ( 2) Jain (3) Musalman ( 4 ) Christian ( 5) Parsi ( 6) Jew, and (7 ) Animistic.

4. The Hindu religion is, I think, a little inaccurate nomenclature, sometimes leading to the misconception of the true view of the mattel·. India is now called Bindustan i. e. the residence of the Hindus. Of course it is suffi- ' ciently well-known that Hindustan is not 110W the native country of Hindus alone, and bence there is no apprehension of mi~-understanding that all the native sul:tiects of India are Hindus, pl'ofessi~g Hindu religion, but even though such 0. confusioll is past fear, yet the name Hindu religion engenders an inter­ nal commotion. The caste Hindu is not co-extensive with Hindu religion and this is the reason of the said confusion. Jain~, as for example, are Hindus by caste, but. as they believe, they are not so by religion. The ide!), Hindu, with. out any distinction of caste or religion, is so deeply rooted, by habit and associa­ tions, in the minds of the multitude, that to a h~y mind the direction not to enter Jaills as Hindus appears :l,stounding. 'Therefore I think in the place of Hindu religion, ArJa religion (aM I:Tq.~~ \lij ) would have been more appropriate.

5. One of the views, which I fully endorse, is that originally the whole RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 79 ) CHAPTER V;. world was en-compassed within Aryavrat i. e. the country between Himalayas and the Vindhya mountains; that all the inhabitants of the world were A.raya; that they all used to profess one religion viz :- Aryo. Dharm or Ved Dharm (am ~ ~'4'tL ~ ~) and hence the universal religion of the world was Aryo. Dharm. All other religions, which I may caJl the offshoots of the Aryo. Dharm llnd which vie with one another and even with the main one, to claim priority over all of them, date their origin and existence subsequent to the Aryo. Dharm, deriving the principles, inculcated by them, from this main stock viz:-Ved Dharm. It properly does not come within the perview of a Census report to enter into the fullest discussion to establish the proposition, but very briefly it could be un· hesitatingly averred that there are overwhelming evidences, which prove, be­ yond doubt, the priority, eternity and universality of the Arya Dharm.

6. When in Arya Vrat it was the Vedkal and Darshankal, (~and ~) the European countries are believed to have no existence at all. The time of the kingdoms of Asyria, Babylon, Egypt &c., is regarded, by some, to· be contemporaneous with that of Vedic religjon; the kingdoms of Greece, Persia. and Rome date their existence subsequently and after a great lapse of time (one or two centuries) the present European countries are supposed to have come in­ to being.

7. The Yed Dharm says that the tJniverse has an un-knowable begin­ ning. All religions, Mahomedan, Jain, Zoroastrian, Egyptian, Babylonian, 'Christian &c., point to the same conclusion. Advaitism is the chief principle of Arp Dharm and if we examine minutely other religions, without being led away by prima facce impressiuns, which are fiometimes inimical to it, we shall invariably find, that C Advait of India, is a.t the basis of all religions '.

8. After a careful and searching investigation into the question, the con­ clusion that has been arrived at, is thnt Advnit philosopl1Y is nt the bottom of

all the religions, in other words I Advait is the common ground of a uuiver­ Eal system of belief' and to express the same still more expHc1tly the' Advaita ·is the only basis of the much-wanted universal religion '. Thus it is rightly 'remarkea. that "the religion of ancient India viz Aryadharm (amt ~) is the com­ mon property of mankind ,.

9. The first divergence from the Vedic religion is attempted by Char­ Charwak and Bouddh -I wak. The doctrine promulgated by this sect, was that Doctrines. -' of materinlism. The followers of Chal'wuk set at naught the Vedns and did not believe in Karm and Yagna enjoined by them. They believed that there is no any creator of the universe, that there are no Devas .Prnjapatis' &c., that the universe is self. evolved from the four gre:J t elements viz .earth , water, light, and wind, that there is nothing like seeond birth,- that- the ,performance of Karm and the observance of Varn ( 't~) distinctions are without foundation, that every dead man invariably attains moksh or salvation, just after his death, that heaven and hell are nothing more than the synonyms for the .h!\ppiness and misery that come to men in· this world &c. In short the ( 80 )

governing principle: of this doctrine is to take as established that which· is borne .CfUt:·by direct visible evidenoe: (1t~~ ~~I~) and it would ignore al] inferences (~~. "'('f 1l~I~) and Sbil.bda; Pramab (~.Jot l4~I~).· It is doubted whether this creation of pttl'e:imagination had ever seen light in 0. way to deserve the name of a doctrine~ Thtl-rhoDstrous principles, that the doctrine tried to inculcate, were repulsive· to every mind and this its Cl'&sa.Inatei'ialism br{)ught on its OWO' ruin. ro. The Charwak doctrine: passed away without producing any appreci. a:hle effect on the Arya Dharm~ But the doctrine that followed it, proved a formidable rh'al of the· Arya Dharm. The author of this doctrine was Go~ttam ""en·known as Buddha~ This doctrine over-power€d the Karm theol'Y of the Vedio religion and firmly' established itself not only in Hindustan but also in Tibet~ Russia, China, .Japan,. Koria" Shiam, Brahmdesh, Cylon, Java &C'. The time orthe death of Buddha. isi placed somewhere between 482~4 72 n. c, The prin~ cit>Ies promulgated by-the Bouddh Dharm were (1) ahnegation of the t'xistence (Sf: V·arna. distinctions·(2) Dis-regQ.rd of the narrow limitations placed by Brab;., niihs ca'ued Adhikart (3')- aelief in direct n.nd inferencia.l evidences i. c. Pra~ tya.ksh and Anurnan-PraIDllns and the dis-belief in the :::lhabdu. Prllln.:io,

11. The princip:ll blSi~ of the Bouddh doctrine was equ~lity and univer.. lIal brother-hood. Bouddh forbids any inquiry into the beginning of things ~Ild enjoins to keep aloof from aU the controversies.

12. The over-strict:qess and lligidness of the religious precepts and obser~ vanc.es enjoined by the B6uddh religjon are responsible for its downfall. 1'3. Then followed or perhaps was co-eval with the Fouddh religion, the Jain rE'ligion. I doctrine promulgated by Jin, whose followers are still known as jains. The date of the origin of this doctrine is not accurately ascertained~ Its works are full of insults to the Vedas and Yagnas of the J~rahmins, which be­ trays the animosity of the Jain religion towards the Brahmanism, and in a. futile eHort:of showi:qg the falsity of the Vedas~ the works of Jain religion, contain a~sertions to its inconceivable antiquity, and also its priority, over all other ra- 1~gion8, which, as Jains yetlture ~o say, ~re the offshoots of ~e !pain Jain ~ ligion~

14~ The very fact that the works QfJain religion contain the censure of . the Vedic religion, is enough to show the priority of Vedic religion over Jaiq: religion. There are evidences to show the beginning of Jain religion from the time of lJarshavnath jin ~nd at the most it is as old as the l30uddh religiol~ Any claim, beyond that, seems simply tq be ~llusQry.

~5! The object of veneration and worship of the Jains are tqeir Tlrthli(~ brs; The first Tirthankar is believed to be Rushabhdev and the last . <.,. : I . Tirthan, ••. of the prese~t age is believed to be Maha vir Swami' whose li1s~ birth ilfSUp~ . pOsed; tq· be 1669 years before tpe time of ~~marpal. The lessons m.ugh~; ~,. ,the Jain:·doctrinearet 1) Disregard· of Vedas as any authority in the' mattell "o-C;religion' ( 2) ¥ercy towards ~U' liVing ~ing ( ~)' Total! ~bstiileqce fro. RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 81 ) ·CHAPTERV.

killing animal or any living being ( rl\'~l ) ( 4) Negation of the creator (5) Self-evolution of the Universe ( 6) Recognition of Pratyaksh Praman, Anuman Praman and Shabad Praman ( not Vedas as Shabad Praman but their own reo ligious works ( III{Pl1-l ) pos Shabad Praman ).

16. The chief elements or Tatavas of the Jain religion, are Jiva (~ct) and Ajiva (~~ct ) both of which are considered An8.di and Anant i. e. beginning. less and endless. The idol. worship is found in this religion from the beginning. The Jain doctrine of religion has taken a firm footing in the whole of India and is at present in its full development. Its followers are found in Gujrat, Kutch, Marwad, Bengal, Deccan &c.

17. The Farsis of India are believed to be the decendants of the inhabitants ,P.arsi or ZoreastriJln reli-j of Persia who were driven out of their native coun~ glOn. try more than 1,260 years ago by the Mahomedan con" querors. 'Ihey came with their sacred fire to India, and they were first given shelter by the Rana of Sanjan. They are the followers of Zoroastrian religion. The Pa.rsis themselves have not been able to be intima.tely a.cqua.inted, till recently, with the true principles of their religion as laid down in their religious works, because they are written in zend language and so is unintelligible to them. The Germans and French scholars ba.ve translated these WOl'k.S and ha.ve thus laid the Parsis -.;ander the highest obligQ.tion for revealing to them, as far the language is concerned, their philosophy and religion, which had been, till then, mystery to them. ] 8, The oldest religious work of the Zoroastrian religion is Gathll.Vani. Next to it was brought out the book of Yandidas, which enlightened its followers on the question of J(arm and Kriya. There is the closest similarity bet­ ween the Sanskrit and Zend languages and consequently there is a marked resemblance between the religious ceremonies and observances, karms, tlllstoms and pl'Q.ctices etc. ofthe Aryas and those of the followers of the Zoroastrian religion. At some distance of time, as it is believed, the Aryas and th!;l follow­ ers of the Zoroastrian religion were residing together and at that time the latter were also worshiping the idol of Shiva. The separation took place 6,500 years ago before the Christian era. from the time of Hazarash, tIle Zoroastrian Pegarnber. He forebade the followers of the Zoroastrian religion to worship idols, and he is so.id to have changed the meanings of many Sanskrit words ( because he could not change the whole language) to give a semblance of ori­ ginality to the religion he propounded e. g. Asur-at!fl in Sanskrit means demon ~, the Zoroastrians take it to mean God ; Deya-~ in Sanskrit moons God ; the ,zoroas~r~aJJs take it to mean devil etc. 19. The'; chief tenets of the Zoroastrian religion are ( 1) idolators go to hell, (2) God is the creator of all, and He is holy and all· powerful, (3) To tell the truth and follow the path of righteousness is essential, (4) Always to show ,::omplet~ sub~ission and respect to the pl!oreQ.ts and Guru, etc,. etc, etc. 20, As for the cre;ltion Qfthe universe the Zoroastrian religion believes RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 82 ) CHAPTER V. that in the beginning there was only one Khuda ( God) named Ahudmazad. He created by his own prowess two Shuktis named Sapanami ( ~l'l-tl~) or the Shakti of Creation and Ghanami (Et-tllfl) or the Shakti of distruction. To these two Shll.ktis the existence of the whole universe is attributed. In the course of time, Pegamber Zoroaster came to the world and delivered bis religious pre· cepts to his followers in which .he strongly recommended the worship of fire, which is, he said, the essence of light. ( Nul' ) of God, and the belief in the exis­ tence of God who is Omnipotent and all-pervading.

21. In Zoroastrian religion, Shradh ceremony is performed almost in the lIame way and on the same principle as is done in Aryadharm. Among Pars is their priests called Mobets enjoy the religious supremacy and act as guides in the social and religious concerns of the Parsi community. They are the infal­ lible authorities iII the matter of marriage, funeral ceremony, prayers and other religious observances, and tIleir presence is essentially necessary on all these occasion~, of which they have the full control and manllgement.

22. The brief sketch of the Mahomed"n religion will suffice for our pre· Mahomedan religimil sent purpose. Tornt (~HI(j) Aeginnl (~It(-t~) Jambur (O'{~~) imd 1\ uran ( ,rU-t) are the four chief religious works of the Mahomed:m reli­ gion written in Arabic1 and J{elti~"languages. Four great men known as Pegambers wel'e born one after anoth~ to initiate the followers of the Mallo· medan religion into the secrets of the contents of the books. It is believed that these religious books were not human creation but God sent the Pegnmbers with these books into the world to enlighten the followers of-the· religion upon th~ tenents and the philosophy that the books contained. The Pegamber Ibrahim­ Khalilullacame with Torat kitab3,974 years ago, the PegambarMusa Nabiullah came with the Jambul' kitab 3,529 years ago, the Pegamber Isso. Masiha eame with Aeginal kitab 1,874 years ago and lastly came the Pegamber Mah· mad Rasulil1ah 1,264 years ago with the kuran kitab. Each of these Pegam­ bers came with their respecti"e kitahs into the world for the reviyal of'their doctrine, on the preaching of the former failing off effect and his kitl\b be­ coming as if it were a dead letter, after his dis-appearance from the world. Not­ withstanding tbis, the :6r&t three kitabs had to meet with similar fate of obli­ vion. Whereupon God sent Mahomed Pegnmber with the kuran kitab who caine to the world on receiving assurance from God that the kuran kit.'1b will remain in force in the world till the end of the universe. The precepts enjoin­ ed by the kuran are briefly (1) God is one formless and all pervading. ( 2) The universe is created by the light ( Nur) of God ( 3) God is the only object of adoration and prayer ( 4) Idol worship is strictly prohibited.( 5 ) com· mandment to tell nothing but truth, to desist from co~mitting theft, murder aebauchery, injustice ete. (6) abstinence from drinking wine Ilnd such other intoxicating things &c. &c. &0.

23, The eye of the foreigners was fixed on the Arytlrvrat with covetous' intention 350 years ago before the Christian era, that i~ 2,500 years from the RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 83 ) CHAPTER Y.

present day. The thought received a t!lngible form first at the hand of Daraus, whose was the first invasion on the Aryavrat. Then followed the well·known exploits of Alexander Sikandar who ,bad pushed his way on, up to the Sindhu. A t this time the peace and prosperty of the Aryavrat were trembling in 3. ba­ lance by internal dissension. The Sythellns known as Shak people in the Purans established their" supremacy in Kashmir and extended their dominian till the banks of the Narmlldl1 on one hand and the other side of the Hindukush on the other. Vikramaditya annihilated them and again re·established the Aryan supremacy. After an interval of peace and prosperity to some extent, again the Arabs and the Mahomedans in 6·7·8 A. D. recommenced their uncompro· mising attitudes towards the Aryavrat and Mahmad struck 80 death·blow to the long renowned glory of Aryanat " which prostrated before him nil Hindu­ stan" This is the origin of the Mahomedans in Aryavrat changed into Hindu- 5tu.n with their advent to it.

24. This religion according to one view was proplgnted 1900 years ago -__C""_h"-O!_-;-is..,..,ti-au-:-it,...y-. -:J by the Pegamber Jesus Christ. It is believed to be intended to supplant the ynhudi religion or the religion of the Jews. The Christ is said to have come to the world with Rible-kitab written in Grel!k and Hibrew languages.

25. The religious·books of the Jews are Torat, Aeginal IIond JlIombur. -J"'"c-w-s.---I The true Pegamber of this religion is believed to be Musn. alias Mozid. The theory of this religion as to the creation of the universe is, that the soul (:IJ\\{~l ) of God was in the beginning swimingon \Vater and there was dark­ ness all round. Afterwards God ordered the sky, earth, and light to be created. He also created heaven, ocean, sun and moon and lastly Adam and Ive, the hus­ band and wife, and the creation of the whole universe is believed to have flowed from them.

26. One religion ( if it ct\n be so ea.lled) which is wrmed animistic in -_A....-n-:-i-~....-~8-;-;~~C-_~=1 census lore, requires some explanation. There are found some mountain· people who call thp.mselvei.- Bhils, Pahadis &c. These peop1e, when questioned about the religion they pro~s, do not return Ilny definite religion but when they are specifically asked, by naming all the religions one after the other, whether they professed any of them, the simple answer they gtve is in negativ~ and they can not affirm anything beyond doubt. Such people are elassecl as faJ as the religion is concerned, ullder the head" animistic" which is explained as, "denoting those aboriginals who profess no recognized religion and who worship spirits of good and evil in the guise of material object such as the sun and trees or even in the guise of immaterial objects as small-pox"

27. With religion also it was required to enter sects and sub.sects, techni· cally called in the Araydbarm terminology, Sampradayas (~I~Glll) and Panths ('f"l). Although these were not required to be ab.iltracted, yet the note as regards reo ligions, brief as it is, will be incomplete without at least a running commen· to.ry on the Sa.mpradayas a.nd the Panths. RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 84 ) CHAPTER V.

28. There are four Avraties ( • ) or reVlSIons oithe fundamental Hindu SalDpradayas and Isecret ( ~) of religion. The first Avrati is Up- Panths. nisheds, the second, the Vedas, the third, the Puram; and the fourth, the Sampradayas. Up to the third Avruti (~iRt), the position, viz the universality of the Aryadharm and the similarity of the vital principles of all religions, is step by step strengthened. The Acharays, the authors of the Sam. pradayas, attempted to philosophhise upon the literal sense of the Purans and to plltforth the doctrine of devotion and grace ( (ij[l.ct(ijICl) in o~position to the old theory of Gnana (~M )and Karam ( h~). Thus the origin of the Sampradayas lies in the attempt of giving stability to the religion in the form of devotion ( ll(iffl ) through philosophic exposition.

29. The two principal and prim~ry Sampl'atdayas h"Ying for their o~jects of worship two great Gods "Vishnu and Shiva", are Shiva Samprado.ya and Vishnu Sa~pradaYa. The worshipofBhairav ~"ct) form of Shivs. proved to be a. fruitful ~ource of many vices and evil practices and 80 the Vishnu Sampradllya was the outcome of necessity to give a death.blow to this form of worship. Thus the Vishnu Sampradaya was intended to be antagonistic . to the worshipers of the Bhairve form of Shivs, but in the course of time the tl,'ue cause was lost sight of and the Vi!lhnuand ShivaS::unpradayas conflicted a.nd are still conflicting to a very unreasonable extent ( the true state being shrouded in ignorance J with each other, There are 4 Vishnav Sampradayas viz ( 1 ) Ramanuj (~llf.t~a'() (~) Purnapragn or Brahum ( 't~~~ or ~!M ) started by Anad Tirath alias Madhv. acharaya ( 3 ) The Sampradaya ofNimbark ( (1"'Jtlh ) ( 4 ) Pushtimarg (~bl1lf.ljl), the S~mpradaya ofValabhacharya. l'he Shiva Sampradayas are (1) Pashupatya ('I~'1<'l ). (2) Shiva Samprl\daya proper (3) Advait Shiv~ (~tC\~lq )or :r~atya" bbigana School ( ll(ltl(ij~ ) bnd (~) Rashl\shwer mat. ( ,~~t 1tq ). . 3.0" It is :Qot possible here to give the different tenents in detail of the different sampl1ad1\yas but in a word it can be said that the distinctions between the Vaishnav Sampradayns and Shiva Sampradayas, when examined minutelyanq i~parti"lly without being biased on either side, will be found s\mply illusory. In fact the Advaitism is pervading through all the Sam~ado.yal! although to l\ lay mind the skilful colourings given by the Acharyas seem driving to an op" posite conclQsion. Similarly ~he Vishishta Dvait (~ tantbas are written iQ tqe Vernaculars of the different countries such as GUjarati, Marathi, Hindi, Bengali, D~avid etc. It woul~ be more than enough, I am affraid, simp~ 1y to enu~~rl1ote the diff'er.ent Panthas. The Panthas are:-( I) Ramanandi (~) (2) Kabir Pantha (~) (3) Nanak Pantha (~) (4)Dadu Pantha (~) (~) ~walIli~arayan.pant~ (t'414f.t1(14011N). The sub.panthas of these are...;.., RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 85 ) C~RV.

Seva panthi (~), Malukdasi (q~T), Khakhi <_), Rayadasi (~), Mi~ ranbai'sPanth ("'

, i 31. The different sects of the Jain religion a1'e-( I) Swetambari and J-=-a...... in-s-se-ct~s·1 (2) Digambari. The followers 'of the former put on white gar­ ments a"nd those of the hLtter remained witllOut garments though now they do put on coloured garments. The chief points of dift'erance between the tenents of these two sects are (1) as to the origin of Agam ( ~) and (2) as to the Adhikar of woman to ~ioksh 01' salvation, Some one named Dhnrmdas Chhipa. started a Dhundhia Pantha which is also sub-divided into Tera Panthi (malt) Rnd Visha Panthi ~ ~).

32. The principal sects of Mahornedan religion are (1) Shia (~) anti (2) Suni (§oft) and those of chI'istian~ty afe Roman Catholic, Protestant, Church of England etc,

33. Kadmi (~) and Shenshai (~) are t4e two divisions of Parsis but they are not properly sects beca.use/the only difference between them is the difference in calculating the months, one part being a month ~head of the other.

S4. ~he table'iQ. tile margin gives the numerical strength of different religions in the whole Junagadh State. rrable No.6, l_ooking to their figures and percentages we find that there is a preponderating majority Name of the PopulatioQ.. percentage of those professing Hindu religion, in the religion. whole bulk of popul~tion. The population of Hindu religion is 301773 which bears 301773 76.31 lIindu the percentage of 76.31 to the total popu. Jain 7842 l.9S lation. Thus per 100 men ',of all religions Mahorne. there are 76 men of Hindu religion, or the dan 85684 21.66 Hindu population is! of the whole popu­ Parsi 55 .013 lation of the State. The remaining i of the Christ jan Bf .012 whole population consists of the persons of all religions. Next to Hindu in nu. Animistic 12 .02146 oth~r merical strength come those professing 14 .00354 Jew 'l\fahomedan religion, bearing the percentage ... ",,1" 'l"" ~95428 100 of 21.66 to the whole population i. e. per ]00 persons of all relig~ons there !J,re 21 persons of l\lusahnan religion, i. e. the population professing lfqsl!olJqIUj. religioq is IJ. little le~s t4~n! of the whole pqpulation.

~~. Thq.s 97 per cent of the whole population has been covered by those professing Hindu and Mahomedan religions and the Parsis, Christians, Anim,­ ~tjcs, Jains and Jews are incl~ded iq t4e ~ per cent rerqaining; ;rains being. RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 86 ) CUAPTER V.

].98 percent, Parsis .013 per cent, Christians .012 per cent, Jews .00354 per cent and the Animistic .02146 per cent.

36. To rednce what we are saying to the simple form, we have per 100 Hindus 2B.39 Musalmans or to reduce it to the simpler form, we have 3.52 Hindu!'! per 1 Musalman or roughly 3i Hindus per 1 Musalman. We have not, till now, amalgamated the Jains with the Hindus but to ha,'e a very correct idea of the numerical strength of the whole Hindu population aE; a community, while compared to that of Musalman population, throwing Jnins with Hindus, "'I)'e 11a\'e the totnl population of Hindus amounting to 309615 and that of Musal­ man to 85684, the former bearing the percentage of 7R.29 and the latter bearing the percentage of 21.66 to the total population of the whole State. To put the Rllme result in Do different form, we have per 100 Hindus 27.67 Musalmans, or to say the same thing in the simpler way we have 3.61 Hindus per 1 Musa,lm;n or roughly 3! Hindus per 1 Musalman, taking the compact view of the whole State. Thus the main populations of the State',are ~dus and Musalrn:ms and among them also the former preponderates orer the latter. RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 87 ) CHAPTERV.

....c3 at:) .... 'Sa{'llma,[ Q\I ....co t- O 0 0 0 0 0 \~ ~ I.Q 10 8 C'I 0 0 0 0 0 0 .... ~11llL_ -(1)- 1 C'I 0 0 0 0 0 0 cd= ·suos.lacL ~ I;:: G"l -.:::- 0 .... 0 0 0 0 j~ rD ~l.tlm~j_ -~- ..... at:) ~ 0 ..... 0 0 0 0 lID 41 'saluw G"l ~ ·SUOS.lBJ 0 C'I 0 C'l 0 0 0 0 ~- ..... ~ .... ~ ::;jI 0 0 0 0 ....m ~1!Ul9.[ _.!::L_ \; ell 'sal'rw (lQ at:) CQ ID t.Q -.:t1 0 0 . ~ ------.. _- _..!::L l~ ..... t- eo 0 ~ 0 0 ~ 'suosl9d ...... -.:t1 0 Col ...... at:) I~- ~ C'l C'l ...... t-- Iwa ID 0) ~ t.Q ~ t- ee 0) ·S911 .[ ...... 10 t- .... ""'0 I~ III en - 00 ~ ID 00 00 t- t.Q t:I at:) cr" .q4 c:Q C'I ..... co co rIl 'Sl =as ..... ~ 0 ... 0) ...... 1- <:Q ,.Q 0 -.:II .-I en .... co 0 ~ ....a 'sarcN CD ex) .-I Q\I cr" Cr,) Ct) .-I -.:II as "'" 0::1 QJ tlI .,""S d I"'rI ..... ~ 00 r- U';) C'I Cr,) 00 ~ :a ..... 00 0 t:- Cr,) 0::11 C'l l_ ,Q O) <:Q d 'SUOSJBcI ~ 0 Q'I t- C'I C'I - 00· L(') Ct) 0:14 t- ee _t... 0::11 0) ~ .-I .q4 = !:l. ~ - -.:t1 t:: 5ii C) 0 ~ t- (lQ ~ en ~ en at:) L(') ~ .... co .... 'sBIllWGj en _t... ex) 0 Ct) ... 10 ~ ~ J:._ _t...... -.:t1 Ct) ...... :>-. ""' C'l ... t- a;) en t- ,..... eo QQ -d t.Q 0 CQ U';) rl') 00 G'l 0 .;:: al G"l J:._ O";l 00 G"l 0::11 co ..... 0 d 'SGI'llW CO ~ .-I .... c:Q Ct) ...... Ct) ...... '"C C'I ...... = _t... 00 o::fI 0 00 . 0,...., CQ .s ~ M =t:I r-i (lQ ~ I~ GIl "011 00 en l(') 0) ..... ~ ·sUOS.IacI IQ t-"'" Ct) Ct) J:._ CO Q\I Ct) ~ ..... I~ = - CQ en eo 0) I:- C'l to- CQ e 0 ~ 10 C'l 10 C1 IQ C'l ... oo:tt =t:I ...... oo:tt It) co 0 CO c:s 'sBI'BUlaJI 0) oo:tt eo Ct) ... 00 t- U';) o:tf .., . III ..... =j1c ~ (lQ 0) L(') co 0:. 10 0) .... 0 ...... -.j'I Q'I co oo:tt t.Q ee co 0 c:s 00 C'l ..... Cf,) ... CO co oo:tt ~ .... 'SGIllIi Ct) _t... <:Q oo:tt 00 t- oo:tt CQ 0) d ...... ~ -- ...... 00 IQ co t- eo o::fI ~ at:) G"l -oo:tt 1- .... 00 QQ G"l 'stIosJacI G'I co CI':I t.... 0 C'l t- O t:-l ... CO 00 CO I.t:l 0 _t... en Ct) ...... -I c:H

.td III . . ;:.i s:: ..... iii It '" C r:S ~Q ~ "2 CIS ....: 0 ..... CIS d b.O -5 c:s ~ ~ .s '-3 .... ~ CIS ~ =CIS t:I § 0 ~ ~= ~ ~ ~ ~ po. [-I RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 88 ) CHAPTBR V.

37. The accompanying table No.7 gives the population of each religion in eaCh to1Vn and also the number of males and females of each religion. From this it appears that the Hindu males outnumber the females in Junagdh, Patan, KutianB, and Vanthali, while in Una, Verawal and Mangrol the females in Hindu religion outnumber the males. The musalman males outnumber the Musalm:m females in Junagadh, Vernval, and Mangrol and the females of the Mustl.lman religi6n outnumber the males of the same religion in Una, Patan, Kritiann! and Vanthali. j~in males outnux:nber the J~in females in J unagadh only and in Kutiana both the sexes are equal; while in all the rem~ining towns the females outnumber the males.

38. In Jllnagadh town ( inCluding Bagat) the population of the Hindu re. ligion is 17,2.8 and that of Musalman is 15,911; eaoh bearing the percentages of .4'38 and 4'02 i-espectively to the tot",l populations, . IQ Un~ town the population of Hindu religion ~s 3,434 and that of Musalrqan is 3,082 each bearing the percentages of .86 nnd '77 respectively to the total population. In Patan town the population of Hindu religion is 3,830 and that of Musal­ man religion 4,208 each bearing the percentages of .99 and 1.06 to the total population~ In Veraval town the population of the Hindu religion is 7,918 and that of Musalman is 7,777 eacq bearing the percentn.ges of 2'002 and l~99 respec~ tively to the total populations. In Mangrol town the population of Hindu reli~ gion is 6,587 and that of Musalman is 6,935 each hearing the per.centages of 1'66 and !'7:> respectively to the total populations. . In Kutiana the population of' Hindu religion is 2,910 and that of M~salman is 7'242, e3.c1:~ bearing t~e per" centages of '73 and 1'83 respectively to the total populations of the State. In V:mthali the popula~on of Ilindu religion 3,143 and that of Musalll\a~ is 4,223 each bearing the perCllntlltges of ~79 a-qd 1'06 respecth'Il1y to the ~Qtal poptila.tions~

3~. The net result pf the abOve comp~rison is that thQse' professing Hindu religion * in the towqs of Junagadh, Una, and Vera"al outnumber those professing Musalman religion, while in the towns of Paron, Mangrol, Kntiana! und Vanthali, those prot!Jssing MusJl.lmaI} religion Qutnumber those professing ·Hindu religion.

40. ~or ~ cQlI1pact ,·iew qf the whole State the table belqw will be help- fuI.

i Jaios•.• are" '. not included'. . in thisI·" calculation. . )taIGION!' AND SECTS. (·89 )

Table No. S.,

Number of males IIond females of each religion in the lV hole state and their percentages to the total population and to the male and female populatiQn of the State. - Percentage, Percentage of

Ma.les to IFemales to- Religion. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females the total the total fe male popn-\male popu- lation of latioD of Il'he wI'iole Ithe whole State. StatP.. 1 , 2-- I 3 4 I 5 6 I 7 I 8 I 9 Hindu. S01773!154749 147024 76.31 39'36 3718 76.71 75'90- Jain. 1842 3960 3882 l.98 1'001 .98 1.96 2.004 .Musalman. 85684 42929 42755 21.66 10'85 10'81 21.'38 22.0'1 Parsi. 55 35 20 '013 '0088 '00505 .017 .01 , _ Christian. 48 40 8 '012 '0101 .00202 .Ol!t' ,004 - I v Animik\tic. 12 5 '( '00303: '0012 .()O17 .0024 .003 Jew. 14 6, 8 /"°03541'0015 r ,0020!a .0029 .064 I 41. Fl'om the above bble we £lld that in 1111 religions the males out. _ number the female3 except in Jew and Animistic. Per 100 males (1) in Hindus ,there are 95'008 females, (2;, in Jains there are 98'03 f,~rnale!,l, (3) in M1]~alman!\ .there arc 99-06 femah;, (4) in Parsis tllere fI,re 57'14 femlJes, .~o) in Christian there are 20 females (ti) in Animistio there Ilre 140 females while (7) in Jews there are ]33'8 femaks. 42. Another t'\ct which the table re\·enls to us is that the Hindu males bear a highest percentage viz 76,71 to the total male population of the State; ,:next to tha.t comes the MusalIl!an male population which bears the percent.oge Qf 21'~8 to the total male populations oithe State. Th~n come the males of Jain, farsi, Christian, Animistic !loDd Jew religions in descepdiIlg order of numerical .trengt:Q bearing the percentages of 1'96, '017, '019, '0024, and '0029 respecti­ vely to the total male popul~tion of the State. Similarly the table tells us, that the Hindu females benr a high~st perce.pt~ge viz 15·90 to tpe total femai! popu~ _lo.tion qf the State. NI'!;t to it ~omes Musalmll.n female popUlation which bears the percentage of22'O, to t4e total fePlale population of the State. Then follow -the.females ,Qf Jain, Parsi, Animistic, Christian and Jew religions in descendbg .prder qf numencal Btl'en~h beating th,e percentages of 2'004, '01, '003, -'004 an~ '004 respectively to tlle total female populatiops of the State. It play be Jloticed that the Jew and Christiap femQ.l!3 .J>Ol'ulat~ops bear the same ratio to ,be to~al fema.le populations. 43. The columns 6 and 7 give the percentages which the males and females of each religion respeet~vely b~"r to th,e totaJ population (ma.l.es '~4 ~fPa.les) Qlthe State. . - , ' . , RELIGIONS A.liD SECTS. ( 90 ) CHAPTER V.

Table NO.9.

Statement showing th~ chargewar popula.tions of Hindu Mahomedan and Jain religions. HindllS. Musalmans. I Jains. Charge. Percent- Percent- Percent- age to the age to the Total. Total. Tpta1. age to the total po- total po- total po- , pulation. pulatiun. pulation.

Junngadb. 17248 4.'36 15911 4.02 ---}~ .26

Dunger. 2228 '56 246 .06 70 .017

Gadhakda. 1225 'SO 449 .11 71 '0179

Babariawad. 13472 3'40 1537 .38 15 .003 Una. 30596 7'73 7403 1.87 176 .044 Sutrapada. 1 ]089 2'80 1581 ,39 0 0

Patan. 18956 4'79 5613 1.41 295 .74 , Verawal. 15562 '3'93 9269 2.34 1128 .28

Chorwad. 10957 2'77 1006 .25 55 .013

Malia. 14419 3'64 1543 .39 100 .025

Keshod. 9586 2'42 1990 .50 39 '0098

Mangrol. 14002 3'54 7916 2.0018 1489 .37

Shil. 11342 2'86 2281 ,57 9 '0022

, llalngam. 9970 2'52 928 .23 15 .003

Kutiana. 19823 5'013 9757 2,46 156 ,039

Vanthali, 17682 4.. 47 6998 1.76 624 .15

Shnhpur. 11255 2'84 ]690 .42 III .028 Vadul. 13413 3'32 3203 .81 564 .14 Bhesan, , 20043 5'068 1639 .41 1134 ,28 Nawagadb. 7215 1'82 809 .20 130 I ,032 Bagdu. 10955 2'77 1034 .26 116 .029 Gir. 5139 1'29 1675 .42 ]0 ,0025 Visavadar. 16596 3'94 1206 ' .30 506 ,J 2 RELIGIONS AND SECTS. ( 91 ) ClIAPTBRV.

44. The table No.9 gives the number of persons of the Hindu, Musalman and Jain religions and the percentages which they each bear to the total popula. tions, with a view to show the numerical strength of each of these in each charge and also their comparative numerica.l strength. The population of other religions are numerically insignificant and so it is not worth trouble of any more detailed comparison.

45. The table very significantly tells us that the numerical strength of the Hindu popUlation exceeds thrtt of MUF.alman population in 11.11 the charges . taken separately and thus the excess of the Hindu population of the whole State over the 1\lu8:11mall populatton is 5J.47 pel' cent, the formel' bearing, as we have just seen, the percentage of 76.31 and the latter that of 21.66 to the whole population of the State. Table No. 10.

'fable sllOwing comparsion between 190 land 1891 by religion.

· Di1fercnce between I~Ol _ 1891 1901 and 1891 Religion . I Total !~lales. Femalesl Total f Males IFemalesl Total f Males Females ------~----~--~----~--_r----~--~----+_--_+----1 Hindu 301773154749 147024 38281911982381846S1L81 046 -43489'1'-3 7551

Mahomedall 85684 4S929 42755 93719 48014: 45705 -8035 -5085 -2950

Christia.n 48 40 8 49 41 8 -1 -1 o Jain 7842 3960 3882 7523 3609 3914 +319 +351 -32

Parsi 65 35 20 71 41~ 30 -16 -6 -10

Jew 14 6 8 9 4 5 +5 +2 +3

Animistic 12 5 7 o o 0 +12 +5 +7

I I I I ~89098 -4858 I -40549 395428,'201724193704 484190249947:234243 + 336 ~ ~O 1 I 1 -88i62 -48223 -40639

46. The Ta.ble No. 10 gives the variations i. e. increRse or decrease in the Comparison of the populo.- population by religion between 1891 and 1901 A. D. tion per religion between 1891 and IIlOl A. D.

47. Looking to the table. we find that the population professing Hindu religion shows a decrease of 81,046 souls or of 22'73 percent. The Musalman population shows the decrease of 8,035 souls or 8'56 percent. The Christian po­ pulation and the Parsi population show the decrease of 1 and 16 or 2'04 per­ cent and 22'53 percent respectively, while the Jain and Jew populations show · ·ltEL1GIO~'1I AND SlOTS. ( 92 ) OIW"l'EA V.

increase of319 and.5 or 4'23 nnd 55'5 percent respecti~ely. Jain females IIhow:& decrease'Clf 32, while Jain Ma.les show the increase of 351, thus on the whole Jain popula.tion _sb(j)wing the,increa.se of 319 souls.

48. The reasons given in the 4th Chapter for the decrease of the popu­ lations, ha.ve worked in the same way to bring about the result under considera· tion and consequently it is needless to repeat them here. However it ma.y be ob­ :IIer.ved :that the HindI 'PQPp;latien. seems to hue greatly contributed W bring .down the ;balance of decease.

--;0;-- AGE ANI} SEX. ( 93 ) . flJf.,lPfJ::R YI.

Ohapter VI.

Age, and Sex.

1. In tIle compilation of a; Census report, the reviewer of Census has to pass under review, Bubjects, which, though infinitely interesting and important, are beset with almost impenett-able intricacies such that it is not quite easy to come to any definite opinion on the question from the data that the Census returns have suppHed. This difficulty is begun to be experi­ enced from the treatment of the subject of the preceding chapter and its pressure is felt gradually gaining ground, as the subject of the present chllpter is taken up. The direct and indirect but l'itar inferences and deduc­ tions to be dra.wn from the premises supplied by the age returns of Censlls, are regardfug the duration of life in any community or state, the bulk of produc­ tive and unproductive members of population, birth-rate and death-rate in the decennial period under review, infantile mortalitYr the proportion between the number of males and females and the rate of mortality prevailing among both the sexes at different stages of life and such other considerations of very great im­ portance from the physi()\ogical and sociological stand point of view •.

2. A lifer os it ilJ ~ilosophica.Uy described, is' 0. 'walking' shado\\t:.a; description more'iorcible than whreh,. to give an idea· of ita· momentariness,. would be searched for in· vain~ In the' face of this maDifest state of things, it WOUld, . appellor to: S0ffi'e, a standing:'oo'ntmdi~tioo to the' idea. of uncertainty of life to attempt ~ fix: its dllra:ti.on olnd to' the fatn;lists it would tantamount to beating the ;:ur. The anomaly-to th'Ose to~ whom it is so-would I am sure, vanish away,

when they are iriformed tbat the attempt is not to fix r by any iron standtlrd, the emct maximum length of human life, hut it is simply to put mrth expecta­ tions of' the average duration of life, held out and Justified by the experience deri"ed from the generalization of the ~u.lt which h88 become, till now, a. sterl'l: reality.·. 1he.o.vel'Bige· expectation &f life for all India, at the time of birth, is ealcu18.ted 6,:), be 23·S.y~ra as: against.39JH years, the English expectatioD', or-in otMr. ".()td~· the o,ver. duratiun oflife genera.lly in India. is only! of the. duration. oflife mEngland. This proportion eOUild not be asoerta.ined b;y' reference to'sither birth·rate ot death~rate, but theproper datl1ini:fer it, istbtt net result· of both births' :lind deaths. The Actuary ~{r. Hardy says; as a result or claBe iwestigation into: the question, that the rate of increase of po-pulation in IndIa, including- the' mmiine- years~ is one per cent i. e. about iless tlmn the English' rate of increase.

3. The: eomparil!Go: of birth -rate' and· death-rate is one of the best cri­ Births, Deaths, Sanitation Itarions for knowing the; prosperous or. oth~ise st~te and State help; of. a, country. The normal state 18 one In whlch,

Census Report of Baroda'State, of 1891. AGE AND SEX. ( 94 ) CHAPTER yr. the birth-rate is always higher than dea.th-rate. The reyerse of it, is the abnormal and hence unfavourable state, affording reasonable presump­ tions that the country is under some unlucky auspicies. During the last ten years, scanty and tardy ro.infall, the short outturn of crops, and the consequent scarcity, famine, and cessation of all outdoor labours which trembled in a. balance the existence of many tolerably pulling on with the world and carried away in large number the masses in the po­ pulation, living from hand to mouth, have caused abnormal excess of deaths and a corresponding fall in birth-rate. The repeated nnfayourable and crushing years have brought many people in India to the verge of ruin and now they are rendered completely ill-prepared to cope with n.ny calamity, even in its softest form. While I am writing these lines ( 20th Augllst 1901 ) the prospects of the coming year seem hopelessly melancholy. The rain is cruelly holding oft' and the feverish anxiety of another impending famine is staring direct in the face of the population. The fluctuations, thus caused in the bir~e and death-rate, are tersely summarized by the sanitary Commissioner with the Government of Indin, in his report of 1899 A. D. I cannot do better than quote his words He says," It may be stated that under normn.l conditions, the birth-rate follows a well defined a~d chara.cteri~tic seasonal curve; during and for Borne months subsequent to the prevalence of scarcity from £.'lilure of harvests, we see the birth-rate full and the" normal curve modified out of recognition ; at the same time, death-rate rises to an abnormal extent and the excess of mortality falls in altogether undue pro­ portion upon the age periods, n.t the two ends of the scale. On the return of prosperity marked by the first good harvest, we find that the birth-rate remains ahnormally low for some 10 or 11 months, when an extraordinary rise ensues, which is maintained for several months, n.t a fui~ly consistent level, the fluctuu.­ tions of the normal curve being swamped away by the high tide. But while the rise in the birth-rate is delayed, for nearly a year, it is to be noted that the death·rate falls below the normal some two or three months only after the replenishment of food-stocks and it remains constantly below the normal for a period usually extending to a full year, It may be ayerred that the sexual instinct and the struggle for food are the two fundn.mental physiological. fOl'ces tha.t mould the social organism. They both combine and separate individual9 and in them we find the basis of both the egoistic and altruistic instincts ". He, further, at another place, says on the same subject that" What happens now ( in the time of scarcity and famine) is that marriages are deferred, not only are the times unpropitious but the necessary funds for the ceremonial festivities which are regarded as essential, are not forthcoming. The able-bodied men first leave their homes in search of a work in less distressed areas, or on relief works, and these no doubt are ofcen accompanied by their women or followed by them later. There is undoubtedly enforced celebacy among a large proportion of population and with this, there is also a depression of the vital function. affecting that of re­ production. It. ha.s been noticed that women resorting to relief camps are rare­ ly pregnant. that is to say, that there is a. marked diminution in the normal pro­ portion of pregnant women. It is now that the birth-rate falls and that the death·rate rises, but under present conditions of Railway communication and re- AGE AND SEX. ( 95 ) CaUTER VI.

lief works, it is the very young and the old who succumb, leaving for the most part the more robust section of the population, that included in the child-bearing age-period, severally affected by privation and with the vital functions at their lowest ebb, but surviving to resume the exercise of these, on the return of the favouring condition. It may be noted that in the old days when famine desolated a province, cut off from out side aid and oW hen adequate meatlures of relief were not organized, the adult population suffered far more severely (Madras famine 1877) and as a consequence, the birth-mte fell off mal'kedly for a number of years, until indeed a young population, reaching the child-bearing age, brought about a sudden increase, a fact that bears forcibly upon the point under consideration. With the recurrence of the first bountiful harvest, the whole course of event is reversed j the wanderers return to their homes, loans are negotiable, there is an excess number of marriages, many of those deferred under stress of want, be· ing consummated, cohabitation is resumed by those temporarily separated and the sexual instinct depressed hy acute privation, now resumes its impervious sway, fortified by comparati\Tely abundant food and freedom from anxiety and also there are fewer mouths to fill, the unproductive members having largely died off. There are, therefore, all the conditions promoting an abnormal excess of conceptions' during the few months following this resumption of the placid tenor of lrome·life and establishment of many new home~. If any stimulus were necessary to the production of offspring, we might nnd it iIi. the great . loss of young children sustained by the people during the. famine and the im­ perative obligation to supply their places and remove the religious and social disabilities their absence entails. If we take into account the number of years to each birth per married woman at tha reproductive ages which in some countries is 2~, we shall probably find it nearer 2 in India. and if conceptions are deferred in one year, there will probably be an excess in the next, to redress the balance. Farr called marriage the barometer of prosperity. This is also in a sense the case in India, as regards the indication aWorded by a brisk 'fall' and as war diminishes the number of marriages by temporarily removing many men of the procrea­ tive age-periods, so an excess of marriages natumlly follow peace. And it is the same with famine, in the ca.se of which there are considerations to be ad­ ded in this country which tend to enhance the natural results. "

4. Besides the calamities such as famine and epidemic, which are beyond the human control and the appearance and the disappearance of which cause 0. sudden fluctuation in births and deaths, there are other c.auses at work, which more or less bring a.bout the same result. The habit of the people, their mode of living, their social bondages, their superstitions, their ignorance or in case of some, their indifference to the principles of sanitation &c. are all responsible for swelling up the death-roll to an abnormal extent. To eradicate this evil from the very root is, I think, for any State or Government, almost an impossible task. Yet· wise and salutary measures on the part of the authorities cannot but exert a most beneficial inflnence to mitigate the e\'il to a possibly greatest extent. The incessant activity and watchfulness of the administration of our State, with const'mt grasp of the situation in the last famine and the prevalence AGE AND SEX. ( 96 ) . CHAPTER VI.

of pestil~nce, have done 3i prodigious amount of good towards· ameliorating the condition of the people. But the prospects of the present year are again not at aF! promising and there threatens an up-hill work ror the machinery of the State-, whieh is already over·worked in the last famine.

5.. The matter of sanitation has Legun to attract more and more Your Honour's attention, which a.llows of every reasonable hope for desirable i'm­ provemmnt in: this behalf in a very near future. The. Medical help is liberaly extended to the people of our State and during the decennill1 period under review,. six dispensaries have been newly established in our Mahals. The Chemical Laboratory. opened in the J unagadh city in the year 1898, is also, a rich acquisition to the medical department of th~ State. The spread of educa· tion in the State· is contributing to the genial tendencies of social refinement, the slow but· steady effect of which, becomes more and more perceptible with the 'J;MlIcb. of timer But for the catastrophe, through which the country had to pass,. aU 1ihe natural effects of these salutary l'eforms would have been pm­ etie~lly realized. But to repeat the saying of the wise, the ways of Providence &ret inseruta;ble awl we, humble mortals, must, bow down to His dispensations. Table No. 11.

Number Ilind percentage of the population by sex and age-period~

Percentnge to the total Per- Percent Age- popula tion. centage age to period'S. Total. Ma·les. lFemales. to females. Total. Male. }!'emale. males, . - , - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _. --- -- .. --.. 0-4 47208 28549 23659 11'9.8 0'95 5'98 ' 11'67 12'21 5-9 60132 80132 30000 15'35 ,7'77 ; 7'58 14'24 15-48 10-14, 54579- r . 2968t 24891 18'80 7"51 6'29 14'71 12'85 .15-19 45898 23301 22597 11'60 5'89 5'n n'55 11"66 .20-24 39463· ,20002, 19461 9'97 5.058 4'9,2 9'91 '10'04 ~ t~ ,25,...29" 40637 , ~0399 20238 10'26 5'15 5'11 10'10 10'44 .30-34 294,40 ,,15863· 13,577 7,44 4'01 8'43' , T'86 7'009: "35-39 28003' 137.6~ 14236 7'08 3'48 3'60 &,'&2 7'34 '4.0-44 , 13654 7351 6:303 3'45 1'85 1'59 3'64 3'.25 4.5-49 16449 801'4 8485 4:151 2'02 2'13 3'97 4'85. 50,-54 4894 26S~ 22U 1.23 : '67 , '56 1-33 1'14 . 55;"59· 9572 . 4122 5450 2'42 1'04 . l'S8 2'04 2'81

So. Ilntl over 4899'~. z.' 2253 2646 l'2a -56 '6'; l'U 1'36

. .. -...... ' Total. 395428 201724 . 1931041 100 51'01 48'99 100 100

...... " AGE AND SEX. ( 97 ) CHAPTER VI.

6. Now adverting to the result of the Census returns, we have to consider the facts unfolded to us by the Table No. 11 of numbers and percentages of the population by sexes and age-periods. Out of the 13 groups, the 2nd 6th, 10th and 12th groups have the total numbers greater, while the re­ maining groups have 'the total numbers smaller, than those of the preceding groups respectively.. In the normal State of things, it should be expected to have the total numbers of each group, smaller than those of the preceding one, but the disturbance in the natural order could be traced to the unfavour­ able ness of the seasons. The same irregularity runs through the groups of males and females also. The column 5 gives us the.ratio of the total number of each age·period to the whole population. Thus if we take 100 to be the whole population, we have 15 persons of the ages of 5 to9 years and 1 person of or over sixty years of age. Looking to this, the number returned of those of or above sixty years is comparatively very small and it may be that some discrepancy might have crept in. In the laborious operations of Census, allowance for clerical errors need be made. To quote the words Mr. J. A. Dalal: the Census Superintendent of Baroda State" It oan not be asserted for any country, however civilized, that the Census there has been or can be totally free from errors. Where the numbers to be counted are so manifold, where the area. is so wide, where details are so multiform and where the figures pass through various hands before they are tabulated and piled up to the height of columns, it would be nothing short of a miracle, if the hand, the eye or the ear has never erred in enumerating or in abstracting, tabulatiug and compiling the mass of figures ".

7. The ignorant, class of the populations out of some superstitions, seems to with-hold from the enumerators their true ages and thus the discrepancy in age-returns could also be traced to this deliberate suppressio Veri on the part of the multitudes. Whatever may be the reason, I find the· number returned of those, of, or above si~ty years falling too short. However we cannot afford to ignore the fact that the prevailing pestilence has carried away many old men and this also accounts for the comparatively very low percentage of the old persons surviving. T~e other informations we derive from the ta.ble is that out of 201724 males in all, in the whole State (1) males who are young i. e. under 20 years and hence are not generally self-supporting, are 107270 or 53'17 percent (2) those of working-ages that is from 20 to 60, are 92201 or 45-70 per­ cent Q,nd (3) those who are unable to work ( i. e. of and ~bove 60 ) on account of old age are, 2253 or l' L1 percent or in other words if we take 100 to be the male populations of the whole State, we have 53 males of below 20 years, 46 males of working ages, and 1 old man unable to work. Similarly out of the whole female population of the State, the females under 2() years are 101147 or 52.21 percent (2) those of working ages ( i. e. from 20 to 60 ) are 89911 or 46.46 percent and (3) those of or above 60 and hence unable to work onaccount of old age are 2646 or 1.36 percent, in other words if we take 100 to be the total female population of the whole State, we have 53 females under 20 AGE AND SEX. ( 98 ) CHAPTER VI.

years of age, 46 females between 20 and 60 years of age and 1 female of or above 60 years of age. I show below what I have been saying in a tabular form.

Table No. 12.

Working ages between 20 Old unable to work Non-working ages under 20 and 60. of and above 60. Percentage to Percentage to Percentage total popula- total popuIa- to total po- tion. w. tion. ,,; pulation. u.i Q) Q) Q) ...... ui ai ~ Q) d ro ai III ~ rIi -e; Q) III - 8

8. It may be also here stated l the practical applications and utility of which will be discussed atlength fllrther on, that out of 2,01,724 males in the State, those between 10 and 15 years are 2!-l,68R or 14'71 percent and those bet­ ween 15 and 20 years are 23,301 or 11'55 percent. Thus the whole male popu­ lations between 10 and 20 years are 52,989 or 26'26 percent; and those between 20 and 30 years are 40,401 or 20'01 percent and those between 30 ::md 40 years of age nre 29,630 or 14'68 percent ami those between 40 and 45 are 7,351 or 3'64 percent and those between 45 and 50 are 8014 or 3'97 percent and thus those between 40 und 50 are 15,365 or 7'61 percent.

9. Similarly out of 1,93,704 females in this State those between 10 and 15 are 24,6!H or 12.85 percent ;\,nd those between 15 and 20 are 22,597 or 11'66 percent. Thl1s females between 10 and 20 are 47,488 or 24'51 percent and those between 20 and 30 are 39,699 or 20'48 percent and those between 30 and 40 are 27,813 or 14'349 percent.

10. It may be also observed that the boys under 10 years of age are 54,281 and the girls under 10 are 53,659. Thus boys under ten out·number the girls under the same age by 622 ; the males between 10 and 15 are 29,688 and the females between the same ages are 24,891 thus males outnumbering the females by 4,797; and the males between 15 and 20 are 23,301. and the females between the same ages are 22,597, thus the males out-numbering the females by 704 and the males between 20 and 30 are 40,401 and the females between the same ages are 39,699 ; thus the males outnumbering females by 702 and the males between 30 and 40 are 29,630 and the females between the same ages are 27,813, thus males outnumheringfemales by 1817. I now simply state these figures reserving, as I said above, my remarks on their practical application in

the proper place l further on in this ('hapter. AGE AND SEt. ,CHAPTER VI.

Ta~lt No. 13.

Comparison Table. AGE AND SBX. ( 100 ) COAPTER VI. - Population in 1901. Population in 1891. Age-period.

Total Males Females Total Males Females

1 2 I 3 4 I 5 6 7 0-1 9836 48841 49521 163261 8056 8270 1-2 7133 3801 3932 10568 5106 5462 2-3 8229 4008 4221 15939 7640 8299 3-4 9093 4432 4661 16525 7959 8566 4-5 U317 6424 5893 15833 7283 8010 0-5 41208 23549 23659 75191 36584 38601 5-10 60732 80132 30000 69352 35425 83927 10-15 54579 29688 24891 42952 ' 24039 18913 15-20 45898 23301 22597 36984 20583 16451 20-25 39463 20002 19461 50866 25318 25488 25-30 40637 20399 20238 48087 24795 23292 30-35 29440 15863 13577 . 45411 23947 21464 35-40 28003 13767 14236 27785 15272 12513 I 40-45 13654 7351 6303 30257 15490 14767 45-50 16449 8014 8435 12404 6904 5500 50-55 4894 2683 2211 19863 10018 9845 55-60 9572 4122 5150 4732 2614 2118 60 and ove.- 4899 2253 2646 20306 8948 11358 -- Total 395428 --201124 193704 484190 249947 234243 AGE AND SEX, ( 101 ) GRAPTER VI.

,Difference between 1891 and Average upon 10000 , PI'opu atlOD. 1901 upon the population of 10000. In 1901 I In 1891 Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females ,

8 9 10 I 11 I 12 I 13 14 It)~ 16

_- 248'74\ 123'51 125'23 337'181 166'38\ - 170'801 -88'44 -42'871 -45'57

195'55 96'12 99'44 21S'26 105'45 112'82 -21'70 ,-9'33 -13'38

208'10 101'36 106'74 329'18 157'80 171'38 ... 121'8 -56'44 -64'64

229·95 112'08 1l7'S7 341'29 164'37 1i6'92 -111'34 -52'29 -59'05

SL1'48 162'45 149'03 326'99 161'57 Hi5'42 -15'51 +0'88 -16'39

1193'84 595'53 598'31 1552'92 755'57 797'35 -35904 -160'4 -199'14

1535'55 777'18 V58'67 1432'33 731'63 700'70 +103'52 +45'55 +57'97

1380'2j 750'78 62\1'47 887'08 496'47 390'61 +493'17 +254'31 +238'86

1160'71 589'26 571'45 763'83 424'07 339'76 +396'88 +165'19 +231'69

997'98 505'83 492'15 1050'58 524'13 526'45 +52'60 -18'30 -34'30

1027!67 515'88 511'78 993'14 512'09 481'05 +34'53 +3'79 30'74 ; 744'50 401'16 343'34 937'87 494'58 443'29 -193'37 9342 -99'95

708'l6 348'15 360'01 573'84 315'41 258'43 +134'32 +32'74 +101'58

345'29 185'8!1 159'40 624:,89 319'91 304'98 -279'60 -134'02 -145'58

415'97 202'66 218'31 256'18 142'59 113'59 +159'79 +60'07 +99'72

128'76 67'85 55'91 410'23 206'90 203'33 -286'47 -139'05 -147'42

242'06 104'24 1a7'S2 499'92 215'28 284'64 -257'86 -111-04 -146-'82

123'89 56'9'7 6692 419'39 184'80 234,58 -295'49 -127'83 -167'66 ------10000 5101'4] 4898'59 10,000 516~'16 4837'84 0 -60'75 +60'75 I AGE AND SEX. ( 1'02 ) CHAPTER V 1.

11. Now let us turn to the comparison table No. 13. It gives the number of males and females in each age-period of the years 1901 and 1891 and also the comparison between these two years taking 10,000 to be the total population of each year. We see there that the children under one year were 16,326 in 189 t. and the present Census returns 9,836 children under the same age, showing the . falling off, of 6,-190 from the number of last time and the decrease is almost the same both in male-children and female-children. Those childl'en, between one and two years, were 10568 in the last Census, while in the present Census the. number is 7,7:33 showing the decrease of 2,835 ; the children between 2 and ~ '3 years are 15,939 in the last Census as against 8,229 in the present Census, giv- ing a deficit of 7,710. In the fourth and fifth age-periods i. e. those between 3 and 4, and 4 and 5, loss is of 7,432 and 3,516 respectively. f Again the child­ ren between 5 and 10, in 1891 were 69,352 and in this Census they are 60,732, thus the children between 5 and 10 in 1891 outnumber those in 1901 between the same ages by 8,620. To sum up the total decrease in the numbers of children under ten which the present Census allOWS from the last Census, the actual decrease comes to 36,603. In other words in the decennial 'period under consideration 36,603 births were less than those which took place between 1881 and 1891. This is a significant fact and I shall presently show its ,ital bearing upon a question of gravest importance. 1. show the result arriV'· ed at, in the table given below:-- Table No. 14.

Age-periods. Total in 1901. Total in 1891. I Difference ...... -- ...... ---r ...... ~----~----.....+------Uncler one year 9,836 16,326 -6490 1-2 7,733 10,568 -2835 2-3 8,229 15,939 -;7710 3-4 9,093 ]6,525 -7432 4-5 12,317 ]5,833 -3516 5-10 60,732 69,352 -8620 ---Total----- 1,07 940-'-1----1,-4-4,-0-43---11------36603- CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 126 ) CHAPTER VII.

29. We have, out of the total population of 40637 (20399 males and 20238 females) in this age period 2843 unmarried, 31669 married and 6125 widowed i. e. 6.99 percent are un-married, 77.93 percent married and 15.08 percent widowed. 30. These five periods are important from the point of view of conjugal conditions in human life and therefore it would Le feally interesting and instructive to compare and constrast the result arrived at in different age· periods and to get out of it, the net result. TABLE NO. 37. 31. The following table will help us in that direction.

Un·married Per· Married Per· Widowed Per· Age period. 'rotal. centage to total. centage to total. centage to total - 5-9 94'82 4'85 '83 100

10-14 74'81 23'77 142 ]00

15-19 34'73 60.31 4 !>6 100

20-24 14'45 75'98 9.57 100 25-29 I 6'1J9 77'93 1508 I 100 32. If we take 100 to be the popu,iation in each of these five age.periods then in 5-9, there are 95 un·married, 4f married, lind t widowed i e. the pro· portion is 285 un·married to 14 married to 1 widow; the whole population in 5-9 being supposed to be 300. In the age-period 10-14, 75 are un.married, 24 married and 1 widowed, i. e. ~ un-marrled and little less than i married and. loth 100 part widowed; in the age period 15-19, 35 are un-married, 60 married and 5 widow- cd i, e. 2._ un-married to ~ married to ..!_ widowed; in the age.period 20-24, 14 20 :to 20 are un-married, 76 married a.nd 10 widowed i. e. over !th part is unmarried, a 1 little over! married, and..!.. widowed. Lastly in the age·period 25-29, 7 are 1Q :un.married,78 married and 15 widowed i. e. a little over 2._th part un· married, 14 little over! married and.!th part widowed. Now let us turn to the reflec· 20 tions these different stages of ages and civil conditions suggest. We have, as is TABLE NO. 3S. shown in the margin, 95 un-married between 1)-9; between 10-14 the number of un·married persons is reduced to 75 i. e. 20 Age Un-married less than in the preceding age-period; descending down to . out of 100. the third i. e. 15-19, we have 35 un·married i. e. 40 less than --:::-~---:::-::---I 5-9 95 the preceding age-period and 60 less than the first age- it~: ~~ period i. e. 5-9, agnin in the period 20-24, the same sequ. 20-241 14 ence of decrease is kept up; there the number of un·married

,-_.:..,_25-29 ___ 7 -.!. is 14 which is 21 less than that in the pre~eding· age-period AGE AND SEX. ( lOa) 0.iuPTER VI.

0 ~ ~ 0 eo >~ Cl"I .- ".l ~ 1:0 S ..... ~ ltj "..._, (1) •. <":1 C'I + G\.l rl ~ + I I I I , C1J - - Z 112 ..... 0 rl CQ -.;j'I 0':> I:- ao C>.l ~ ~ 10 00 C'1 ~ >t:l cq ...... ~ >Q d 0 ao co ...... "_. 0 CQ It:l 0) :;s lQ ""*'I £:\1 cq ...-I rl + I I I I I '"d - ...... - .:: I ~ 0 co >Q G\.l IQ.... to C1 en 0 C1J 0 0 0 >Q 0 rl 0 ~ -.Ii -..... CQ 00C'I___ " to "'- ~ to It') ...c:i d d to CQ 0 t- o ~ CQ '"""0 0 a.» Cl"I ~ to d <:,) S 0 10 0 0':> G'I 0 CI) CI) C1J - C'I C'I ~ r-I ,.... 0':> ...... IN cq >tj d ,..... 0 t- ~ ao C'f ..... 0 .... >tj ao >Q CO '"0 ~ ~ ~ 0 CQ >Q en C - CN C'I rl .... d ...... 0 - ' 0 ,..oj 0 0 0 0 1-6 -ao 6 r-'I t- 0 rl E-- 0 .;: rl ~ CI) CI) .,., 1.0 CI). 9 CQ d ..._,~ II-< ~ <:,) :::> 0 CO 0 0 0 0 ~o CJ.) S .... C") "Q • ..0 t-4 '0 ~ ~ ~ ~ d lIJ . g f CJ.) -00 ...... ~ c:I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +' ~ ~ .... lQ"'" ~., 0 A ~ §< ..... 0 1- 0 CQ ~ to c:n ..... -.:Ii N 0 0 0:.0 0':> 0- 0 .0 1-] X) . 0':> .- -.:II ..... ~ 00 ~ ~ CI) "'" t-4 CI) ..... bCltj 0 "'- "'"0 0 ~ 0 ~ "<11 ..c ~ Q 0 00 l~ ~ rl ~ +' .:: d c ...... C .... ] S ..n ..... Q) 0) 00 0':> CQ § .... :s Q) ao .... to = CI) ~ .-I'" 10 00 C') rl ~ to ~ ~ <1.l '0 c::'O ~ d "'- to ~ to ao J:-.. ~ (0 d ~ ..... <:,) S CQ 1.... en ~ ' 0... CI) ..... 0 ~ C1J O~CIl"O '"d ---m -- o...'"''"d rl C') rl .~ ~ :s 0

.1 0 ~ to to eN C1J .(;j .1';1 -: 0':> ~ Q) c:: .8 • tj CQ ...... A co &::: 0 .... C'l ~ l.Q d :.- Q.l +> .... c·_ a:. I I I I I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 to ~.._:, rn·r-1..s ...... +' '<:1'. a -1':1 0':> ~ ...... to >t:l CQ co 0 ..0 ~ C:> 00 CQ £:\1 " c:I 0') 0 (N >r;, til S ..c 00 ~ 0 ..... 4lI c:: a:- Ct) ' ~ C'I ~ .....O· c:: 0':> C'I '"CI) .... 0 t- J:-...... C'> eI';I ~ ...... C'il 0 0 >Q ...-I (;'1 M c:o Q) c5 d ..c c:q "t:l CQ cq 0 - .-0 - ~ 0 I:- .s:: 0 CD CI Q) en 0':> Q) Q) A ~ ~ """ ~ AGE AND SEX. ( 104 ) C~APTER VI.

12. The age.periods of 10 to 15 and 15 to 20 show increase of11 ,627 and 8,914 respectively over the ~ast returns. Again the age-periods 20 to 25, 25 tQ 30 and 30 to 35 show decrease in number, ranging from 6000 to 8000; the age­ p'eriods of 35 to 40, 45 to 50 and 55 to 60 show increase, which does not go be­ yond 4000. Lastly the age-periods 40 to 45, 50 to 55 and 60 or over, show a considerable decrease from the number returned last time, the df;lcrease being of 16,603, H,969, and 13,4Q7 respectively.

13. The result thus arrived at, coupled with the faots that the table No. 15. discloses to us, b~s a special interest attached to it, as it gives an in,sight into, and completely explains, the process by ~hich the decrease in populatio,Q in the present Census from that of last Census could be traced~

14. It hus been alrendy stated, thatin the Census of1891, the total popula. tion returned was ,,*,84,190 and in the present Ce:Qsus, the total population amounted to 3,95,4~8, thus the present Census shows the decrease of 88,762 souls from the last Census. Again it is estimated that in each one year iQ India there shouhl 'be an ~ncrease of 1 per cent in the population; thus in the decennial period under cons~deration, the increase in the natural course of event, should have been 10 per cent o\'er 4,84,190, that is the total population i,Q the pr9'l lIeot Census should have been 5,32,609. Now 3,95,42B is the population returneq in the present Census and if 6,32,609, ought to have be~n, in the natural course of event, the population in the present Census, t~en the decrease is, in 0.11137181 (which is cOIllposed of 88762+48419 i. e~ actual decrease ten percent estimat­ ed increqse per decade). Thus we have to account for the decrease, not only of 88762 souls but 137181 Bouls, which is the total loss estimated.

15. Now we put before llS two qecades viz.i-(I) 1881 to 1891 and (.2) 1891 to 1901. It ~ould be at once obvious, without any stretch of imagination, '$hat all those returned in the Census of 1891, having ~ges between 0 to 9 ( nine inclusive) IllllRt not be in existence ~t the time Qf Census of 1881, in other word~ they all mnst have seen light after the Census of 1881 i, e. on SOUle days between 1881 and ~891; thus all those returned, 4aving the ages from 0 to 9 ( 9 in~ elusive), are to be taken unquestionably as born in decennial period of 1881 and 18~1. Thus the nqmber returned of lIuch cP.i~dren in the Census of 1891, which is 14454.3, is the number of births in the period hetween 1881 and 1891. For our purpose what we are to know and keep steadily in mind is that between l881 aud l891 there were 1~45~3 births. Simil.trly those child~ ren returned in the present Census as having the ages between 0 and 9 ( 9 in­ clusive) must Dot have been in being at the time of the Census of 1891 an4 so all these are new births between 1891 and 1901. The number of such child­ r~~ is 107940. Thus we ~ave ~wo im~ortant :qgures qefore us viz:~

( 1) 144543 ...... ~.~~.~ •. !Births bfltween 1~81 and la91. ( 2) l07940 ...... ~ ...... Bir.ths bet'Veen 189l apq 1901.

P6~O~~!" ... Resultj of ~ubt~a9~io:p qf ~~e la~te~ frolXl the former~ AGE AND SEX. ( 105 ) CHA.PTER VI.

16. The result of subtracting the latter from the former shows, that there were 36603 more births in the period between 1881 and 1891, than those in the period between 1891 and 1901. Still there is one eliment more which reo quires necessarily to be taken into account. The population in the Census of 1881 was 387499, so 144543 are the b~rths in the population of 387499 souls; nnd the population of the Census ofld91 is 484190, thus if we take birth·rate of the period between 1881 and 1891 as a standard, we must find out the proper ratio upon the population 484190, as under:-

Population. Population. Births. Births. 387499 484L90 :: 144543 180610.

17. Thus according to the standard taken as our guiding post, we must have in 1901, 180610 number of births returned, but we have in fact, 107940 births in the present Census, thus the deficit being of 72670 births, supposing the existence of the same normal circumstances in the period between 1891 and 1901, as they were in the period between 1881 and 1891.

18. The net result of this, which we are to fix in our mind is, that in the decennial period nuder consideration, we ha\Te 72670 births less, than what ought to be the number of births in the normal state of things.

19. Now let us turn to the death-roll; the table 15 is really helpful in the investigation we are at. It will be seen that those returned as falling under a particular age.period in 1891, must, as a. matter of course, ha"e been return­ ed as falling under a next succeeding age period in 1901_ As for example, those returned, as ha\'ing ages between 0 to 9 in 1891, must have arrived at the ages of 10 to 19 a~ the time of present Census. Similarly those returned as falling between the age-period 10 to 19 in 1891, must have reached the ages of 20 to 29, at the time of the present Census. In -the same way those returned as having the ages between, 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49 in 1891, must in the present Census show themselves in the age~periods 30 to 89, 40 to 49, and 50 to 59 respectively and thoae re-turned in the last Census as between 50 to 59 and of, or above 60, must have been returued, in the present Census, as of or above 60 years. Now in 1891, the number of persons returned as between o to 9 was 144543, who must reach the ages between 10 to 19 in the present Census, and so 144543 should have been the number returned of those hav­ ing the ages between 0-9, but the actual number returned is 100477, show­ ing decrease of 44066. Sim:Harly those returned in 1891 as falling between 10 to 19 were 79936 who must in 1901 :reach the ages between 20 to 29 and 80 '19936 thould have been the namber returned of that g,ge.period in this Census, but the number returned is 80100, showing an increase of 164 ; but in this age-period the males decreased by 4171 and females increased by 4335, thus it adds to the decrease side 4171 and increase side 4335, giving 164 as a net increase. Those returned in 1891 as falling between 20 to 29 must have attained the ages between 80 'to 39 in 1901 and so the number, in this age-period, should have been, in the present Census, of 8958 AGE AND SEX. ( 106 ) CHAPTER VI.

but the actual number returned is 59·4:43 which shows the decrease of 41510. Similarly looking to the ath and 6th age-periods we have the decrease, from the expected number, of 48098 and 28195 respectively. Those returned in 1891 as having the ages between 50 to 59 and of and over 60, must all have .been showlI in the present Census as of or over 60. Thus ~he comparison ·gives for this age-period the deficit of 40002. 20. Summing up the decrease thus shown by each age-period we ha.ve the total of2,01,037. Below I Jlut the whole result in a tabular form:- Table No.l6

Births in the de- Increase for' other Decrease in all the Net decrease. age-periods. cennial period. reasons.

2,01,037 1,07,940 4,335 S'sJ62

Decrease of p"pulatlOn, Decrease accounted Decrease remained to lie actual and estimated in for liS above. 1901. accounted for.

1,37,181 88,762 48,419

21. Now let 11S see what is our position. We have traced the loss of 2,01,037 which number hUR been arrived at by systematic calculations. That we have 1,07,940 births during the period under review could be averred with equal certainty. The increase of 4,385 of females in the age-pllriod of 20 to 29 cannot be new births hut may be the net result of immigration and emigra- tioo. '

22. I may repeat here, what I have said before, th!!.t we calculate all the results on the supposition that immigration and emigration cancel each other and hence thfy a.re to be taken as non·existing and lila not at all influencing, in any way, our calclliation. This is to be kept steadily in mind in the calculation we are just making.

23. Now granting the element of migration to be non.existent, we can unhesitatingly say that the decrease of 2,01,037 is the number of deaths dur­ ing the decennial period under review. Deducting from this the number of births viz 1,07,940 and the number 4,335 ( a number too insignificant to vitiate our. above supposition) we have the net decrease of 88,762. Thus we can sum­ marise and say that we have during the decennial period under consideration 2,01,037 deaths and ],07,940 births. We have thus traced the decrease of 88,762 souls, but sill the decrease of 48,419 remains to be accounted for. It has been seen, from what is said above, that we have 36,603 births less, and ac­ cording to the ratio we have arrived at on the page 105, we have proportionately 72,670 births less in the decennial period. We have to find out by how many births we are actually falling short of the expected number taking aU the circum· AGE AND SEX. ( 107 ) .. CHAPTER ·VI.

stances of the decennial period into consideration. The deficit of 36,603 we have already traced, and the remaining 11,816, which when added to it, will make up the number 48,419 (the deficit to be accounted for) may also be thrown in the balance of the decrease of births, thus giving4g,419 as the total decrease of births. Because when we assume the factor of migration non· existent, there is no other alternative but to trace the whole deficit of 48,419 to the door of deficiency of . births, because we have no one left to die, when we put the deaths, through the decennial period, at 2,01,037. Thus the whole may be shown as under:- Table No. 17.

Decrease account· . . ed for . 0 -C7I -0) Decrease. - 00 ...... Increase. Decrease • ...... d = Total In- Total De- Net de· d ui 0 .~= ui I=l >... crease. crease. crease...... , '"0 ,.Q 0 o rtl d ..c::l (l) .... en en C; ~ ,..Q d": -a -a ::s c::l I~.... :.a"" ai ...., ....0)'" "" ~ 0 c: 0'- ~ ~ e Q,> 0 0 t.l ...... , f-I "" :a.o r.a ~ (l) ~ Q)

IC) ~ 00 0) t- co 0 .-i 0 ~ t- ~ eN eN .-4 It) aa oo~ 0) ~ c:.c 'Q ~ 0 <:'I... ""III~ ""III ..... c: CQ ""III an" t-" t:Q ~ - e(I 0) t- - J:.o" ..; O) - as r- 0 .-I 00 ~ ..; ar ..; co" 00 cQ 00 t:Q 0" eN" .... " Cl'1 ...... ; .-4 .... -

24. The table No. 15. also gives a "ery importllJlt result. We have seen that all those returned in the present Census as falling between ages of 0 to ·9 are the new births between ]891 and 1901 and those returned as falling 00. tween the same ages in the Census of 1891, are new births between 1881 and 1891. Bearing tbis in mind. a glance at the table No. ] 8. will give the births, record of the whole State between 1881 and 1891, and between 1891 and 1901 in the whole Junagadh State. Table No. 18. Year. Births. Year. Births.- 1891 to 1896 60732 1881 to 1886 69352 1897 12317 1887 16326 1898 9093 1888 10568 1899 8229 1889 15939 1900 7733 1890 16525 1901 9836 1891 15833 I· I Total of ten yeo.r8 between 107940 Total of ten yeo.rs between 144543 Hl91 to 1901 I 1881 to 1891 I AGE AND SU. ( 107 ) .. CHAPTER VI.

stances of the decennial period into consideration. The deficit of 36,603 we have already traced, and the remaining 11,816, which when added to it, will make up the number 48,419 (the deficit to be accounted for) may also be thrown in the balance of the decrease of births, thus giving4S,419 as the total decrease of births. J3ccause when we assume the factor of migration non·existent, there is no other alternative but to trace the whole deficit of 48,419 to the door of deficiency of . births, because we have no one left to die, when we put the deaths, through the decennial period, at 2,01,037. Thus the whole may be shown ns under:- '1"able No. 17.

Decrease account· . . ed for . 0 -CI'I -0) Decrease. 00 ...... Increase. Decrease . ....r:= .....d d r:= Total In- Total De- Net de- 0 0 .,j 05 ..... "'C s:: >,. crease. crease. crease. .... ·z ..a ~ I1.l oS d Q) .... 0 III ...... J-o rIJ ;::..= d d I d ...... a Q,l"" i:l i:l i:l .... ,.Q ~ ...... J-o - 0.. 0 .... d ~.- Po. .... S 0 0 ~ ...... E-4 .... Qj :c..c ~ ~ < III Q) A Q,l ..... r:.q I~ ..c..., :::::) 0 I I 0 I I 00 t-... 10 to 0 cq cq 0) .... ~ 0 lQ ~ CI'I t- tl) ~ -.:t4 to .... 'X> -.tf 0 ..... 00... ~ ~ C'I ~ft t-... ,..., 0:. ...; -. - .,._ft ~ ~ "

24. The table No. 15. also gives a very important result. We have seen that all those returned in the present· Census as falling between ages of 0 to ~ are the new births between 1891 and 1901 nnd those returned as falling be­ tween the same ages in the Census of 1891, are new births between 1881 and 1891. Bearing this in mind, a glance at the table No. ]8. will give the bhths, record ofthe whole State between 1881 and 1891, and between 1891 and 1901 in the whole Junagadh State. Table No. 18.

Year. Births. Year. Births.- 1891 to 1896 60;32 1881 to 1886 69352 1897 12317 1887 16326 1898 9093 1888 10568 1899 8229 1889 15939 1900 7':'33 1890 16525 1901 I 9836 I 1891 15833 Total of ten years between 107940 Total of ten years between 1891 to 1901 I 1881 to 1891 I 144543 .AGB .AND SEX • ( 108 ) CHAPl'BB VI.

.25. This gives us the following average birth-rate. (1) Average birth-rate, in the quinquennial period, from the date of the present census, is 9441.6 per year. (2) Average birth rate per year between 1891 to 1896 is 12146.4. (3) Average birth-rate per year between 1891 to 1901 i. e. in the decen­ nial period under review is 10794. (4) A VE:rage birth-rate per year in the period between 1881 and 1886 is 15038.2. (5) A vera.ge birth-ra.te per year in the period between 1886 and 1891 is 13870.4. (6) Avemge birth-rate per year between 1881 and 1891 is 14454.3.

26. Thus average birth-rate per year between the period 1881 to 1891 is 14454.3, as against 10794, the average h\rth-rate per year between the period 1891 and 1901. The average decrease of births per year between 1891 and 1901 is therefore 3660.3.

27. There is nothing to be surprised at this falling oft' in the birth rate When fi\mine and pestilence are stalking in the country, the poorest people hardly get food sufficiently to kE'ep body and soul together and it requires no stretch of imagination to conceive that they suffer se"erely in their powers and there is a marked depression of vital function affecting that of reproduc­ tion, because "The reproduction system appears to be far more succeptible than any other part of the ofganizatillD, to the aotion of any cha.nge in the conditions of life. ,~

28. Let us turn to another important result.. We bave in 0.11 201037 deaths during the decennia.l period 1891 to 1901.

Thus we have 107940 births and 201037 deaths during the decen" Ilia} period under review so,

BllU'BB.

(1) Average birth rate per each year is \0794. (2) Average birth rate per month is 899.5. (3) AY-e.rage birth rate per day is 29.98. DEATHS.

(1) Average death rate per· year is ~0103.'l. (2) Average death rate per month is 16,(5.80. (3) Average dea.th rate per. day is 55... 84. 99, The result of this. JI;J.ay be stated as under:- AGE AND SEX. ( 109 ) CHAPTER VI.

Average birth rate per day in the Average death rate per day in the whole State during the decennial whole State during the decennial period under review=29.98. period under review =55.84.

30. As a net result of this, setting off daily deaths against daily births, ( 55.84-29.98=25.86 ) during the decennial period under review we have . been sustaining the loss of 25-86 i. e. 26 souls daily, or to say roughly 1 soul per hour.

31. The following table shows the number of births of males and females Ileparately and the number of males born per every 100 females born,

Tablf) No. 19

Births. N umber of males born to every Years. 100 born females. I Males Females 1891 to 1896 3073a 30000 102.44 1897 6424 5893 109.01 1898 .432 4661 95.08 ~ . 1899 4008 4221 94.95 1900 380l 3932 96.66 I 1901 4884 4952 98.62

'fotal .... 54281 53659 101.15

32. On the whole, in the decennial period under consideration, the male births were 54281 and female births were 53659, thus the number of males born per 100 females born is ~01.15.

33. The table below shows the rate of death in each age-period per 100.

Table No. 20.

Deaths. IPercenta~e of death per age period Age.period. Males. I Females. I Males. Females. l()to 19 190~0 25046 26.4l 34.53 { Females ou~numbered hence 110 20 to 29 4171 death rate can be known. 9.35 X 30 to 39 20543 20967 40.94 42.98 40 to 49 23854 19239 60.82 66.62 .10 to 59 15589 12606 69.61 62.19 60 and over 193~7 20675 - 89.51 88·~5 Total ... 10250~ 98533

102504 + 98533;;;; 201037. AGE AND SEX, ( 110 ) CHAPTER VI.

34. From this it appears tbat out of 249947 males returned last timer 102504 males died and out of 234243 females returned last time 98533 females died during the decennial period under review ( taking immigration anq emigra­ tion ca.ncelling each other and so migration altogether a non-existent element.)

35. If we ta.ke 100 to be the number returned last time of males and females in each period separately then:- 26 Males died between 10 and 19 years of age (last time returned between 0 and 9 ). 9 Males died between 20 and 29 years of age ( last time returned between 10 and 19). 41 Males died between 3Q and 39 years of age (last time returned be­ tween 20 and 29 ). 61 Males died between 40 and 49 years of age (last time returned between 30 and 39 ). 70 Males died between 50 and 59'years of age ( last time returned be­ tween 40 and 49). 90 Males died of or above 60 years of age (last time returned between 50 and 59 and of 60 or above 60 ). 29i' AND 35 Females died between 10 and 19 years of age (last time l"eturned between 0 and 9 ), * 43 Females died between 30 and 29 years of age ( last time returned between 20 and 29 ). 57 Females died between 40 and 49 years of age (last time returned between 30 and 39 ). 62 Females died between 50 and 59 years of age ( last time returned between 40 and 49 ). 88 Females died of or above 60 (last time returned between 50 and 59 and of 60 and over 60 ). ~

Ferna,Jes returned, between 20 and 29 this' time, outnumber those returned last time between 10 and 19 years of age, and so no death record could be found as regards them by the l,rocess here employed AGE AND Six. ( III ) CHAPTER VI.

36. Thus taking 600 to be the total male population, returned last time, of the whole State, we have 297 deaths in males and taking 500 total femaie population of the whole State we ha\Te 285 deaths ill females. It also appears that deaths betw:een the ages 20 and 29 in males are very few being 9 in ) 00. As we go further the death rate, in each succeeding age-period, in­ creases both in males and females, and in both the sexes the age "period of 60 and over 60 is the most unfortunate of all, giving in each, death rate of 89 in 100. Age-periods froni 40 to 49 and 50 to 59 have allm greatly shared this misfortune, as regards both the sexes. The age-periods from 10 to 19 ill com­ llaratlvely in an advantageous position.

37. Now comparing death rate in males with that of females at difFerent stages of life, we find that in the last three age-periods: viz between 40 and 49, 50 and 59, and 60 and .over, the deaths in females per 100 are less (though the difference is not very significant) than those in males per 100; while in the first three tl.ge-periods viz: 10 to 19, 20 to 29, and 30 to 39, the deaths in females per 100 are more than the death!!! in males per 100 ; and if we call the three age·periods from 10 to 39 as the periods of youth and the last three from 40' to 60 and over as the periods of old age, we see that in the periods of youtll, the rate of mortality in females is higher than tho.t in males, and in the periods of old age, on the contro.i'y the rate of mortality in males is higher than that in females.

38. Infercences founded, on these facts, as to which ages are more fo.tal to the males and females &c., will not, owing to the recent abnormal conditi<.Il of the country, I am afraid, stand to test in its normal state alld so it is not of so much practical utility to make nny serious endeavours about them.

39. In connection with birth and death rate, it may be interesting to know, that per one female in the decennial period, the birth rate is .55; per each married female, the birth rate is 1.2; and per each married female between 15 and 45 years of age·generally a procriative period,-the birth rate is 1.5. AGE ANp SEX. ( 112 ) CUAPT:!!1R VI.

iii ..... ~ ui .....Q) d 0 Q'I Q'I 0 CN Q ~ .,..,j ...t I'!OI Q O!"OI Q S "- .,j Q) ~ ~ Q) , .,' . t, ril "- .-Q) d Q .-:t ~ Q'I 0. Q~ Q Q ..-.I ..... c;> 0 ~ """ rR .$ d ~, u1 ~ Q Q QiI Cl;lI Q <:-1 ~ Q ql .... 0 1=1 8 ...... ,d ....llJ ~ u.l ] CQ co .... "'=!I G"l .... ~ .. u.l r-d IX) 10 ...... '"'"-.:II 00 O\t ~ c.C> 1""1 CI") l!j) lQ ~ -.::tI "<11 -.:II CI") aQ CI) .... ,Q .", 8 ...... 0 rD Q) ....'So ..... ~ .- =d = ~ ,... t-;, Q) a-1 ...... ~ IX) C'I CQ O\t ...... ~ co -.:II t- -.:It 0 ...... '"'" l('J ";i I""'i CI) I.Q ~ - ~ ~ 10 ~ O\t .... ,..d ..... a1? 0 ~ '"'" d i.Q -.t4 :g "<11 aQ CQ'" .... d 13 .... §" l'-o t- ...... o Q) en 0 en en "<11 en "<11 "<11 0 0 r-I ~ lQ c.C> 10 ~ c.C> ~ "<11 c.C> C'Q r-I p.. ~ ..... ui ~ eq 00 00 .,_ ~ t-, '0 IQ CQ ..... CI':) c.o ~ 0';) ~ 0';) C'I S 'o::It CO 10 C'Q eq c.C> 00 I CI") ~ t- CN en t- O';) 'o::It LQ 10 ..... ui E ...... =0 0 0 c.o ,... .- G\I 00 .... c:o CQ "<11 'l':II tQ -0 00 ~ 00 "<11 d ~ I:Q ~ () ~ C'I .... "<11 .... ~ ,.., ..... C'I G\I ...... c;q ..... ~ ~ '"'" lQ ~ ,... 0 lQ 0 0 l('J 0 0 0 0 ,.; -. d "'0 '"'"I I I I I I I I l>- .... l('J ," '':'

~u .. , I' .•.•..•- ~ J ..... , ...... ".. -~ .. ,_ , . "--...... '- ._,- .,.' ...., ...... r._',,,, ..' AGE AND SB.l. ( 113 ) CIl'APi'EB VI. ------40. The table gives the population-male!' and females-in each period, by each religion. We there see that Hindu males between 0 and 9 are 40784 and Hindu females between 0 and 9 are 40306; Mo.homedan males between 0 and 9 are 12421 and females between 0 and 9 are 12329; Jains males between o and 9 are 1063 and females between 0 and 9 are ] 011; Parsi males between o and 9 are 6 and females 7; Christian males between 0 and 9 are 3 and females 2; Jew males between 0 and 9 are 2, and females 2 ; and animistic males between 0 and 9 are 2, and females are also 2. These are the births in both sexes, in the respective religions in the decennial period under considera­ tion. This is shown below in a tabular for~:- Table NO. 22. Religion. I l\J ale births. Female births. Total births. Hindu. 40784 40306 81090 Mahomedan. 12421 12329 24750 Jain. 1063 1011 2074 Parsi. 6 1 13 Christian. a 2 5 Jew. 2 2 4 Animistic. 2 2 4 I- - - Total. 54281 53659 I 107940 4]. When we have taken out of calculation altogether the factor of migra­ tion Bnd the difference between the last return and the present return is set down as 80 many deaths, we have then per each religion the number of deaths during the decennial period as under:- Table No. 23. Number of deaths per religion between 1891 and 1901-.

Deaths. Religion, Males. Females. Total.

Hindu. 84270 80163 164433 Mo.homedun, 17506 16879 34385 Jain. 712 1472 2184

Pars~. 12 17 29 Christian. 4. 2 6 0 0 0 Jw. ~ 0 o 0 A:;::ti~ ._.. __ .. 102504-- 98583-l-- 201037 AGE AND SEX, ( 114 ) CHAPTER VI.

Table No, 24, Showing the relo.ti\·e Numbers of lbles and Fema.les of each religion.

Percentage by Population Jll I religion tor eae h Numbers of Numbers of 1901. males for females for sex. 1000 fe- 1000 male~ Name of Religion. males in in each rei i- :\10.1es. Females; Males. Females, each reH- Igian. I glOn. Hindu. 154749 147024 51'27 48'73 950'08 J052'54 Musalman. 42929 42755 50'10 49'90 995.94 1004'06 Jain. 3960 3882 50'49 49'51 970'55 1020'09 Christian. 40 8 83'33 16'67 I 200' SOOO· Parsi. 35 20 63'63 ! :I637 571'42 1750' Jew. 6 8 42'85 57'15 1333'33 750' Animistic. 5 7 41'66 58'34 1400, 714'28 -- --- 120]724 ] 93704 I 42, The table gives the l'elatiYe number of males and females of' each re­ ligion, the percentage by religion for each sex, the number of ma.les, f~r 1000 females, and the number of females for 1000 males, in each religion. 43. If we suppose 100 to he the Hindu population of the State, we have 51 Hindu males to 49 Hindu females; 50 Mahomed!tll m:tles to 50 Ma- 110medan females; 51 Jain males to49 Jain females; 83 Christian males to 17 Chri~twn females; 64 Parsi males to ~6 Parsi femlles; 43 Jew m~les to 57 Jew females; and 42 animistic males to 58 animistic females i this could be shown at one ~'iew as under:- Taking 100 to be the population of ea.ch religion we ha.,·e:­ Table No. 26.

Ueligion. Males. Females. Total. I \ Hindu, 51 49 100 Mahomed::m. 50 50 100 Jain. 51 49 100 Christian. 83 17 100 Parsi, 64 36 100 Jew. 43 57 100 Animistic. - 42 58 100 Total. 384 I 316 I 700 AGE AND SU. ( 115 ) CHAPTER VI.

44. In Hindu, Jain, Christian, and Parsi religions, males out-number females, in Mahomed::m they are equal, while in Jew and Animistic, females out·number males. Table No. 26.

N umber of Fema-Ies to 1000 mn.les at elch age period for Hindus and Musalmans contrasted.

Excess or deficit of Age-period. Hindus. :M usalmans. Hindus over Musa.l· mans. 0-5 1010 992 + 18 5-10 972 993 - 21 10-15 827 887 - 60 15-20 93t 1111 - 18U 20-25 943 1083 - 140 25-30 972 1070 - 98 30-35 857 846 + 11 35-40 1025 1065 - 40 40-45 894 743 + 151 45-50 1063 1016 + 47 50-55 824 807 .. 11 55-60 1388 1193 + 195 60 and over 1265 1079 + 186

45. The table gives the contrast of number of females tu 1000 males at each age. period for Hindus and Musalm!ms and the result has its own intf~rest.

46. The Hindu shows higher percentage in the i age.periods viz:-l to 5, 30 to 35, 40 to 45, 45 to 50, 50 to 55, 55 to 60, and 60 and over. The per· centages in the· periods 40 to 45, 55 to 60 and 60 n.nd 60 over, are considerably high, while in others the excess is tolerably great. In other age· periods the Hindu shows lower percentages; and the percentage is strikingly low in the periods 15 to 20,· 20 to 25, and 25 to 30. On the whole the Hindu females carry the palm in the competition.

47. In concluding the chapter on age and sex, I beg tl) draw your honour's spacial attention to the absolute necesEity of the arrangement of con· tinued watchfulness in the matter of birth and death registers, which at present engages your honor's attention to 0. considerable extent.

---:0:--- CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 116 ) CUPTElt VII ..

Chapter VII. CIVIL CONDITIONS.

1. There are three possible Civil Conditions viz:-(I) Un-married (2) Ma.rried (3) ha.ving lost a. wife or a husband i. e. widower or widow. Under this head of our subject, it will not be out of place to make prefatory remarks, us far as the limited space permits, on the marriage systems obtaining among persons of different castes and creeds.

2. Hindu Dlarriage system-Hindu marriage absolutely is, and invari­ ably is looked in the light of, a religious tie inseparably cementing males and females together ·as husbands and wives under a religious sanction. It is neither a contract nor a compact, "oidable at the will of the parties, but it is a tie com­ pleted by Saptapadi or the walking of seven steps before the consecrated fire, and it creates a religious tie, which, once created, cannot be untied and thus in any case desertion does not terminate the relation of husband and wife. It is an inconsistent idea to a Hindu mind to reg'ltrd marriage as a contract, which could be set at naught under certain circumstances. The marriage between a. Hindu male and a female; that i~ consummated here, is looked by Hindu Shastras in the light of an inevitable result of series of Karms and of reciprocal relations, obligations and the debts of the couple in the former birth. Thus Hindus would not pretend to have any part or art in the arrangement here arrived at, except their instrumentality in accomplishing that which was already destined to take place.

3. The circumstances under which B marriage between a Hindu male aDd female can be contracted are that (1) the bride.groom selected to be married must be a person out side the family and inside the caste. (2) He should not stand in Sapind relation to, and should not be of the same Gotl"uge or Parva as, the bride.

4 •. The match is generally arranged by the parents of the bride and bride-groom, at such periods of their lives, when their discretionary or intelec. tual powers are still dormant. This has been made the ground of strongest opposition to the Hindu marriage system, and here lies the crux of entire con­ troversy. Of co-qrse this oppotlition, as far as it turns upon the detestful and :pl.onstrous Q\lstom of infant IIlarr\ages, must be welcomed by those Hindus who ha.ve the interest of their community close a.t heart. But it is really objection. ~ble when it is supposed invo.ri~bly ~o be the source of those baneful influences which are in fact not exclusively and at alLtimes attrib~table to it. It is, I think, doing grossest injnstice to the parents of bride and bride-groom, who have the highest welfllore of their children at-heart, to charge them, in"ari~bly and indis­ criminately without exceptio~, with sacrifi,cing the interest of their belovecl children llot the altar of their own selfish ends. There m~y be such soul-stirring sacri~ces 1 do not deny. But to m~ke it and show it as 0. general rule is, I think, going too far in the matter, without proper comprehension of the true state of things, Erf is buma~ and i~ coqld pot b~ denied th~t all huma~ 'Ilndef~~ing!ol CIVIL CONDITIONS, ( 117 ) CHAPTER VII.

and choices are open to the risk of turning out contrary to the wen~cherished ex. pectations and all systems formed with the best of the motives in their inception, are attended with the perils of being abused in the hands of the masses. If it were not 50, the instances of lost·love and divorce &c. would be without defence; on the other hand, we see hundreds and thousands of Hindu couples living with perfect peace and happiness and their domestic arrangements "evince them­ selves in the circumstance of their being the most widely beneficial in their result, the most essential to the comfort and happiness of human society and the best guarantee of social order and peace." The proportion may be the proportion, which the men of higher type bears to those of the lower type, but it could not be questioned that the system under consideration is capable, if judiciously handled, of being the source of highest blessings. Thus it is the abuses of the system, which should be made the bone of contention, rather than the system itself with its purest and noblest motives and intentions and the remedy lies not in attacking the system itself but in adopting measures which would work a complete check on such abuses; in otherwords endeavours should be made in the direction of impro~ing the type of the people rather than of finding fault with the system.

5. The Hindu Shastras enumerate eight species of marriage viz. (1) Brahama-in which the gift of a. daughter clothed only in a single robe is made to a man learned in Vedas whom her father voluntarily invites and respectfully receives. (2) Deva-in which the fa.ther deliverli! his daughter dressed in bridal attire to the officiating priest at the time of sacrifice. (3) Arsha--in which bride·groom delivers to the bride's father one or two pairs of cows for uses prescribed by the Vedas. (4) The Prajapati-in which the £'tther gives away his daughter with due honour saying 'may you both jointly perform your civil and J.'eli~ous duti.es.' (5) Asura.-"--in which a pecuniary consideration is received by the father of the bride. (6) Gandharva marriage is a love match when the union is brought about by amorous desires or by wish for domestic comfort. (7) The Raksbssa i. e. the rape ot' carrying off of a virgin in the time of war is followed by the marriage of the parties. (8) The Pisacha-This form is reprobated for 0.1I,_ being accomplished by means of fraud and circQ.mvention.

"6. The first four sorts of marriages are called approved forms of marri· . ~ges, being entirely ba~ed on disinterested motives and they are all technically peculiar to the Brahmins. Now except Brahm a:J.d Asurs. forms of marriage, aU pthers have become obsolete. All the I}q~ses which have given the gastly appear· CIVIL CONDITIONS • ( 118 ) CHAPTER VII. . ance to the Hindu mttrriage system in the eye of an outsider, are mostly to .be traced at the door of this Asur form of marriage. It is the abused form of ·the best of the system, which at once requires to be put a stop to.

7. I would not enter into the minute ceremonies of the Hindu marriage because they are generally too well-known to need any more detailed descrip­ tion in the limited space at my disposal.

8. Before concluding my prefatory remarks on the Hindu marriage l:1ystem, a word is necessary to be said with respect to tbe botly debated ques­ tion of widow-remarriage. I shall treat infant marriages and early marriages in their proper pIa,ces further on in the chapter.

9. The sympathizers with the mishap of the Hindu widows, not allowed by Shastras to re-marry, are hurling their attacks on the system with tbe best of the intentions of ameliorating the condi~ion of the widows. Had not the remarriage of a widow been against the Hindu Shastras, their suggestions and recommendations would have been welcomed and their efforts would have been crowned with success (although 1 en tertain a serious dOll bt as regards the introduction, even then, of the system of widow remarriage in its entirety). But the Hindu Shastras believe in the theory of transmigration of souls and hence the deceased husband is, according to that theory, believed to be still existing and thus the remarriage of a widow is completely inconsistent with the prin­ ciples of the Arya Dharm. Marriage is-regarded as one of those Sansk(/,rs which in the case of a female could be performed once and once only, like the Upnaya'il­ San8kar or thread ceremony in the case ofa male. Thus the followers of Arya­ Dharm cannot, consistently with their religious principles, introduce the system of widow-remarriage among them. The melancholy descriptions, that have been given by many, of the predecament of widows, cannot entirely be denied, except that they sometimes savor uf exaggeration, and the state of being cruelly rLJbbed, in the prime of their yo uth, of fondly cherished hopes of social happiness, making them hopelessly husbandless, co,nnot but evoke a strong sense of sym­ pathy for them. But this evil also is to be traced to the abuse of the originttl system of marriage sanctioned and recommended by- the Hindu Sbastras. The Hindu Shastras enjoin on the parents of the bride to give their daughters in marriage after being fully satisfied, on inquiring into the matter, as to the nobility and the prestige of the family and the wea.lth, health, learning and other good qualities of the bride-groom. The' difr'erence rE'cornmcnded to be kept be- . tween the ages of the bride-groom and the bride is of 18 or 16 years.

f O. There are other such salutary recommendations of the Sbastras which, if fully and faithfully observed, will reduce to a minimum the number of young widows and the widow-hood in the tenderest ages of the females would be a circumstance of proportionatly rare occurence. But I may repent once more that the idelL of widow remarriage could never be reconciled with the prin­ ciples of Arya Dhnrm, and their sympathizers would do more good to, and achieve a greater success in, the cause they so feelingly and nobly advocate, by striking CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 11~ ) CHAPTER VII.

at the root of the abuses 'Which have bce'n the fruitful source of the evil ratherthan indulging in the reaso~ings, however elaborate they may be, which are com­ pletely at variance with, ahd which upset the theory of the Araya Dharm.

11. Parm marriage system.-The marriage system of the Parsis who form the smallest community in the whole world, numbering scarcely a hundred thousand, may not be so widely known as that of the Hindus and so it would be interesting to describe it here briefly. The Parsis are the followers of the zoroastrianism. The law of zoroaster is that a boy or a girl ought not to be married before the' age of fifteen. But as there is always expected some • abuse in the system in the, hands of the ignorant, early marriage did vitiate also the Parsi marriage system. It seems to have been attempted to attribute all evils that have crept in the Parsi marriage system, to their contact with the Hindus which, I may say without offering any opinion about it, may be taken for what it is worth.

12. Among the Parsis, there are priests who follow the profession of h-makers whom the parents of the boy or girl commission to find out a suitable 'Parti' for their children and afterwards they themselves open communic!!tion with each other. The astrologer is afterwards consulted on the favourableness or otherwise of the 'stars' of the proposed pail' by show­ ing him the horoscope and on the astrologers declaring the 'stars' favour­ able the betrothal takes place_ Then the parents of a boy send the present of a dress to the girl and l1ice versa and this makes the contract complete or Packa. Thare is no any fixed rule as to the particular age at wh ich the gil-} should be married but it depends upon the convenience of the parents. The ceremony which is performed at the time of marriage is thus described:.,.-

·13. "First of all the bride and the bridge-groom are seated opposite each other on handsome chairs, and then a piece of cloth is held between them as a curtain 130 as to screem them from each other's sight. Under this curtain they are made to hold each others right-hand in their grasp. Then another piece of cloth is placed round so as to encircle them and the ends of the cloth are tied together by a double knot. In the same way raw twist is taken and wound ronnd the pair seven times by the officiating priests, who during tbis performance repeats the short prayers of yatha Ahu Vairyo, on com pleating the seventh round, the twist is tied seven times over the joined hands of the couple as well as round the double knot of the ends of the cloth previously put about them. When this is over, incense is burnt on a fire placed in a flat metallic Vase, after which the curtain is suddenly dropped down, and the bride and bride-groom, who have each be~n provided with a few grains of rice, hasten to throw them at one another. This is followed by a clapping of hands from the ladies who are seated round the bridal pair, and the applause is taken up by the gentlemen outside. After throwing the rice, the couple sit side by side, when the recital of " Ashirwad " or blessings by two" dasturs " or chief priests fol­ lows ; one of these stands before the bride-groom and the other before the bride." CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 120 ) CHAPTER VII_

14. The meaning of this preliminary ceremony is explained as under:- " The holding of the curtain between the bride and the bride-groom and its subsequent removal, are meant to show that up to the time of the ceremony,:they were seperated from each other, but that they are so no longer. Their being made to sit opposite to one another at first and side by side a little later on, also expresses the same notion. The grasping of their right-hll.nds by each other, and their being tied by a string, signify that they are thenceforth united. The putting round of 3 string and the cloth, so as to encircle them with a double knot at the ends, means that they are now joined and made :one. The object of using raw twist and of its being put round them seven times, is to show that, while ra.w twist itself can be very easily broken, when it is stru'ng round seven times and twined into one it forms so strong a bond that it cannot be broken by ordinary strength, thus implying that the love and affection of the husband and wife for each other should be so strong that nothing can undo it. The reason for the twist being strung round seven times is hecause this number is held to be very auspicious among the Parsis, there having been seven Ameshaspends ( Archangels), seven heavens, and seven continents known to the ancient Par· sians. Lastly, the throwing of a few grn.ins of rice upon each other is watched with much interest by the friends and relations of the bride and bride-groom. The eyes of all, particularly of the ladies, are upon the pair to see which succeeds in first throwing the rice as soon as the curtain is withdrawn. The one who is successful is supposed to evince the more love and affection of the two." 15. "Then the senior Dastur pronounces blessings. The officiating priest puts questions to the representatives and the father of bride and bride-groom as to their consent to the marriage which being replied in affirmath'e, the pair about to be married are questioned as to their consent to act honestly till the end of their lives which is replied in affirmative by both. Then the Dastur de. livers to them moral precepts exhorting them to be virtuous and faithful and then the prayer to the Almighty is offered requesting Him to bestow upon the newly married pair good moral social qualities. The whole is brought to a. conclusion with the recital of Tandurasti i. e. a blessing invoking the beli­ towal of physicia1 strength, energy and health on the newly married pair. After· wards the bride and bride-groom or if they are minors, their fathers and guar­ dians, together with the two persons who represent the fathers or guardi­ ans and the officiating priests sign a marriage certificate which is afterwards re- I gistered at the office of the Registar of Parsi marriages" The same author also adds that the Parsis from their earliest sojourn in India have refrained from eating meat on the day of ~arriage to avoid giving offence to the feelings of the Hindus. In conclusion it may be added that there is no bar among farsis to a widow-remarriage. Ilahomedan Marriage System.-Mahomedans look upon, unlike the, ninduB and the Parsis, marriage as a Ci viI tie and this makes the difference in the solemnity with which it is celebrated in the~e communities. Among Ma. homedans, the giving away of the girl by her parent or guardian and accep­ tance of h@r as a wife by a bride-groom is simply formal on account of seclu- CIVIL CONDITIONS. . ( 121 ) CHAPTER VII.

sion in which Mahomedan women are kept, the intended bride does not come out of the house, to personally take part in the ceremony, which simply consists in mutual exchange of promises of gi ving and acceptance by the vakils and guardians of the bride and the bride-groom in the presence of Kaji. A short history of the Mahomedan marriage transaction may not be out of place here. First of all the parents of the would-be wife and husband make their choice; when both agree in it, the matter is m!lde public_ AB there are no religious obligations play­ ing their parts in the Mahomedan marria.ge system, to irrevocably seal up the transaction with religious stamp, from the very betrothal, there is found abso· lute necessity of resorting to such lIl#ans as will be the evidences and proofs of the whole transaction having taken place. Thus to give a wider publicity to the betrothal, certain formalities are observed. On the day of betrothal the friends and relatives of the betrothed couple assemble at the house of each of them and to them dry dates and sweetmeats are distributed in the honour of the occasion. This formality is not compulsory, but it is left to the option of the parents jof the betrothed couple. But the necess.'\ry formality is that the parents of the fiance should send the intended bride three suits of clothes, some gold and silver ornaments, one coconut and an odd number of silver coins The fiance also jn his turn receives one turban, one coconut and a few coins. This preliminary ceremony is called the Nisbal ( relationship) or Mangnee ( proposal). This sort of arrangement is not binding and either of them can break it, but when it is broken, the mutual presents are returned, subject to the usuJl,1 wear jj.nd tear. Three da.ys before the marriage ~a.y, begins a ceremony called Mfl71ja. The bride is made to sit on a stool, ba.re-headed with very few clothes on and lieven ladies who must not be widows, or who must not have lost many children, dip their fingers in a paste made of oil nnd turmeric and rub it on her face, hands and feet. She is then taken to bath. This ceremony is continued for four days. The bridegroom also undergoes a similar ceremony. He is also taken to bath and when he comes out, he is dress­ ed in his marriage dress. He is made to wear a coot having a long wide skrit nnd he wears an old fashion~d tQl'ban. A few strings of flowers called Sera are tied on his head, banging down in front In some places he is veiled with a thin rich silk oloth. In the beginning of the ceremony proper, the priest (Kaji) who sits ne~t to the bride-groom, enquires who will be the witnesses of the marriage. There Ijore generally two witnesses called Vakils on each side. This being settled, he IIosks the bridegroom thrice if he accepts the bride as his wife and also Ilsks t4e fat}Jer or guardian of the bri

reaches the door, younger relatives of the bride, half open the door and ask a toll from him for his admission to the room. He has to give them something and then he is allowed to enter the room where he finds the bride alone, all other ladies retiring before his admission. This is the first time when they both see each other.

17. I have observed at the ouset that there could possibly be three civil conditiuns, under anyone of which every male or female necessarily falls. TABLE No. 27. The marginal table is intended to show, at a glance, the whole population of the Number Percr.ntag Ch'il condi· of to the totai IJunagadh State, arranged according to tion. persons. population . these three conjugal conditions. We see there that out of the whole popUlation of . Unmarried. I 173116 43'71 . 395428 souls, there are 173116 un-marri­ Married. 171666 43'41 ed, 171666 married and 50,646 widowed. Widowed. 00646 12'82 Thus supposing 100 to be the total popu· btion of the State,there are 44 unmarried, Total. 3954281 100 43 married, and 13 widowed. This table gives a general idea. of the number of un.married, married and widowed, irres­ pective of sexes. 18. 1 he marginal table, therefore, takes us a step further in our investiga- TABLE NO. 28. tion and dh'ides the total number in each conjugal state .. Percent- Percent· Civil condi- into sexes, giving the number Males. Females. ages of ages of tions. males. females, of percentages of each to the respective sexes. Out of the .. Unmarried \ 100472 72644 I 49'SO 57.52 total male population of the Married 85093 86573 42'18 45'20 State viz. 201724, there are Widowed ]6159 34487 8'02 17'28 100472 un-married mn.les, 85093 ma.rried ma.les and Tolal 201724 193704 100 100 16159 widowers, and out of the whole female population of the State viz. 19370-1, we have 72644 unmar­ ried females, 86573 married females, and 34487 widows. Thus if we take 100 to be the male population of the whole State, we have 50 un-married males, 42 married males and 8 widowers, and if we take 100 to be the female popu· lation of the State, we have 38 un-married females, 45 married females, and 17 widows, which ·is marginally shown below. Thus out of 100 males when there are TABLE SO. 29. 50 un-married males, out of 100 females there are 38 un· married females i. e. in Increase Civil condi· Male. Female. or the whole male popula.tion i is un-mar' tion. decrease. ried, while in the whole female ·popula. tion, a little over is un-married; again Unmarried 50 38 +12 i in the whole male population, a little less Married 42 45 - 3 than half the population is married and Widow 8 17 - 9 a little over l! th of the male . population· ,- CIVIL OONDITIONS. ( 123 ) CHA.PTER VII, is widowed, while in the wholefema.le population, very little less thim I is married and II is widowed. To throw an additional light over this point of great import- TABLE NO. 30. anee, I give in the margin the per. centages of both the sexes in each Percentage, to the total popu- eondition to the total population Civil Condi· la.tion of both the sexes in of both the sexes in the same. the sa.me condition. This gives a clear conception of tion. the proportion of males and fe­ Male. I Female. males in each condition. If we take 100 to be the population Un-married 58'03 41'97 of both the sexes taken to· Married. 49'56 50'44 gether in each of the civil condi­ Widowed. :n'90 68'10 tions, thus taking 300 to be the !wholepopulatioD of the State (100 un-married,100 married, and 100 widowed) we have in. 100 unmarried souls 58 un·married males and 42 un· married females, thus we have per each un-mar· ried male 21 or roughly! unmarried female, and conversely for each un-married 29 . female, we haye 1~ or roughly Ii un·married males; similarly in 100 married souls 21 we bave 50 married males and 50 mor ried females thus, per one married male we, have one married female and vice versa. Lastly in 100 widowed souls, we have 32 widowers and 68 widows i. e. per each widower we have 2i or roughly 2 widows and conversely for each widow we have 8 or roughly i widower. 11 19. The table below supplies informations of very instructive nature.

T.uLE NO. 31.

Un·married Married. Widowed. Age I periods. Males IFemal' s Total Males Females Total Mal.+emaJ.o Total

1 0-4 23549 23659 47208 0 0 0 0 0 0

5-9 29533 28056 57589 1115 1836 2951 84 108 19 2

10-14 24673 16160 40833 4696 8282 12978 319 449 76 8

15-19 12588 3354 15942 9792 17892 27684 921 1351 227 2

20-24 5094 612 5706 13183 16803 29986 1725 2046 3771

25-29 2460 383 2843 15511 16158 31669 2428 3697 6125

30-49 2291 349 2640 35111 23855 58966 7593 18347 25940

50-60ovel 284 n 355 5685 17471 7482 3089 8489 11578 CIVIL CONDITlONS. (124 ) CHAPTER VII.

20. B.e1leotion,s:-out of the whole popu,lation of the State, we have 47,208 persons under five years of age, of whom 23549 are males and 286lS6 females. All of these males and females are un ... married without exception. Thus for our State, from the census return, at least, we oon say that there is no marriage in either selt under five.

21. Admitting the tendency among many ignorant people of foolishly and blindly going on consumrna.ting early ma.rriages of their children, general1y we can say th!1.t on this side marriage under 5 years of either sex is never consum· mated,and if ever, itis an exception and that too a verymreone. Kadva kunbls are the only people, who froql their superstitious views of marriage day, hurry, s.nd that to a most unreasonable e:x:tent, to ma.rry their children. There is a }>e. lief among them that marriages can only be performed under certain conditions and under no other. Thu9 the marriage necessarily among them occurs, on ave· rage, at the interva,l of one decade and so even a child, who has se~n Hght on the general marriage day, is not a.llowed to remain any longer single but with his or her birth, he or she becomes husband or wife, while in a cra

5~9 29533 28056 57589 94.82 1115 1836 2951 4'85 84 108 19~ '83

.9,2. Out of the to~q.l populati~q 60732 com posea. of ~0732 mal{ls an4 ;JOOOO females between 5-9, we have lS7589 -qn-married, 2951 married, and 192 widowed, i. e. Q4'S2 un-marri!l~, 4'86 married and '33 widowed. 23. Going further on i. e. to the age-period of 10·14, we have as under:- TABLE NO. 33.

: _.' I -. rd I Un-m~rr~ed M~rried. Widowed. ,S . ...Q,l dl Itl III c.. Q) Q,l .. Percen- ..... Percen- ...... Q,l Percen, III III ~ ..... d ..... III cS ..... ~ CD - tages to IV tages to CIl d tage&ta ;os s .s -; S .a a CI) 0 !:i CI) -g < ):l- H to~l. t1 0 ' t~tal. total. I=tI ~ ~ E-4 ~ ~ [;:i '1.11' poi4 ....0 24673 IGlS+0833 74.81 469~ 8282 12978 2~.77 319 449 768 1'42 ~

~~ •..1 •. '( "" .. '.' : .. ~'" '~:.': > ••. >•• :...",'. .- ,,' .. -~ ...... CIVIL OONDITIONS. ( 125 ) ClW'TEB VII.

24. We have, out of the total population of age-period of 10-14 viz:- 54579 (composed of 29688 males llnd 24891 females) 40833 are unmarried, 12978 married and 768 widowed j i. e. 74'81 percent are un-married, 23''77 per­ cent married, and 1'42 percent are widowed. Further in the age-period between 15 and 19, we have l\S under:- TABLE NO. 34. rod Un-married. Married. Widowed...... 0 I'< Q) rll to ~ I r; tages to ...... tages to d E '3 Itagesto 8 .... d s .a Q> d Q,l 0

!1l Age-period. ui

20-24 50941 612 5706113183 16803 29986 1725 2046 3771 14.451 75.98 9.57 I (p. c.) . I (p. c.) I (p. c.) 27. The total population of the age-period 20 to 25 is 39463 (composed of 20002 males n.ud 12461 fema1es) out of this 5706 are un-married, 29986 married lmd 3771 widowed i. c. 14.45 are un-married, 75.98 married and 9.57 widowed. 28. :Yastly taking the n.ge-period 25-30, we have as under:- TABLE NO. 36. Un·married. Married. Widowed.

Age"period. rll Ul. !II ....Q,l ....CD r:3 ~ d Males S Males 8 Total . Males 8 Total

25-29 2460 383 2843 15511' 16158 316·69 ' 2428 3697 6125 6.99· . 77.93 15.08 (p. c.) (p. c,) (p. c.) ,.' CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 126 ) CHAPTER VII.

29. We have, out of the total popuJation of 40637 (20399 males and 20238 females) in this age period 2843 unmarried, 31669 married and 6125 widowed i. e. 6.99 percent are un-married, 77.93 percent married and 15.08 percent widowed. 30. These five periods are import'l.nt from the point of view of conjugal conditions in human life and therefore it would be really interesting and instructive to compare and constrast the result arrived at in different age-periods and to get out of it, the net result. TABLE NO. 37- • 31. The following table will help us in that direction.

Widowed Per- Age period. Un-married per-I Married Per- Total. centage to total. centage to total. centage to total.

5-9 94-82 4'85 '33 100

10-14 74'S1 23'77 142 100

15-19 34'73 60,31 406 100

20-24 14'45 75'98 9.57 100 25-29 I 6-99 77'93 1508 I 100 32. If we take 100 to be the popu,lation in each of these five age-periods then in 5-9, there are 95 un.married, 4i married, and i widowed i. e. the pro­ portion is 285 un-married to 14 married to 1 widow; the whole population in 5-9 being supposed to be 300. In the age-period 10-14, 75 are un-married, 24 .married and 1 widowed, i. e, ~ un-married and little less than 1 married and_ ~ _th 100 part widowed; in the age period 15-19, 85 are un-married, 60 married and 5 widow- ed i, e. ]_ un-married to ~ married to.!. widowed; in the age-period 20-24, 14 20 ZoO 20 are un-married, 76 married and 10 widowed i. e. over ~.th part is unmarried, a 7 little over! married, and ]_ widowed_ Lastly in the age-period 25-29, 7 are to un-married, 78 married and 15 widowed i. e. a little over .!.th part un-married, 14 little over i married and _! th part widowed. Now let us turn to the reflec- 2u tions these different stages of ages and civil conditions suggest. We have, as is TABLE NO. 38. shown in the margin, 95 un-married betweeu 5-9~ between 10-14 the number of un-married persons is reduced to 75 i. e. 20 Age Un-married less than in the preceding age-period; descending down to . out of 100. the third i. e. 15-19, we have 35 un-married i. e. 4.0 less than --co--;;c---",-::---i 5-9 ~~ the preceding age-period and 60 less than the first age- 10-14 35 period i. e. 5-9, again in the period 20-24, the same sequ- 15-19 20-241 14 ence of decrease is kept up; there the number of un· married 25-29 7 is 14 which is 21 less than that in the preeeding age-period ,---'------'- CIVIL CONDITioNS. ( 127 ) CHAPTER VII.

and in the age-<-period 25-29 we ha-ve only 7 un-married, out of 100, the remain­ ing 93 have passed away this stage of life. This descanding sequence in the number of un-married p~rsons, is quite in consonance with the transit state of human life in its social sphere from the cradle to the grave. 33. Now considering, in the same way, the progress of the married state in different age-periods, we have the result as is shown in the margin. The TABLE No. 39 number of married is greatest in the age-periods 25-29 and as we Marrl- go up there is a gradual decrease up to 15-19 and thence there is a Age. 1 ed out great decrease in the number of married persons in 10-14 and a of 100 still greater decrease is found in the age period 5-9. 5-9 4i 10-14 24 34. These two civil conditions in each age·period stand exact· 15-19 60 j 20-24 76 ly in converse ratio to each other. The former starting with great­ 25-29 78 er number and in descending order of numerical strength, ended with the least number, while the latter starting with the least number, increasing the numercial strength, at every step, ended with the greatest number. 35. I have already observed, that we ha\Te no married male or female under 5 years of age, and hence nothing more requires to be said about it, except what has been briefly remarked above. But we do meet with married persons in 5 to 9 and 10 to 14 age periods. This is the proper place for us to take up and dispose of, as briefly as the space permits, the question of infant-marriage. With a view to discuss and dispose of this question for three main religions viz. Hindus, Musulmans and Jains, at a time, I give the foHowing tables for the whole State, per each religion as under:- T.ABLE No. 40.

Age-period between 5 and 9.

Religion. :Married. Percent.

Fe-\ Males males Total Males I ml!:~~s I Total

Hindu. 1008 1676 2684 ·4.80 7'29 5'75

Musalman. 101 146 247 153 2'24 : I'S8

Jain. 6 14 20 1'12 2'7 1'92

TABLE No. 40 A. Age-period between 5 and 9, state percentage.

Males. Females. Total. 3.62 6.12 4.85

36. Thus the informations in our possession are that if we take 100 to be CIVIL CONDITIONS. (128 ) CUAP!fl!lR VII.

the. population of each religion and again of the whale State, we have in: the TABLE' No. 41. age-period between 5 and 9, the result margi­ Age period between 5 and 9, nally noted about the married state, viz. out of 'Married' taking 100 to the popu­ 100 Hindu ma.les between 5 and 9, we have lation of each religion in ef.l,ch se~. 4 Males married and out of 100 Females be­ Religion. Male. Female. tween the sa-mil ages, we have 7 females mar­ ried; in Musllolmans out of 100 males and 100 Hindu ---4 7 females between the- same ages, 1§ males and :Musalman ]! 2i 2i females are married, while in the Jains 1 Jain 1 2 male and 2 females are married. Taking Jains ______.:. ___,:__ __--l i with the Hindus, out of 100 males between 5 to 9, we have 4 .19 males IIlarI ied and out of 100 females between 5 to 9, 7.19 are IIlarried. 'Now taking second age period (the connection of which with t~e infant marpage, will be disoussed further on), we have,

Age-period b~twt:ll3n 10 and 14. TABLE No. 42.

Religion. Number. I Percent. I~M~a"':"le-s-. -:"", "'='F'="'"e-m-al""e-s.-:-~T::!!'o-t""!,al:-.-. Males I Females Hindu ...... 4287 ·7160 11447 18.34 37.13 Musalman ••• ... 384 999 I 1383 6.62 19.42 I Jain ...... 25 123 148 4.79 26.56 I i I 37. Thus in ·the age-period, between 10-14, out of 100 m;tles anq 100 famales in each religion, there are in Hindus, 18 married males and 37 married females; in Musalmans, 7 married males and 19 married females and in Jains, 4 married males and 27 married females.

38; Before estimatingj;he extent of the prevalence of the foolish custom of infant marriage from the above result, it is necessary first to consider a.nd settle the lines of demarcation between infant.marriage, early marriage ~nd marriage nt the proper age, and then to test the result abov.e arrived at, by mean!! of the limit tqus marked out, 39. While the qqestioQ, of the marriage b(:lfore the p.roper age, ~s hotly discussed, generally in the heat of discussion, the line· that separates the sphere of infant marriage, is often· lost sight of, and all such marriages indiscriminately are styled early marriages. Following the physiological theory, the Emperor Theodosius of Rome fixed seven years as the period of infant, !lnd the Penal Code follows his constitution. The Roman lawyers called a child under seven, an infant, and considered a child under. ·f{)urteen as puberta proximus and as possessing intelluctus but not judicium, while an adult was supposed to have both intelluctus and judicium. Thus for the clear under­ standing of the subject, the following divisions are essential viz: ...... marriages of infants under seven' infant marriages 'and marriages of children under ~e~ 'chpd marri~est~ In the age-period between 5 and 9, 4 IIlales o~t CIVIL OONDITIONS. ( 129 ) OlUPTER VII. of 100 and 7 females out of 100, have been returned as married, among Hindus and in Musalmans one married male and two married famales of 5 to 9 have beeIl returned out of 100 of each sex.

40. I dare say these could not come under the above marked distinc­ tion of infant marriages but they all fall under early marriages. Thus we can say that the custom of infant marriage, if ever existed, has died out of itself. As to early marriage, according to the above distinction, we can assert that there seems to be a. strong reaction in the opposite direction and the per­ centage of such marriages, is on decrease and it could not be denied that the abolition of this suicidal custom is a consummation devoutly to be wished for.

41. Now the second question is, whether the marriages between 10 p.nd 14 can properly be classed as early marriages and al'e objectionable all such or on any other reasonable ground .. In this connection it will be quite llecessary to allude to, if not discuss, the question of puberty and pubescence.

42. I have, at the beginning, amply laid stress. upon the religious character of the marriage ~stem of Hindus and I should repeat that the authority of shatras wHl carry a gr~t. weight with them. It is a debated question, whether marriage of a girl, ought to be wisely postponed after she ·has attained puberty. Some of the reformers unhesitatingly pronounce themselves in favour pf pO/ltpQning marriages even after puberty is reached. Without velltUl·· jng any opinion on the question, I only say that such practices are against the Hindu shastras and the sense of the Hindu people. The Hindu shastras lay down that (1) a girl is called Gauri ill the 8th year of her age, a Rohelli jn the 9th year, a Kanya in the tenth year and after that a Rajaswala ( that is having the menses), (2) that the menses are found in women in their 11 th or 12th yen.r and that if the flow does not disclose itself, still it exists with­ jn (3) thl).t one goes to the nark world by giving a Gauci in marri~ge, to the Vaikqnth by giving a Roheni, to the Brahma world by giving a Kanya and to the Rurav hell by giving a R..'1.jaswala. The late lamented reverecl fandit GlJ.tu1q,lji, 'the S~m of luelia' has expressed his opinion on this pOiD~ that a girl should be married after 8th and before the completion of the 12th year. It affords reasons to believe, ::tfter referring to the Hindn ahastras Q.nq the different opinions ventilated by many shastris and Pandits, that the shastras enjoin to get a girl married before she attains puberty. Girls in this country llsually attajn pub~rty at 12 or ~3 years of age and so the pJ:rio

43. If under the circumsta~ces, t4e evil is not to be emdicated by pne way, something ougbt to qe done by fiuding out other feasible way to I).r:dye at the sa~e result. I t4ink, if the consummation is postponed to a pro- (JiviL CONDITIONS. . CHA.PTER VII.

per age of the girl and if t.he difference between the ages of husband and wife is kept from 7 to] 0 years, then the baneful and disastrous effects, which are so much apprehended even from the marriages .of girls after twelve, would disappear to a considerable extent. One learned gentleman of the present age and education has ghoen ItS his opinion that" if a young ma~ and young woman begin to live as husband and wife, in aU cases, when they are 21 or 22 and 16 or 17 respectively, the ·total physical effect will be better than at present ". Coming to the proper subject of our inquiry ·viz:-whether or not, marriages of girls between 10 and 12 can be classed as early marriages, the answer is, that the reformers in their extreme views, look such :marriages in the light of early marriages, while many with mature worldly experience andkno~ledge, say,·that such marriages, maybe sty~ed early . marriages, simply as u comparative distinction, but if the consummation is pro­ . perly postponed and the due differe~ce between the ages of husband and wife is judiciously kept up, then such early marria.ge of a girl does not .give ground for Qny serious objections. 44. We find from the table that between the ages ]0 and 14, out of 100 males and 100 females (l) among Hindus 18 males and 37 females are married, amOllg Musalman 6 males and 19 females are married and among Jains, ·4 males and 26 females are married. In the three regenerate classes,it is customary and in keeping with the spirits of the shastras to marry their girls under twelve and hence the above result. Of course the marriages of boys , between 10 and 14 are seriously objectionable and this abominable custom, un­ warranted by the shastras and opposed to good sense of the people, deserves at once to be stamped out. .. 45. To be more particular in the investigation, we have set on foot, we will narrow the scope of our inquiry and now determine, compare and contrast, the different aspects of the conjugal c()nditions in different religions. TABLE No. 43.

Unmarried. Married. Widowed.

Reli~ion. .,; ...: .,; -:r ~ ~ aD. • 1=1 .,; . ot E-I P-I Eo! P-4 ~ I>ot E-t ~ 1 11 - 1 1 Hindu. 75633 5356511291;8142'81 66188 66365132553 43'92 12928 27094\40022 13'27 I Musalman. 2270517653 40358 47'l0 17251 \18524 35775 41'75 2967 6578 9545/U'15 1 Jain. 2099 1403 3502 44'65 16~311667 3270 41'69 258 812 1070'13'65 Parsi. 13 12 25 45'4;" 18 7 25 45'25 ·4 1 5 9'10 Christian. 15 2 17 35'41 23 6 29 60'41 2 0 2 4'18

Jew. 5 5 10 71"42 1 214'29 0 2 214·~9 Animistic. 41 oj 2' 650' 3 :1" 6:50 .. .. 0 0 0 .lJIVIL ·OONDITIONS. ! 131 ) .... CHAPTER VII.

46. From the above table it will be eyident that if we take 100 to be the population of each religion, we have (1) in Hindus 43 unmarried, 44. married and 13 widowed, (2) in. Musalmans, 47 unmarried, .42 married, and 11 widowed, (3) in Jains, 44 unmarried, 42 married, and 14 widowed, (4) in Pars is . 45 unmarried, 45 married and 10 widowed (5) in christian, 36 unmarried, 60 tnarried and 4 widowed, (6) in Jews 72 unmarried, 14 married and 14 wid~wed, (1) in Animistic, 50 unmarried, 50 married and 0 widowed.

47. This is shown in Dr tabular form below:-

Taking 100 to be the popul~tion in each Religion. TAELE NO. 44.

Religion . Unmarried. Married. Widowed. I Total.

. Hindu. 43 44 13 100 .. Musalman. 47 42 II 100

Jain. 44 ·42 14 100

Parsi. 45 45 10 100

Christian. 36 60 4 100

Jew. 72 14 14 ·100 Animistic. 50 50 0 100 - Total. ... 337 297 66 - 700

48. Excluding Parais, Christians, Jews and Animistics, from the consi­ derllotions, because they are very few, and confining ourselves to Hindus, Musal­ mans and Jains, we :find that in Musalmans, the number of un-married is the great­ est, next to them come Jains and the Hindus have the least of all; although the difference is not very great. As to married statel Hindus stand first, Mu­ salmans and Jains eome next to Hindus and stand on equal footing; while as to widowed state, Jains have 14 widowed, Hindus 13 and Musalmans 11. i. c.among Hindus u littlo less than lth popUlation is widowed, in Jains a little over __!_th 7 population is widowed, while in Musalmans a little over...!.. th population is . 9 wic·owed.

49. The table below gives the excess of one sex over the other in the married state, in each religion ~-: CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 132 )

TA:BLE NO. 46.

,. Excess of Excess of Religion, Married Married males. females. males over females over females. males.

Hindu 66188 66365 0 177 Musalman' 17257 19524 0 2267 Jain 1603 1667 0 64 Parsi 18 7 11 0 Chris$n 23 6 17 0 Jew 1 1 0 0 Animiatic 3 8 Q 0

. 50. It will appear from the table that in Hindus, Musalmans and Jains, the married females exceed the married males. In Musalmans the difference \8 great, the explanation fol' which is to be So.ught fpr, from enVgra~on of m,any Memons "I\d Borllps &ie., for commercial pUllposes~ . .

51, The table below shows the comparison of the percentage of eacq civil co~ditioD, in eQ,ch J;'eligiQn, with the a.v:erl1oge for t4e State In each of these civil conqitions,

"ABLE NO.~.

,', ", ,- '. Religion, Un·marri· Married. Widowed S~te percentage, eq~ . U nmar:riedl Married, I Widowed .

'. Hindll 42'81 43'92 I 13'27 Musalma~ 47'10 41'75 H'la Jain 44'(\5 41'69 13'60 43'77 43'41 1~!S2 Par~i 45'4a 45'45 9~lO Christian; 85'41 60~41 4'18 Jew 71'42 14'29 14'29 Animistic 50' &Q' 0

, . I Percentag~ to the ~ot~l populatian;-

TA;BLE NO. 47.

. :' ~;

Religion, Un~married. Married. Widowed.

Hindu (Jains inclqding ) 3&'51 JO'26 '01 Musalman . 34'36 . 904 'n All other religions 19:542 2'278 '00.2 ,., CIVIL· CONDI!'IONS. ( HI3 )

52. Theabovetablesthrowagreat deal of light over our, inquiry, showingthllt, taking,the whole population ofthe State' to be 100, there are roughly; ( 1) in Hindus taken Jo.ins together, 33 un-married, 10 married and~thwidowed, (2,)iniMusD;1~ 100 mans 34 un-married; 9 married and.!.. th widowed and (3)' in all other religions, 100 10 un-married, 2 married and _!_ th widowed. &00

53. It would be. particularly! of great utility, to. state,. in different a~ges of life; the proportion of the widows. The following tables. will anSW,8r, a; to great measure, the purpose.

Widows in different religions in different ages, and their ratio meach age-period to the total of that age-period.

TABLE Ng; 48.

Age-Periods. ..,. ~.... 40 I I o ~ o~. I' l.Q. ove1:.and , 0':)'. '1qo-. Religion. "'"

Hindu (with J am.. ) 00

~ 0 ~,~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 00 ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 0 0 ~ ~ ~. ~ 0 ~ Musalman. 0 0 • c:q • Ct') • CCo • 1t":) • 0 • t...... • ~ a:-.. ~ o .... ~~ ~ I~..... -- ...... ~--._.~~ ..... ~~~~..... ------""-----~-·----~-·----~~-- TABLE No. 49.

t.· ... Total widows of I. Total widows of Total widows of each religion anq, each religion and each religion an~ their ratio to the their ratio to the their ratio to the Religion" ItoOil fulDal., of toal widows of the total female poup- the ~~me~ State. l~tion of the State.

, .. Nnmber I Percent INumber Perc~I!t Number I Percent

Jlipdu (including 27906 18'5~ 27996 80'91 2'7906 14'40 Jaips).

)Iusalman. 6578 15'~8 6578 19'07 Sp'78 8'89

All other religions. 3 008 8 '001 ~'97 ~ ' 1 1 ,,_ " .. , ," " ll':Q..·., ..... 1.' >"':"", ...... ,- ..... , , .•...... CIVIL CONDITIONS. ( 134 ) CHAPTER VII.

54. Of the above two tables, the former gives, per age-period, the num­ ber of widows and their percentage to the total females, in that age period, in each religion, and the latter gives, the mtio of the numbers of widows in each religion to (1) the total numbers of the females, in the same religion, (2) the total numbers of widows, in the State and (3) the total number of the females in the whole State.

55. In both Hindu and Musalman religions, the number of widows, is increasing, in each succeeding age group. In both the religions, the State of widowhood begins from the 2nd age-period i. e. 5 to 9. Except in higher classes, widow remarriage is allowed by custom among Hindus. Therefore the greatest sufferers are the widows of these higher cL'1sses and of course, it is heart.rending to Bee a little girl, standing as she does, on the threshold of a. hopeful future, deprived of her well-cherished anticipations, and thrown away hopelessly husoondless to dmg on ber miserable life to its end, uncheered by any worldly pleasure.

56. The monstrous and brutish ambition of some of the blind parents, to get rich husbands for their daughters, of tendesert years induces then to marry them to husbands, 50, 60 or 10 years old, the nuptial feasts in whose honour, being closely followed by funeral feasts .

.17. It is the incumbent and paramount duty of the Ieuders and the pioneers of the Hindu domestic reforms and wise leaders of the caste r.nd community to strenuously oppose such horrid prectices and to take. most effective measures to strike the evil at its root.

58. The tables above give the following result. (1) Ifwe take 100 to be the numberoffemalesin each religion then, (a) in Hindus (Jains being taken together) there are 19 widows (b) in Mahomedanfl there are 15 widows. (c) in all other religions taken together as one unit, there are 7 widows. (2)· If we take 100 to be the number of widows in the whole State then, (a) in Hindus (Jains included) there are 80 widows. (b) in Musalmans 19 widows. (c) in all other religions taken together there is hardy one widow. (3) If we take 100 to be the total female population of the whole State then, (a) in Hindus ( Jains included) there are 14 widows. (b) in Musalmans there are 3 widows. (c) in all other religions taken together, there is _l_th widow. 1000 CIVTh CONDITIONS. ( 135 ) CDAPTER VII.

0) C\l += ct) ~ >=I saI1lwa.[ 0:0 0) CD C? ..... 0 1'0< 0 CN -.tt CD S91'UW ""00 cp ~ P-I .... I:C ~ ~ I 00 ~ ~ sa1"IWG.[ ~ I CD CN ~ ..a _t... S ..... ~ ::s ~ 00 saprw: ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ...; ~ ~ SGl"nna.;r CN ~ ':'" CD l:- e:! ai 0 "'0 I'.. C) ~ A 0 ~ S9l1rW r-I IQ roil ...: 'E: ~ .... c Q) ~ .:.. Q) I Il:I IQ C I:C ~ .... It< 0':> "<14 '< CD saI'Ilwa.[ ~ ,.Q"" ~ 1"'4 ~ ..:l -< s ~ ..... tj sa['IlW 0 ~ [l7100I ...... ; c 0 s::: sal'UUIe.[ CD ~ CD 0 '!tt SGI'BJi\l 0 I Il.t 0 - c ..a ~ SGlumG.[ 0 0 .8 ~ a::s 0 0 Z saluN 0 IQ 1 r .... ~ eo 0 ... § sa I'lll\\}.[ 0:. IT.> $!I i 6 ~ .... ~ _1:\1 .... I Q) eo r ...... 0 .... 00 ...... ~ sa(uN t:f .....::t< .0 i I ,..: t .... to e 0) Q)' 0 IQ E-4 saruma .it: '5 ..a 10 10 S ~ ::: 0) C

l:- ll) ~ t:l 9 t;- ID ~

eID r.,j""'" ~

.n Q) ID I -; ~ C"':I ~ 00:II ~ [;I;.j d ID - ~ ID t:l co 0 ID .,. .-4 ~ I;) , ~ • , :15 ~ III ~ lit 0 ~ 0 ~ 't:I .... '"8 '"

'IOj4 ~ ~ ~ CI) I t! .-t 0 0 0 't:I ~ t:l ~ S d - I 0 .-t ex;) 0) ~ t.n ID llJ 00 ~ <.-4 1"'1 ~ ID "IdI .... ~ 0 .-4 m s:I ID 0 ..... co cc I .....rIl' 0)'I = I(') ...d 53 . , c.. ~ S --:- 0 ~ ,- 0 ID .. It) .-4 QJ ~ 9 ~ 9 ....: tl ~ rA Q) ,.Q 0) P-4 ~ CD r:IJ 0 .... 't:I 't:I m ..... 0 ID .-4 s:I .... I r; cc ... ~ .-t ~ ~ c..ID S I QJ ID ~ ~ - ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ID ..q! ~

l ~ 0 iQ;l ~

" - ....o:S ~ ~ d= 0 I·! • 8 .g.E ....as ....:~ s:I as I'll ID .... ~ :::s ~ IJ:1 ::a CiVIL,OONDITIONS. ('tS7 )

59. Out of the two comparison tables given a.bove, the former compares the proportion of the infant and early marriages in 1891 Dnd 1901. W~ see from it that in 1891 under 5 years or age 718 Hindu males' and 1099 Hindu females and 31 Mahomedan males and 35 Mahomedan females had already been launch­ ed into the married state, while they were still in cradle. In 1901 there is no return of any married male or female in both these religions under 5 years. Without ignoring the existence of some other causes at work, I take it a.s a favoura.ble beginning in the direction of up·rooting, in the end, of the cruel oustom of infu.nt m:J.l'riages. Looking to the comparative percentages of married Plales and femilles in 1891 and 1901, we find that out of 100 Hindu, and Jain m,les and 100 Hindu and Jain fetn:l.\es in 1891, 5,85 and 8'42 respectively were married whil~ they were between 5-9 i. e. roughly out of 100 of each se~ 66 and 8 ·rpspectively were married between. 5-9 years of ages. In 1901 between the Mme ages in 100 males and )00 femalea of Hindus 4'1~ and 7'19 respectively were married i. e. roughly pel' 100 of each sex 4 and 1 respectively were mar­ ried between 5-9, stilting the result, as is done in margin, we find tha.t marriages TABLE Bo. 62. bet-ween 5.. 9 also show tenden:oy • Taking JOO to·be the total of each se~ in the towards decrense. Similarly iii ~e periud between 5 and 9. ] 891 ou~ of 100 of each sex - - Married -.. -- 14'86 Hindu males nnd 29.9~ fn IHlIl. ~n 190 I. Hindu females i. e. roughly 15 Religion. males an4 30 females were Males IF emnies Males IFemales . married between 9-14, while in 1901 uut of 100 of each sex Hind\l (Jain 6 8 4 7 included ). 18'04 Hindu males and 36'89 Hindu females i. e. roughly 18 Hindu males and 37 Hindu females were married between 9-14. Thus froD\. the result, as is shO'lrn in the margin, we see' that married males and females TABLE No. 53. between 9-14 in 1901 show an ... mcrease over 1891 and this is ~'aking 100 to be the total of each sex what it ought to be, because a ~etween the age period 9-14. tendency to put off ma.rriages of Married. males and females whne they are lteligioQ. In 1891 I In 1901 between 5-9, must, as a. matter of Males I .It'eml\les I Males I Females course, cause a corresponding in­ cr~se in the number of married. Hindu ... ~5 30 ~8 I 37 persons in the next age· period • • I I .. · I 60. In Musalmans the result of compariso~ is that the number of ma.rried ~n both the sexes ha.s shown tendency to increase in 1901 in bpth the $'e-periods 5.~ and 9·1~, wh~ch will be seeQ froUl wh~t is marginally noted~ CIVIL CONDITIONS. CnAPTBR VII.

TABLE No. 64. 61. If there is DO any Taking 100 to be the population in each sex. t'lerical descrepancy then this -- Mn.rried. 'result shpws an increased ten· Age perid 5·9 I Age perid 9· L4 dency towards early marriages. 1891. 11901. 1891.T190r Religion.

Musalman. Ii 2i 5 14 6 19 11 I2 1 '62. Finally looking to the comparative result of widows in Hindus and Musalmans between 5~9 and 9·14, in Hindus the result seems to be painful. In 1591 there were '05 widow per 100 females in 5·9, while in 1901 per 100 females in 5·9 there are '43 widows, showing the increase in 1901 of '38; similarly in 1891 out of 100 females in 9·14 there were '38 widows, while in 1901 out of .100 females between 9·14 there are returned 2'07 widows, showing a shocking increaseof }'69 per hundred. This is a most painful circumstance to be recorded and it is reaHy awfully astounding to learn this gloomy state or tbings in· ,.,pite of rapid spread of education. We would have expe::ted in the progreso sive state of the society to meet with 0 numb3r of widow between 5·9 in the return of the present census and if that was too mu:}h to expect, at least a considerable decrease in the nnmber of widows in 9·14 was reasonablyexpeeted. But it is with consternation that we learn the reverse state ofthing~. This must appeal directly to the sympathetic heart of the leader~ of community and it is their bounden duty to combat the evil bravely to its total extirpation. In Mahome-­ dans there is also found to be the increase in tb

---:0:--- .F)DUOA.TION AND LANGUAGIIl!!. ( 199) CBAPTIB VIlI.

Chapter VIII.

EDUCATION AND LANGUAGES.

1. The requisite particulars, called forth by the Census returns, relate to the important stnge~ of life in the progress of an individual, from the \'ery com­ mencement of his journey in this world, to the attainment of his destination. The Census record is, in fact, the encyc10pmdia of the varried accounts of the history of the subjects of a country, in their religious, social, edllcational agricultural, . commercial and such other important aspects. The treatment of the proper subject matter of Census begins from the fourth chapter of this report. In that chapter, the a.rea, density and some other requisite accounts of all the consti~ tuant territorial units of Government, from the largest to the smallest-the State, Mahal, Village, House-extending supervision, administra.tion, protection and loca.tion ret;pfctively to individuals, are briefly alluded to. In the 5th chapter, the subject of religion, the fundamental element at the bnsis of all human con­ stitutions, has been taken under a. rapid review. The subject of the 6th chapter has a direct bearing, upon the births and deaths of individuals-the two extrtl­ mities of the current of human life, which taking its rise from on unknowable source,. flows out into the widest ocean, :l.t a point beyond which, it is a maze' and a mystery to us. Next follows by far the most important subject of con. jugnl relation of male~ and females-a. relation which has made possible the existence of societies, and all that go under the wide appellat:on' social '. The }Iresent chapter in its turn records the growth, and development in the decennia.l period under review and the pa.st and present condition of education, both gene. rally as well as in our 5tate.

2. Ancient India is generally aclmowledged to he the cradle of civilizn.· tioD, religion Rnd educa.tion. The Aryans of the oldpn times had exhibited Ilo wonderful ('.apac'ity and aptitude for learning in all its branches. I think some of the leading European testimonies on the subject will serve better to corrobo. rate this.· Professor Max Muller thinks that the achievements of the Brahmins in gra.mmatical analysis, which date from six. centuries before Chri~t, are still unsurpassed by any nation. Mr. Colebrook is of opinion that among the infinity of Volumes on N ya.ya, there are compositions of very celebrated school men and that the Hindu writings a.bound in every branch of science. Sir W. Jones strongly recommends to the Europeans the study of Indian medical works.· He snys there are many works on music in prose and verse with specimen of Hindu airs in a very elegant notation, that the Sanskrit prosody is easy and beautiful, that there are numerous astronomiual works and that wherever we direct our attention to Hindu literature, the notion of infinity presents itself from which we may gnther the fruits of science without loading ourselves with the leaves. S. W. Jones affirms, that the whole of Newton's Theology and part of his philosophy may be found in the Vedas which alw abound with the allusions to a force of universal attraction. With regard to Sanskrit language, he says,

.• Essay by Honorable Dadabhoy Navarojaji on the Earopean and Asiatic racea. EDUOATION AND ( 140 ) LA.N~UA~BS. CIlAPTBB VIII.

whatever be its antiquity, it is of wonderful struoture, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin and more exq uisitely refined than either. Horraoe Wilson remilrks "that in medicine as well DS in astronomy and metaphy. sios the Hindus once kept pace with the most enlightened nations oftha world and that they attained as thorough a. proficiency in medicine and surgery as any people whose acquisitions are recorded and as indeed' was practicable before ana. 10my was made known to us by the discoveries of modern inquil'ies and that surgery was once extensively cultivated and highly esteemed by Hindus. 3. Deep and careful study of the Aryan litero.ture especially by thOle "ho have the capabilities to land tllemselves into its secrets, iB Bllre to Jay ope~ before their eyes the inexhaustible tre;,sure of the Aryan literature.

4. The present inhabita.nts·of India do not on the whole show any men~ tal inferiority. During the interval tha.t elapsed between the time when the glo~y Qf&pe ,Aryan .literature was in its zenith and the present peaceful time, the Aryas had to undergo so many ups and downs that they h~, in th~ confusion of the caotic state of things, ~lmost lost the constant studious habit of industry and laborious studies. But ther" is never to be Been want of capacity in them, Honorable Dadabhoy No.vrozji rightly remarks tha.t " The fe~tile Boil iB there but neglected. Let it have its proper Qultivation and it will again ahow the same fruit." Sir C. Trevelyan also rema.rks" The main thing required is tQ open to them a proper ileld of mental and moral activity in after life ...... an~ 'We shcmld encourage a. wholesome mental activity in the pursuits of literature, eeiElDae, and the fine o.rts ...... all the avenues Qf employment in the sel'vice ~ the state should be opened to them. They have very considerable admini­ strative qualities, great patience, great industry and great a,cuteness and intelli~ gence. ,. 5. As the time rolls on, there seems to be a. marvellous spread of edu. ~!I;tion. The Aryan literature and lelrning which had become a lost ~~aBure to UB, are on their onward path of wiiva.I, slowly but steadily and the weste~ educa.tion is shedding its ~alo of lustre all round from 0. palace of a. king to the humble house of the poor. The progress of the western education from the time when English seminaries were first opened in India. to the present day of enlightenment, is so mark:ed and wonderful that it wOllld stagger belief of those who ~ave simply to im:logine the possibility Qf such a crowning COD summa.· ~~ of the gigantic work, the beginning of which dates very recently~

6. Now leaving general relDar~~ on the subject, I come right on to its treatment particularly in connection with our state. The progress of education in J'unagadh Sta.te is satisfactory under the fostering ca ...e of a benevolent rn~r. Tl\e cause of education in this State has r~ceived unceasingly 0. ~'beral support and perpetual encourl\gemen~ of princely donations and munificient gra.nts o{ scholar- . ~'hips from His Highness the Nawo.b So.heQ to whom the interest of his beloved IIUbjects lies close at ~~rt. There are Gujrat~ and :mnglish schools and It girl school in Junagadh city itself and besid~s these ~here a,re established ech9Ql" J;tmHi~ "ud G\ljrat~ ~~ Mahals ~ccordiD~ to the II:eed:~ III th~ deceDDi~ EDUCATION AND ( Ul ) CJwonB LANGUA.a.S. VIII, period under consideration 18 schools have heen newly established and the ave­ rage number oC students prosecuting their studies in the schools of this State is 66'54 in 1901 and in 1891 the average number was 5S·75. 7. The keen interest that the administration of the state takes in theeause of education is amply evinced by the lasting boon it has conferred on the subject of the State by establishing a.t a heavy cost the Bahauddin College and thus bring­ ing learning to the door of every man and the heartiest wishes are being poured forth from all the quarters that the " Bahauddin College may never laek pupils, may never cease to turn out scholars and may hand down, to a more lasting fame the memory of the minister in whose honour it is founded. " J unagadh State at present counts among its sons 40 Graduates in different faculties, out of whom, SO have taken their degrees during the decennial period under con­ sideration. The judicious selection of means, conducing to further the progress of education seems to be the constant care of the administration which is sure to be the additional source of happiness to the SUbject of the State. S. The final Table No. 8 supplies necessary informations regarding condition of education in our State. The table first divides with distinct indi­ cations of sexes, the whole population into iwo parts viz literate and illiterate and these two parts are, sub-divided into four age-periods viz 0.10,-10-15, 15-20, and 20 over. The table gives all these inforll!a.tions for 311 religions separately. In the last Census the educational conditions were divided into three parts viz ( 1 ) learning (.2) literate (3) illiterate. Under learning the school-going boys were entered and under "literates" those who had left off their studies and who knew how to write and read, were entered. This time, these two first divisions have been thrown together under one general head of' lite­ rate' meaning those knowing how to read and write. Thus the literate, this time, included the school-going boys as well as those who hlwe left off their studies but know how to rea.i\. and write. The Bub-divisions of the literate into 4 age-periods o.re not without any set purpose in view. The first diviBion gene­ rally represents those receiving elementary vernacular education. The second division specially refprs to the time of the prima.ry English education and the third division and a part of the fourth include those receiving higher Educl\.. tion. The remaining literate population in the a.ge-period 20 and over are those Bome of whom may have stopped short after receiving elementary vernacular education, some who may have given up their studies in the course of receiving preliminary English education and others who have completed their higher ~ducation. 9. The result which ~he final ~ble VIII. declares about the educa· EDUCA.TION . AND ( 142 ,. CRAPTER VIR LA.NGUAGES.

tional conditions of our State is, as is marginally noted, that out of the total popu­ TABLE No. 06. Literate. Illiterate. tation of the State there are .,) ui cD Q) Q) Q) .....: in all 31956 literate and d .,; ..... "; a,"S "; ~ Q) d - ..o· .... bIi·C S d 5 0 363472 illiter~te and again ~8. ~ elings of malaia, to send their do.ughters to schools aftet' they nttain the tenth year or at the most 12th year. I would beg to dwell at some length on the point, which I simply here allude to, when I shall come to spenk about female education a little further on in. this chapter. 1I. Arranging the above result by percentage arrangement we have as under, Educational State shown by percentages. TABLE NO. 58. Literate. lIliternte.

p. c. of p. c. of p. c. of p. c. of Age. p. c. of Ip. c. of Total. I males. females. total. males. females. to ta. l. 0-10 2'06 '22 .2'28 48'22 49'50 97'72 100

10-15, . 9'38 'SO 10'18 45'008 44'812 89'82 100

16;..20 . 9'60 '84 10'44 41'16 48-40 89'57 100 , !O. over, 9'57 '65 10'22 40'92 48'86 89'78 100

'12. The simple way in which the above table puts the result is that if we EDUCATION AlW ( 143 ) CHAPTER LANGUAGES. VIII.

take 100 to be the population in each age·period, tht'n we nave per 100 between 0-10, 2 literate males and 48 illiterate males and in the remaining 50, we have '22 literate female, while the rest are illiterate. In the next age· period the Dumber of literate males is increased from 2 to 9, while the females have not shown any significant increase. In all the remaining age-periods the nomber of literate males is almost the same while the number of literate females in the last two age-periods show a tolerably satisfactory increase. 'raken as a .whole supposing 100 to be the· total population of the State we have roughly 8 literate as against 92 illiterate, Putting the same result in a different form we haveJ..th . . 12 of the population literate and.!.!. th illiterate~again the number of the literate per 12 • 100 subdivides itself into 7 males and 1 female. Now Jet us see what ratio the literate members of both the tlexes bear to the whole population in each sex. The result of this inquiry is, as is marginally noted, that out of} 00 males, there are- TABLE NO. 67. 15 males literate and 85 males illiterate, while LITER~TE. ·1 ILLITERATE. out of 100 females there is 1 iemale literate - while there are 99 females illiter... te. It would Males IFemnlesl Males\Females p.c. p.c. _ p.c. p.c, be really interesting to compare., this result 14'711-1'17 185'29 19S:s3 with the result obtained in other States and Prants ( tbe result of the present Census would have been more appropriate for comparison but I have not got them yet), Below I give the percentages of literate ·and illiterate in some of the Indian Provinces, and states in the last Census and compare these with those returned by our State in the present Census. Wesee that Junngadh State favouro.blycompares in point of education with some of the Indian provinces and other States. In 1891 J unagadh State showed a greater proportion of edllcat­ TABLE No. 58. ed males than that shown by MALES. FEMALES. Bangal ; Panjab, N. W. Jllite- Provinces Central Provin­ Provinces. Literate. Illiterate., Literat. rate. ces, Be·rar, Hydrabad, Bnd Madras. ]4'74 85'26 '99 99'01 in the present Census the Bombay. 13'12 86'88 '87 99'13 J ullagadh State has -gone Bengal. 10'75 89'25 '38 99'62 very high over the percen. tages shown by the abo\'e­ Panjab, 7'41 92'59 '27 99'73 said provinces and State, N.W. Provin- 6'15 93'85 '21 99'79 and has come up to the per­ ces. centages returned by Ma~ Central Pro· 5'68 94'32 '20 99'80 dras, and Baroda State in "inces. 1891. It is an obvious Berar. 8'42 91'85 '19 99'81 fact that Junagaah State as compared with the o.hoye Baroda Sta.te 14'02 85'98 ,58 99'42 named Provinces and States Hydrabad. 7'14 92'86 99;76 '24 must have eOlne, a little Junagadh 12'88 87'12 '66 99-34 Jater, in touch with the, State ill ) 591 western culture and refine· Junagadh 14'71 85'29 1'17 98'83 ment, 8it~ated IlS it is at l\ State ill 1901 considerable distance from EDUOA!J:ON AND ( 144 ) CHAP!Bll VIII. WGl1AGBS. ' the chief seat of learning which Bent round its heralds in different quarters to collect under its banner, the enthusiastic Bupporters of the cause of education. Not-withstanding this inconvenient state of things, Junagadh State has more readily and vociferously responded to the call of learning and bas shown and is sbowing more and more unflinching adherence to the glorious cause which it has so nobly taken up and in the process of time bas made its own. 13. The table below shows the number and ratio of education by age­ periods i. e. the number of literate and illiterate per 100 of each. 'ABLE NO. 69.

Literate Illiterate. - Age-period. Number. Percent. Number. I Percent. 0.10 2470 7'72 105470 29'02

10-15 5562 11'40 49017 18'48 15-20 4795 15'005 41102 11'30 .20 and over 19129 - 60'215 167SaS 46'20 31956 100 363412 100

14. The table very clearly shows that if we take 100 to be the whole literate population of the State, then. we have 8, 17, 15 and 60 literate res­ pectively in the above 4 age· periods and supposing 100 to be the total illite. rate population of the State we have 29, 14, 11 "nd 46 illiterate respectively in the above age-periods. In the last Census the educational conditions were divided into learning, literate, and Hliterate which divisions considerahly helpecl to separate the number of school-going boys from tbose who have discontinued or compleWd their studies a~d by the light thrown by the division of age­ periods it was made quite possible to say, very approximately of course, how many left off their studies after simply taking elementary education. This time, as I already said, the division 'learning'is altogether dropped and so we are without any ready means to say how many boys are actually \lCceiving school.. education. ijoweverfrom the facts we have before us now, w~ can by inference Bay that those under 15 are purely school.~oing bOl~ except t~ose who have disco:q­ tinued at this age their school study. This numQer is 80S2 i.~, it bears tJle ratio of 25·12 ~~ceQt to the total literate popUlation of -the whole State in other words roug.hly 1 of the literate population of the State is reoeiving. school· education and good number of those between 15 and .20 may possibly be school going Roy~. The head of the educational Department of tile State has kindly furni!l}led me with t~e *rqe figuN!I of t~e Iltud(m,ts le_l\~~i~ ~q ~e Behoo~fil EnUOATION AND ( 145 ) UlUPTER VIII. LANGUAGEB~ of:,our_ StatEtllindrthe difference between theCensus figures and;the depa.rtmental fWur,es;;iaas -is:: marginally shown below. TABLE NO. 60.

Census; figures. Departmental figures 8032 7755

TABLE No. 6L Number: and- ra.tio per cent for Literacy in the charges.

Pel'centage Percenttlge - Name of the charge. Literate, to total pqpu- Illiterate. to the total po- lation of the pulation of the charge. charge.

Junaga.dh; 6639 19'38 27612 80'62 Doongar 195 7'66 2349 92'34 Gadhakda 224 12'83 1521 87'17 Babariawad 1064 7'08 13960 92'92 Uno. 2825 7'39 35379 92'61 Sutrapada 533 4'20 12137 95'80 Patan 1381 5'56 23501 94'44 Veraval 2394 9'22 23576 90'78 Chorvad 734 6'10 11284 93'90 Malia 1135 7'06 14727 92'94 Keshod. 883 7'80 10732 92-20 Mangrol 2650 11 32 20763 88'68 Sil 745 5'46 12687 94-54 Balagam 631 5-78 10282 94'22 Kutiana 2058 6-92 27679 93-08 Vantbali 1890 7'47 23414 92'53 Shahpul' 1123 8'60 11933 91'40 Vadal 1020- 5-93 16160 94-07 Bhesan 1614 7-07 21202 92'93 Navagadh 441 5-41 7713 94'5!J Bagdu 705 5'82 11400 94-18 Gir 241' 3'53 6583 96'47 Visavadar 831 4-80 16478 95'20

--_ ..... , I, Total. 31956 I &68472 I EDUCATION AND ( 146 ) LANGUAGES. CHAPTER VIII.

15. .The accompanying table gives the nnmber of literate and illiterate in each charge and their percentages to the total number of each. J unagadh city returns, out of 100, 20 literate and 80 illiterate. It takes the lead, as it should, in point of education among all the charges. Next to it comes Gadhakda giving 15 literate out of 100, Mangrol stands Brd, Veraval &tands 4th, next come Shahpur and Keshod, then follow Babariawad, Dungar, Una, Malia, ·Vanthali and Bhesnn; Chorwad and Kutiana rank after these; Patan, Sh~el, lhlagam, Vadal, Navagadh and Bagdn stand below these and last stands Sutra­ }>ada with 4 literate and 96 illiterate out of 100. The order in which the charges arrange themselves according to the educational conditions, putting the result in round numbers, is as under:- TABLE No. 62.

Out of 100. Class. Name of the Charge. Literate. I Illiterate.

1 Junagadh. 20 80

If Gadhakda. 15 85

III Mangrol. 11 89

IV Veraval. 9 91 Shahpur. 9 91

V Keshod. 8 92

VI Vanthali. 7 93 Malia. 7 98 Dunger. 7 93 Bhesan. 7 9:-\ Una. 7 93 Babariu wad. 7 93 Kutiana. 7 93

VII Chorw:ld. 6 94 Vadal. 6 94 I 13n.gdu. 6 94 Balagam. 6 94 Pntan. 6 94 YIn Sheel. 5 95 Navagadh. 5 H5

IX Sutrnpada. 4 96

.' . 16. It wonld be really interesting to note the progress and spread of edu­ cation in diff~ent' religions.. The table below will be of material help to us in this inquiry. EDUCATION AND ( 147 ) CHAPTER VIII. LANGUAGES.

TABLE NO. 63.

LITERATE. ILLITERATE.

Name of religion. - Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total.

Hindus. 19345 1461 120806 135404 145563 280967

Musalmans. 7400 258 7658 35529 42497 78026

Jains. 2865 548 3413 1095 3334 4429 ,.. Parsis. 28 9 37 I 11 18

Christians. 33 a 36 7 5 12

Jews. 4 2 6 2 6 8 Animistics. 0 I 0 0 5 7 12 TA:BLE No. 64.

LITERATE. I ILLITERATE. Percentages of males, females Percent3.ges of males, females Religion. and total to the whole popu· and total to the wlHlle popu- Total. lation of each religion. Mian of each religion. Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent of of of of of of M:tle~. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total.

Hindus. 6.41 .18 \ (i.SO 44.86 4B.25 .93.11 100

:M usalmans. B.63 .30 8.93 41.46 49.61 91.07 100

.Tains. 36.53 6.90 43.43 13.96 42.61 56.57 100 Parsis. 50.90 16.36 67.26 12.72 20.02 32.74 100

Christians. 68.75 G.25 75. 14.58 10.42 25. 100 ,Jews. 28.57 14.2-1 42.84 42.84 14.32 57.16 100 Animistic!!. 0 I 0 0 41. 66 58.34 100. 100 I 17. Let us see wlIat these ta.bles represent. The table 63 gives simple figures of literate and illiterate of both the sexes in each religion, and the table 64 gives the perce'ltages which the literate and illiterate males and females iu each religion bear to the total population in the same. From this we find that taking 100 to be the population of ea.ch religion (literate and EDUCATION AND ( 148 ) LANGUAGES, C1lA.l'UB VllL

illiterate together) we have out of 100 Hihdus, 6'41 literate males, 44'86 illiterate males, and '48 literate females and 4B'25 illiterate. females. Thus roughly we have, out of 100 Hindu!!!, 6 literate males against 44 illiterate males and l literate female against 48! illiterate females; out of 100 Musalmans tHere are 8'63 literate males against 41'46 illiterate males and '30 literate fe­ males against 49'61 illiterate females. Thus roughly we have out of 100 Musal­ ma.ns 9 literate males against 41 illiterate males and i literate female against 491 lliterate females; similarly out of 100 Jains there are 36'53 literate males and 13'96 illiterate males and 6'90 literate females and 42'61 illiterate' females i. e. roughly we have 36 literate males and 14 illiterate males while there are 7 literate females and 43 illiterate females. In this comparison between Hindus, Musal· mans and Jains, we find that Jains take lead both for male and female education. Out of100 ·Jains return 36 and T litera.te males and females respectively, Musal­ JUaDS re~urn 9 I.l.nd! literate males and female, while Hindus return out of 100 61iterate males and §- literate' female. Thus the order of predominence, in point of education, seems to be, first Jains, then Musa}mans and then Hindus. This will primafacre look a little absurd. But the fact is that almost all the Jains are Bania!! by Caste of whom the majority, nay almost a.ll, as a rule learn atleast how to read and write. Thus a great portion of Hindu community is taken away from the bulk of entire Hindu populatiolllUld the majority of those who remain, seems unlucHly doomed, by their incorrigible habits, to live in dark­ netls, This puts Hindus, profe~sing Bind~ religion, in a disadnl.ntageous posi. tion in comparison as regards educational condition, I think a jnst and a fair comparison would be a comparison between Hindus and Jaills on the one hand and Musalmans on the other. This comparison then stands thu!!, TABLE No, 65.

LITERAT!!!. lLLITERAT •• Religion. Peroent of males, females ana Percent of males, females and total, to the whole population total, to the whole population Total. of each religion. of each religion. Percent Percent Percent Percen.~ Percent Percent of of of of' of of Males. Females. 'rotal. Males. Females. Toml. Hindus (Jaim 7'17 '64 7'81 H'081 48'11 I 92' 16 100 included).

Musalmnns. 8'63 ·30 8'93 41'46 49'61 91'01 100 - 18, We see bere that even sqmmoning the Jo.ins to the assista.nce of the Hindus, they ha.ve not been able to outstrip Mahomedans. One would naturally hesitl10te to accept this state of thiQgs in the face of his fqII knowledge of· the llackwardness of the Musabllans in matter of education. But the position will he found quite oomprehensible after a little stretch of imagi­ nation~ AmoQg Hindus there fall tqe eQQrmo,"s hqlk of the forest tribes EDUCATION AND ( 149 ) LANGUAGES.

and aboriginals and also a multitude of those who, when Ithey can hit upon no other religion, readily return Hinduism as their religion. Thus a prepon­ derating element groping in darkness and ignorance throws itself in the balance of Hinduism simply to lower the percentages of literacy in it. The soundnesa of this explanation will seem warranted when, further on, we shall come to a more detailed comparison. 19. The table in the margin compares the educational states' of Hindus, TABLE No. 66 Musalmans and Jains. It gives the Percentages of lIterate males, females percentages by religion of(l) literate and the total to the total population of males to the total males of the State ma.les and fema.les and total of both the (2) literate females to the total females sexes. - of the State and (3) total population Religion. IMale Femalel Total of each religion to the total popUlation percent percent percent of the whole State. Here the Hindus have regained their sway of superiority Hindus. 9'58 '75 0'26 in matter of education. Supposing 100 to be the toml male population of the Mahomedans. 8·66 '13 1·93 State, we have 9 Hindu literate males; Jains. 1'42 '28 '86 3 Musalman literate males and 1 Jain literate male. Similarly out of 100 fema.le population of the whole 3tate, we ha.ve '75 Dindu literate female; '13 Musalman literate female and '28 Jam literate female. This ratio of females in decimal under unit does not gi\"e at once complete idea of the result of comparison and therefore to put the literate females for 1000 in each religion, we have 7 Hindu literate females, I literate Musalman female and 2 literate Jain females. Here we find, tbat per 9 literate Hindus there are 3 liter-dote Musalmans in other words the spread of male education in Hindus is threefold of that in Musalmans. It is not to be lost sight of that Jainsare kept still apart from the Hindus. But throwing J ains with the Hindus, as it should

in fairness be done, the Hindus stand on 110 still higher plat-form in point of education than Musalmans as is marginally noted. We see there that , out of 100 male popula­ TABLE NO. 67. tion of the whole State Percent of males, females and total of there are 11 Hindu literate Religions. Hindus (Jains included) a.nd MUfilal- males and 4 }Iusalmo.a lite. mans religions to the total males fema- les and total of the whole State. rate males and there are Literate. per 1000 fema.les 10 Jite­ rate liindu females and 1 Female Male Total percent. literate -Mllsalman female. percent. percent. On the whole, then, taking Hindus. 100 to be the total popula" (Jains in· 11'01 1'03 6'15 tion of the whole State: we eluded.) have 6 literate Hindus and Musalmans 3'66 '13 1'93 2 literate Musalmans.Eq ual. Iy interesting informations have been supplied by the table below. EDUCATION AND ( 150 ) CHAPTER LANGUAGES, VIII,

TABLE NO. 68.

. Percentages of males arid females of each religion to the total male and female populations in the same respectively,

LITERATE. ILLITERATE, Ueligion. Male Female I Total Male I Female I Total percent, percent. y>_ercent. percent. _percent. percent

Hindus 12'50 '99 6'89 87'50 99'1 93'11

Musalmans 17'23 '60 8'98 82'77 99'4 91' 7

Jains 72'34 14'11 43'52 27'66 85'89 5{)'48

20. This gives the ratio of literate and illiterate males and females per 100 mnle!! and females of each religion and that of total of each kind ( literate and illiterate) to 100 of the population in that religion. Here again the table is turned against the Hindus and in favour of the lIusalmans by Jains being kept aloof from the Hindus. But amalgamating Juins with the Hindus as is TABLE No. 69. \ showll in the margin, the situation is somewhat improved. LITERA'l'E. rr'\c IglOn. Male I Female \ Total percent' percent _t)ercent

Hindus 13'99 1'33 7'82 and Jains

'Musalmans 17'23 '60 8'93 Em;CATION, 4ND ( !!it ) CHAPTER VIII. LANGUAGE~'~'" '

Co) ~ 00 0 l~ .... '0 00 , a 81f.J uaaJa "'" .... C':I .... d "'"00 ~ .;.. I§ .t;) Co) · · .... (0 (0 ~ 'Of 1:'1 0 sa['Uwa.i (0 l~ 00 t (0 Co) ~ I~ ~ 00 0 (0 ~ 00 CII .... 0 Cfl"'" ...... 0 ." ali1f.JuaaJad .Q ~ ~ (0 I§ s= "'I GS · · 00 0 CII I~ ...... 0 0 C':I I ... Q'I CII .... ~ C'l sal'llW (0 CII I~ .... 'Of .-t I'~ ....CD .... I~.... GS ... C':I 10 0 lC) 00 I'" C':I CII 0 .s a~uluaaJ.acl ~ ...... 0 ob ~ .... . ~ (0 CII .... · I§ ~ (0 co ,..., It:) Co) 0 C'l co 00 .... Co) C'l saxas tHog C'l C'l .... ",I'" ....CII "'" CII 00 CII as ~ - cp 00 "l" 0 0 0 0 a.8ul uaaJa d ~ .;.. 10 ,~ .... I§ C':I 00 r-. 0 0 0 0 0lI. , .... 10 0 sa[1lwa.il CII' ~ I~ co I'" ,.., I It;) C'l r-- I'" 0 0 10 aR~uaaJacl 0 0 0 ~ ~ I§ .... co C'l ~ · S 10 00 0) C':I Co) 0 0 GS I'" 'Of 00 ... sa[1IW 00 0 Co) ~ CII .... I~ .... 10 CII >t) co (0 0 0 ~ '? I'" 0 0 a.8'Uluaa.lad r-. C,l ~ co 1:'1 · I~ 0 00 (0 (0 C':I C':I 0 0 saxas qloH co eo ..,...... 0 ~ -< "'" -&,. (0 Ii 0 CII .0 0) >t) 0 ~ 0 0 Q C> ~ • ;}.o'IJ~ua:>J~cI ~ I~ .;,..... I§ ci _I'" -< I~ ..,. ..,. ~ 0 C'l 0 0 0 CII C':I co p!:I .Q 8allllua~I Cl :Eo..... ~ I~ q,> ~ 00 .(') ~ - 0 C\l ..,. 0 0 0 ... I 00 0 0 ...., 0 a.8tll utl:>Ja cl IC: Ib Q ~ .-1 co 1:') I~ Q) Q) ::...... '0 IQ 0 0 .... 1:'1 0 d I'" ~ ~ ... sapll~ ~ CII ..,...... Q) C':I"'" ..... Ii ." .... I'" .... '0 0) ..,. Q ."to I.'" 0 0 ::l ,.J a.o'lllUaaJtld ;t' 0 0 ... <:0 ~ ~ . l§ rn co t':'~ "'0 0 ~ C> C'l 0 10 Cl 0 0 r~ 0 C'l ... .~ saxes tI10g co C':I '0 .0 Q,) C':I ..... 1 .0 &:2.. I~ .... 00 C'l 0 0 .p ~ C'-l '0 C\l a~tllU'K)J.a.J ,b <:0 ,...,I'" "'" I§ ~ 1'" "'" 10-~---~ .... 00 ...... 0 0 ~i)[tlwa .if .... c 0 I~ f .-1 0 ~ C':I .... C> 10 0;. 0 0 ~ I o.8'1ll uaaJa<1 Cfl 0 0 ... 0 1- 0 .... . I§ ,." co C'l .... Q) .....>:: .... I .... 1'- 'Of 1:'1 0 0 ~ 0> (0 co -. Q,) S{)['Il}\I C'l ...... '"Q,) ...."'" "'" I~C'-l ...... Q .... ~ ~ 00 .0 C':I 00 ;:, 0 rlI= ~ 0 ... aliUl uaaJa J I~ ~ ~ 0 .- co ...... o· I§ = 1- CII co C'l (") 0 0 § I'" 00 0 ,~ ...... saxasqlog co C':I 01 ~ .... C'-l c "'" "'" ::s 1:1 d C ....CJ ~ 0 e .=!! .... I:S d ...... 'bO fIJ '" '1:1 - ;:I ...!II S ~ .... '" .... ]'" ... ~ .... = = d as CI.l = ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 !lot ~ ~ EDUCATION AND ( 152 ) CHAPTER VIII. LANGUAGES.

N a GO C') C') ... C') ~ 0 'to 0 0 0 0 a'sqaaOJ9d co ~ .:.. 9 9 9 9 ['0 N I! s: ...... 10 ~ CD ...... t- (") sel'8mea '" 0 IQ "" "" "" ~ 10'" IN ... "0 I~ a C') ['0 >0 C') 0 co ~ 0 0 -::> ~ a.8'B:luaOJad ~ 6 9"" 9 9 0 ['0 ~ I~ cq - ...-- ... co C') C') co CI'o ,10 0 C') ~ CD· ~ I sarBK <:> ...... CD .... eCD ~ ~ co co ...... a.8-u; uaaJacI ~ ,. 9 0 0 o 0 <:> l~ ..... ""... 9 9 :-"'-I~P <;> ... - ['0 ~ - 0 ..... ["0 1-' Q>l ""'" ... 110 ...... '"CI'o 'Of! ...'"co sexas qtog <:> ["0 t- eo co'" ...... ;,- 0:. ' ~ ... 9 I§ ["0 C\l 00 0:. t- .... 0 ""00 o ~ sal'omaj ... 0) ' 0 c:> ... '<:II I~ ~ l"- IQ N i C') l() ':" 9 1'"4 a2'IJlUaa.1acl c..z 1:" ao "" I§ CD 0 ..... 0:. ... c:'II :8 0- ~ e sa[IN ... (") c:> c:> c:> .8 ... (") I~ ...... ['0 ... ['0 - t? 0:. ':" 0 ....- a's'UluaaJad ~ '? t- I~ ~ ao c:'II .... -~ ,t)- ""edt - saxes tIlog ~ c:> c:> A ..."" ao "" I~ ... p:: 0 C') I- ... uao 1? ao ~ c:> c:> 0 III a.8ul .lad 1- -0 9 9 0 t~ C\l I~ • -~ .... 1- ...... ~ 10 - 0:. 0 ~ ~ ~ sal'llmaa .".., 0 ' 0 0 00 ... "" a'sw.uaaJacl 119 C:I ,:.. 9 . 9 9 I§ "5 t- N .., :':: 0:. .... fO N C'l '5 ... fO sarlwaa ""0 :1 0:. AI 0...... Ii ao J- 0") ao ~ I ' 0:. CD sal"IN s: .... I- "" ...,t ...... I~ ..~ ...... 0:. ao Col c:> ~ In ;::::; c:'II 0 co c:> .... c:> o <:I - 0 a.8'B~uaoJad .Q ~ 9 r:s ..... II: ...... lIS ...cI'"' ~ 1:1 ~ IJ;I ii!:1 ~ 0 Pol ~ -< tJOATION .AND ( 153 ) CJwaTlIlt' VIlI. t NGUAGEB.

21. The tables" A. and B." give very: important informations regarding the ed:ncaQonal conditions in diftirent religions by apperiods. The' tabl~· ",A" represents the state of literacy while the table "B" represents that of il­ iteracy. There we see that 100· is taken to be the total number of souls in each sex, in each age-period. Thus supposing 10.0, to be the male popu­ lation of the. whole State between 0-10, we· have 67 ,literat3 Bindu 'Malu, 21 literate Musalman males and 19, literate Jain ma.les. We have IilUpposed from the beginning tha.t 1111 those returned as litel'llte in this age-period :are school­ going boys: thus the fact demonstrlJ.ted above, that, the spread, of education in Hindus is threefold of that in l\Iusalman, iiJ corroborated, even toough the Jams "ve been kept apart from the Hindus. That the 8:l.me ratiQ of educatioual pro­ gress runs throughout, is shown by the fa-et tha.t in age-periods 10-15, 15-20 MId· 20 over, per 100 literate males, in each, there are 66,6'1 and 65· Hindu literah males as against 25, 24: and 23 Muso.lman literate males respe.ctively. 22. It would be an irrisia·tible temptation to the lovers of higher edll.ca­ tion to know the result of comparison of the census figures in diflirent reJigions of literacy Bnd illiteraCy in the age-period 15·20. TABLE liO. 7J. 23. I give them in the Age-period between 15-20. margin. Here we see that out.of 100 literate , male population of the Literate. Illiterate. I whole state between Num. 15-20, there are 67 Num-I Percent. Religion. bel'. Percent. ber. , . Hindll literate males, ..; cu·- • Q) 1TJ _-w .... ~ ,,; .n ...: Q)-oJ 24 Musalman literute . Q)=-=CS j cs= cs= -II.I -~ 11.1= SCU .... CU -; CU .:leu males and 9 Jain lite· ~ ~ 0 -;~ ~ i: cs ~ e ~ o ~ cu ~ 0 ~ ::;t S ~ &;. cu I\.< -'" E-t '-St a; ~. Q,).~ !. ~l rate males. Similar ::s ~ r-.~H~ ~ ! ~I co C'I cq C'1 CD 1:0 ~ ly out of 100 literate lQ ~ 00 lQ co ~ ~ t. ~ ~ ,~ Q:I 1- ~ cg .. - ~ 00 ~ . . . female population of Bindu~ h- ~ cq «J ~ co =· ~

TABLE NO. 73.

Literate in Illiterate. Other English. languages. Caste. Number Percent. Number. Number.

--~~':---~--~~---I'--~~--I----'---~--- en en ~.... I Male Fe]. Total ~ 1I..r I Fe. T ~ e S mae cu e 3 I.un es males otal 1..:3 cu 0 Ipercent t percent d QI 0 ~ ~ jH percen ;;;l ~ ~

1 Brahmin 671 61677 6'27 '06 3'27 6031966 6997 5056 9095 14151

1 VNadanagraagar. 1432 . 5 4a 7 38.9 .4. 17.7 1196533 1729 211 651 862 Braham­ 101 23 kshatri 32 0 32121' 05 o 11'46 130 )04 4S 149 Bania. 260 1'261 '09 1'23 58557156510 8705 9943 13648

Kunbi 10 0110 o '002 711 19 73022085 23101 4518~

Rajput 5 01 5 '23 o . 12 235 24 259 1554 1187 S6n Luwana 59 o! 59 '90 o • '46 37871413928 2856 2943 6799 1 Dhed 0 0 0 o '0 o 29 1 30.J3523 13327 26850 1 'Musalman 124 1 125 '28 '02 '14 76698408009 35622!42497 78119

25. Het:j-we see that Vadnagra. Nagars stand at the top glVlng 432 males and 5 females educated in English. Out of the Brahmins of all sorts 671 males a.re literate in English language i. e. out of 100 such Brahmins 6 males are literate in English. Next to them come, in order Banias, giving 2 males educated in English language. Among Brahmkshatri, out of 100 males there are 21 English knowing males. The Mahomedans do not compare favourably in this respect. They show per 100 ma.les only .28 educated in English lan· guage. Luwana shows '90 or roughly 1 English knowing out of 100 ma.lee. :From the consideration of pure English education, coming to a compact view as to the spread of general education in different castes we have the following result. . EDUCATION UD ( 155 ) CHA.PTER. VIII. lJANGUAGES.

TABLE NO. 74.

Literate.

Percent to the total of each Castes. Number. sex.

Fema1e Tot:!.l Males. Toto!. Male Females. Ipercent. percent. percent.

Brahmin. 5640 889 65~9 62'70 8-90 31'51

( Vadnagra. Nagar.) 1062 631 1593 63'4 44.9 54,S

Brahmkshatri. 107 23 130 70'39 18'11 46-59

Bania. 6808 597 7405 6476 5'66 35'17,

, Kuobi. 1708 13 1721 1'11 '05 3'66

Rajput. 232 24 256 11'12 1'32 6'50

Luwana. 8660 141 3801 56-16 2'36 30'16

Musalman. 1400 258 1658 . 11'21 '60 8'82

Dhedh. 27 0 27 '19 0 '10 26. The Brahmins, Banias, Brahmkshatris and Luwanas stand conspicl1· ously out as the best enjoyers of the benefit of education. Vadanagra Nagara show the highest percentage, Brahmkshatris and Banins show also high percen­ tages. The traditional profession of Nagars is service of States and Government and that of Ba.nias is tmding and account-keeping and so with both of them, to learn how to read and write, is a life-necessity, and therefore Nagar and Dania ,larents, as 0. rule, with very few exception, never fiLil to give to their sons at least element!1.ry education. The Brahmins encompass within their circle, men of various social conditions ranging from the enlightened Vadnagra Nagar com­ munity, to Brahmins of very low status, struggling in darkness. It is an incon· trovertible fact that Nagars have ever remarkably displayed excellent qualities 'ot hend and henrt, and they are second to none in intel1ectual capacities and untiring zeal for education. But the Nagars ho.,Te a very small minority in the bulk of Brahmin population, and so inspite of 0.11 their predominent activities in the direction of intellectual advancement, they a.re not able to command, for the Brahmin community, the highest percentage in education, because of the majority of Brn.hmins dosing in darkness. Rut at present, educo.tion is making its way to many secluded places and as the time r01es on, the energetic efforts of the administration wil1, it is confidently hoped, be crowned with success, in putting the state of education on a. sounder and more solid footing. 27 The above table gives the ratio, which ,tLe males and females of each EDUOA.TION AND L&NGUAiGlilS.

caste bea.rs to the tota.l males and females of the same. Bllt this method of compa­ risOilr I think, fails to convey a. very clear notion of the compa.rative spread of education in different communities. This purpose will he best served by tlielXi$l'ginal table.

28.1 t gives the percentages which literate males

_ .. _,- .. "" " ..··c. " Percent of education' of and literate females in each caste bear to the both sexes to th~ total totai males and females (literate and illiter­ daisies. pc each sex respective- 'ate ) of' the S~a.te, i"espectively and the ratio ~j of the. \Vl!olll Stat~",. . " of totalliteF~te persons hi ~h caste, to the Male IFemalel Total total popuiation of the whole State. 'faking percent e~l'centpercent " 100 to be'the total male population of the Brahmin 2'79 · 45 1· 65 whole State, we have 2-79 or toughly 3 lite. I Bruhiit. rn~ Brahmin males, 3'37 a't roughly 31 kshatri '0& - 01 - 03 iiterate Bania male&," 3-66 or roughly 3t BaniA S·ar · so i· 87 MusiLiman literate males And 1'81 or rough­ ~ KdtiM 'S4 -oog · 48 ly 2 Luwana. liteJ'fite rilales. The Ranias here Rajpiit ·Il OJ • 06 take their stand on the highest platform, · next to them are }!usalmans, Brahmifis Luwana 1'81 • • 96 or stand iii little below and last cotll& Ltl. Mustdlilan 3'66 • 18 i· 17 wanas, Other castes that appear in the table D4edli 'oi • (l ·006 shaw too iow a percentage to need .tty

._. - ""_ speoial mention. Still however it would Q()t be iii little encouraging oiJ.iCitmstance to know that edUca.tiOll is 8Vet" widening the eitcle of its recipients, promising Q, still brighter future to the State. 29." the table helow is intended to show the State 0( English edrtClltion by teligi6n. TABLJ!: NO, 76, "~ umber of Eng[i~h knowing males and females a.nd their ratio per lOOO to the iotal males nndfem!loles in eachrelis!0~'

Religioi4 N1ilDbei's, Percent

Male Female Total M~les fefilales rotal percant percent percent

. ',.~., " ," ~ ~ . " ...... ,' , Hindu 9liS " 962 G' 15 -06 s· 18 Musalmaq l19 1 120 2' 77 -02 l' 40. jlti~ 150 0 150 37' 87 -0 19' 12 :Pars!. 17 Q 17 4:8(i' 70 '0 809' 09

Ohristian. 16 ~ lS ~oo· 2M, 3'15'

Jew , ~ a ~66' 66 250' 42B' 57 Animistic 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 BnnCATION, AND ( nn) fuNGUAGES.

30J As the raiio per 100 falls below an unit" I have taken out ratio not per 100 but per ]000, then the result is thattn.king 1000 to be the total male and female populations in ea.ch religion we have, males literate in English, (1) 6')5 in Hindus, (2) 2'77 in Musa,lmansj (3) 37'81 in Jllins, (4) 485'70 in Parsis, (:.) 400 in Christians (6) 666;66' in Jews, and (7) in Animistic. \ 31. Thus Jlllns stand:at the top of the ladder, the Hindus stand a step below and Mu~alrnans take the thir~ rank. Parsis, Cbristians and Jews show very high ratio bat as they represent a very poor minority, this may not be taken as of any great use, in estimating the progress of the education, among them.

32. Educn.tion has not still fully succeeded in appealing to the resisting hea.rts of the people of lower cbsses to take up its cause and it would be paradise on earth to expect, however it IDly be wished for, not to see any of the human being untouched by the beneficial influence of education.

33. It would be deemed necessary, I -suppose, to ID:Lke a separate men­ tion of the educational state of the Junagadh dty. The table below meets to a great extent this requirement; It gives the nllmber of literate and illiterate of both the sexes, in each of theJollr age·periods and their ratios and also ma.kesa separate mention of the state 'of the EngI,ish edllcation in the city. EDUOATION AND (158 ) C.HAPTBR VIII. LANGUA.GBB.

Q) "lU3:>JaJ co Q.1 ar.I ot:! cc ...c Q ";t to ~ r:-t ~ ... 0 [lll°.L .... CQ ~ 0 ~ 0'.0 . ~ r:-t .,;>d!;> ~ ..... C\1 It') it') ui IV = ~ 'lUt}OJ3 cI It') It:I C'1 CD blJ~Ci <:p 0 ? ~ c ~ be S3I'uwa .-t d .s g_~ o!l ....c C\l ~ ::I bO ()~- d ....0 Q 1.0 .... tn • +i C'Q to 0-1 ~ lQ d Q) 0 CD '" I=: 0) co ~ ...... " ..... -~Qj ~ ~ J.< ~~ () C\1 .Q ~ t- 0-1 Qj ..... _~C?_ ..t:I...... 0 d 0 t- ..... 00 CI ...... 0 cQ CN l- -- CI 0 It') CN '

~ Q)c,) - d C ..... I 0) ~ I: '"OJ 1.0...... 00 'C";) - >. ::0 "'<11 ....0 l_ a) 0 0 ...... , - 1l1 .... -~~ e) ..... ::l 0.... <11 0 0 . .~= 0... ~ () ~ ' 0 - Il1 --00- eo cO "<11 .....I:l .....C!l 00 s:: d t-- 0 ....c ...Q ~ III CD :0 d .,) ~ ~ 0 ~ ...... ;:: 0 .~ 0 ~ ~ COl C!l ...... -t 03 C!l .... s::l.. , ~ 0 I J 0 >t:I 0 t; E-4 CD r:-t cq bD 1'""1 < EDUOATION AND (. 159 ) CHAPT$ LANGUAGBS. VIII.

34.. In the city population of 34251, we have 6639 literate persons and 27612 illiterate persons. Out of6639 literate persons there are 5828 literate males and Bllliterate females. In other words we have in the city, taking 100 to be the total male and female populations, each, of the whole Junagadh city, we have 32 litera.te males, 4 literate females and supposing 100 to be the total population of the whole Junagadh city, we have 19 literate persons; Turning to the English education in the capital city, we find in all 735 males and 8 females literate in English, in other words out of 100 males and 100 females in the Junagadh city there are 4 males and '047 female literate in English and taking 100 to be the whole popUlation ofthe city, there are 2'16 persons literate in English.

35. It would be of great importance to know the state of education Comparison between in 1891, to mark its progress through the decennial 1891 ~lId 1901 A. D. period undel' re"iew and to finally compare the result with that obtained 10 years before. The table below take.i us in that direc­ tion. It gives no very significant, increase ill the number of literate and a correspowling decrease in the number of illiterate per.sons. TABLE NO. 78. - Total number of Percent t.o the total persons. population. Educational condition. in 1891. in 1901. in 18~ I. in 1901. I I I Literate. 33779 31956 6'U7 8'09 Illiterate. 450411 363472 93-3 91'91 Total. 484190 395428 100 ]00

36. In IS9}. per 100 souls there were 6'97 literate, while in I90} there are 8'09 literate; thus the decennial period under review has brought roughly 2 persons more into touch with the beneficial influence of educa­ tion. Analysing the result a little mo~e flIIl y by comparing the percentages of the literacy of males and females, we have equally satisfactory progress of education maintained: TABLE NO. 79.

r Number of Number of Percenmges in IPercentages in Educa· personsin 1891. persons in 1901. 1891. 1901. tional con· (lition. Males. Females. Males. Females, Males. Femoles.1 Males IFeru.l" percentl percent.- Literate. r2227 1552 29675 2281 112. 89 '66 14'71 1'17 l!lIl'!J.C.ArION A.Nl> (' 160). LANGUAGES;

37. I.;:Lsttime 12'8l,or roughly 13' males out 0000 males were returned lit~mte,; this time 14'71 i. e. roughly 15 males are returned literate out of ) 00 Jl1ales. Thus the cn.use ofeduoo.tion·has drawn to its side .2 males more per. 100 :Qtllles,d.uring the decenniaL period. under review; ~'emalecdueation isalso showing B,Ome progres~ being the numher of educated, females,. increased from. 66 to.. 1j;11 per 100 •

.38. The ta.ble below gives tb.e percentages. of education by religion, of tqtal population, and of males and females in each religiun as compared with those ot 1891,

TAttLE NO, 80.

L'ter1 aey.

Re1igion. 1891 1901 1891 1901

Males Females M:des Females Total Total perc~Qt percent percent pl'rcent percent percent I Hindu 8'42 '44 9'58 '75 4'56 5'26

Musalm~n S'36 '14 3'66 '13 l'SO 1'93

Jain, 1'07 '06 1'42' !28 '58 '86 I .. " .. ,.- 39. Taking 100 to be the popu1ation of eneh of sex for the whole State, we have in 1891, 8'42 literate Hindu males and '44. literate Hindu female as against 9'58 literate Hindu males and '75litemte Hindu fernnle in 1901, ghTtng 1 more literate male per 100 and also showing a little more increased tendency towards female education among Hindus. 1n Musnlmans in 189l there were a-36 literate males and '14 literate females against 3'66 literate males and '13 literate female. The Mu.homedans thus have not et'poused very zealously the . ~a:use of education, but the hountiful support and the praise· worthy efforts of the administration to furtqer the lntelleotual advq.ncement of this backward com­ munity in point of education, will surely ha\'e theirwbolesome effects to encour­ Ilge the Mahomedalls to stqdy, an~ W~ hope ~o get a. better result in t~e cowing Census.

40. I have not dwelt uPQn tbe ~gnr,es representing the educatiqnal state a.mong Christians, Parsis, Jews, &c" be(~lloUSe they reprl'sent too small a minority to repay the trouble of go~ng through ull these calculati

4.1; IIp to this staa-e we ~~e reviewing ~he educa~onalcQ~itlon of t4~ lIlnlroATION AD' ( 161 ) OOPTJl:B LAirGUAGBS~ viti.

state; ~ ~preserited hY' the Census returns. It would be' & matter of De lelfj conl; ~uence; and: of great intere$t to see, in· this eonriection aJso, the departmen'­ tall ed~

42. Tiie table' furnished by him, as representing the progress of the: edueation;. is' givan below:-- TABLE No. It

.. .. . _.- --_ '.. '. I.. . Ibi4ferenee ~t,!e,eri iS9l and .In 1891. IIi 1901. 19<>1. .. . Increase.' . DlicreQ8; I146t'r6Bll!i ¢i..o. .... "+-4 ' .... llame'ot schoolsl o . '0 rrl o . o rD o .om.. ~, ~ .. ~0, 'as. :... I'IJ ... 111 .... ~ ... I'D .... ~ ... al ... .s ... .$. r.:.. '= CI) CI) JQCI) CI)'O .8 ....0'. .;8 CI) ,.8'O,! § ..c", ..c."C = . 0 't:l .8 g. .8-8' S..Cls e:g Soil 8; ::I eO:..c" e't:l!::I. ,!!i!..s:= S S. ..s:= ::I U = 8.3 .::1 al. ::I+" ::I+" ::I U ="~' ::I al ::I ~ ::I ~. ::I' ril !i ZOO Z' rn zft.! ZrlJ~1Il z; Z z. z . , r : .Bahadurkhanji High school. 1 291 1 427 0 136. 0 0 0 +136 i' !

M.iddle (. English ); schools; 2 ; 59 6 265 4 206 0 0 +4 +206

Sirtskrit Pathshala. 1 Sj I 41 0 4 0 0 0 +4

Urdu Gujarati Bchoof.. 1 154 3 295 2 141 : 0 0 +2 +141

G.ilJarati, schools' for boy •• 95 5989101 6270 6· 281 0 0 +6 +281

GUjarati G~rl~sehools. 9 656 15 1239 6 583 0 0 +6' +583

Night~schooI8; 23 569 2 47 0 0 21 522 ~21 -522 ... _ .... _.- .- __;.,.,.".:------~ -- Total •. 132 7755'129 8584 -18 1351 21 522 -3 +829 I 43. The above departmental figures show that there were in 1891, 132 schools out of which there were three English schools, f Sanskrit school, ~ Urdu school, 95 boys' Gujarati schools, 9 Girls' Gujarati schools and 23 night-schools; in 1901 the number of middle-schools has been increased from fl'to 6, that ofUrdu' Gujarati from 1 to 3, that of boys' Gujarati schools from ~5 to JOllI.Q.d·Girls' Gujarati schools from 9 to 15. Thus during'the'decennial period quder review; ther.e was an increased demand for: the meanS ofimpart..; ifllg education, and,the State, with its widely known munificence,; llild·l.I;]ready ~ppliedit, Thcd!4nglish education, outsides the walls otthe citY'itself,. lias nwie SQ.tisfa::tory;- progress, 4as ~mpre8sed its :necessity and advn.ntllrges dn the'· mmds· of the' prudent persons of the Mahals, with a.' result", happy as -it is. of requiring. additional ~ng1ish schQols in the Mahals of the St~Lte. That ~he;Gnjal'a.ti'edilca;tion .. both· of males a~d; felllales"is steadily and satisfac·torily ~eSBjIlg in:·t~e';State{' is'~uite cl$r' frQ~ t4e increase· ill llllmber ofGiljamti EDtlOATION AND ( 162 )' LANOUAGBS. CHAPTER VII(~

schools from.9a to 101 and of Girl-schools from 9 to 15. The Mahomedans, edUca~jOD ha.s not fa.iled to engage seriously the attention of the administra.tion., The Mohabat Madresii for impa.rting English educa.tion, free of charges, exclu­ Il~vely. to the Mo.homedan students ana Urdu Gujarati schools to impart Urdu education to them, have been established and are carefully looked after and their progress is attentively marked by the responsible officers of the a.dminis­ tration. I exclude night schools from my consideration because they are the convenient contrivances adopted for imparting education to the adults and so they stand or fall according to ~he convenience, leisure, willingness, and I

m1y even call I whims' of these reluctant adults. Thus leaving Night schools out of ca.lculations, we find invariably for all the schools, a satisfactory increase in the number of students over those in 1891. We find 342 students more receiving English education ill 1901 than those in 1891. Similarly there are 141 students more receiving Urdu Gujarati education, 281 students more re­ ceiving Gujarati education and 583 girls more in the girl schools than those found in 1891. This proves a sure tendency of the people of ~ll castes and creeds towards educating their children. The Mahomedans have also kept pace with the general increase.

44. It may be noted in this connection that the mtio which the depart­ ·mental figures of the students of both the sexes, beal' to the total population is 2'17, the ratio which buy-students bear to the total male population of the State is 3'64 and lastly the ratio which the female-students bear to the total female populatien of the State is ·63.

45. Before closing the subject of education I must say a word about female education in our state. We have seen from the percentages of educated females arrived at by different processes of caculation, that there is a sure tendency of the people towards educating their daughters. A Imost all the parents of higb social status are becoming a!i,Te to the necessity of giving elementary education to their daughters. But to gire higher education to them, keeping the III school-going even after they attain puberty, is a circumstance so repugnant to the deep-rooted associations of the people OIl this side that it is difficult to say when, if ever, they would reconcile their minds to such practice. LANGUAGES.

46. The subject of languages ordinarily used by persons in India is II little more intrica.te than wha.t it looks to all outward appearances.

47. The human mind never rests contended with anything that ~s in its Tirirnitive and crude elementary stuge. The ancient Arya Vrat had, "s it iR believed, one universal religion, one universally accepted quagrupal divisions of castes and one universal language. But in the face ot thewondelful pro­ gress of the world, this state of things could not be expected to remain stationary and the said uni,"ersality, the just boast of the ancient Aryas, could not be expected to last and continue through all times and ages. With divisions and sub.divisions of the principal religion and castes and.thQ consequent diffcrencea EDUCATION AND . ( 163 ) CBAP7'BB VIII; LANGUAGES.

in the formation and developement of different social constitutions, there were needed, as it very easily be conce~ed, corresponding convenient divisions and sub.divisions of the principal language which is the vehicle of society. Thus the reason for the multiplicity of languages is to be sought for in the multipli~ eity of societies and communities and as all the societies and communities, wheil analysed, trace their origin to one common stock, so all the languages, when their relation is properly found out, trace their descent to one parent stock~ The peculiarity of India is tbat there is no language of such a general nature as' to be understood by all the Indians. Still however Hindustani makes a very close approach to this requirement.

47. It is interesting and important to say something about the history of languages, especially the Gujarati .language which is the language of this country and it" relations with other languages. Below I give the genealogical table showing the main divisions of the Arayan languages.

Sanskrit. I Prakrat. I I I Shourshani. Apabransh I I Magdhi Paishachi

48. The mother tongue of the ancient Aryas was Sanskrit language. It is the most perfect and I think the only perfect language in the world. 'ro give an idea of the fullness of Samkrit voca.bulary, the Sanskrit grammar may be described as a mint for coinage of as may new words as a.re wanted The per­ fection, and full development of the Sanscrit language are best evidenced by the remarkable fact that from the beginning till the present day Sanskrit Ia.nguage has been continued in the same shape and style without allowing itself to be deformed by the intermixture of words from other languages.

49. The composition of Sanskrit language is t!!uch that it is difficult of pronunciation. Hence Sanskrit language in the mouth of many perSODS received that corruption in its true pronunciation which degraded the oorrupted language Ii<> much that it (this corrnpted language) went under a separate D:lme Prakrut ( i. e. change from the Prakrati ( tiita') i. e. original ). The Panjab people are first to be blamed for this corruption of the original language. Again when these-people descended into Marwad and Gujarat, the Prakrut of Panjab which they carried with them, by further corruption became Apabrahansha language and the Prakrut la.nguage of those Panjab people who went toward Mathuran is known as ShouriJnana·. The Skourakani language also was split up into two dh·i.· sions, one Magdhi or the language of those who went into Magdh and the other Paishaclti. It has not been accurately ascertained as to What country it is in which Pai8kachi language was current. Our Gujrati language traCe its origin EDUCATION AND { 164 ) LANGUAGES. dbeetl¥ &om. the. Apabralmnsk language, thus· it ia;thedirect·descendant oftb. Sanskcit, lo.nguage.

50. Some divide Gujaratilanguageinto·two pa.rts(.1)Clldand(2)new. Th~: Guj~l'ati language before 1500 Samvat can well be styled. old Gujarati i. eo. when it was in close conneotion with the mother la.ngllage S·a:nskrit. • After . that. time the Gujarati langup.~ under-went a serious change and: many foreign elements were introduced into it,. Persian words were mixed up with' :Rure Gujarati words after the Mahomedan dynasty was established in India and now with the disappellrance of the knowledge of Sanskrit language, Opiio mons.are expressed to break up the connection of Gujarati language with its mother'lang'!lage. and recommendations from the· people. pClssessing very poor knowledge ofGujaratL language.in its purest style, are being. poured: forth to' allo,! no Sanscrit. words in Gujarati: lo.nguage. The· opposite opinions prevail~' ing .[QQng the staunch friends· of. Gujarati language in. its: entire purity, are not;. to degrade Gujarati langullge by levelling it to the lowest pitch but to raise its tone by a style simple but surely showing its consanguinity with SIIoDskrit IIlDgU· age and with that to r~ise the knQwledge of persons, by proper- cultivation, to the dignity of the old Guj~rati language, The holders of the latter opiniUQ du not recommend verbosity of style and use ofhombastio Sanscrit words in Guja-­ rati language but what they stropgly inllist upon is a greater use of words of immediate Sanscrit origin ill Gujarlloti composition, with Q.Q evident purpose of maintaining its affiinity with the Sanscrit.language.

5l. Europeq.n langu&ges alilo have, l rolloY ohserve very brlefly, alose affi, nit}' to the Sanscrit language. Mr. Joseph ~~ngu!l says" ill mot there are 90(); rules in Sanscrit wllich re"ppear in the }q.:qguages of ~urope, Words which were' current century agp at Pe~i a.nd Benarus ~nd sprang up long before in tbe range' p£the caUCIlSU!!, are but now forcing thelr way intq Columbia IIond Newzeland,. while inllexions from the same lQ.nguage have been m.odifying the forms of !Sp:!ec~ of Wi lions of English men in this country for the last tqousa.nd years "; :ais very defi.~ation of lDodern English la~guage pointS to the same cQnclusion~, He defines it ,+ as a melnber of low Germ~ic divisif::ms of the tutonic branch of ihe Gothic stpck of tlle 4dp ~ur.ope!t:n tr~~e of langpages". :ae further on addli 1bat. II th~ I~do Eurppean ~. I~do Gerwanic is so called frQm the f~ct that it·· includ~s the Sa.pscri~ w~th its all Indian desceDdant~ and, most oithe ~uropeani ~ongues. T~e Sanscrit, .it may be.a,qded, is one of ~he oldest, richest and most· philosophic languag~s in the wor~d, 1Dany of its forms are fo-qnq, in Greek and! Latin." Thus many langulLges of Europe are all Indo QerlI\l.1oIlic and allied ,tq: ~he Sanscrit language; Thia comrqon desce:pt a~j cOllsangllinity.of the hlnguagesl ~peak, volumes in favour ofthe COIllmo~ orgin of tQe speakers qf these 'l~ngllagea.t M.r. Angus also draws the same conclusion from th,~ Cil'!C~~8ta.nce, He· sllYJ!" t' languages of the Indo Eur.opean fam~ly ~re all allied and tqe' natio~lnl,peaking; , them must have formed originally· one stock!'. Dr. Prieharq,: has: .. ool!lDecf;e(il EUrope with the east in his work, entitled" The eastern origiDl'of:the:;oltiC ~ation8 p~oved by., II' compariBo~, ~f, the dialects ·with. t~e.• Sanscrit.. ,OlWk, ,La.t~j . . EDUOATION AND ( 165 ) "CHAPTER LANGUAGES. VIII. and tutonic languages." The knowledge of the IDother tongue ofa man from the Census reviewer's point of view, brings in its train many important informa­ tions regarding him. The language and the type of language which a man ordinarily uses would afford some clue as to the country the speaker resides in, the caste he be{ongs to, and the status of the society he moves in. 52. Below I give the languages and dialects with their natural connection returned in the present Census. Languages and dialects spoken in the J unagadh State. TAlJLE No. 82.

Family. Group. Language. Dialect.

A. Indian Vernaculars.

Aryan Indic Gujarati

Rajasthanic Malvi Marwadi

Sindhi Kachhi Jadeji

Hindi Hindustani Musalmani Braj Bhasha Urdu Mogal

Panjabi

Bangali

Eranic Baluchi Makrani

Drivlldian Southren Ko.naries Dakhni. Marathi I B. Asiatic Language.

Arayan Eranic Arabic I., I C. European Languages.

Aryan Tentonic Engli)3h

Italic Portuguese EDUCATION ~ : ( 166 ) CHAPTER VIII. LANGUAGES.

53: Some difficulty was experienced in deciding on the exact name ap· plicable to the lang~ge ordinarily spoken by the Musalmans. Musalmans them­ .selves are found to call the language they speak by different names; some call it Musalmani, some Hindustani, while others call it Urdu. Therefore for our State the languages returned as the mother tongue of the Musalmans are taken as falling under Hindustani.

54. The following table gives the number nnd percentages of persons ordinarily speaking these various languages in our State.

TABLE 1'0.83.

Number of persons speak- Ratio to the total ing them. Name of languages. population of the State. Male. I Female. I Total.

Gujrati. 167041 160087 327128 82.72

Marwadi. 28 13 41 .01

Malvi. 1 0 1 .0002

Hindustani. 19967 18082 38049 9.62

Sindhi. 14153 15300 29453 7.44

Marathi. 174 117 291 .01 Dakshani. 16 16 32 .008 Baluchi. 18 11 29 .001 Panjabi. 10 2 12 .003

:Raugali. 3 1 4 .001

Arabic. 274 67 341 .OB

English. 7 0 7 .001 Portuguese. 32 8 40 .03

...... __ ...... __ ...... 201724 193104 393428 55. It will be seen from above that out of the whole population of the State, there are 327128 or 82'72 persons whose mother tongue is Gujarati. The persons speaking all other languages are only 17 '28 percent. Out of these Hindustani covers 9'~2 'percent and Sindhi covers 7'44 percent; thus Gujarati, Hindustani and Sindhi cover 99'78 percent; in other words taking 100 to the popUlation of the whole State, there are 82 Gujarati speaking persons, 9 Hindu­ stani speaking, persons sand 7 Siodhi speaking persons, and 2 persons speaking EDUCATION m ( 161 ) LANGUAGES. CHArTER VIII.

° all the remaining la.nguages the ra.tio of each of them separately falls very low under unit. • 56. The table below gives comparison between the number of those speak­ ing GUjarati, Sindhi and Hindustani in 1891 and 1901. TABLE No 84.

ofpe... ns . rumbers eakin Name ot languages. p g. Increase. Uecrease. Net result.

° 1891 I 1901 I Gujrati. 423823 327128 0 96695 Sindhi. 28604 29453 939 O(I -86126 Hindustani. 28419 38049 9630 0

57. As n. result of the above comparison we see that there is an increae.e of both Hindustani speakers and Sindhi speakers while there is a decrease of 96695 in Gujaratispeakers which goes agOain to establish the fact that the famine and pastilence have hit at Hindus too severely. BIRTH-PLACES AND ( 168 ) OHmER IX. INFIRMITIES.

Chapter IX.

:amTH PLAOES AND lNFIRMlTIES.

1. The final table N:o.·11 gives informations about the birth-places of those enumerated in this State. The knowledge of the birth-places of the popu­ lation of a state or a country has its utility in ascertaining the extent of the waves of migration in, and out of, the State or the country and hence this knowledge is of great importance from Census point of view. Migration has already been 301. luded to in Chapter IV as one of the principal factors in the variation of popu­ lation and it is also there observed that for a country like Junagadh state, with inhabit:mts mostly consisting of agriculturists, bound to the soil, this factor of migration is not Ii significant cause. It is not intended to be esb.. blished -thllt there is no migration at all in,this State, but by taking this factor as Don-existent is meant tha.t migration is 80 seldom that generally immi· grants and emigrants cancel eaob other. These were general remarks and their application in Chapter IV was also general. Here we treat the sub­ ject with a specific and direct reference to the question of migrp.tion and there­ fore it needs a little more detailed consideration. Before ascertaining the e:-;;­ tent of migration, it would be necessary to Bee what are the causes which bring , in, and sen

(1) Commercial purposes. (2) 3ervice. (3) Marri~ge. (4) Pilgrimage. (5) Mendicancy dependent on public and, private charlties. (6) Education. &c., &c., &c.

2. Now let us see whether tnese causes are so preponderating in our state as t.o attra.ct great number of immigrants to it, or to send the waves of emigrants out of it. I think none of these causes so overwhelmingly operates as to raise the W'Q,ves of immigrants over those of emigmnts and vice versa. We don't command a very extensive commerce so as to attract a horde of foreign traders to our State nor do we so lac~ it as to go invariably within foreign limits for buymg the articles of neceesaries and luxuries. We have generally enough but hardly to spare. Thus migratiun for commercial pur­ poses is Dot likely to atfect the balance one !iltqe or the other in this State~ As for service, the benign rule of H. H. the Nawab Saheb so liberally extends to the children of ~he soil, its pa.trQBag~ ~nd opens to them the avenues of employ­ ments in the State, that very fe", of the subject· of the Sta.te have to seek em­ ployments in foreign territories and thus the consideration of service does not, perce~tibly, add to' the nU'lIlQer of emigr~nts. The employes in the State who BmTH-PliCEB AND INFIlUrtITDIis. ( 169 )

are foreigners throw their weight in the pan of emigrants~ but when the emigrants and immigrants due to all the above cause8 are set one against the other, as a net result, the surplus istoo insignificant to engage our attention. Mari'iages a.re more likely to give impetus to the spirit of migration. The marriages of boys and girls in foreign territories are: coIi,stantly sending to and fro the waves of emigrants and immigrants.

3. The practice among Hindu daughters generally to' be delivered of children at the houses of thp.ir parents is a vitiating element in the cal­ culation of immigrants and emigrants based on the return' of birth-places. As for mstance A's daughter B. from JUilagadh ismarried to C. in Bhav­ nagar; B delivered of a child in Junagadb at hel' father's house; the birth­ place of this child in Bhavnagar CensuR would.be·recorded as' Junagaa.h' and SO judging from birth-place, the child must be taken as emigrant from J u­ nagadh to Bhavnagar but in fact it is a native ofBhavnagar, its father belong­ ing to that place. Such and other confusioDIil are inevitable and without being baffled by them, the effort of a Census re\"iewer is to make a possibly close approach to the true State of things.

4. There are interchanges of boys and girls for marriage purposes iIi ditrerent parts of this State arid this leads to internal migration, but barring few exceptional cases, the general practice among people is to con­ fine themselves, as far as conjugal relations are concerned, within the native limits of the State and not to embark on such relations in foreign countries. Thus marriages do not influence migration to any very appreciable extent. J unagadh State with· its world-wide reputation for its antiquities and archite­ ctural beauties and its possession of many sacred places such as the far­ famed Girnar Bill, the Damodar Kund with its well known scantity, the widely known Somnath temple, etc., attracts to it many pilgrims and admirers\ and lovers of antiquities and all these must be set down as immigrants. But as the time of Census was so chosen as not to meet with' any holidays religiously sacred to Hindus within a fortnight before and after the appointed "day of enumeration there was no any temporary ingress of crowding pilgrims to swell up the side of immigrants.

5. Vagrants flock in multitude to the places where chatitie'3 are dis­ tributed. Thtr public and private charities in the state may draw to it immigrants but it ca.nnot be of such an extent as to destroy the state of equi­ librium. There are sufficient numbers of schools in the State for imparting edu­ cation so as not to need any migr'.. tion for it and the opening of the Bahauddin College has added to the facility. Thus to repeat once more, migration may practically be taken for our State as a non~existent element causing no per-. ceptible variations in the populations.

6, The table below gives the number of persons and their percentages with the IIBoQ),e of their birth-places. ::BntTH-PL.oas AND ( 170 ) INFIlOOTIlIS. CHAPTER IX.

00 o o

o o

~ o o o o o

o

o o o o

... co o

ci ·5C) s

o BIRTH-PLACES AND ( 171 ) INFIRMITIES. CHAPTER IX.

7. Out of 395428 souls-the total population otthe whole state-360639 or 91-20 per cent are born in the Junagadh State. This means that taking 100 to be the total population of the whole St!.lte, 91'20 or roughly 91 persons are born in J tinagadh territories and 9 only aI'S born outside. In this 9 again 6·88 or roughly ,7 are born outside Junagadh territories but inside Kattyawar. Thus jn the populatiqn of our State, out of 100, 91 being born in the Junagadh territo­ ries IIJld 7 in Kattyawar, outside Junagadh limits, in all 98 are born in Kattyawar and 2 outside Kattyawar. Out of the remaining two persons, 1'045 or roughly 1 is born beyond Kattyawar but within Bombay Presidency. Person born in India beyond Bombay Presidency is 'n7, that born in the countries in Asia beyond India is '08, born in countries in Europe ·0048, in countries in Africa. are ·016. None is returned as born in America, Australia or at sea.

8. I have more than once aHued, in the past pages, to the home keep­ ing habits of the people on this side and to the fact that the ma.jority of the population, being agriculturist, is bound to the soil. The result of the census bears it out, which could be taktln as abundantly established, I think, by the fact that out of 100 persons, 91 persons are born in the J unagadh territory.

9. Upto now we have been considering the result with reference to the population without any distinction of sexes. 10. Looking at the columns of Males and Fema.les we find that out of 100 Ma.les in the whole State 91·99 or roughly 92 males and out of 100 fe­ males, 90'37 or roughly 90 females are born in Junaga.dh. This result must be taken as having a, special bearing upon marriage-migration and approximately what it establishes is that 10 females out of 100 are imported into our state from foreign countries and the majority of them must I suppose go under mar­ riage migration. Out of this remaining 10 females, 6'88 or roughly 7 are born in Kattyawar, which clearly shows that the people of our State, when they are obliged to seek for wives for their sons outside J unagadh limits, generally draw upon KBttyawar for brides and if ever, very r:J.rely, go beyond Kattyawar to form such conjugal relation.,

11. This narrow limit within which conjugal relations are formed is an inevitable result of difference in the Ol·ganism of Societies in different countries. The greater the distance, the wider is found the difference in the mode of living and in other va.rious peculiarities of societ.ies and the conjugal reo lation, which decides the future fate of the couple, absolutely demands that the bride to be selected 'must be such as would adapt herself easily to the mode of living of the society in which the proposed husband moves.

12. It would be interesting to note the number of persons, born outside Junagadh territory, found in different charges in our State. BrBTB-PLA.CBB A.ND ( 172 ) CHAPTEB IX. lNinBMITIEI:l.

TABLE NO. 86. Beiow I give the statement in a tabular form.

':Name of the countries beyond J unagadh Junagadh. territories. charge. IM.j •. .. Female. . Total. Male. I F\lmale, I Total. -Junagadh ...... 14523 14010 26533 3325 2393 5718 Dunger ...... 1028 864. 1892 419 233 652 Gadhlikda ...... 650 966 1616 243 386 629 Uni ,.f.'...... 18168 ]7125 35893 1106 1205 2311 Baooria. wad. ••• 6802 5769 12511 1042 1411 2453 Sutrapada •. ••• 6272 5821 12099 249 322 571 Pata-a .'0...... 12440 11797 24231 397 248 645 Verawa! ...... 12419 : 12656 25015 620 275 895 Chorwad ••• ... 6105 5736 11841 104 73 177 Malia. .. "...... 8122 7550 15672 165 225 390 leshod ...... '" 5840 5471 11311 138 166 304 Mangrol ...... 11348 11192 22540 449 424 873 Shil .... " ... 6797 6436 13233 128 271 399 Balagam •••••• 5330 5096 10426 168 319 487 Kutiana ... ". 13295 12728 26023 133R 2376 3714 Vanthali ...... 12147 11868 24015 508 781 1289 Shahpore ...... 6358 6117 12475 310 271 581 Vadal ...... 8275 7393 15668 525 987 1512 BhesIloIl ...... 9682 8027 17709 l1926 3181 5107 Nawagadh .• ... 3365 2879 6244 768 1142 1910 Bagdu ...... 5616 5468 11084 496 525 102L ! t Gir ... 2959 2454 5413 809 602 1411 Yisavadnr ...... 8033 7536 15569 917 82'3 1740

. - .. ~ . ----- ~...... , 185574 175065 360639 16150 ~8639 34789

13. The above table gives a little more clear conception of the immi. gl'lIonts per each charge. In all, the Censlls return shows q4789 persons as born outside Junngadh limits, out ofwholIl 16150 are males anq 18639- are Females, out of these 34789 foreign-born persons, Junagadh city alone has 57lB or ~6·4· persons; Bhesan closely follows it having 5107 or 14'6 foreign.,..bo~ persons. Junagadh' oo.ing the cll-pital town ma.y naturally a,ttrack outsiders out, ~f cnriosity to aee its antiquities which alone, as His Excellency the Viceroy Lord Curzon rightly observed, distinguishes it from other neighlx>.uring Ji~ates or fo).' service ~p"d oth~r 'prQf~ssiQlla.1 aml worldly conside"'tion.s 1\I1d, BIBTH-PLACES AND ( 113 ) IN'nRHITIES. this satisfactorily accounts for the greatest number of foreign-born persons found within its walls on the census night. Bllesan is located into the heart of Kuttyawar and hence its very situation and locality in the midst of foreign

neighbours all round l make the inter-relations between neighbours easily con­ ceivllble. Kutiana has 3714 persons born out-side J unagadh limits. Kutiana is a good trading town and therefore it is likely that the waves of migration may move there with a little more perceptible effect. Babanawad and UD.a ha\"e foreign· born persons between 3000 and 2000, the explana.tion for which is also to be sought fi)r some where in the same direction as is done in the case of Bheso.n, viz the inter-relation due to the close vicinity of foreign territories. Vadal, Vanthali, Navogadh, Bagdu, Gir and Visavadar have foreign-born between 2000 and 1000 and the rest ha.ve below 1000, Chorwad having the lea.st number viz 177. 14. I give below the names of some places with thenumber ofpersons born there in but found in Junagadh limits (l) Ahmedabad (2) Kachh (3) Gondal 336 210 5551 (4) Jafrabad (5) JamnlLgar (6) Jetpar (7) Dhrangadra (8) Dhrol (9) Nadiad 416 3728 3540 345 154 24 (10) Palitana. (11) Porbandar (l2) Bagasra (13) Batwa (14) Bilkho. (15) Bhav. 149 2356 722 1101 428 4280 nagar (16) Manavadar (17) Mendardo. (18) Morbi (19) Rajkot (20) Wadhva·n !i32 199 315 1494 205 (21) Baroda (22) Surnt (23) Ratnagiri. 4124 138 148 15. Below I give the comparison of the result 1891 and 1901 regarding birth places found in the Junagadh limits. Those born in Kattyawar (Juna.gadh State included) were 477276 or 98'5 while in the present census such persons are 387846 or 98'08. Immigrants from Bombay Presidency in 1891 were 404~ per­ lions while those in Hl01 are 5739 or 1694 more than those in the last

CeD8US. Ser\'ice and other causes n.ttrack out· siders to this State and hence is this increase in the number of immigrants in the present census over those in the last Census. Inirmiti8l. 16. Census record also collects informations as regards four kinds of in­ firmities viz (1) Deafmutism by birth (2) Total blindness (3) Insa.nity and (4) Leprosy. The census does not take notice of any other infirmities or ina capacities except these four principal ones. Thus census would not take notice of imbecility, idiocy, partial blindness, one eyedness, . deafmutism not congenital etc. BIRTH-PLACES AND ( 17* ) CHAfTED IX. lNFIRMITIES.

17. The table in the margin gh'es the total numbers each of these four infirmities in the whole State. From TABLE No. 87. this it appears that in the whole State, there are returned 350 totally blind, 26 insane, 67 deaf-mute and 92 lepers. To HI')n. d Insane. mutismDeaf LeprOOyi Total. have a more definite idea of this, below I compare the number of the infirm In 350 26 67 92 535 1891 and 1901.

TABLE NO. S&' "- Blind. Insane. Deafmute. Lepors. I Total.

1891 1901 1891 1901 1891 1901 1891 1901 1~1 '901 """'- - ,582 350 . 75 26 244 67 108 92 1009 535

18. From this it appears that the number for each infirmity has fallen off from that returned in the last census and on the whole the number of the infirm l]as beeu reduced to nearly one-half of' that returned in the last census. Last time out of 100,2'08 were returned as infirm while in the present census '1 out of 100 is returned as infirm. The decrease in the number of the infirm may be attributed, out of many other causes, chiefly to the improved Sc'l.nitary condi­ tion and the liberal extension of the medical help by the State. To el'radicate the ailment lIf leprosy, the leper-asylum is established in the city of Junngadh and is placed under an exclusive charge ofa qualified medical mnn. This asylum i,s maintained at the expense of the State where numbers of lepers find shelter and get themselves cured C)f the nasty disease. The statement below gives the iuformations about infirmities with special reference to ages of the infirm. TABLE NO. 89. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-'40 40-50 50 & o",er. Male Female .M. f'. M. F. }I. )i'. M. F. M.' F .. Blind. 12 8 13 9 86 27 36 55 23 36 36 48 Insane .... 3 0 6 0 4 1 6 1 1 1 2 1 Deafmute. 5 3 9 0 14 4 ;') 6 9 5 4 3 l .. epors .... 0 0 4 1 5 2 22 4 32 20 7 5 19. Here we find that blindness under /20 is not so far-spreading as to attract special attention. The age-period 20-30 shows a sudden increase almost three times the number in the preceding age-period and increase is maintained in all succeeding age·periods. Insanity and Deal-mutism are practically .... ery rare. Leprosy as t\ rule is developed late in individuals and the census return bears this out. There is no leper under 10 and the number of lepers are gradual­ ly increasing in each succeeding age-period. -:0::-- CASTES. ( 175 ) CHAPTER 'X.

Ohapter X.

CASTES. 1. The subje::t of this chapter, though very important, is full of com­ plexity. The problem of the origin of castes is not, and I venture to think, could not possibly be solved conclusively. The question has been debated and discussed by various eminent writers but no unanimous conclusion seems to have been arrived at. All have to work on probabilities and inferences and even critical researches have failed to esta.blish anything beyond contradiction. In the face of such a state of uncertainty, it would not be quite desirable to ad­ vance any theory, with any definiteness about the origin and formation of castes but what I propose to do is to take a bird's-eye-view of the org.tnization of castes in general and Hindu castes in particular, stating very briefly the dif­ ferent views that are, entertained by different men of letters.

2. For the origin of the Hindu castes, we shall have to go back to the ----- Hindu castes Vedic time i. e. the period, when, according to one view, the pri- original quad- mitive inhabitants of the whole world were the Aryans .and their rupal divisions place of residence was India ( Aryavrat ). In Europe, the AEliatic origin of the Aryans was universally believed, till recently, when late Dr. Latham raised, for the first time, his protest againflt this view, maintaining, on the other hand, that European origin of the Aryans was far more probable. Subsequent­ ly this view was supported and taken up by Banfey and Geiger, bDth of whom placed the cradle of the Aryans in Europe. This view gradually but firmly gained ground with 0. result that many who originally held the opposite view ha\'e become convert to this new theory. Professor MaxMiiller firmly held to the old "jew viz. that of the Asiatic origin of the Aryans. He, in his lectures on the science of language delivered in 1861 A. D., aSHerted that" There was a time when the first ancestor of the Indians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Slaves, the Celts and the Germans were living together within the same en­ closure, nay under the same roof. " He further said that as the same forms of speech are preserved by all the members of the Aryan family, it follows that be­ fore the ancestors of the Indians and Persians started for the south and the leaders of the Greek, Roman, Celtic, Teutonic and Shtvonic colonies marched towards the shores of Europe, there was a small clan of Aryans settled probably on the highest elevation of Central Asia, speaking a language not yet Sanskrit· or Greek or German, but cont:1ining the dialectical germs of all; (V ide Pro­ fessor MaxMiiller's lecture 1st. serielS Page 211-212). Even after the con­ version of many to the theory of European origin of the Aryans, Protessor MaxMiiller maintained and advocated the adoption of the old view of Asiatic origin of the Aryans. He so recently as in 1887 A. D. writes-' If an answer, is to be given as to the place where our Aryan' ancestors dwelt before their sepa­ ration...... I should still say, as I said forty years ago, some where in " Asia Minor." Many Pandits of India, well-versed in the Hindu Shastras, confidently assert the Asiatic origin of the Aryans. Adopting this yeiw, we CASTES. ( 1~6 ) CUAPTEB X.

start with 8 theory as the basis of the whole superstructure that the original inhabitants of India, which practically then constituted the whole world, were the Aryans.

3. The whole bulk of the Aryan!!, according to the Arya Shastras, was originally divided into four classes viz Brabmin, Kshatriyllo, Vaishya, a.nd Shu· dra.. The castes and sub-castes tha.t have split up the above four classes into enumera.ble.-I should even say infinitesimal-divisions are of subsequent origin. The above four classes, according to the Vedas, have a divine origin, while the castes and sub-castes are human creations. Serious doubts have been entertained as regards the divi.De origin of the said quadrupel classes by various writers, es­ pecia.lly those of the West. Many have emphatically denied the possibility of snch a theory. Some attribute the origin of these classes to the Brahmins, who, as it is alleged against them, with a view to self.aggrandisement and self·supre. macy have made these divisions in which they have exalted themselves to the highest plo.tform, enjoying superiority over all others in every respect. Some of the writers of the West, who are advocates of the theory of European origin of the Aryans, believe that when the Aryans migrated to India from Europe, there were in India some inhabitants and that some of the new comers called themselves Brahmins, others Kshatriyas, the remaining Vaishyas and the indigeneous inha­ bitants of India, who were in barbarous sta.te, were called by the new comers, Shudras. These different views may be t'\ken for what they are worth, but the Aryan Shastras arc firmly grounded in the belief of the divine origin of these quadrupel classes.

4. In the process of time, mixed marriages and illegal intercourse bet­ ween higher class males and lower class females (i. e. Pratilom i. e. reverse of Anulom) gave birth to offspring of mixed blood-Sanker Jati. These were put outside the pale of the original classes nnd they, therefore, formed themselves into separate groups, composed of certain numbers of persons, as suited their convenience. These became the fruitful source of and ultimately resulted into, numerous caste distinctions, ,vhich at present obtain in lndia.. Excepting Hin. dus, there are nQt found, among ether people, the mioroscopia divisions and distinctio:Qs of castes and sub-castes.

5. The bewildering numbers of castes and sub,castes among HilJdul are C1"l"a~str-e8-.a-n""'id/ dqe to various cause~. Those engaged in tbe same or similar occupa~ subo-castes. tions or those residing in particular town or village or locality, by long p,ssociations and mutual contact and intercourse, bracketed themselves into Ileparate and distinct groups and came to regard themselves as forming separ~te castes and begap. to look upon those out or'the enclosure as diff~rent ffom and Btr~nger to therqselyes. Dr.. Bhandarkar qas sai4 at Qne place that ,~ In Indian society, the centrifugql tendellcy is far tOQ strong; the slightest diver.gence of ritu~l, ~nner pf llfe Of IqQde of thinki~g is sufficient to co~stitute a new caste group, which falls away frOID the older caste jl.nd begins life by itself; and ~here is h.rdly ",ny way In wijich these atQ~s can be recrystallised into a new ",nel a l!'''ge wllale' " Tpe sub-cf}stes in whic~ the ~rincipal c~stes are divided, are CASTES. ( 177 ) CHAPTER X.

named generally after their " country, place, ca11ing, craft or profession II but as Mr. tT ohnstone observes; , in all this maze of mieroscopic divisions, the ethnic pecularities still suhsit." Thus when the principal body radiated into various groups, independent of one another, they were bed~ed in very narrow limit" and their exclusiveness became so rigid as to allow no admission to the out8ider:;. Out of all Hind,u castes, Brahmins are unanimously recognized as standing on t'Qe highest pedestal. No one, who is not n. born Brahmin, can ever be admitted into the caste of Brahmins. The approximately correct criterion of caste among the Hindus is the companionship in food or commensality and that of sub-caste is the restriction of marriage among its own members. To almost all the castes of Hindu!!, abstenence from animal food and spirituous drink is ·com· pulsory and the transgression of any of the rules of caste-code, puts one outsido tha pale of his caste. The admission to. or exclusion from, a caste of its member entirely and exclusivel), rests w~-die members of the castes and there is no interference from o~ The exclusiveness and the l'igidity of limits as· signed to tllllerent Hindu castes have become a subject of serious criticisms from various writers. As for instance Mr. S. C. Bose, in his work the Hindns as they are ( P. 165 ), sn.ys "The distinction of castes is woven into the very texture of Hindu society. In whate~'er light it is considered, religiously, morally, socially, it must be admitted that this abnormal system is calculated to perpetu­ ate the ignorance an:} degradation of the race, among which it prevails. It is useless to inquire when and by whom it was founded. The Hindu Sastrns do not ~gree to this point but it is obvious to conclude that it must have originat­ ed in a. dark age, when Do proud and selfish priesthood, in the exercise of the ~ucridotal functions, imposed on the people tllis galling yoke of religious and social servitude. The demoralizing effects of the scheme, are perhaps, without a parallel in the annals of human society." A Telugll poet Varnan thinks the caste's distinctions as completely groundless and unnecessary. He says "If we carefully observe and examine, the universe, we shall see that all castes equal· ly originated therein; then all are equal; who can decide as to the superiority or inferiority of afiy one? Why should we const.'1.ntly revile the pn.rya.r. Are not his flesh and blood the same as our own? and of what caste is he who per­ vades the Paryar as well as all other men; place one dish before all the wor1tl and let them eat together abolishing theil' castes. "

6. Occupations hl~ve, by long associations, made the members in some groups, working together in the same calling, to lose all remembrance of their original castes, they belongeu to, and when they are asked the names of their castes, they give out the general name of tlleir occupation as the name of their castes i. e. Kadia, Sutt\r, Dll.l·ji, Dabgar, Sar~nill., Dhobi &c_ There are Hindu Dubgars and Musalman Dubgars, Hindu Sarani:'l.s and Musalman Sa­ ranias, Hindu Dhobis and MUi:lahnan Dhobis and thus it is quite clear that they canllot belong to the same caste, yet they would, inspite of any amount of efforts to explain them the twe import of caste, invariably confuse occu­ pation-name with caste-name and this has greatly taxed the intellectual capa­ cities of the enumerators. CASTES. ( 1'78 ) CHAPTER X •.

7. Practically speaking excepting Hindus (Jains including) there do Caste ·distinctions in peo_lnot exist, as I ha.ve just sa.id, caste distinctions among llle other than Hindus. (other communitieE. In Musalmans there is something resembling, in certain features, caste organizations such as Yohras, Piujuras, Moleslams, 1\fomnas, Ghanchis &c. uut the rigidity and the exclusiveness which characterize the Hindu Caste.system, nre not to be met with in the Meho· medan community.

8. Eustace J. Kilts in his compedium of" the castes and tribes found in Number of Hindu I India, says "There are 1929 different castes or tribes cast.e~nd sub-castes'l in India, of these 803 number 1000 [I.nd upwards; 472 num. ber 10,000 and upwards; 206 exceed 100,000; 47 have more than 1,000,000 each, 21 contain 2,000,000 each, while the Brahmins, Kunbis, Charans number more than 10,000,000 each." This is the account of the principal castes but the lii'it of sub-castes, if attempted, would be tremendously lengthy. The in· stuctions for filling up the columns of caste and sub-caste in schedules, were to enter the castes of nIl and sub-castes of the Bra.hmins and Ba.nias only. With a view to usc8t·tain, before hand, numbers and names of all the castes and sub·elstes that are found in India, inquiries were set on foot by ethnological or ethnographical branch of the census department, but the work, being enormous, definite result seems not to have been yet arrived at. J unagadh State has returned in the present census in all 189 castes and sub· ca.stes, made up of 70 Hindu castes, 67 Musalman castes, 4 other castes, 31 sub· castes ot Brahmins and 17 sub. castes of Hanias.

~Iindn castes returned I 9. We l1ave seen in. the C~apter. V. th.at, in all, the .State IT\ Junagadh State. I has returned 3036151Imdus(mcludmg Jams) These Hmdus are divided into 70 castes, out of which Brahmins are found to be of 31 sub­ mstes and Ranins of 17 sub·castes. Dividing these Hindu castes and sub·castes according to their respective numerical strength, we have the following group~.

Group I caste having more than 40000 persons.

NAME. NUMBER OF PERSONS. 1. Kunhi. . .. 46908 2. Koli ... •.. 42622 89530

Group ILcaste having persons between 40000 nnd 10000. 3. Dhed ... · ... 26877 4. Abir ...... 24610 5. Luwana ...... •• 12602 ti4UtS9

Group III caste having persons between 10000 and 5000. 6. Rabari...... •.. 9889 1. Karadb. •• ...... 8606 CASTES. ( 179 ) CHAPT.tIt X.

8. Bawa ...... ••. 8124 9. Mer ...... 6321 10. Audich Jha.l~wadi Brahmin ..• ••• 6529 11. Darji ...... 6191 12. Sutar ... ••• 6004 13. Khant ...... 5945 14. Dashll Shrimali Bania (JaiDs) ...4959 112568

Group IV caste having persons b6tween 5000 and 3000.

15. Mochi. .. ••• 4135 16. Valand ... •.. 3989 17. Rajput . ...3897 18. Luwar . .. .. 3498 19. Dasha Shrimo.li Bania ... ••. 3371 20. Vadnagara Nagar and} •.. SO.~5 21. Nagar Brahmin ... 21931 Group V caste having persons betwet)n 3000 and 1000 • 22. Kathi ...... 2971 23. l~harwad .•• 2814 24. Modh Bania ... .t. .... 2535 25. Hati ... •.. 2206 26. Bania Soni ... •.. 2135 27. Bania Dnsho. Sorathia. . .. 2112 2B. Unewal Brahmin ...... 1820 29. Dhobi .. •.. 1782 30. Shrigod. Brahmin ...... 1763 31. Rajgor Brahmin ... 1742 32. Charan ...... 1686 33. Vaghri. .:.1617 34. Bhangia ... 1609 35. Babaria ...1517 36. Sagar ...... 1464 37. Visha Shrimali Bania (Jajn) . ...1439 38. M~iya"...... 1388 39. Bhoi ". ... , ••• 1346 40. Girnara Brahmin ... 1336 41. Bania Knpol ...... 1165 42. Aboti Brahmin .. .', . ...1127 43. Soni Parajia ••. ...1123 38697- Group VI castes having persons between 1000 and 500.

44. Khatri .. " t •• ... 970 CASTES. ( 180 ) CHAPTER X.

45. Visa Sorathia ... •.. 805 46. ~omparn _.. 789 41. Haval ...... •.. 723 48. Dasha Osval (Jain) ...... 696 49. Brahm Bhat ...669 50. Pll.ncholi ...... 632 51. Salat ...... 569 52. Mali ... •.• 564 53. Khavas. ..520 693i Group VII below 500. Castes and sub·castes ( in all 62 ) ... 25863.

10. It appears from above that the Kunbiil numbering 46908 souls sb\nd foremost of all the Hindu castes as regards numercial strength; closely follow Kolis who number 42622 souls. The second group includes those castes which contain persons between 40000 and 10000 souls and Dheds, Ahirs and Luvanas stand in decending orders ofnumercial strength. Kunbis and Kolis together make up almost t of the whole pobulation, their joint number being 89530 or 22'5 percent. The population of first two groups added together bear the pe~ centage of 88'S to the total population.

__ill. Brahmins-The Caste Brahmin is one of the four original castes, aI­ Hindu castes; chief o~ though it has under-gone numerous structuml changes and them brieflydescribedj modification~ since its beginning. TIle original meaning of , Brahmin' is one knowing Brahm, but it may be said, without any offence, that its significance, at present, is responded to by very few, if at all, of those who go under that name. Originally all those classed as Brahmins had among themselves commensality and reciprocity of conjugal relations, but as the body began to expand and migrate to different countries, each group, thus formed, got loosen­ ed itself from the rest of the body and ultl.mately the remote descendants in the lines of the members of each group lost all ren;tembrnnees, and traces of the unity of the whole Brahmin caste anq thus each group formea a separate caste and cQ,me to be distinguished by some names of co'untries, towns, villages in which the different groups congregated and resided or of the persons who headed the groups or by some other convenient names. It is said that two Chinese fictiti· ously calling themselves Brnhmins, passed as Brahmins, studied as Brahmins and married the daughters of Brahmins. The Brahmins came to know of this d!lceptiQn practised upon them and this put them on their guard with a. result that the limit of each sub.caste of Brahmins became so narrowed that admission of any stranger, even if he is a Brahmin, without perfect assurance about it, was completely barred.

12. The principal caste of Brahmins has been sub·divided into nume­ rous sub-castes. Our State has retul'ned in the present Censns 31 sub.castes and iq tl!.e l~st CeQ$ll.s ~he qumber of .the sq.b·castelil of :Brah~ini3 returned was CASTES. ( 181 ) CHAPTER X~

62. Below I give 0. running sketch of some of the important sub·castes of Brahmins. (I) Nagars-The name Nagar is believed to have been derived from No.gar ( iflT{). The Puranik tradition regarding the origin of the name Nagar is thus related in Nngarkhand. Originally there were Brahmin Rushis of 72 Go­ trllos leading ,strictly un-worldly hermit life. They being deeply moved at the agony of a nasty disease from which the king of a country called Anart was suffer­ ing, cllred him of that disease. The king of Anart thus being laid under their gmtitude, gratefully offered to them some presents which they declined to accept. The king feeling the pressure of obligation too strong upon him, could not rest without returning the obligation, however inadequatelYJ in one shupe or another. Once when all the Rushis were out, leaving their wives on the bank of the Sabramati ri\rer, the king sent bis wife to the wives of these Rushis to give them priceless jewels and beautiful garments. All except the wives of 4 Rushis, accepted them. The Rushie whose wives had firmJy stood against the temptation separated themselves from the rest and these remaining Rushis of 68 Gotras ac­ cepted town life. They got a town named Chamlltkarpur for their residence from the king and they all settled there. Once upon a time, one boy Darned Kram, the son of Devdat Brahamin living in this Cbamatkarpur, crushed to death Rudramal the Bon of a. serpent king (Sheshnag). Being enr!l.ged at this, the serpent king or­ dered numerous serpents to kill all the inhabitants of Chamatkarpur. The Bra­ mins propitiated God Shiva, who gave them one Mantra vix. Nagarm (="Plt=Na=­ 'f=not, gnrn.m.=lR=poison::not poison=poisonless) and asked them to enter the Chamatkarpur, repeating it. By the prowess of this Mantra 'Nagarm,' all the serpents lost their poison and disappeared. From this d:ly the town Chamat· karpuT is known as Nagar (=-m{) and its inhabitants are known as Nagars (ifJ1R ) :;;pR ~ 6' ;wm:). The word Nagar (;pp:) beg!l.n to signify a town ancl thus other towns that subsequently sprang up were alsa called' Nagar' (0I1R) and so this Nagar, the Native place ofNagar~, for identificiltion's sake came to be known_ as Vra.dh Nagar (~) i. e. old Nagar corrupted, afterwards, into VadNagar. Tnus tho Nagars are all descendants of the RUBhis of 68 Gotras and Vadnagal' is their original Native place. The whole bulk of Nag:m was subsequently dh'ided into two parts viz. (1) Grahnstha or th08e who do not accept d?Ln or dakhina (present) and (2) Bhikshuk Nagar now popularly known as Nagar Bhramis or those who accept dan or dllkhimi.. Thus the Grahast Nagars became the Yajrnnns or the givers of dan and. the latter became priests or 'receivers of dans. There is commensality among these two classes but there is no conj_ugal conIlection between them. Nl1gars are divided from different points of view into six classes viz:- (1) Vadnagara (2) Visalnagara (3) Sathodra (4) Prushnora (5) Krushnora and (6) Chitoda.

( a) Yadnagra Nagars-Those Naga.rs, who reID lined in Vadnagar after the migration of many members of the main stock to different places, are known all Vaduagara Nagara and they broke all sort'b of connection with the emigrants CASTES. ( )82 ) OHAPTER X' of their caste. The Yadnagara Nagars, became a separate and a distinct suh·caste of the main bulk of Nagars. They removed from Vadnagar to Champaner in 1425 Samvat and from thence they settled themselves at Junagadh, Bhow· nagar, Cutch &c. The J unagadh State has returned in the present Census 2455 :Vadnagara Nagars made up of 1182 ma1es and 1273 fema1es and 1109 Nagar Brahmins made up of 529 males and 580 females; in the past Census the numbers returned. of Vadanagra Nagars and Nagar Brahmins were 2678 out of whom 1373 were males and 1305 females.

(b)" Visal Nagara. Nagars-The first Vaghela king Visaldev founded '3 city Mmed Visalnagar near Vadnagar about the end of the 12th century; He bad invited Nagars from Vadnagar to take part in the ceremonies. Those who re­ sponded to the invitation were offered dan of lands &c. but they refused to accept them. The king got inscribed the nllmes of the villages to be given in dan on betelleaves which the Brahmins unconsciously chewed and thus they were taken tohave o.ccepted the dan. These Nagars settled at Visalnagar and hence they are ca.lled Visalnagara Nagars. Our State has returned 25 Yisalnagara Nagars ill the present Census while they numbered 43 in the last Census .

./(c) Sathodura Nagars-These Nagars accepted dan from king of Dabhoi and so the Vildnagara Nagars exc~u led them from their caste. The llame Sathodra is derived either from six villages (~ Shat six) given to them in grant or from the name of a town Sathod near Dabhoi. In the present Census they numbered 15 while in the last Census they nUIIlbered 2l. (d) Prushnora-Ttrushllora-Chitoda. Those who took tbe profession of astrologer are known as Prushnorn.; those who resided in Krushnor are known as Krushnorll; and those who settled at Chitod are known as chitoda. The present Census, returned 135 Prushnoras. while in the last Census they numbred 168. (2) Audichy::t Brahmins-Mulraj, the King of Patan, ha"ing a firm fuith in the efficacy of the words of Brahmins in removing sins, invited Brahmins from different qunr:er~. ' Those who came from northern direction are known as Udichya and as they came tbousand in number they are eaned Sahasra. Audi· chyas. Some think the designation Audichya may be traced to the place Oudh from which they came. There are again different designations with which these Audichyas are distinguished such as (I) Sidhpuril\ i. e. those "\\'ho got Sidhpur from Mulraj (2) Shihoria i. e. those who got Shihore (3) Tolakiit Or separatists i. e. those who declined to take dan and formed a faction ( ~) by themselves (4) Zalavadi (5) Gohelvadi. These different Imbdivisions do not interma.rry but they dine together. In the present census Zalavadi Audichya numbered 652\} and Gohelvadi Audicbya. 74 while in the last Census all the Audichyas numbered 7138. (3) Modh Bmhmins-The name 'Mo<1h Brahmin is deri ved from Mudhera a. village in the Baroda State. The sub factions of these are Chaturvedi, Trivedi and the Dhinojas. The former two are named after the Veda.s while the bst CASTES. ( 183 ) CHAP!rER X.

derive their name from the name of a town Dhinoj near Mudhera and which is now a Railway Statton on the branch line in Kudi. One branch" of the Modh is Jethimals who are wrestlers. The Modh Brahmins are the GOlfS ofModh Ba. nias. In the present Census they numbered 155 while in the last Census they numbered 198 . ../ (4) Uneval Brahmins:-These Brahmins are known as BhatiIIa so called from Bhat-rice. They numbered 1820 in the present Census and 2238 in the last one.

(5fGirnara Brabmins.-They al'e so called because of their Chief re­ sidence in the ,ricinity of the mount Girnar (Gil'i Narayan). They also believe to have got that name because they were created by Narayan in the Girnar Khetra. The Girnara Brahmins are divided into (l) Girnara proper (2) Ajakia i. e. those who reside at Ajak, a village in the J unagadh State (3) Cho­ rvada i. e. those who reside in Chorvad. These all wera together but the divi. sions are due to the separation from the main bulk on account of Tad (

(6) Shrimali Brahmins:-They derive their name, as it is believed, from the town Shriml~l now known as Bhima.l.in .lhalor. Those Shrimali Brahmins who accepted Jain religion simply as a means of getting livelihood are called Bl}(~ak. Shrimalis belie\re themselves to be the descendants of Goutam Rushi. In the present Census they numbered 283 and 271. in the last one. , (7)JShrigod Bruhmins:-The name Shrigod is believed to have been derived from Shri Mahalaxmi i. e. those who begged from only Shri. Those who settled in Malva nre called Malvi Shrigod. In the present Census they numbered 1763 while in the last one they numbered 1962.

(8) IKundalia:-They derive their name from Kandorna. in which they resided. Some believe that they derive that name from the Kundals (f!.~ ) given to them by Galavmuni (vide page 185). In the present Census they numbered 150 while in the last Census they numbered 188.

(9) Sal'avaria Bra.hmins:-They derive their nallle from the country Sarbeh situated on the other side of the Saryu river. They numbered 114 in the present Census while in the last Census they numbered 64:.

(10) Jhalora. Brahmins-They derive ~heir name frJm Jha.lor popularly known as Devgam, a village near Radhl1npur. 1'here is no return of them in the present Census, while in the last Census they numbered 11.

(11) Khedaval Brahmins-They are believed to have derived their name from Kheda Jillab from which they are supp~sed to have come. Raj and Pitra. CASTES. ( 184 ) CHAPTER X. are their two subdivisions. They are 432 in the present census and 520 in the last one'

(13) The remaining sub-castes of Brahmins YIZ. Knnojin, Kamatake, 162 2 Kokanasth, Dungerpern, Drllvid, Pokarna, Parsar, Bardai, Mewadn, Raj gar, r2 6 2 21 68 290 90 1742 Sarswat, Sidhpuria, Sompurn., Sorathia, Vabm,-returned the numbers of souls 465 1 789 4 15 as are shown below each of them. In all, the present Census ret,urned 20680 Brahmins, out of whom 10696 are males and 9984 are females.

14. Banias-Banins belong to the Vaishya division of the original quadru­ pel divisions. They have also rn.diated into different sub.castes, some of which 1 give below:-

(1) Agarval Bo.nhs--Theyare, ail it is believed, named after the town Agra of which they think themselves to be the original inhabitants. They num· bered 5 in the present Census and 30 in the last one.

(2) Gurjar Banias-They are the original inhabitants of Gujamt Bnd hence they are called Gnrjar. One sub-division of these is Jhalora Gurjar. Their priests are Jhalora Brahmins. (3) Diqdu is named after the village Dindu in Marwad. They are sub-divided into Ahmedabadi and Surati.

(4) Deshval VishllB-oThey believe Gualior their original home. They were -! in the present Cenaus aQd 165 in the bst.one. e5) Porwau-The tradition about the name of the origin of PorVl'ad is that in Shrimal town there were two wealthy Banias from both of whom Sidh· raj demanded money. One of them refused to obey his order and so he was sent to Porwad. His descendants were known as Poi·wad. Porwards are divided into two -parts Dasha am~ Vishas The present Censlls returned 65 Porwads while there were 71 in the last. ~enslls .. . " I (6) Modh Banins-They are divided in differept sub· castes such 0,8 Mandala, Hobhava, Adalja, &c. The first two intermarry but they have no conjugal connection with the Adalja but there is commensality among the three. The Madhs derive their name from the village Modhera in Gujarat, of which they are the original inhabitants. They numbered 25~5 in the present Census while in the iast Census they number~d ;2356. ' - (7) Shrimali B::mias are so called because they are supposed to be the original inhabitants of the town Shrimal. They ~re divided into two chief divisions Dasha Shrimali and Visha Shrimali. The tradition as to the name of Dasha and Vishll is that Goddess created Banias i~ Shrimal popularly known as· Bliimal ~nd as they were trustworthy they were called Visha ( lct'tlltl ~t"9l ~IJfl). A widow of 0. Visha caste delivered two sons named Vejpn.l n.nd Tejpal by illegal ,ntercourse ~nd ~hese qistrib.uted rresentti ( Lahllq ) in their caste. Those of CASTES. ( 185 ) CHAPTER X. the Vishas who accepted these presents were called Dashas and the rest still are named Vishas. There is one class more of Shrirnalis called Paneha Shrimalis. In the present Census the numbers of Shrimali Banias returned were 8336 ( Dashas ) and 1439 ( Vishas) the last Census retured 7323 (Dashas) and 1800 ( Vishas ).

(8) Kapol Banins-They are divided into two divisions viz. Delvadias' and Ghogharis named after theil' respective localities viz.-Delvada and Ghogha. The tradition about the Kapol Bania caste given in Sound Puran is that Kan'\"'~ Rushi had blessed one fowler, who had rendered him a good service,. with II; boon that he would be a king. Accordingly the fowler became a King but his tyrany desolated the country which he ruled. Kanva Rnshi, hearing this', sent Gal'lIIv Muni to him with a message to which he bowed down. Galav Muni found 54000 men in the tract lying at the foot of the mount Girnar. He brought them to the city of the King, out of this number 18000 were Brahmins and 36000 were Banias. Galav gave in jest to some Banias, numbering 6000, the name of KapoI, the fest he named Sorathia as having come from Borath and the Brahmins he named Kandolia from Kundal (~·.Wl) earrings which they wore. The Kapol Banias were so-called because they had also put on earrings and their XapoJa. (~i'l.ltl\) viz. cheeks were beautified by them. Kandolia Brahmins are the officiating priests of the Kapol Banias. v1.'he present Census returned 1165 Kapol Banias while the last Census returned 1793. v' 15. The remaining sub-castes of Banias viz. Khadayata 487, Khandedva 22, Zallora. 48, Lat8 23, Dashawal 751, Dashasorathia. 2399, Padmavati 14, Vayada. 42, Viilhasorathia 812, Vania Soni 2135, Rumud 23, V:~sa Osval283~ returned the .nnmber of souls as are shown opposite to each of them.

16. The present Censns of the J unagadh State returned 20957 Banias in allout of whom 13225 professing Hindu religion and 7732 BaniasprofessingJain religion. One curious distinction, as-I am told, between these classes is that there is a cotnmensality between those sub-castes of these two factions which are com­ mon to them both e. g. Shrimalis are found in both, therefore all Shrimali Ba­ nias professing Hindu religion can dine with .Jain Shrimalis but as the caste of Oswal is found only among the Jain B::mias and not among the other faction, the latter will not eat with the Jain Osvals.

17. KUIibees_":The Kunbees may have been so called ( this is purely my imagination nnd I have no authority for it) from Kun ( ~~ ) a particle of grain and Bee ( ufi )=seed. Thus the namy Kl,lnbee ma.y have been derived from the traditional occupation of the ·Kunbees viz. agriculture (i. e. sowing seedofgrain). The Kunbees are divided into.two di:visions viz~KadV'a and Leva.. These two factions though eat together do not intermarry. The name Kadva is believed to have been derived from Kadi, a division' of the Baroda State and Leva from the river Revo.. The Kunbees are most 'diligent and p:l.ins-ta.king in the agricultura.l pursuits. In the present Census they numbered 46908 (23794 males and 23114 femBles) while in the last Census their numbel;s were 49960. CAS'l'BS. ( 186 ) CHAPTER X.

18. Rajputs-The geneologists' trace the origin of the Rajputs back to the time of Mahabbarat and Rarnayan and reckon them as the descendants of Surya and Cb.andra Vans hi Khatris. But from the remnants of certain special customs that are prevelant at present amon~ ,the Rajputs and also from the writings of cololnel Tod and others, the legitimate inference is that the Rnj­ puts are the decendants of those Kings belonging to castes other than th~se of Shaka., Yavan nnd Shudru. etc, who all adopted Bouddh religion in olden times. The tradition as to the orign of the four chief bnmches of Rajputs viz. Parmar, Chohan, Solanki, and Parihar, is that Vashith Rushi,. with a view to aid the cause of religion, produced four Khatli Goddesses from the sacrificial fire. The decendants of these newly created branches came afterwards te b~ known as Rajputras or Rujputs instead of Khatryas. Out of the 36 branches of Hajputs, the Bha.!s give Parmar branch precE'dence in order of time. There is difference of opinions as to the origin of Parm~r branch. Some belieye its creq.tion frOID the sacrificial fire as said abo~e; some believe it to be u. sub-divi­ sion of the Mouri branch, while others think that Parmars are the descendants of the Yavuns or the Greeks. The Kanoja- Rathod branch of the Rajputfl is be­ lieved by Colonel Tod to be a faction of the Shak people, which beliefis well-nigh coroborrated by a close resemblence between the coins of Sht',k people and tho!e of the Hindu kings of Kanoj. The R:mnas of the Geloti family believed the~­ to be the d6scendants of the .Shaka mng Kanishak or Kanaksen. There are many bl'llnches and sub-branches of Rojputs such as Jethvu, VaIn, Chora or Chanl.da; etc. The Rnjputs in the present ceneus numbered 3897 while in the last Census they numbered 6171.

19. Ahirs-Ahirs were originally named Abhirs. Majority of them ori~ ginally inhabited sindh, which fact is substantiat.ed by the Geographical ac­ connts of Talmi, an ancient Geographer, which mention the Abirias (Ahirias) as the inhabitants of the Sindh. To escape persecution of Mmalman kings, the Ahirs sought protection of the Sourastra Hindu Kings and from thence they came to Sourastrn. In Vishnu puran the Ahirs are mentiolled as the gruzers of cattle. In the present census they numbered 24610 while in the last -Census they were 30002.

20. Kolis-;-Dr. Wilwn, in his" aboriginals Tribe " Imys about Kolis thn.t· I: Next to the Bhils, the Kolis are worthy of notice as an aboriginal people. 'l'lieynre not independent as the Bhils, being intermingled in most districts with the Hindu cultivators. Their name is not patronymic, for it is dt'ri\'ed ft'bm Kula-a clan and simply means "clansman". They do not, I am per­ suaded, differ from the Bbill:l, in ra,ce. They nre the aborigines of the plains, and comparatively open country, while dIe Hllils are the aborigines of the moun­ tains and the forests, neither do they differ in race from the Kulambis 'Or kanbis, t.he regular cultimtors of the west of India. Their principal difference from the Kulambis is to be found in their religion. The Kulambis are now wholly submis­ sive to the 13hl'amnical institutes and are ranked as the fourth state of the In. di,m community. The Kolis ut the most are ouiS partially submissive to Bhram- CASTES. ( 187 ) Oa:APTER X. nism. The Kulambis in Gujrat sometimes take their wiYesfrom them, with a great­ er or less degree of concealment of the fact. In physical appearance, in m:my dis­ tricts, they so much resemble the Kulam bis that it is impossible to distinguish them. The allegation sometimes made that they are altogether a coarser people, has no support from fact. Col. Mackintosh says" some of the Koli women are very pretty. When compared with the stout, robust and often ·coarse Kanbi women, a very considel'able difference is perceptible." Some of the koli chiefs of pure blood, Ihave sometimes been scal'ee able to distinguish from Rajputs. I have meta Rajput chief who readily admitted that he was of Koli descent. The Kolis numbered 42622 in the present census while their number in the last census came llpto 66001.

21. The following aN the remaining Hindu castes with their numbers in the present census :- Ag:trias (248), Oads (41), Kadias (334)~ Kaln.1a (15), Kansaras (488), Garvis (190), Golaralllls (102) Ghatis (9), Glmnchis (21), Chamthas (84), Dab­ gars (15), Tambolis (477), Nadias (7), Bar9ts (4:69), BrJ.hamkhatris (279), Bhan· saliR (219), Bh:ttias (178), Bhaosars (151), Bhils (78), Bhojak (5), Bhavayns (75), Bhands (9), Marathas (294), Lingayats (4), Lodhas (2), Vaghers (IIJ, Vadi (15), Sathayaras (197), Sarvias (122), SoIankis (14), Rathod (27), Par· mars t9), Chohans (03-», Juts (119).

22. Mllsalman castes-As I have said above therp. is no microscopic divi­ sions and sub-divisions of the principal caste nor thet'e is any hard rigidity of caste rules in the Musalmrtlls, still there are some different groups among them. The Mahomedans may be diyided into two mnin parts viz.( l) Indian Mahomedllns and (2) Foreign Mahomerlans. Jndian Mahornedrll1s are those who were the indigenous inhrtbitants of India and who became converts to Islam such as Khoja8, Memons Momnas or Molesalams, Voh01'<1 S, Ghanchis etc. Foreign Mnhomednns are thuse who themselves C;lme to India and 8ettled there from outside and their descer:.­ dants such as Shaiks, Saiyads, Pathull~, l\llllreshis, ~ili;;, l\Iogals, Baluchis, Arabs, Makaranis, Gal-is: etc. The following are the diff~rellt groups of Musal­ mans with there numuers that are returned in the present cellSllS of our State.

23. Agal'ias (404), Arabs (1921)1 Kajis (U8), Khatris (586), ]\llarvas (121), Khatkis (563), Khureshies (82~), Khokha.ds (163), Kho.jnjo.das (27), K~ojas (H09), Ga1iyn~lls (22), Gaji~7), Ghunchis (7134), Chadiyatas ( 135), Chamthas (28), Jnleyas (410), Dabgars (18). Dhadhis (15), Taia (16]), l'uraks (2312), Tlmuns (39), Dals(B),Dhobis (40), ·Naghoris (727), Palvis (411S)~PathanA (3951), Pirijaras (1309)" Pirjadas (~6), Pishoris (3), Fakirs (2296), Balochs (114), Babis (120ilBelenis (252)~ m~and~ (6 ..i). Dhayars (163), Bh~vt1yas (33), 1tIaka­ ranis (888), Machhiyaras (36)), Maui yars (136), Maleks .(990), Mfl,jothis (10), Miyanas (25), :Mil'S (471), Mirjas (1~), Mogals (35[», Mumnas (2732), l'.'lul­ ianis(7), Mulas (378), Memons (Hi'910), Mo!vis (16), L~ng..has_(66), Sarnnias (73), S~ (L 157), Sindhis (9651), SUDlra~ a·q2)r."Shc~~~ (9811), Sayads (4520), Ihjams (1027), Halas (432), Voras (1635). . . . O.tSTB8. ( 188 ) CBAPTRR X.

24. Lastly I give the numbers of artizans, and village menials. Rum­ ,bbars (~3268), ~anB~:as (488lKbatri~ (970), Golaranas (162)(Gha~chi~ (7155), .. Tambohs (477), DarJls (6191), JDhoblS (1822), Bhavsars (119), Malts (564), v 1rIochis (4130), JLuvarll (349~, 1valands (3989), Sonis (1123),. Hajaros (1027), "Salats (569); Kadias (334), Sutars (60Q4), ..Dabgars ( 15), Pinjar&s (1309 ):, Saranias ( 173 ). OCCUPATIONS. ( 189 ) CHAPTER XI.

Chapter XI.

OCCUPATIONS.

1. ThiB is the last chapter of this report. The subject of this chapter is " occupation ,. whicn is a subject of great importance. In filling the entries in the occupation-columns, the instructions to the enumerators were to enter both principal and subsidiary occupations.

2. In recording occupations, the enumerators have found it difficult to draw a line between actual workers and their dependents and the principal occu· pations and sub-occupations. Difficulties were also experienced with regard, to . (1) entry,in detail of the connection of agriculturists with the land, (2) entry of the members of the family who subsist on the same land and who either render assistance or not, as the case may be, in field or farm operations, (3) the entry of those possessing land all a source of income, apart from agriculture but combined with some totally different occupation. Mr. Baines makes the fol­ lowing observations as regards combined occupations:-

" A very important point to be dealt with in connection with the tabulation of oocupations in India, is how to deal with an occupation shown con· jointly with some description of agriculture or with possession of land or again which is locally known to be always combined with another non·agricultural occupation of apparently quite a. distinct character."

3. Different sorts of occupations returned in the present census are, be­ fore they are abstracted, to be classified for the sake of.convenience in a parti. cular form. 'rh~ geIleral scheme of ch1.ssification settled for the present census was aa under:- OCCFI'ATIONS. ( 190 ) CHAPTER XI.

ClassificatioD of occ~pations and means of livelihood { Details ).

Cr,ARS. ORDER. SUB-ORDER. GROUP.

r 1. The Viceroy, the heads of LocaL Governments, Administrations atr­ Agencies, and their families. r1. Civil service of the 2. Officers of Government, and their State. ~ ["milies. ! 3. Clerks, Inspectors, etc., and their families. I 4. Constables, messengers, warders and unspecified. r I. ADlIIINISTRATION.1 L ~ 2. Service of Local { 5. Inspecting and supervising officials. and MunicipalBo· 6. Clerica,l establishment. . dies. 7. Menials other than scavengers.

( 8. HeadmElD, not shown as agricul. turists. . 9. Accountants, not shown as agricul. L3. ViJ]age { turists. Servic~ 10. Watchmen and other village ser­ vants.

11. Milit[l.ry Officers; _ 12. Non·Commissioned Officers and Privates. A.-Gov l!1IliMEXT ~ I 13. Followers. r' A~y ~ 14. Military administrative establish· ments. II. DEFENCE. .~ I 15. Military Police, etc. 16. Military service unspecified. I L 17. Naval Officers. L5. Navy and Marine. Jli:l. Naval engineers, Warrant Officers, and seamen. l 19. Naval administrative staff. 20. Chiefs und Officers . f6. CivilO1Bcers . .{ 21. Clerical Establishments. III. S.:RVIGE OF . 22. Menials and unspecified. l NAl'lVII A~T) < FOREIGN I STATE~. l7. Military J 23. Officers. . l 24. Privates, etc.

( 25. Horse, mule and ass breeders, dealer~, and attendants. 26. Cattle ureeders, and dealers, and commissariat farm establishment. I 27. Herdsmen. 8~ Stoc~ Breeding and ~ 28. Elephant catchers. Dealing. . I 29. Camel breeders, dealers and at- tendants. 30. Sheep and goat breeders and dealers. B.-PAs·rURE AKD IV. PROvrSION AKD ) 31. Shepherds and goatherds. AGll1CUL'£{TRE ~At~. OF ANI'l L. 32. Pig breeders and dealers, and . swineherds.

B. Training and care.{ 33. Veterinary Surgeons, farriers, etc. _ of Animals. 34. Horse and elephant trainers, etc. 35. Vermin and animal catchers. OCCUPATIONS. ( 191 ) CHAPTER XI.

CLASS. ORDER. SUB-ORDER. GROUP.

iO. Land·holders and { 36. Rent receivers. [To be further sub­ . Tennants. 37. Rent payers. di vid ed at discre­ tion of Provincial r Superintendents. ] 11. Agricultural 38. Farm servants. bourers. 39. Field labourers. 40. Taungya or jhum cultivators.

( 41. Cinchona plantations; owners, rna· nagel's and superior staff. 42. Cinchona pl:mtrttions: labourel's and other subordinates. 43. Coffee plantations: owners, mana· gt'rs and superior staff. 44. Coffee plantations: labourers and other subordinates. 45. Indigo factories: owners, managers and superior staff. I 46. Indigo factories: labourers and r~:&.• .pAST[iRE AN]) v. AGRICULTURE. 12. Growers of speciaH ~t AGRICULTUU other subordinates. -eoncld, producta. j 47. Tea plantations: owners, managers and superior staff. 48. Tea plantations: labourers and other subordinates. 49. Betel, vine and areca-nut growers. 50. Cardamom and pepper growers. 51. Cocoan\\t grower8. 52. Fruit and vegetable growers. l 53. Miscellaneous.

r 54. Directors of Agriculture and their staff. 55. Agricultural Chemists and experts. I 56. Agents and managers of landed 13. Agricultnral Tra· ~ estates (not planters). . ning and Supervi· I 1 :> 7. Clerks, bailiffs, petty rent collec­ l sian and Forests. I tors, etc. I 58. Forest officers. l 59. Forest rangers, guards, peO:1s.

( 60. Barbers. 61. Cooks. 62. Door-keepers, etc. C.-PF.RSONAL VI. PERSONAL, 14. Personal and Do- 63. Grooms, coachmen, dog boys, etc. SIlRVICES. HOUS}]·HOLD j AN]) SANITARY mestic Services. 64. Indoor servants. IlERVICll'S. 65 1 Washermen. . 66. Water-carriers. 67. Shampooers. l68. Miscellaneous and unspecified. OCCUPATION'S. ( 192 ) CHAPTER XI.

CLAS~. ORDER. SUB-DRDliln. GROUP.

f 09. ~othel, lodging.hkouse, bar, or re­ ires ment·room eepers. I 70. Rest.house, serai, bath.house, etc., . '115' Non·domestic i owners and managers. Entertainment. 7I. Club secretaries, managers, ste· wards, etc, C.-PERSONAL VI. PE~~ONATJ, l HOUSE!:lOLD _ SERVICES •. AND SANITARY -conel-d. ""VlCE"'~"'1 r 72. Sanitary officers of Government and establishments. l16. Sanitation. I 73. Sanitary inspectors, local and muni­ i eipal. 74. Sweepers and scavengers. l 75. Dust and sweeping contractors,

( 76. Butchers and sIaughterers. 77. Cheese maker$ and sellers, 78. Cow and buffalo keepers, and milk and butter sellers, 79, Fishermen and fish curers, r17. :Provision of A~i· ~I 80. Fish dealers. mal food. 81. Fowl and egg dealers. 82. Ghee preparers and sellers. 83. Collectors of edible birds' nests, l 84. ~1iscellaneous. r 85. Biscuit facto· ownellS, managers ries : and superior staff. 86. ]3iscuit facto· operatives and other ries : subordinates. 57. Flollr mills: owners, managers and superior staff. D.-PREPARA­ VII. FOOD, DR1NK ANI) SIUW· 8S, Flour mills; operatives and other TION AND LANT~, su bordina tes. SUPPLY OE 89. Oil mills: owners, managers ·MATERIAL SUBSTANCES; .and su pel'ior staff'. 90. Oil mills: operatives and other subordinates. 91. Rice mills: owners, managers !lnd superior staff. operatives and other BU bordinates. 18. :Provision (If Ve. J :: ::mi:~, owners, managers getable Food, ries; and superior staff. 94. S~g:Lr facto- operatives and othef rlea: subordinat~ll. 95, Bakers. 96. Flour grinders. 97. Grain and pulse dealers. 98. Grain parehers. \ 99. Maker.s of sugar~ moJasses ~nd gtW by band. 100. Oil pressers. 101. Oil sellers. 102. Rice pounders and huskers. ] 03. Sweetm!lllt makers. ]04. Sweetmeat sellers. I105. Vegetable and fruit sellel.'sl IlI06. Miscelll\neo~~~ QCCUPATIONS. ( 193 ) CHAPm XL

ORDER. SlTJI-ORDER. GlIOUP.

(107. Aerated water factories: owners I manngel's and superior staff. 108. Aerated water factories: workmen and other subordinates. .109. Breweries: owners, managers and '1 superior staff. Ino. Breweries: workmen and other I subordinates. 111. Distilleries: owners, managers and 1 superior staff. 112. Distilleries: operativeK and other subordinates. 113. Opium factories: managers and I superior staff. 114. Opium factories: workmen and 1 other subordinates. 115. Ice ~'a.ctories: owners, managers 1 and superior staff. 1116. Ice factories: workmen and other I subordinates. 11l'i. Salt stores: owners, ManILgers and I superior staff.

B.-PRFJI'ARATWN m. p'oon. nmNK 19. Provision'of i 118. Salt stores: workmen and other .\XIJ STDlll. ANI) iSUl'PI.Y LAXl'S. Drink, Condiments subordinates. OF MATI!RIAL and· Stimulants. 119. Tobacco factories: owners, mana- SrB~'r.\NCE~. gers and superior staff. 120. Tobacco factories: workmen and other subordinates. 121. Water-works: managers and suo perior staff. 122. Water-works: workmen and .other subordinates. 1123. Cardamom, betel leaf, and arecanut sellers. I124. Grocers and general condiment dealers. 125. Opium, bhang, gnnja, etc., pre. parers. 126. Opium, bhang, gn.nja, etc., sellers. 127. Salt makers. 128. Salt sellers. 129. Tobacco and snulfmanufacturers. 130. Tobacco and snuff sellers. 131. Toddy drawers. 132. Toddy sellers. 133. Wine and spirit distillers. J34. Wine and spirit sellers. i L135. Miscellaneous. OcOUPATIONS. ( J94 ) CHAPTBR XI.

CLA88. ORDER. SUB-QRDEB. GRour.

(136. Gas·works: owners, managers and superior staff. 137. Gas·works: operatives and other subordinates. '1138. Match t1ctories : owners, managers Ilnd superior staff. 139. Match factories: operatives and J other subordinates. r20. Lighting 140. Petroleum refineries: owners, ma.­ nagers and superIOr staff. 14 I. Petroleum refinel'ies : workmen and 1 other subordinates. 142. Petroleum dealers. 1 1143. Pressers of vegetable oil for lighting. VIII. I.I G BTl 144. Sellers of vegetaele oil for lighting. r FUl.INQ- AND J rORAGB. "'l 1145. Match, candle, torch, lamp, lantern l makers and sellers, etc.

1 146. Collieries: owners, managers and superior staff. I 1:17. Colliei':es: miners and other sub. t 11. Fuel and Forage. 1 ordinates. 148. COllI dealers, brokers, Company managers, etc.

149. Hay, grass un 1 ",tder sellers, 150. Fire'vood, charcoal and cowdung sellen I D.-PREPARATION I AND SUPPLY~ (151. Brick ;; ad tile factories: owners, OF MATERIAL mau3ger:l and superior sta.ff. SUBSTANCES. 152. Brick and tile factories: operatives and other subordinate". 153. Stone and marble works: owners, managers ann superior staff. 154. Stone and marble works: l:Lbourers and other subordinates. nn 'lLil . . j155. Brick and tile makers. MI.uu r dmg Materials 1'"6 .;. B'flC k• an d'ltl e se 11 ers. 157. Lime, l'hu! .\m and shell burners. 1.18. Lime, chunnm and shell sellers. 159. Th:Ltch dcaJel'l:! and thatc}Jers. 160. Cement works: owners; m:Lnagers II and superior sTalf. l IX. BUILDINGS. ~ 161. Cement wOl'k~: operatives and l other subordilIa.tes.

I f 162. Building ('ontr;wtul·S. . 1163. Masons and L...:'.lert. (23. Ar~erB in !uild11 104 . .t'ilinters, plumbE'ffl and glaziels. mg. 165. Thatchers. L166. Stone and n~al'i k .' 'lr!rcrs. OCCUPATIONS. ( 195 ) CHAPUR XI.

Cuss. ORDEB. SUB-OBDEII. GBOUP. 167. Railway and Tramway Factories: r24:. Railway aDd Owners, managers, and superior. Tramway PlaJlt. . staff. I 1168. Railway and Tramway Factories:' ! r169. ~:e::ti~:~l;~: :~::~:~r::::: 170. C:a~~g~~i1d~~:~~~ci~/:;~atives ] . a.nd other subordinates. x. VEHleT ES AND r VERSEl,S. 25. Carts, Carr18les'-1171. Cart ano ca.rriage makers. 1 etc. , 172. Cart and carriage sellers. I 17:1. Painters of carriages, etc. 174. Po.lki, dandi, rickshaw ma.kel's and l sellers. I 175. 5hipwrights boat-builders etc. I 176. Sail· makers. t26. Ships and Boats. 177. Shipchandlers, and marine store dealers. ~ 178. 8hip and boat painters. (179. Paper mills: ownErs, managers and I and superior staff. I180. Paper mills: operatives and other (27. Paper. 'j subordinates. ~F.PARATlON 181. P.aper milkers and sellers, and / AND SUPPLY! palm. leaf binders. OF MATlIltIAL ') SUB5TAlWllS L182. Stationers. ~contd. f 183. Printing presses: owners managers and superior statf. I184. Printing preRses: workmen and other subordinates. J 185. Hand press proprietors, lithograph- ~ ers and printer!>. 28. Beoks and piIiJ,taI186. Hook·binders. . 187. Book-sellers, book-agents, and pub- j lishers. 188. Newspaper proprietors, managers 1 and sellt'rs. . l189. Print and picture dealers. (190. W~Ltch and clock· makers. Xl. SUPPLE}!ENTA. -{ " 19 I. Watch and clock sellers and opti. C MENTS.BY REQUIRE· ~9~. Wat ch es, Cl ocka ) el~ms.. and Scientific .in. 'I 192. Phutographic apparatns dealer~. struments. I 19a. Other scientific instrument m:lkers, l menders, and sellers. r194, Wood and ebony carvers. 195. I "ory carvers. Bo. Cotton·st:l.lnp mo.Kers find sellel'll. 197. TUl'llerS and lacquerers. · J 1~8. Die sinkers Ilndseal, etc., engl'!lvers. 30. Carving aud En·") 193. Type foanders. ' I graving. 1200. M~~o, flint and talc workers und seolers. l20 L Mo&.ic and alabaster workers and

' 202. ;~],~:rRkite and cilge makJrfl and " sellers. 31 . T~y8 an dConOBl· 203. Hur.h stem makers nnd selh~ l. ties. 204. Papier-ma.che workers and seller~. 1205. Curios~t~ dealer~. OOCUPATIONS. ( 19G ) '-HAPTER :x I.

CLASS. ORDER. SUB-ORDER. GI017P.

r .1 206. Masic and musical instrument 82. KUBic and Muai- makers. cal inst.rmneDts. 207. Music lLlld musical instrument bClIers. r208. Makers of bang lest other than glass 209. Sellers of bangles other than glass. 21(). Makers of glass bangles. 211. Sellers of glass bangles. 'U'Aft1..1ft_12U. Imitation and pewter jewellery 33 . Bang 1 es, ""WAUI lllt.. kers. . ces,Beada, Sacred~ 213. Sellers of imitation and pawter je- threw. etc. Ii wellery. t 214. Rosary, bead, and necklace makers. 215. Rosary, bead and necklace sellers. 216. Flower garland mak.ers and sellers. 217. Makers and sellers of spangles, lin l gams, and sacred threads. . I r21 S. Furniture factories: owners, mana- I f gers Itnd superior staff. 84. Fumiture. • .i 219. Furniture-factories: operatives and . other subordinates. f 220. Furniture makers~ hand industry. t 221. Furniture sellers. 222 Harness (not leather) maker~ and sellers. _}f 223 .• Saddle-doth makers, and embroi. • .1 derers and seners. D.-PlIJilPAI'M­ 224. Whip, goad, and walking stick, ~'lON AND­ [ SUI'PLY OF etc. makers. . )LlTERIAI. f 225. Machinary and Engineering work- ~VB~'ANC~lS -c!>IiM. . shops; owners, managers and supe­ rior staff. 226. Mncbinary and Engineering work· shop!l~ operatives and other subor- dinates. - 227. Knife and tool makers. 22S. Knife and tool sellers. 86 Tools and M:achi. J229. Knife and tool grinders • . nery. 1230. Plough and agricultural implement makers. 231. Looms and loom·comb ma.kersand and sellers. 232. :Mechanics other than railway I mechanics. 233. 'Machinery dealers, etc.- l234. Suga::- press ma.k&rs. r 235. Arms and ammunition factories: superior staff. 236. Arms and ammunition factories: operatives and other subordinates •.. 237. Arsenals: superior staff. 238. Arsenals operatives and other sub­ 37. ArmsandAmmu- ordinates. . DitioD. 239. Gunpowder factories: managers and l superior staff. 240. Gunp()wder factories: operatives and other !Subordinates. 241. Gun.carriage factories: managers L a.nd superior sta.1f. OOOUP!'1'ION'S. ( 197 ) CHAPTER XI.

CLASS. OaDER. SUB-ORDER. GROUP. r242. Gun·carriage factories: workmen and other subordinates. 243. Gun·makers, menders and sellers. l244. Ammunition, gunpowder, and fire­ 1 work makers. . XI.-SUPPLIMEN. 37. Arms and Ammu·1245. Ammunition, gunpowder, and fire- TAIY RIliQUIBI!I. MENTS-cu1ICltl. nition-cQlIcld. work sellers. 246. Makers of swords, spears and other weapons. . I247. Sellers of swords, spears, and other l weapons. ( 248. Carpet weavers. 249' Shawl weavers. 1250. Felt and pashm workers. 1251. Persons occupied with blankets, ~ woollen cloth and yarn, fur tooth- r38. Wool and fur. .I ers, and natura.l wool. I 252. Wool carders. D.-PREPARA- I TION AND SUP- I 253. Wool dyers. PLY OF MATE­ 254. Dealers in woollen goods, fur and RIAL BURST A­ NVEs-contd. l feathers. r255. Silk filatures: owners, managers and superior smW. 256. Silk :filatures: operatives Bnd other subordinates. f 257. Silk mills: owners, managers and superior staff. I258. Silk mills: operatives and other 139. Silk subordinates. I 259. Silk·worm rearers and cocoon I gatherers. IXU.-TEXTILE FA· ~ 260. Silk carders, spinners and weavers; l DRIC~ A..'W DRESS makers of silk braid and thread. 261. Sellers of raw silk, silk cloth, braid a.nd thread. 262 Silk dyers. r263. Cotton ginning, cleaning and pressing mills: owners, managers and superior staff. 264. Cotton ginning, cleaning and press­ ing mills: operatives and other sub­ ordinates. 265. 'fhread glazing and polishing fact­ ories: owners managers and supe­ rior staff. I 266. Thread glazing and polishing facto· ries: operatives and other subordi­ l ~ nates. 40. OottOD • 267. Cotten spinning, weaving and other mills: owners managers and supe­ rior staff. 268. Cotton spinning, weaving, and other mills: operatives and other sub­ ordinates. 269. Tent factories: owners, managers and superior staff. 270. Tent factories: operatives and l other subordinates ' OC(JVPATIONS. ( 198 ) CUiPTER XI.

CLASS. ORDER. Sra-ORDER. Gl0UP.

( 27 J. Cotton cleaners, pressers and gilJoo ners.· 1 272. Cotton weavers: hand industry. 1273. Cotton carpet and rug makers. 274. Cotton carpet and rug sellers. 40 C tt Ii 1275 . Cotton spinners,: sizers and yam • 0 on-collc (. • beaters. ~ 276. Cotton yam and thread sellers. 1277. Calenderers, fullers and printers. 278. Cotton dyers. r 279. Tape makers. .' 280. Tape sellers. 281 Tent makers. l282. Tent sellers.

(283. Jute presses: owners managers and superior staff. 284 Jute presses: operatives and other su bordinates. I 285. Jute mills: owners, managers and 1 superior staff. 286. Jute mills: operatives and other 41. ;rute,Hemp. Flax, 1 subordinates. COir, etc. .' ~ 287. Rope works: owners managers and D.-PREPARATION X11.-TJ<:Xl'ILE ~ I Buperior staff. ~'MmlC~ AND A l! D SUI' PLY Dlt~:~:;-(,II'!eltl. 288. Rope works: operorives and other OF MA1'ElIIAl. subordinates. SUHS1'~N()ES -contel. 289. Dealers in raw fibres. 290. Rope, sacking and net makers. 1291. Rope, sacking and net sellers. I 292. Fibre matting and bag makers. L29~. Fibre matting and bag sellers. 1294. Clothing agencies: managers and superior staff. 295. Clothing agencies: operath:es and other subordinates. 1296. Hosieryfuctories: owners, managers ILnd superior stoJf. 297. Hosiery factories: operatives and other subordinates. 298. Umbrella factories: owners mana·

1 gers and superior staff. l42. Dress. ~ 299. UmbrelL'l. fuctories: operatives and J other subordinates.

I 300. Umbrella sellers. 801. Embroiderers and lace and muslin 1 makers. 302. Hat, cap and turban.makers, bind· ers and sellers. 1303. Hosiers and haberdashers. 304. Piece-goods dealers. 305. Makers of shoes ( not leather ). 306. Tailors, milliners, dress·makers and l darners. ( 199 ) . CHAPTER XI.

CLASS •. SUB-ORDER. GROUP. r307. Mints: managers and superior staff. 308. Mints: operatives and other sub- ordinates. [superior staff. 309. Gold mines: owners, managers and 3 to. Gold mines: operatives and other subordinates. 311. Jade miners. 312. Goldsmiths' dust-washers. r43. Gold, Silver and ~ 313. EnamelJers. Precious Stones. 314. Electro-platers .. 815. Dealers in plate and plateware. 316. Gold and silver wire drawers, and braid-makers. [ous stones. '317. Workers in gold, silver and preci- I318. Dealers in gold, silver and preci- I I ous stones. I L319. Pearl-divers. XlII-METALS AND I f320. Brass foun~ries: owners, managers r PRECIOUS ) and supenor st&1f. STONES, I • 321. Brass foundries: operatives and 44. Brass, CGpI!er and l other subordinates. [kers. Bell·metal. 322. Brass, copper and bell-metal wor· 323. Brass, copper and bell-metal sellers. ·45. Tin, Zine, Quick.{324. Workers in tin, zinc, quicksilver sUver and Lead. and lead. 325. Sellers of tin, zinc and lead goods. r326. Iron foundries~ owners, managers I and superior staff. . j327. Iron foundries: operatives aQd L46. Iron and Steel other subordinates. 328; Workers in iron and hardware. l329. Sellers of iron and hardware. r330. Glass factories: owners, managers ' and superior staff. 331. Glass factories: operatives and D.-PREPARATION ~ I other subordmates. AND SUPPLY OF MATERIAL (47. Glass aDd China 332. Makers of glass and chinaware SUBSTANCES ware. other than bangles. Contd- 1333. Sellers of glass and china ware other I l than bangles. (334. Pottery works: owners, managers XIV.-G LAS~, and superior staff. I BARTHEN AND I STONEWARE. 335. Pottery works: operatives and 1 other. subordinates. [makers. ~ 336. Potters and pot and pipe-bowl L48. Earthen and 337. Sellers of pottery ware. Stoneware. / 338. Grindstone and millstone makers and menders. l339. Grindstone anli millstone-sellers. r340. Carpentry works: owners, mana· gers and superior staff: I341. Carpentry works: operatives and lXV.-WOOD, CANE 49. Wood and Bam- , other subordinates. AND LEAVES, ETC, boos. i 342. Saw mills: owners, managers and superior staff. 343. Saw ~ills: workmen and other I subordlIlates. . L344. Carpenters . • OCCUPATIONS. { 200 ) ClIAPTBlI XI.

CLASS. OBDElI. SUB-ORDER. GROUP.

49. Wood and Bam· {34.5. Dealers in timber and bamboos. boos-concld. 346. Wood cutters and sawyers. f ( XV.-WOOD, CAn ANn M,AVII:S, ~ { 347. Baskets, mats, fans, screens, brooms ., ETC.-cmlVld. etc., makers and sellers. - [ SO. Canework, Mat,· 348. Comb and toothstiok makers and ting LeaV8s, etc. sellers. 349. Leaf.plate makers and sellers.

(350. Cutch factories: owners, managers and superior staff. 351. Cutoh factories: operlLtives and other subordinates. 352. Lac factories: owners, managers and superior staff. D.-PREPAR!- I i'ION A~D SUP-, 353. Lac factories: operatives and other PLY Of MATDoi ( 51. Gums, Wax, Re- subordinates. , RIAL SUBS'fAN­ cEs.-eontd. sins and similar Fo. i354. Camphor, gum, and India-rubber rest Produce. collectors. 355. Camphor, gum, and India·rubber I sellers. 356. Catechu preparers. :l5i. Catechu sellers. 358. Lac colleotors. 359. Lac sellers.

1 360. Wax honey and forests produce l collectors and seUers.

IXVI.-DRtm s. 361. Chemical factories: owners, mana. GUMiI, nrlS, L ETC. gers and superior staff. 362. Chemical factories: operatives and other subordinates. 1 363. Soap factories; owners, managers and superior stail'. 364. Soop factories: operatives and other su bC>rdinates. 365. Saltpetre refiners. 866. Saltpetre sellers. 367, Dye works: owners, managers and 1 Buperior staff. 368. Dye works: operatives, and other I BU bordinates, l52. Brugs, Dyes, Pig- 369 Chemists and druggist, JIle~ts etc. ~ 370. Borax refiners. 37 L Bo'r!~~ sellers. 372. ,Soap sellers, 373. Antimony preparers and sellers. 374. Madder, saffron, andlogwood work- ells and dealers. I375, Ink makers and sellers. 376. Perfume, incense, and sandalwood ' preparers 1877. Perfume, incence, and sandalwood sellers. 378. Persons occupied with miscel. I laneous drugs. 879. Person, s oecupied with miscel. I l,. ~eous dyes. ( 201 ) ClIAPTElI XI.

CLASS. ORDER. SUB-ORDER. GROUP.

380. Bone mills: owners, ma.nagers and superior staff. 381. Bone mills: operatives and other subordinates. 382. Brush factories: ownp,rs, managers and superior staff. 383. Brush factories: operatives, and other au bordinates. 384. Tanneries and leather factories: 1 owners, managers and superior staff P.-PREPARATION XVII.-LEATHER, ~ 385. Tanneries and leather factories: ETC. 53. Lea.ther, Horn AND SUPPLY and :Bones. operatives, and other subordinates. OFMATERIAt ·386. Leather dyers. SUBSTANCES 387. Shoe, boot and sandal·makers. -cofield. '8::18. Tanners and curriers. 389. SeHers of manufactured leather goods. l390. Sellers of hides, horns, bristles :md bones. 391. Water bag, well bag, buoket and L ghee- pot makers.

392. Bankers, money-lenders etc. r64. Mone and Secu. 393. Insurance agents and under-writers. ities ' { 394. Money.changers and testers. r . 395. Bank clerks, cashiers bill·collectors, I L acconntants, etc. S6 General Merchau. {396. General merchants. dise. 397. :Merchant~, managers, accQUntantA, clerks, aSSIstants, etc.

(398. Shopkeepers, otherwise unspecified. 58. Dealing, unspeci- i 399. Shopkeepers' clerks, salesmen, etc. rXVIlI.-COMMERCE ~I fiad. ~ 400. Shopkeepers' and money-lenders' servants. l401. Pedlars hawkers, etc. r402. Brokers and agents. 403. Auctioneers, auditors, actuaries notaries public etc. 404. Farmers of pounds, tolls, ferrie~, markets, etc. B.-COMMERCE I I 57. Middlemen, Era- ~ 405. Farmers of liquor, opium, etc. TllANSPORT .~ H.:roRAGE. L kers and Agents. 406. Contractors for labour emigration agents, etc. 407. Contractors, otherwise unspecified. l40B. Clerks employed by middlemen. r409. Agents, directors, managers and· their assistants. 410. Other administrative officials. I411. Clerical staff on Railways. X1X.-TRANHPORl' 58. R~Uwa.y· ~ 412. Stationmasters and assistants, ins· L AN D STO.lUG t:, I pectors, overseers, etc. 413. Guardf:) drivers, firemen, etc. 414. Pointsmen, shunters, porters, SIg­ f nallers, etc. L415. Railway, service unspecified. ~ }}xcluding police on railways. OCCUPATIONS. ( 202 ) ClW'TER XI.

ORDER. SITlH)RDNR. GROUP. r416. Tramway, mail carriage, etc., mana­ gers, contractors, etc. 417. Cart owners and dri yers carting agents, etc . (59. Road. • 418. Livery stable-keepers, etc. • ~ 419. Drivers, stable-boys, etc., not I private servants. 420. Palki, etc., bearers, and owners, 421. Pack bullock owners, drivers etc. 1 422. Pack camel, elephant, mule, etc., l owners and drivers.

r423. Ship owners and ag~ts. 424: Shipping clerks, supercargoes and stevedors. 425. Boat and barge owners etc. 426. Dockyards: owners managers and superior staff. 427. Dockyards: workmen and other 60. Water. ~ subordinates. 428. Ships' officers, engineers, mariners and firemen. 429. Boat and barge men. 430. Pilots. 431. Lock-keepers, etc. and canal service. I 432. Harbour works, harbour service f.-Ct)~mF.r:('~~, XIX,-TJi.\X~rORT ~ I "\:-.'I)~'I·(lHMlll­ ASll :-;T"IL\fa,~-­ (·"III'(d. L and divers. ('(w:{rl.

(433. PORt office: officers' and superior staff. 434. Post office: clerks, messengers, run- ners and other subordinates. 1435. Telegraph: ofiicersand superiorst&ff. 61. Messages. ~ 436. Telegraph: clerks, signallers, mes- sengers and other subordinates. I437. Telephone: mana.gers and superior I! ~taft·. 438. Telephone: clerks, operators and l other subordinates.

I I I (439. Warehouse: owners managers and I superior staff. I 440. Warehouse: workmen and other t82. Storage and Wei- j subordinates ~ . g mg. 1441. Porters. ' I 442. Weighmen and mea.surers . . l443. Watchmen employed at stores. OCCUPATlON"S. ( 203 ) CHAPTER XI.

·OBDER. SUB-ORDER. GROUP.

r444. Priests, ministers, etc. 445. Catechists, readers, church and mission service, etc. 446. Religiou~ medicants, inmates of monasteries, convents, etc. -{1 44.7. Church, temple, burial or burning- ( 63. Religion ground service, pilgrim conductol'~, undertakers, etc. I 448 Circumcisors. 449. Astrologers, diviners, horoscope· makers, etc. L450. Almanack.makers and sellers. I I (451. Administrative and inspecting offi- I cials. 164. Education. ~ 452. Princip:J.ls, professors and teachers. 1453. Clerks and servants connected with L education.

454. Authors, editors, journalists, etc. 455. Reporters, shorthand writers, etc. [ I 456. Writers (unspecified) and private 65. Literature. , clerks. I I 457. Public scribes and copyists.

F.-PRnFE8~1(INR. XX.-J'~;J\IlNED ~ 1 458. Service in libraries and literary A~ll ARTI"T[C I I'!(!} I'I~~~ION'S. l institutions.

(459. Barristers, advocates and pleaders. 460. Soliciwrs and attorney. 461. Law-agents, mukhtiars, etc. 166 La.w. I 462. Kazis. i 463. Articled clerks and other lawyers' I clerks. 464. Petition-writers, touts, etc, l465. Stamp.vendors.

f 466. Administrati\'e and inspecting staff (when not returned under general I head ). 1 467• Practitioners with diploma, license, I I I or certificate. . L67. Medicine. ~ 468. Practitioners without diploma. 469. Dentists. 1 470. Oculists. 1471. Vaccinators. I 472. Midwives. L473. Com pounders, matrons, nurses, and hospital asylum and dispensary S€f\'be. CHAPTER XI. OCCUPATIONS. ( 204 )

GROUP. CLASS. ORDER. SUB-ORDER.

( 474. Administrative and inspecting staff. 475. Civil engineers and architects. 476. Topographical, arch!eological and_, (68. Engineering and revenue surveyors. Survey. 477. Draughtsmen and opera.tors in 1 survey offices, overseers, etc. l478. Clerks, etc., in offices ofthe above.

(479. Astronomers and meteorologists and.establishments. I I~80. Botanists, naturalists, and officers 169. Natural Science ~ of scientific institutions. 481. Metallurgists. \ 482. Persons occupied with other bran- XX-LEARNED AND) I I ARTISTIC PRO- "\ L ches of science. FEStHO~-r(mctci. I r483. Painters, superintendents of schools I I of art, etc. 70. Pictorial Art and ~ 484. Sculptors. 1 Sculptu. 1485. Photographers. l486. Tl1ttooers. I r487. Music composers and teachers. I 488. Bandmasters and players (not mili­ 1 tary). J.·hOFE9RrONS. ~ L11. Musio,actingDan· ~1489. Piano-tuners. -_ld, I cing, etc. 490. Actors, singers and dancers and l their accompanists.

( 40 1. Race·cours~ service, trainers, book- r72. Sport I makers, jockeys, etc. '\492. Shikal'is, falconers, bird·catchers. I l493. Huntsmen, whippers·in. I t (494. Owners and managers of places of l XXI.-SPORT. ~ I public entertainment. I I ,195. Persons engaged in service of places I of public entertainment. I I 496. Exhibitors of trained animals. l73. Games and Exhi-~ 497 Circus owners manarrers etc bition. .' I '. "0." 498. CouJurors, buifoons, reclters, for. tune-tellers, etc. 499. Tumblers, acrobats, wrestlers, pro· l fessional cricketers, etc.

( 500. Well-sinkers. I 501. Tank-diggers and excava.tors. q.-UNsrmLKI) XXI1.-EARTH Earthwork,~, i 502. Road, canal and railway la.bourers. WORK AND f' J,AI\(lIIR, ~()1' (H:N};RAL L503. Miners ( unspecified). ,VaucUL'f~lI.\L, L41l0G11. .( 15. Generallabour, 504, Genel'allabour, OOCUPATIONS. ( 205 ) CRAPTER XI.

CLASS. OBDER. SUB-OBDEB. GBOUP.

G.-ENSKILLED xx,JII.-INDEFI.1'E AND DISRE. ~ 76 • Indefinite.. 505. Uncertain Of not returned. LABOUR NOT PUTA]!!.E OCCU. A GRICULTtJBAL PUIONB. (506. Prostitutee inchiding saqins and -crmcld. neallchis. '17. DiBfeputable. j507. Procurers, pimps, etc. 508. Receivers of stoiell goods. 1509. Witches, wizards, cow'poisoners, L etc.

510. House-rent,.. shares, and other pro· perty not being land. [ 511. Allowance~ from patrons or reo r'18. Property and Alms ~ latives. 512. Educational 01' other endowments, scholarships, etc. I · 513. Mendicancy (not in conllexion with MEANS OF SUB­ XXIV.-INDEPEN. DENT' a religious order). ~ISTANCE INDE­ l l PENDENT OF { OCCtTPA1'ION. r514. Pansicn,. civil services. 515. Pension, military services. 516. Pension, unspecified. 1 l19. Allhe IIato i ~11. Inmates of asylllms, etc. expense. i 518. Prisoners under trial. 519. Prisoners, for debt. 520. Priso~ers, conyicte~ or in refor· [ matones, etc. Occur ATIONS. ( 206 ) CHAPTBR XI.

4. We see from above that there are 8 classes, 24 orders and 79 sub. orders. These suborders nre ag"ain divided into 520 groups. Mr. Baines while commenting on these 24 orders says. "The Drst few explains them­ selves. As regards the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh, the object, the article or service is intended for, is placed more prominently than the materia.l dealt with. On the other hand, from the twelth to the seventeenth, the latter is rt'garded as more characteristic of the occupation than the object for which the prepared article is intended. " 5. The imperial table 15th collects all the different sorts of occupations returned in the present census of our State. It gives actunl workers in all occu­ pations by sexes, stating, in all cases, sepa.rately those who are partially agricul­ turists i. e. those who with other principal occupations are a~riculturists also. The table also gives .dependents i. e. those who are unable to earn their livelihood on account of old age, childhood or other· incllp.'lcities and who therefore have . entirely to 'depend forit on actual workers in any occupation . .6. It would be interesting to see how many people are maintained by each of the 8 clnsses of occupations given above. The following table supplies these informations. N urn ler and percentages to the total population in each class of occu- pation;

TABLE No. 91.

Ratio to Total popu· Actual workertl. total po- Class. ·ll.1.tbn main- ______Depen- pulation dents. tained. ofco)umll Males. IFemale!!. 2. 1 --.... -~-- -l-"3---r-4----· . 5 . 6' ... _------_. .. --~ A. Government. 19521 7031 271 12219 4.9

B. Pasturage and agricul- ture. 210024 75173 55460 79391 53.1

C. Personal service. 13383 5]92 630 7561 3.3

l>. Preparation and supply of material substances. 78510 25904 11101 41505 I 19.8 :K Commerce, transport an·) storage. 28314 80334 2121 19768 7.1 'F. Professions. 8059 2549 385 5125 2.03 G. Unskilled labour not agricultural. 17018 4795 4986 7237 4.3 H. Means of livelihood in- 8608 3297 8694 5.47 dependent of occupation. 20599 Total. ... 395428 137586 76342 181500 100 OOCUPATIONS. (. 207 ) CUilTER XI.

7. We see from above that in service of the State, there are 7031 males and 27lfemales actual workers, while 12219 are their dependents. Thus the state service maintains, in all, 19521 souls. In the class B. we find that in a11210024 souls earn their livelihood from pasturage and agriculture, out of which num. ber, 75473 males and 55460 females are actual workers and 79391 are depend. entupon them for their maintenance i thus pasturage and agricultureaiford main­ tenanc(', in our State, to 210024 souls or ; 53.1 percent.

8. ,Looking at the column ,of class C. viz: personal se~vice, we find that the total number of souls that earn their bread from it, is 13383 made up of 5192 males and 630 females actual workers and 7561 their dependents. Class D. viz: the preparation and supply of material substances, gives livelihood to 78510 8ouls, of whom 25904 males and 11101 females are actual workers in the said profession, whi1e 41505 share with them the fruits of their labour with· out taking any active part in it. Class E. viz: commerce, transport and storage, mainta.ins 28314 souls among whom 80334 males and 212 females are actual workers, while 19768 are their dependents. Class }i'. viz: profession, maintains 8059 souls composed of 2549 males and 385 females actual work~rs and 5125 dependents. Class G. viz: unskilled labour Dot agricultural, maintains 17018 souls of whom 4795 males and 4956 females are actual workers while 7237 are their dependents. Class H. viz: meaDS of subsistence independent of occu • . pations, affords food to 20599 souls of which 8608 males and 3297 females are actual workers. and 8694 are dependent upon them for their livelihood. Thus taking 100 to be the total popUlation of the whole state~ we nnd that (1) state tlervice maintaills 5 souls, (2) pasturage and agriculture maintain 53 80uls, (3) personal service maintains 3 souls, (4) preparat.ion and supply of material . substance maintain 20 souls, (5) commerce, transport and storage maintain 7 , ~ollls, (6) profession maintains 2 sOllls, (7) unskilled labour not agricultural maintains 4 souls.and (8) means of livelihood independent of occupation main· tain 6 souls.

9. The above classes nre split up into orders. Below I give the ta.ble which gives the numbers of males nnd females Ilnd dependents maintained by each order and the percentage!! of the total number of each order to the total population of the St...... te. Occup ATIOl1'S • ( 208 )\ CHAPTER XI.

...... s:s 0 E-4

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.~ 't1 ca' ....~ --~ ; ~ ~ It! :::r - III U'"' re C) ...... '* 1~ d . ;., ...... =0 ~ gsl 't1 !;JJ ..0 ~ s:I .iii "0 d d d d ....'"' ..: Z:a ..=~ s:I s:I r;r.. 8 -C) 0 ..... A' ~ - 's "' .... 0 ...... ~s:I M m t-I ~ I-i ,1-4 ~ 1-4 po po >- t-I ~ ~ , :> JL g 6,...0 .~ 1i11i1 ~ ai "0"; 't1 .S ~'5.... rJ. ~ ~ @d III i TIl d ~ ~a Q d e.... !Ii - - d 0 QJ ~ ~ ~ C) .... a3 ~ CIl' s:1 ~ ~ ~ '"' '"'~.s ~ ~+'I ~ ~~iI1 ~ ~ 0 ~ OCGUPATIONS. ( 209 ) CRAHD XI.

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10. The above table throws 0. good deal of light over our inquiry as to the persons maintll,ined by dift'erant occupations. We ha.ve seen above, that the State service affords maintenance to 19521 souls. This table gives a little more detailed account of it, stating that out of these. 19521 State servants, 6390 are maintained by the civil administration of the State, 11965 souls are maintained by the military department of the State and only 1166 are in foreign service. Out of those maintained by civil administra.tion viz 6390, 197.1 males and 271 females are actual workers, while 4144 are their dependents. Similarly, out of 11965 souls that are maintained by the military dE'partment of the State, there are 4621 males actual workers while 7344 are their depen­ dents. The actual workers in foreign service are 435 with 731 their dependents.

11. Class B is split up into two orders viz (1) provision and care of ani­ mals nnd (2) ngriculture. The former maintains 9957 souls among whom 4257 males nnd 1268 females nre actual workers and 4432 are their dependents, . while the latter i. e. agriculture, maintains 200067 souls of whom 70916 males and 54192 females are actual workers while 74959 o.retheir dependents

12. Order VI, is co-extensive with class C. which maintains 130383 souls.

13. Class D. is split up iuto eleven orders. Preperation and supply of

food 1 drink and stimulant maintains 19033 souls; light, firing and forage 13958 souls; building 4788 souls; vehiCles and vessel~ 80 Eouls; supplitnentary req nire­ ments 14602 souls; metals and precious stones 5640 souls; glass, earthen and stonewares 5997 souls; wood, cane and lea.ves 7155 souls; drugs, gums and dyes etc. 323 souls and le.:l.tber etc. 6934 soul:!.

14. Commerce maintains 25242 souls, Transport and E'tornge 3072" souls, l .. earned and artistic profession 7942 souls. Sport affords fooJ to ] 1 i souls. Earth-work and general labour maintains 16829 souls, indefinite amI disrespec­ table occupations maintain 139 souls ; and independent occupation maintain'3 20599 souls. 15. Looking to the percentages which the total number of persrms main­ tained by each of these different orders bears to the total population of the Sta,te, we find that the order V. viz agriculture bears tlle highest percentage viz 50'.1, commerce comeR next to it, but far below it, giving the percentage of 6'3. Thus taking 100 to be the population of the wllole state, we have 51 persons maintain· cd by agriculture, 6 persons maintained by commerce, 1 person by state civil . service, 3 persons by supply of provisions and care of animals, 3 persons by household and sanitary service, 5 persons by preparation of food, drink and stimul:1nt, 4 persons by preparation and supply of light, firing and forage, 1 person by preparation and supply of buildings, 4 persons by preparation and supply of supplimentary requirements, 1 person by preparation and supply of metals and precious stones,2 persons by preparation and supply of glass, earthen and stone wares, 2 persons by preparation and supply of wood, cane and leaves, 2 persons by preparation and supply of leather etc, 2 persons by learned OcenATION'S. ( 211 ) CHAPTER XI. and artistic profession, 4 persons by earth·work and general labour, 5 persons by independent occupation and the remaining one by service in the foreign state!o;, by prepa.ration and supply of vebicles and vessels, by preparation of drug8, gum ana dye, by transport and storage, by sport, and by indefinite and dis­ respectable occnpation, the ratio of each of them to the total population fulls below unit.

16. My rt'marks in the preceding chapters viz:-that in our sta.te the majority of inhabitants are bound to the soil, are well nigh borne out by the fact that out of 100 persons, 51 at'e directly dependent upon agriculture. The £'let also that our state does Dot command It \'81'y extensive commerce, is equally corro­ borated by the very low percent,tge recurned by it in the above table.

17. I give below my remarks on suborders ,md groups. (1) State senice-In State seryic(l, there are returned nearly 91 officer;; with 31 g theil' dependent .. , ii7 clerks with I563 their dependents, while 1107 wenials and um:pccified, wi th 22(i2 their dependents. Military service returned 4G21l1ctual workers and 7344 tlwir dependents. (2) St(Jckbreederi:' and dealel's-Neariy 9801 are maintained by this occupation in our state. Among these 7559 are herdsmen, 598 nre sheep and goat Lreedet's and delller", 1644 are shepherds and goatherds. (3) Interest in land:- Tbe following table &hows the numbar of persons interested in land in Y:.lI'ious WtL ys. TADLE No. 98.

Total nnmbers. Occupation. Depen- ~hles. Females dents. Total.

Holllel's of land who pay revenue and 1674 0 2943 4617 cuh.iYatc l:md themselyes. Holders of land who pay revenue bul 1427 0 2236 3663 get their lund cultivated by hired labour Hl'nt receivers who are agriculturists, 579 0 981 1560 Rent receivers who are not agriculturists 102 0 183 285 Lessers of Villages. 86 0 J 57 243 Tenents and flbarers of agriculturists. 45347 36163 46820 128330 Farm servants. :3036 0 5711 9847 Field laLourers, 16238 li8R5 13860 4i2-.3S lfl.'uit and vegetltb1e growers. 1733 194 I~LO :H37 Total J0822 54192 74701 1£19715 Agents and managers of landed estate 53 0 152 205 . holders Clerks of landed estate holders. 41 0 ]06 14T . I Total I '",O~l(j [ a41l1~ 74;.}f1!) I ~00067 OCCUPATIONS. ( 212 ) CHAPTER XI.

Here we see that cultivating tenants and the sharers are the most nnmerous viz:-128330 among ,,·hom 45347 males and 86163 females are actual 'Workefsj 1674 nreh'olders ofland who themselves cnltivateit, while 1427,nrehol. defs of1und who do not cultivate the land themselves but get it cultivated by tenants. Rent receivers are agricutulrist (579) as well as non-agriculturist (102)- 47933 persons ar;e maintained upon field labour, among whom 16238 males and 17835 females are actual workers.

4. Personal and domestic service-The number of per SODS maintained by this service are 13388. 4085 are barbers of whom 1544 tn:1les are ac­ tual workers. 240 are cooks, 354 door keepers, 1399 cart and carriage drivers, ]243 indoor servants, 823 washermen, 71 water carriers and 48 refreshment­ room keepers. All these are actual workers. 5. Animal food suppJiers-This is the sub-order of the order 7th of clnf>s D. This sub~order maintains 4387 persons of whom 258 arc butchers and slaughterers wbo are tlctuai workers with 462 as their dependents. 738 males arid 144 females are fish-catchers and dealers. Milk nnd butter seUers are 734 ghee-preparers and Rellers are 448. All these are the ocoupations requiring light lab~ur and therefore women are found taking :lctive Jmrt in them. 6. Vegetable food. supplier!!.-1183S persons are maintained by this sub... order. The suppliers ( actual ,\'Orkers) of vegetable and cereal food are 5697 (8203 males and 2494 females) ; among whom bakers are 131 males and 50 fema.les, flour grinders are 1995 females, grain dealers are 9803 males, grain pai'cbers are 100 mnles and 72 females, oil-sellers and pressers are 658 males and 30 females, rice producers and huskers are 138 males and 178 females, s\4eetmeat makers and sellers are 413 males and 14 females, vegetable . and fruit sellers are 180 m!i.l~ lind 2125 females,· 7. Drink, condiments and stimulants-This sub.order gives maintenance to 2604 pers.ons in our state; among whom 821 (726 ma.les and 95 females) are actual worke"s in this ocoupation. 68 males anq 6 females are cardamom, . betal leaf and areoa nut sellers; grocers and general condiment dealers are 294 males; bhang, ganja etc. sellers are '1'5 males; salt-makers are 92 males ~nd 89 females; salt sellers are 37 males; tobacco and snuff sell61'S are J 21 m,ales) wine and spirit sellers a.re 39 males.

8. Fueland forage~This occupation supports 13598 pen;oDs; among· whom 237 males and 238 females are coal-dealers ~d ~329, males a.nd 3345 f~ . males are bay, firewood and cowdung sellers. Thus there are in this occupatio~ 8149 ~rsons (4566 males and 3583 females) ~ctual workers.

9. Building-c"7Those w~o earn their qread from this oc.~"patton are 2182· of whom 38 7 mal~s and 323 females are brick and tile sellers; 174 males an~ 42 females ~re §elle:rs of lime and chuman. Stone sellers, also. ou.ght, to havelD:0re. properly, been placed under, this su b-o~er. as stones are one of the chief materials. fqr building houses where they are ava~l~ble.· 'r·hey are placed under suborder H y~ qf earth~vvor~ ; ther.e ~he llumbel::'of actual ~o;l'~ers.~s ston,e:c~ttcniS i~ 36.5... OCCUPATIONS. ( 213 ) CHAPTER XI.

The thatchers are 146 males actual workers. The number of actual workers in thiS' occupation is 1072 (707 males and 365 females).

10. Artificers in Building-:-Thehouses are generally made of stones where they are available. There are 810 males and 18 females actually engaged in this occupation while the total number of persons that get subsistence from this occupation is 2210. 11. Vehicles and vessels makers-The number of persons following this occupation is .25 with 55 dependents.

12. Preparation and supply of supplimentary requirem~nts:-Under this suborder fall the prepa.rers and suppliers of miscellaneous things both neces­ saries a.nd luxuries. The total number of persons maintained by this oeeu- . pation are 14602 of •which 4899 ma.les a.nd 1847 females are actual work .. ers. There are 61 stationers, 30 printing press owners, manager!!, compositors, etc. Book-binders are 15, while nook-sellers are 45. Watch and clock repai­ rers are 22, while 78 are toy, kite and cage makers and sellers; Hukastem· makers and sellers are 57. Makers and sellers of bangles are 95, fiowergarlands­ ma.kers and sellers are 95 males and 130 females, furniture sellers are 44, knives and tools grinders are 43, fire-work sellers are .25, blanket wea.vers are 51, cotton . gining and factory owners and managers are 16 ; Cotton gining factories ope­ ratives and their staff are 39, cotton weavers are 2158 males and 1166 females, cotton spiners are 437 males and 279 females, umbrella sellers are 3D, while tailors are 1680 males and 372 females.

13. Gold, silver and precious stones-persons maintained by this sub­ order are 2593 of whom 1145 are actual workers( 1043 males and 102fema.les.) Goldsmith's dust washers are 89 males and 102 females. Workers of gold, sil­ ver and precious stones are 922 males, dealers in gold, silver and precious sto· nes are 32. Brass, copper and bell-metal sellers and workers are 171 antI their dependents 342, in all 513.

14. Zinc, Zinc and quick silver and lead-seUers of tin, zinc and lead­ goods are 39 and their dependents are 118, in all 151.

15. Iron and steel-Workers in iron and hard wares are 774, sellers of iron and hard wares are 714, sellers of iron and hard wares are 44. The total number of persons maintained by this suborder is23'7'7.

16. Glass and China. wares-Sellers of glass and China wares, other than oongles are 51. The total uumber supported by this suborder being 158.

1'7. Earthen and stone wares-Potters. are 2129 males and 1315 females actual workers, while the total persons maintained are 5839.

18. Wood and Bamboos--The total number of persons maintained by . this suborder is 63419 of whom ~188 are actual workers. OCCUPATIONS. ( 214 ) CHAPTER XI.

19. Cane work, matting and leaves etc. Baskets, mats etc. makers o.nd sellers are 196 males and 89 females. Comb makers and sellers are 16. The total number maintained are 8149 of whom 301 are actual workers (219 males and 82, females ). 20. Gum, wax, resin and 5imilar forest produce-Wax, honey and forest produce collecters and sellers are 66 with 134 dependendents, the total number maintained being 200. 21. Drugs dyes and pigments etc-The total number of persons main­ tained are 123 of whom 35 males are actual workers. Inkmakers and sellers are 21 ; perfume, incense and san:lle sellers are 14.

22. Leather, horn and bones-Leather dyers are 1525 males and 656 females, shoe-makers are 873 and sellers of hide and horns and bODes are 23. The tqtal number of persons maintained by this suboroer are 6934 of which 3077 are actual workers ( 2421 males and 656 females). This finishes the cla.ss . D. viz:. Preparation and· supply of material substances. Class.E. viz: Commerce Transport and storage, has 8 orders and 9 suborders. 23. Money and securities-Bankers and monei lenders are 1487 males and 59 females, money changers and testers are 56. Actual workers in this suborder are 1602 persons (1543 males and 59 females) and the tot9.1 num· ber of persons supported by it is 5527. 24. Dealing unspecified-Shop keepers otherwise unspecified are 4347 males and 153 !females; shopkeepers' clerks, salemen etc. are 911; shopkeepers and money lenders' ser\'ants are 429, while peddlers and hawkers are 95. Thus . the actual workers in this occupation are 5929 ( 5776 males and 153 females) while the total number supported is 18773. 25. Middlemen-Brokers and Agents-The total number of :persons supported by this suborder is 936 of whom 101 males are actual workers. Bro­ kers and Agents are 64.; Farmers ofliquors are 87. 26. Railways-( excluding police in railway). Men of clerical staff on railways are 6; station masters and assistant inspectors and overseers are 17 ; guards, drivers and firt1men are 14; pointsmen, shunters, porters, signallers etc. are 98, while mell of railway service unspecified are 61. Thus the actual work· ers in this line are IS6 males while the total number supported are 509. 27. Transport on road-The total number maintained by this suborder is 361 of whom 147 males are actual workers. 81 are palki·bearers and 66 are pack bullock drivers and owners. 28. Transport by water-There are 62 boat a.nd barge owners. The to­ tal number supported is 1571 of whom 417 males are actual w

30. Telegraph.-Officers and superior staff number 7 while telegraph clerks, signallers, messangers and other· subordinates are 9. The total number supported is 322 of whom 91 are actual workers. School masters. are doing post master's duties in Mahals and so there are no separate post masters and hence the small number returned.

31. Storage and weighing:--Weighers and measurers are 67 with 23~ their dependents, the total number supported being 299.

32. Religion-Priests and ministers are 6, catechists, readers, church and mission service number 162 males and 5 females. Religious mendicants inmates of monasteries, covenants etc. are 420, church, temple, burial or burn~ jng.ground servants, pilgrna conductors, undertaker" E'tc. are 302, astrologers, deviners, horoseope.makers etc. are 36. In all 931 (926 males and I) females) are actual workers, while total number maintained is 2302.

33. Education and literature-Administrative and inspecting officials are 2, teachers 348, clerks and seITants connected with education are 73, library servants are 6. In all 429 are actual workers while the total number maintained are 885.

34. Law-Barristers and pleaders are 190. Lawyer's clerks are 20; petition~writers are 75 while stamp-vendors 13. In all 298 are actual workers in this profession, while the total numbers maintained are 1113.

35. Medicine-Medicine administrative and inspecting staff number 25. Practitioners with diploma, license or certificate are 93, vaccinators are 14, midwives are 3, compounders, nurses and other hospital servants are 80 males a.nd 2 females. Thus t.he actual workers in this occupation are 217 ( 21~ males and 5 females) while the total number supported by it is 600.

36. Engineering and surveying-The total number supported by this suborder is 676. Engineering and survey administrative staff numbered 7. Revenue surveyors are 30, draftsmen and operators in survey offices and over· seers are 8, clerks in engineering and survey offices are 104. In all 149 males are actual workers in this occupation.

37. . Pictorial art and sculpture-U nder this suborder are returned, 7 pho­ tographers and 143 tattooers, the actual workers thus being 150 (7 males and ]43 females) while the total number supported by this occupation is 495. 38. Music, acting and dancing-There are 308 band masters and players, actors, singers, dancers and accompanists are 160 males and 225 females. Thus the actual workers are 693 ( 468 males and 225 females) while the total num· ber maintained by it is 1608. 39. Sport-This suborder maintains in all 81 persons of who 38 males are actual workers, 9 being sekaris and 29 being exhibitors of trained animals; Conclusion.

1. In concluding this report, I must gratefully acknowledge the ser\,ices and help I receh'ed from various quarters but for which, the completion of the work would not have been so speedily attained. The difficulties that the Census: work presents can be aptly but briefly described in the words oBk J. A. Dalal who says" No one who has not had:m experience of it can comprehend the immense trouble and constant anxiety of a Censlls superintendent xxx"-He }Jas "to see that the heatlY and dry orders of the Census are carried out by offlcial~ of other department, who would generally be not vcry willing to execute ex· peditiously and accurately the distasteful gratuitous work in addition to tbeir own heavy duties " but who have all, I have a Yery great pleasure to say as Mr. Dalal says in his report, without exception, responded to the call.

2. It is to tbe prompt and generous support, exceptionally kind comider­ ation and all facilities and conreniences wished for, which the working of the en­ tire Census operations received from the State, that the successful and speedy ter­ mination of the Census work is undoubtedly due. The selection of my office staff was so approprite that I found each of diem yery useful in the work. ~lr. Valabhrai Jadavrai, my shirastadar, has satisfactorily and sincerely discharged his duties which envolved the arrangements of many minute details. Mr. Cbba­ ganrai Bhupatrai, Mr. Anandrai Bapubhai, Mr. Valabhji Gordhan, Mr. Abdcll­ kadar Bavamian, Mr. Pranjiwan Haridat and Mr. Amnd Alan hn,-e aU bten found very hard-working and accurate in the work allotted to them and they all worked in such a. wonderful co-operation that I express my entire satisfaction for each and every one of them. Mr. Motilal Shiwaprarmd, my assist:mt, in the latter part of the work, has carefully and satisfactorily discharged the duties entrusted to him and had, to a great extent, relieved me from the worries and troubles of superrising and arranging minute details of the ministerial working of the ab­ straction, sorting and tabulation offices. I was realy sorry to part with them at the dissolution of the Census office, however I am glad to see them wen-settled and I am specially thankful to the authorities for the keen appreciation of their services wbich have been amply rewarded by due promotions in rank and salaries.

3. -Finally but ful1y 1 thank Mr. Mahadev Yngeshvar, the manager of our Sarkari Press, for the patient and diligent discharge of his duties in carryillg this report through press and others in conllE.'ction with the Census work which required printing of various and numerous forms, tables, etc., in limited time, inspire of other pressing and urgent work with which the press ever seemed fully occupied.

Junagadh, } I have the honour to be respected sir 28th June 1902. Your most obedient serva.nt MANILAL KESHAYLAL B. A., L L. B. Census Commissioner of the J unagadh State.

Appendix A. A.. t.~. -t'. ,. 0 '4\9.

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(.:1" ~tqH. ,\{ll~, '\{(. C3ltll(fll. (311,

l3 ~~:(\~1. :>Ut 'tf!! (3' [\I.llctt~. Ililut:flI.(Lql~,

(.'( :>n~. \0 (3't'{\. (3<\1. H~I'lI~. (.\l !'If,fl. ~n~. ... , (3<\1. (3<\l.

(. ... ~~t{ell. ~"I'tI~I, ,:I" C3!Jt:fl. '1Ul~.

":IS b~l.ll.

W (3l\~.(Illl. '"ct~ltl,

\\ (311~fl. 'll~~. It!) ls·}Jltll. ~rla. \IS (3ltaf • (3'lI. oft, ls'~la. ~illltl~t.

H ls'~l:(ll.ll~l~. !lilut~ll.llql~, ~ !t3 ls'lll:(ll.ll tl~!SI"R !iiI ut:(\ I.!.l ctl.!.. \, :ot!s~'l.... " lltt.1{\l.ll...... W ls'~l~. (3rlt. \~ :ot(tl~q~. !litut {l1.l111~. !t'l !·tll:(\l.ll. :>Ut \90 ~~ll ~I~. (3<\1.

'I.WJ 'IIi'l1etl.$l. (3~U. \\9~ ~~t. ij'il'lili.

W! 'Uf.t{t~l~l, "t,letl)U~. \~a \i\~Ie{\' ~~~ettl\.

\'Is'~ 'Uf.e{\~~~. et~ICl\. ~ \'1.0 'Uf.'~{l. 'I.l~~. 'l\9't "llil{~l, .~n~, t'll 'Uf.·l:(l. ~'lI'ltl.1I, 'I.\9'1t ~IUi~ll. ct.'ILut\,

\'l~ 'lJf~ICl{l::pJ{l, ~l~ctll. \\9\ ~1{\l>ll', an .. , .... '\'It 3 'Uf.·~lCl{l:utI.

'I.'\'It "\l"l{l :vtl, ~tU9!. \<0 ~ll"l. ~. ~i '1' I({\. \'It, 'Uf.l~~. ~(ctl{l~l. ~

'I.'It\!) 'Uf.t~. fa·ll. \~'t :II!. ~l~ctl~.

\'t! 'Uf.l,{~. (3<1.1, 'tl~ )l~l, ca'tl. \'I{~ 'U{i~l, 'I.ll~. "3 )I~ctl~l. ~(ctl{l~l. \\~ "'li~\. GlttlCl~~. 'tl'i m.ltl\, !3

~r 'til ~ll.l{\:vtl,:{l.1l. Cl.!\U\.

\W \\(lG'(n~l, ~tll~. 3Tr

'1.\'1. 'U{l~'I{lt~, !It)l~~. 'l~ ~li3lll, ~11,

'1.\\ 'U{\,~~~. 'u~~, 't!!o ;)li~:ql. ~lrJ{ll{I.

~n~, 't\\!l 'U{\'tI~l. ,~, lli~:ql. ~'ll'llli.

~~l. \\! 'U{t~lct~. ,~~ ~lir.tctt'. "Uot :fi~lctl~.

~ 'l!!3 ~lltlell. Cl''la{\, .... ,\~ '!1

\\90 1Jl~~; cf~au. '~'I{ .lll~~ll.: lll\:t~ll. .,... \~\ lllIMl. 'ltlG~ • ~

,~, ~~~! ~l~~l~.

(

:er... ~w OYijl~R. ~rll. ~'(3 ~~n. ~h~rtl~. ... ~\'q atijl~l~ 'U.1.~ • :qr ~\ ... G'l~I~. 'ql.1.~.

~Y'd' ~I!sdl. cUI:1l. iff

~)('t ~I{t. cUtU\. ~\\9 ~rfSl. ~lfUll.{l.

~)(\ rt·21(l{\. ~l!J.tl~ ~\l ~~~l. . :itl~rtl~.

~)(\9 :itl~ctl~. ~l~'ll&. :t\~ ~ltCf.I(l{\. ;)n~.

~)(l ;)n~. :itRCf.~ill ill~l. ~190 ati~. lRl~l~t.

~)(~ ~1~I1I~t. lrct~u~l. ~19' G\'i'~21ttfll. ;)n~.

~ ~\9~ G\'il!!~. :.fi~.

~'qf) '<9?lfl~t. !J.tlut:fi:utlctl.!. ~\9a ~Cf.~n. ~~lrtt~.

~'t' ~?lt':{t. jRtI.lI~t. ~19'( G\'i'~.1l, . ~~l'=l~~,

r:Jf N"It G\'i~,fi. rc.~t'=lH.

~l1.Cf.luu.. rc.. l1.i~l~l~. ~"It~ 'cSI1~1~1 ~~Icf.U\. 1~19'" ~'=l.-;{t. na ~I'q:fi. '"'l~UCf.t.f\~ ~w :.u" "'" ~:w ~l~~l. Gt~11H. ~ ...... ~ ~\9l ~~l~:fi a.,gr[l. utl!J.t:fi:vUCf.U. n"lt ~~~~I. Gt~Icf.t~. ~\9~ ~!Slt:(l rle{l. utl!J.t:fi:ut 1cf.1.!.

~"It\ ~~.!t. !J.tl'-'l.:fi:v.tlctl&. if ~ MI. ~'t19 ~~l :utt~Hl. ~lo 1f.1~!l'(. !Rtlolt~l.

.... 1f.121t.f\ ~r ~Cl l1.lP.n~I. .... ~'tl ~l.1ctn. ;)fi<. if

~"It~ ~w:.!.l.'l. ~·~L~. ~c:~ cftct~~~. (q~lrtH. if ~ ~\o crtl1.~1. ldl:utt~l. ':1..0 ~.ill'Hl. cmU\. ~\'\ G\'l1.L~"It ~l. ~'lL"ltl.11. ~l'l( ~M~~. ~.ult. ~ ... ~ crt~~LE[\. carll. U ~r,.,a O{ill~~. ;)U~. ~l't .alHI. :it1~Cf.I.1 •

* II r-.1rll;)I~" 'l1~C\'\J..(l ~I~~ ~lctlt{l ~l ~:t.1.lti ~l'lll~ rL ~~cti f3'i, l\~liil. a.'U.!i~. ~l ~~l'

Hit t1~~'f~ltL

330 . (l~I{I~'t

31\ (\4llc\l.

~l'1t ~\tl!l\\.

l'qo \~~U\I.

t'l\ !'=lltJU.

l't:t !~II1ll. na tl:ttUU.

3~\ al\~au. !'tV \~IU't' ct.\~If\.

33~ (\l{\. ~:al~. l

i'l't ~~l. ~~Ir(U\.

3't\ lttctl&l, ~rt\.

-!'M lq&l~'. ytlUi{l't\r{I~.

.sit, ~r.t~Il~. ~l\I~ •

a'itl e~l. ~dll(l~t.

3\0 lr.t~I~\. ~tI.

3\ 't Er.tE{l~I • ~R~!

..... ttr 3\\ ~I~. 3'(~ ~l\ll! @r!l. l\3 ~I~(\,\\I. !y~ ~I\~.

3W ~l4. !'(y €~~I~. .t(ll/:l,

3,'q 1:t~~E{I~. "t~l~, 3¥'l (\_, :U"'I'lI!l. . "I."I~l "I . ~tt . ~tl~'1I{t. II. ~ ... f1I 'lit. 3\ \ ~~r( rUc{l: ~l\ctl~.

3\'3 I:t~~ ~Ill. ~I~ctll.

3\l ~~~ Uill~l.

1Q

uU"lr':tlLl~ll. (3<1.1. Y'i3 'fl\5ln. tt't 't~cf.L(/\I. '{'{"( -qr~I'\Jil~

'tll~. 't~'d' 'tll~. ~3 'I{I '{'{l~l

\~I'G. 't:t~ ~l!.lt~. 't't'l. 'I{I't\!{\ Ill. <:{~l

~rll. 'tN 'til~l. 'd''t\ 'I{I'td\~1 1l~I'=ll!fU. f-tt\ttlt~.

~l~'~l~." 'lf~(' 'tt~~~I. 't't19 'I{I't~1l.1 ~l~~. Cr-t:tiltlH. (3rll. 'd'~~ 'll~1J{I~. 'd''I.(. 'I{I1l.1CLt. r1~l"lt':t. ltLf!l\~I • 't3 0 . 'l.t~'\Iit~. -q 't3\ 'l.tQ,.n~~I. "'ll(tl\~l. 'd''I.1t. "~~al~

Y\'d' \':t·~Ic!.I. ala. 't3~ 'tlt~!l. ~"l'tl"'L. 'd'\'t (3rLl. .'('d'D 'tlan. (3<11 • \''''1. q-r" 'd'\'" \~':t. ~Rt1.l1~1. ~nl. W\ \(l~l':t. ~[la. 'd'r.,,, Jl.el.i~t\,

w:t '\(lutl':t. ~"l'tl~l.

" ~(\!\. c{huC\t\. "t\\9 t\\t\~i "tll~. 'If.Y~ 'If.Ya tiC\ltt~. .~l'll'l. 'If.'ll ~\~ttl. it\A~.

.art it

~Lbi~;-ltetL.\ 'If.\~ 9l2\L~~. 'Y.'f'( Q\l.t~. 'ltt",. !l\Lut~ltLet~!. ~lo Gth~'. 'If.Y'If. ~

'R'l Qt&hLt~ Ml. 'W, ~~LlJ iIlL tJt "{l'll ttl".

'l~~ Qt~lt:\l. ~(dlll~l. 'l'l!'\9 ~~la~. 'ql~~...... 'l~a Gt~l

'l~'t Qt~LU\. !3~I. ~ 'l~' Qt'~{l. ~l~~l~. 'lYI! ~L)lt\t !Rt~lI9,lL. ~r 'l'lo ~I~~":t. !t"Ctf-llt9jl. 'l~\ (#U\l~'. utl!lolt\~\C\L~. if

'R~ ~i"f.~ct.~. ~Lcrt\~I. ... 'If.'If.'\. ~"i!1~'ll~, ~~. 'Hl ~l"f.t ~:c\, :)In. "l'R ~~~.n. ~"ll. 'If.~~ ~l~l. @"-I. 'l't3 fl~\tt\~I. ct..~crt\. 'lal! ~i~:)lI~. itijl~. 'I.'lV ~i}et~l. ct.LI(/\. 'la'i. ~lt:)II~. Gt ~i:)L'ltl\, 'l'lf.'If. ~ll~i. ~'ll'lf.l~l. 't3~ ~1[L't~. cf'lUU. 'l'lf.\ ll[Llll~l~ . UilaI3\l'll. 'ta~' 'lli\l. ut\ ~:(t III r:tl~. 'If.'If.19 ll& (\,Qj(\~ r-t,'''l

~ 'i\~ fl{l~l. ~Rt~l~l.

e{\~IC(~:t. 'tai Q(fill~~l

'If.a~ t{\<1I~I, IJ.I,l~U:)l~~. 'l\¥ ~~S\. cfi:alct.~:t •.

'If.Vo G{\~2{l~. ~"-L. 'l\~ ~~luttt'lf.~l! <3""

~. lGtf{I~l. '" ~H 'll~lut<1'1f.'t! ~Y' IIJ'~ tIt~~:(\tI\ct.I~~ 'l\~ 'll~~tltd'l'L, ~lf.~\", ,a

't'?,l tt~.Uict't~I. q'attlt\. 'tit" 1tl~~bl, ~RtltllP!l

't.... ~ 1t~IUict't~I. ~"l'\ll~l, 't!!l 1{let~·(bl. cfitilC!.a~.

't"o ~atl~l, ~~lqCll. 't~!! 1tlet~. (3·U.

't,,\ ~·~lUl.ltl~, \~l~. ,00 ~LcJ{\I.I,\. ~IUflI.l,I. .... 't,,:t ~. ~e{h 'll~. "~·I.l:)l&'. JJf 't"3 ~·ll~. 'tlllP!, \0\ 'l{l~l. )(l~. '{"'\{ ~·~l~~l. )n~. '?,o~ 1{\'I\il~. '1ll~, JJT \03 f{l~l\tl~. UilUi. ~ I{lql,s. 't,,'It 1t1-u.{lI{IUlI. rtcll)lll.. \o,\{ f{ldl. ~Rtl{I~I. 'It'" ~i)I~l!fI. . Pi, 1ti)I~IUl.. if ...") 't"" lI,k··tl. ~Rtltl~l. \0'1 ~!lltl cfitllqH...... 'tl.9l 'lti.!'=u, ~ll~f~I~'\U~, \0., ~d{\,{ltll. ~~la. 't,,!! 'lti~efl iJt"lt~~. ~rtl...... ij lUo lI,i~c{l :)n~, (HI. \0" ~'Utrt. -tfia. 'ltc:l lI,i.l.efl "UcJ{\I.I,I..fi. \3rll.

,oc! ~1:l'lH. q'~ut\. 'U~ 1ti~leu. efl~11n.

\o~ ~I:l\tll. 'ltll~. 'ltl! 1tl~:lll1t. \3rtl. ,\0 ~ltJ. 'ltl¥ 1tl~til'llll. ~l!J1. tl.l.I,lq~,\. \3"1. \\\ ~ltJa-(. 'tl't ~l~~l ~lli. Oll!lt~ lil Cl.t~. .tfi~.

\H ~·a't~l. q~lCll. 'ti~ 1tll~rtlll{l. efl~11a~. \\:3 ~ql:lil. cfitllctH. '(l" 1tlQJk\tll. '311.

..,W ~ctl~l • Ol:)l~. 'ltU 1tl~1!ql~l. ~~l~. \n ittl'tl~. \~l~. 'I\ll! 1tl~bo:.tt~l. efl~lctt\.

'q~o 1tl(t~ql~11.1,1. 1tlUUlll. ~

'114\ 1tl""\1.!l~l. 'tll~. ".\\ ~Ia-(". :)lt~.

'tlt:t 1tlrt~

1l14~ 1i1~ ~Rt'llltJl. \\l ll.l~tl. !RtI{I~I. 'tIlls' 1tletlctU\I::t1 ::t~. ~l~c\l,$. \\~ il.l~'It~. "'c!'l)l~.

'\l1!'It 1tlet..,'f~ctl. 'ltll~. \=to il.l~'t~. c(\tilctal.

'\~, 1tL~~L. ~·:lI~. \~\ l\l~~l. c(ltlICla~.

H

~3 ql)l~l. :ln~. m" '19~'( tf.l~l~ltn. c(WJt. 19¥~ ~~. ~n~. ISn tf.l~·(l4U. ct.!.IUl. it ~\ c\Let. t'lL'll!l. 19'10 rct. 1f.t)l~lCl\. ~19 Cl,Lo:t!l ( 'LfI'IlL\Clltl\\.') ""ctl)L~. tt"Ut"!!~

ljo"-l\ ~'ll. ~ill "tl

190\1,\ ~"')I~. llL~~L. ~~ etl'1n. ~h.I

.... ~'l3 ~:(l~l'lJ{ll4 Ft. lii ;)1~1u\' 193. tlLctrt. Q-l~l~.

19'1'lf ~:(lI.lL~. f-t, ,,\\)L~tr.l\. \9J\ 'tletSL ~'lI\(t~1.

19'4,'1 ~~':!.L. ct'~(JQ. I9H.

fr \9'1\~ ~lfrLltf..!.~t.l. Ol)ll· ij' \93'( «\~ill~·. tf~lIfl.

1.93'1. t(l~lctE~ ~~lctH. 1.9'4," :tmL~t. ~Uuu.I.lt..

\93\ rfi,~. lliU{l~L. 19'4,l ~~t~:(t. !§·H.

1:93\9 cfi,ilt:~. ~,. \9'1\~ ~rl"Ut~l. G'1t.

\93( c{\,il~~. ctJl

1.'l31! cfL~i{r~. t[\~lett~. 19\, ~1l~!{tUll.rtt

1.9'(0 <{l,ill~. ~. ~i)L~I~. \9\~ ti~Gl.!{tUU ~llal. \3-\1.

\9¥'t. t(l~IE" ~'lL'Il.!.l. 19\3 ~li$l!{l(lil 2il'1.1~

,,¥:t <{\'l~. ~n~. 1!J\'i tl1lGl.!{lutl. iil~l~.

\9¥3 t(l~~~¢:\. ~I,ctl.!.. 19\'4. 'tHlIn!{l. \3-\1. ... rr ,,\\ tl'lI£l~I • ~11JfLu,.t. .\rct!{l ~l. 19'('i ~'LetUl. ';).'lctU\. """ I~

~o ti'1l\. Ili.I~l)LL1l. ~r .... 1.91.9'\. :foH~I<-u. ((t~. 1.9'lf\!j ~Ill!l'll'. cf81utl. ~~ tl~l.s. Ili.l~l)Il11. "- 1.9'«, .:ul~'ll1-. ftl. lli )l~llf\ • ,,,

13193 ~~I~\~I. utt~:tl:!lil'1.l~. ~r

~"{ ~~I~I. ~ll~. ~cc UI~U,\. 1\IQUl.

1.91.9"\( \-\ct..£l. ' 'IU.!.~. ~a't ~:lR'l~. ~:tl"I~I.

~ ~·G'lctL'lI\. (3~Il. ~c:t tflll\. ~I.

~r ~oa tfllt~len-~l6l~~ll. -tCl~.

19\9>9 ~1~\~1. :'Ial. t_a"{ ~'lt~lE{l f1l1'=ll..fl. .ut~.

~t. ~11s:n~l t'tlrll. "'tlutRlllctt,s . 1.0"1( tfl"lil~. q~~1JL

1919~ ~I~:nlll ~lli. IItI"'t.R'W:II~. lo\ ~"liI~1. (3rtI.

"to ~ils~l~. ~t:l~. l.o\'J ~'ltl\{l. "'t.~I~:

\'J1.'t ~i"lll~lqH. <>t~l~. lot. :HI~ctl~. :ln~

~:t ~i :lllctl~1. :lU\. (.o~ ~\~~I. c{l~lq ..:t'...... 1.9(.3 til~l{~l~l. ~~I~. t.'I.o {d~Gt. C3r[I~

1.91."{ ~i:lIl~I. "'iI"tR~Wtl~. 1.'1.\ ~il.I~\. .tR«.

19

1.91.19 iji4.~~I. :ln~. l'l3 ~"IIl'lI~. 1It~1.i.

\9t.(; :tikI. fli.lElPU .... lW ~"IIl'll~. ~~I~~\l~'lL~ . .... 1:9t.i'l ~lq~'ll~ q,'~0'(l. l'l'l ~"IIi'lL'. t(.sI(J'j~

\9~o ~I":t~. :)a~. (.'1.\ ~"IIl'lI~. c(h:(l~\:'

\9~'1. :alllt~'ll'. ct~l

\9~:t :al~.!l. ~nt cu ~"'t"l.f.l~l. ~"'l'ql.!l.

\91t3 ~l

\9~'I( ~llt~.u. .tn~. lU ~\ql. ;)fi\. .... \9~\ ~m~cu. 'q,~ltl!ll.

t.~'1 ~~.. ~ !dllll~I •.

Appendix B (Continued).

~'~~lrl ~rll;)l4.cit )ll~l~'l q~(\'l~f 't:tk, ~~ 't~o't ~ ~.ila~ q~ctl ~l~'l'l ~ atb{

Cl~dl. Cl~dl. ·fut't. 31l~lrli rll't. 31l~l<\i <\l't. ~~tit. I ~l. ,at!i. ("" :!!~~. ~1. !':l.

'I. ~'U::lL$. '1.1.9[)([ 'I.'r,'lI'oa 3)(:t'lft 3 Jli5Ylr{~~. \\9 :t\ ~3

&·::lL~. '( .{r~ll

'I. ~w:t.!.1, ~~~- 'It ~,,{!:l. H\9 30'1. H[ cUet, 'li.~ ~i ~ '~l- ... "1. .... \0)( 'tHo ~ ~PI. ... ~'1tdl!.ll • \3\ \3'{ ~\\

~ ~'~I~~I~, ~1'1t<\I- \a '{o '1.\3 \9 ~l'li.'Ht. an ao~ !,,'to ~ ~~ct. [ 'kU"lI. ~o)( 'l~\9 '(0' 3 ~l~~~i', 'Ui~-:(l, " 'Ii'~'et~, "tl.n~l- !! Cll~l~l~~,{. ,'t W :til ~, ~1(1t~, ~"'l.. u- '('Ii'( 'l~!! !,,'-t3 'l, "t1-s'l!{1~1 'iiI- \~ (;ii~IE~ [ ... ['Ii 'i\9\ Q,l1, ctUll"{"(I

'I{ ~:trl.l)!~, I1il~{l , \9:t '('t '1.'1.19 W (;i~IE~. \'to 'I.'lil 30'1. ~~ct. 'i,'I{ et.1. '1.19'1. 'I,'i)( a'll! .... 111~.!.I, utd{\l{l- ct.!.::tl ~1~1, ~~- ,... ~:{.il{l. \9~ 'r,d \¥\ G't!'~, hl&.L ~l- '1.3\ '1.'t\ :t,H. .1lJtl, 'li.1~ '~hll \\9 a~l~~l. 'I.!!)( ~o:t a~\ ~~<1. - U !St"lld{\. 1(,3'! :t't\ '(~o \'('(\9 \O!!1.!l :t'l.'lI"t ,~ hl(,\~. H\9 :to!! '(31r,

- :to lll.i1. ~ , a["" 3Pt' oU'=lUl. (!!3 t'li:t "''('Ii - - U u{l~'Ii}LCI{\. N\9 :t'l{'l( '{at tJUU\r\~lC:U'. H ~~I'1.~~I. " 'I.' ~:t , 'lOS ;),,3 ~'.1~ 1l1Cl\l. ~n 'tl ~a "U.ct't~. n a!

~ ~!\~\. ~W ~0'3 't'I.IS ~'( hllltt't~. ,:tv 'lao :t't'( n ~~L~l~. \)(( 't.:t\9 . ~\9't 3 ~L~I't~L.

~\ 'lltl~t\L !''llfllll, ~'-l "''t 't.'to 'I ~l:tlu\. ~I.o 300 'tl.o

N "SL~ b·lU(lltl. 't't 3l \9't '-: ~~(\Irl"'-l~.

'1.'\\

"''1.

3'1 "I.(\~{l. ... , '~3 H ~L~l.

3'l ct!'.1~. '\ \\9 't.a 1ij£l~L&~.

3\ \I:<.tflltl. ,\0'1 'it li.~. \00 \9\

'00 ... , 'l \1. '\t ~~1.1E{l.

\3

3

(I{ '\1.3 'I.l 'lltl'-ll.

33 't,

30

'{'( "Letl :~mAl~l. \\

\3

'1\ ~~~l. '10

WJ ~tll "t~~t, 'I. 'lft 'l.'ll.! ~3l :t't ~t~O:{~1.

'II. OU~ti.l'Ull. 'tH l't :to\9 ~\ ~q't. '10 '10 . 1.0

'lit tNt.

'to ~l~l. [---1-- ~ Ie :til'lJ{~I,

30 ~L"l~\. \\ \)(3 a

\3

a¥ ~[~~~l.".

a" ~.i~~Q. a'c. "1&1.

a'!) ttl'l1a~.

a~ ~l~"'t{~. 'N 'l(V ~~ \{ ~I~~. :!,."It 'i."" n

ak ll&l(l. V\ a\ ~ \~ I:{l'l('lil. V~ '1(\ \00 "0

va 'I~'I 'cr(~ct. \3 ,\

W !W. 'I." W a\ I!JV !M(I.

~a "\ "'l

'i. ~ a "" ~ll.l. ~lE{l.

Vl ijcr(~l~" ~~ I!Jl ~l~IE{l lllE{l.

V~ ~·~H.

't~ ~,I(In,:{tct.

'I, i~lfJ\l.

'R 'I~'lttl!,~.

'\{3 lll~ls~'.

'\{V 'IJ{'>(l,:{l!l.

\90 'i. V'I{ l"lt rtit~. .3\

'\{\ l~fJ\I. '1.0 l"" i{~ll,~,..nlli~ !c(\. ,\{" ~l"'ijl.

~~ ~l~ql~.

~o ,\{l~n. \ \ 'tijctlfJ\l.

\~ rtit''II1. ,,~ ~I~L~. ~It 'l" 'i'" 'lH 'U{\~I~~. \'I.'t WI4 3ol(

~a G{(~I~~. \. \, H\ H3 Cf..s.r:.(\~lu\L. 'I.l\ ''t~ 3'(\1

W lL~ 33, 30 \9'1.~ "\.=t'i G"(~)Ie(\ '!.'lto 'I.'l'lt ~\'It

fl't :I.{\'II{(l...... ISIt \'(\1 H'It ~hUctl. ~:t:t Hfl '(\I,

fl\ ·

~\9 ~~I~. 3l y<- lo H\9 'Pl{\~l. W \ :t.

t!l :s~~ 11~i, 'I. 0 l 't'l'l ~:t.3 Hl (§·l,:tl. 1S't. \l '\it.:

~r.: ltH~I~~:f. '('t 'tr.: '1. 0 3 H~ ~~l~{t. 'Ito )"\ It\ .~

\00 ~l~~l~. 3\ :'/,,\9 \3 't30 :IJl'IJtICfLI. 'lH \0'\ H3

't D\ ~'I1I~, '1P- 3\ it: \3\ cUG"({\ (\a~~.) 'IU )"\ r.:~

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Appendix c. ~rltij ij'l(~ ...lr"'!rt~ lU~rl(~ !l~ ~~c(t ~~'~nrt'\ ~~rtl.

't. Cl:td\ ~,~;(l~' ~,~ ~~' 1I'(~~!i' (1'-" 'l{l ~l

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\ 00 ~\ ~I:fiortl O'I""'t~1 alliefi ~!s ~14 'tl~dl Cl~a ~!il~lti 'lJifltl rl 'tl 't~ ~lk~i 't~ ali :aIl~~ll ·rut' tiU\Cl\\oJ ~~.

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(3"1H 0 oU."t ~"Uf~'. '" iJl!s ~'IJ.Ii 't~ ..flit rtlr{l rt,.{\ ill~r\~l Qla ct:cdl ~"lctl :IIllllt.l\ (3't, ct:cdl' ""'''1 ~'@tct'{l(J{\ ~ll{ 'aIl~ctl ij),!r 't,rll ~~!r @tFlllti Cl Y.~';tl ltl~!S .. ~Cll all{:IIl';t (lG'( 't~rll ufint (ijl)l~i @t1:1d ~~di ~ll{ Cll t~!s (3'1{~ ~,g~l ~,g~l rl'tIt~ 'l(l.!~l. 'l.l, ij),l.aJ(:t·'I(~tl rct~~rll :(letla-letlt.l\l @tll l1ti ct~l ~t(I~Il, llr~~ (¥l' ~at (\ aet~'rll ~~ :(tct :(tetlG'( awt~ ~~~ ~Ii(cte{l ~';t ~1lG'('fi 11111. ~ (letl 1I.1~~1::t :ll~~ ct211 ~"t"t'lltrll lsLll't~ tIt~ ~I~-ll 'Y.1l1Q,J 'St1&!"{Cll. 'l~. ~~~ ~'tIt'l:fl it it "t:q :vti~r{l 1t'cr,g:(le{l ""Ill (\~' 1tlfu!s u{lavt llr~r[l.{\ 'l{i"'llfl ctl:(l'Ut ~~.(l ~l\\'''( 't~iit all. l\lb~(\L ~~~' ~t{l ~"i\~ 'U\lc:tL;l.L 1t1~'L~ ~n~ 'IIt~';t1 ~~llJt ~"tl(l.t avtll. ~o. ~!s )ll~ ~k 1l1~la

ctl:(l"lJ\ ~ ~ :'tt"~'!Jt~ \l!oo, ~'C".\(\ \l!'t\ rtl @tl~'t'G ~a l ctlHft. l\rQ}~n~ ~l~\e(~lla ~ .. ~~ !sflt~rt~, ~,grtlll~ "~l. ~aq alif'c1't~ ~lq~U ~ ~11~1..n q~dl )1~~1~l ~l~ ~.a ~~'tti d ~l~l ~lq~h ~l~ d ~l~~l ~l. :tIt ~rij~ ij'4~"lrSrl ~~ql~' ~ do ~·tJt·~.n ~ tt~ctl

't. c~~"q, M' ~t1.il "ta~ :t~~lr[.{\ 1Jt ..';\ fJtlcr,g~ ~\rll fJt ..~ ~l"" (~:lrt(:t) ~ :D(E, ;; ~ Gll"l :IIlI~aL al~ a.u C".\"dl "I~:{\~' 1IiOl ~et'q, "Ut11L ct~\e{l ""~; 't~'~ =t~~wn IJtr::t, utl"S~ '~rlllJtr::t, ~l"l ( ~llrl~ ) ~ ut~l~<{l ~~1tl ;; at 't~~'l~rli 1tcr,g'11l ~''Ui, ~i'ltIC{IUlI..fl ?!''ltn~1 1Dt~ aeti ufiQ'ti :Ulct~~IUl ~li ~ctl~i ~!I~I, ~u~i ~~ a.u c{=td\ )l~'l1d hill ;; ~1~IQ..fl ~~~i a 2Itl~Q Q~ a ~QIQ-ll ~I. ~l. ~r:tt:tt ''ltR·:~rl:~ ~lctl Q~-ll :I.lla} t\1~ ls~'tl:f~, ltl~ a ~~ rIl1 -t!blls~ a..u :ut'~,-tl ~"It~i rct~~~1 :ttllct~ 'tl a ~ltlQ} tt,!lQ Uo'~l4lti II:t.ltl~.ij b~ a..u ct:tdl ~I~,(l !I,­ ql~' bllt altQ} Hctl~' ~I-llti '1'Ili~·. ~. ~Q~-lL ~lb~L \ ufi~;;, aq~ \ 'l~ ~Q~..£\ ~~lti bllt lr,ctl ~I~ 'It,'!! ;;~l lrl~ 'il ~~ ~'H ~~I~~ ~~~ ~~ ut~R ~~~i ct~::t ~h 'lt1~1 "'l1'tOI ~l~ (tltr{l ;)1~"1 ;;.u ~tlti ctlt-ll'" :utlo~i 'll{ a:I.lla}-lL 'I. ,I. ~rtt~ t!'tl,"lrlrl 4'~l..(\ ~. 3. 'QQ-ll Q't~lut'~ ltlf.1~l ;; ~~~-ll lsl~ l3't~ (t~1 ~I~~l ~l~ a lsLlt..fl 'ltl~ t!~l ~ll{ :ut~ a fltl)l, l3't, tij.~~ ~Q~ Q~..fl ut~I' ~I~ al 't~ altlf.1~L..fl ;)l~o;(l :tt'ut'~ ~'le\-ll ~l. ~L ~r:tt~ t!'tr\,:~rlrlL~ .;iif ls,ctl~' '1'{1.

:tl'q~ ,~'t\ '11 fltl~'It~ q@ W 'tR otlW, C11{lvt ~~ l{l. tt\lwt, ~~ \!!u. ~,ct.1-lPL~.

ll~~L~ ~~Lq~L~ ~r~~ lrt1t-tl-t" 4f,g'1I~L' ~J~.

~l. ~l. ~rij~ ij't~rlr~rll~ lltl~ :tI4l~(l ~~t1lrll i?Jld~·eut1 ....i rtl~'t ~ii.tt1I.

\. ~~!li\L11 '11~ ~·ut·tt (l'U~ :I.lla}lti ~!I :ttlltlrl{ ~H~ ~l tt ltL~ tt llU'~ ..fl~ llltLQ} ~H~ ~L'Ili~',~ (:ut) :q~~1 tt'!I~~' -ll~ Cfi' ttl ~ll ls:(l a 't~-ll ~Hls~l-ll '11~ 2tle\ol ~~iltlti Cfi' \Cf ~ ...... illt ~vt=li, (ut) 'Cfi' 1I.1~' =t1~-l1 :ut~'l 'i'\l ~I:f~~ al 'I~" ":utI" u\S" ~ :ut~~I~1 ~\- , . , lr~I~1 -lIlt 'twu. ( ls.) .~ ~ ~, ~~ ~H!S~I-li -tIll 'tl&ctllti ~. :ut~ if :ut6.t~1 ~E{l ~e(l ~O!'t ~ 'l~ g~o =if ~q,L :ut~' 'It~ g~ct Z ~ql.

~. ~'11 2tl~lti f(\ ta'n -l'ut~ 'l(WUlt{ :utlQ ct~l a 2t1~-l1 ~l. ~l. ''I(r~rl ..lrll~ ct~L ~UQ ~'tRrlrl"ll~ ct 'Jial ct"t<1 Rlt<1L~1 ~~l :ut~.;1:f' lsl:f' Gl{lut ~l ~l ~~ l31(~ -l'I){\ [q~, A~ctL-ll ct:(l} altQ} ct'tlt~1 a..fl Glautctl~ ut,l!'t, (~llt{lt:q) ~i~ ~rutt(l. 3. cti~..fllil"'l ut-lI~Qi ~'~i ~Il{ ~i ~ls rll..fl G'/;)Il (3'l~ ~l[l~ ~tNl a(3't~ ~l­ <11\~ -l'ut~l 'Stt'-ll '1w:ti, 'ltf!l ~''1~iill '11~~!all ~'all U(-tL~GtI ~Ill (l-ll <3't:t ~l llltlQ) '1'ut~L 'tIn -tL61~ rltil't ~i Gtlb-~l-ll ~ ll-l-ll lrl!lt, -ldl\~i, ltlJ\-ll ctl~QjI :ut­ ~ctl :dla.b-O:{l-ll 'I(''IliI~1 ;; ~1G'/ (3,~ ~~!lIr{\ -tlb-l~ a(3't~ .fut~ 'tI~ctl. lfllLUl.{\ ll~l Ql't,t(l '1~'t.

Y. f(~ l3'l~ '1'ut~ 'ltl~ctl ~f!'t'~ 'St\ijltG'/ 'ldl ~l'l ~lt G'(~l'l ~ it 'ldl :utll a ~i>. ~~..fl ~~-tl 't\ ~6.t W~~u~i :utl~~. (~) it f(~ ~l~ 'Ililat (itlti ~l~:tt ct~i -l ~I'l) ~I'l 'It:t"g <11~'II( \ E{\ ~l~ :tt:t \~o' ..fl ~1<1·~~ :utltctl a~i 'l,(l~ ct~i ltctl ~'~Cl at'l a 'L~ l3't~ ~lat "llt1E{l ~lctl ~Gi -l'!'t\ 'l(l~~I. (-\Ll) 'll(1E{l ~n ~li\ atlti ltl~~ ct~<1i rl al'l a. it 't~~i ~I~l 9t~t al'l ~L~ ut'!:ll<1l ~I'l 't~ alti 1ll~~ C{~i rt al'l al a "tlEfi ~l~;£·. (~) ~L~I~, ~l!S!1 ~~~l.ft ijU~n, 'I~ ~i~cu.n a(:llt 'i~' ~'ut'~ tl~l>al~i -atl~~l q~'il.£t ~'~qctl ~~'~'ictl 1til '1H~1:Il Is~cti ~'~q etl'Sl (h a 't~. ~q~ ·fut~ 'tl.1~l, 't~ ~ ~'\"#l'i -t Gl'~11.( al a 't~ rl ut~ 'tl.1'iI::tl -1.",1 ; (~) ~H1ti 'rll~ if 1(~::tl 1tl~1s ~ll.(, ~l~ct ~ll.(, ;,n~91El~ all.(, al't~ a ~~~l ~~al al't al a~!, -tl-at ~Hl Is'JtaYEI~rll :!)ll~rl-ati a"t~', (St) i;tls ~En '& lal~i ~!I?fi 'i~l~ ~~ ~l't al ct ct-atl1t ~n ~'\H ~'Cl ~,g~l rl'ut~ 'tISt ~"lJ.1{ utl~l~rll "tl~ ~'t~ ~~ill~::t ~ill rl'ut~ a'lJtq,I. ~l~~l ctft~ ~A­ l~1ti :im ~~ ~ll.l ~::t aVrll :It~al ~~ ~'t~ 'ti:lt1t1 rl'ut~~ -tl~ lrft 11 i A- t . Is ~ Is t ~ll 0~1 ~n ~'H (. ~l~il.1 rl'ut~ 'l(l~~l ~II.( al tj'U.l.( "tl~ ~'t~ ~ 'l'll, ".ii1t a'lli~f . ( ij) i;tlr ~~rli thtct~i 9flSt V\ ~ll:J~1 ~~l ~~ctl ~tl{ al ut'::t 'l~ ~~El ~~l rl'ut~ 'U~t:{l, (~\) aV tt~ ~'l~ -t'''t~ 'l(ll~l thtH.ii ct ~':t 'l(l bit G!$-t~ .fllt~ 'l(1.$q,1 ':t~ :llill alit :ut&tcu rt'ut~ "'l!~l 't~ rt~'~ ~~ ut'~Iif' 'i~~f &tIl.{ al 't{\. .ll.iieu rt·"l~I.n 0lr Cij-tl lr~1 ('irll:utl ~~rtl 'll~oil ~~ ~'I(~ if -1.'ut~ ~LI.{ Ct;'tL 'tll rt'ut~ Ct ~'l':t 'l{ll'q,l aYll\ 3'l III -t'IIt':trll ~~ "'~ :!)l~ 3\ -atl.n ~aai i;tlil ~ ut'::t.n q:ltlli iJilr '& a~ ~~'t ~~ rl1i 'It'\:tl~l'-fi rl'IIt~,fi Gl'H G"/~l~ al (N~ a'l~, 3't 'It, 3'" lr, ~ .-at~ ~ll rl'ut~ 'll!t:{l 'l191 ~l \l~';)l 'ltoicti ~~ lr'i~cta( ~lq all 1s~CllrJ' 'Utl~ \4lrllli ~1'Ut~',

'to ctl~'IIl ~\ ~ tt~'utl~;'t '~oo rtl E=tttla ~lt~ ~~lr 3)( :ut'lr ~ rll "til \:t il. ll. :tl, ~ .. \i~ ~'I{~rlrlrll::t \lLtlllllr 1s1~ HCll.f\ ~:ilrll.£t ka-at (. .(\ ::tlllli aV 'fl ~Illtl -tl~l ctftl ,)1191'iLlli ~LC)lti ~ alli ~ -atl" q~cQ 'l"ML !JLll -atLl (,) ~rlL,)I', It ~rll, (3) 'tll~, (v) qlLClU\, ('I{) q'tltlfl, (\) !d\~L~l::tGl' "'l~~ ct.(t\ :ll~n 'ltl<ll =t (-tI~l ctft~ rl :ll~cti) all-at :ll~Cli, ttE~~ 1s~-at-ati 1ti,)I~Iu\~' rll1t -t1~l ct:(ll a"t~ ~I{l ,)l~' 0 a~ ~'I{~rll '" ~ -t1~~1 ~'t~ict ~lct-atL -ati:ll~I61=t 'I{~ "'L~~ ct:(\l ,)I~qllti ~lq 0 ~l~ (\) Ir,grll,)l~, (~) lli,)l~IU\, (3) ~rll, (y) 'l(ll~, ('I) q~lqU\, (,) ~'tltlfl ~::t (,,) ~dl~l~l ~ ~lct::t -tl~l ct:(\'& ,)I~'illli ~Iq, 0.

\l'Clca \fl't' rll :utl(\-t ttR , ql~ ~R, ctl(l'lll:t,'t l{l ~Ib"ll"t~ ~ \~~ D. .rsrll.)14.

"r.EllGt ~lClEU~ ~~\t bl{ltrl~ ~rtl:l'~ ~l~.

Appendix F.

~"l\'ij ii\\~~ l\~ ~'Us,l'{\ ~''t'lSi\~l'+\i ~~~a ~\)\II\''I\~ ~'u ~~\'\\~~"\~ ~~lqoil~ '4':t~ t,::t H:o ~.

,; .r "I~ • .. 1i1l.fi 'I.~~ •• ~ ;c- ~Iil~ rI~rll~lrli r\1~. I ~a 'Ut~. ..'t'] ~·\l.'U. 1,9'1lllQ,O ~lJltl\. 'IJt~. I l(~ ~ ~ltl ~l{l v I 'I

q:tdl~l~o;(l.fi ~~~'IIt!l{~ '1.00 (Ill "-11 0 \9) rll " "'11 ~ )l1"~U' :l1~,[\t{1 ~~ortl \00 \!!Il 31U~1l 0 ~31 ~Il

3 -tI~''lit :it1~11.(\ h1~,"i!l{{ 'I. GO ~II '\lU~1 ° (I ~I 'i ~1l"L~laill'lii ~w:u.fi h1~'''i!l{\ \00 "'11 'Ull~ (I (I ~I "'l rwt~,'IIt!l{t '1.00 \9U \:u 0 ~l

, &'l1.(\ ~qlr\ ~\ct{r\1 ~~\"i!l{{ \900 (. Y ° '\t \9 dl.fl ~lt(f.1 ~1'1{l 3000 \H {Oil) ~ 0 H\)~

( ~l1r 't'(~. \900G 3\1Il ... ·I!l II ~\9Il

~1"L1"t ll~'l1 ... l ,~~ l.l~ 'too " ~~ ~ 0 {t: \0 'ltll .. ~n l.l~ r.t:l;({l.~l~;{l-li ,~~ \00 30 'I.) ~ 0 3'1.~

~Ult"t lll:!.l~l"'l \9'1000 } " "ilr\~n lll!>~"'~ :utl'I:=llril noo ~V"..lll 1313'1.l11" 'I.o·Wl~

.n. ll\1~~ ilat '1.000 W Wllioi 0 'lnll 01

\3 ;)1~'l1 t.lilt{'l Ifl~hct bH1Iqrll~t\~t ~QOO {{II \9lll~lI 0 301~11

tv yqJ...{I ll~~ ',fl"la ~'1t.fl lh'l~ ,00" 'w,1lI 01 ~11! 0 \9) ~1Il

\'1. 'Ujlrl~n )l·~';"~ "€tf.I

,~ ~~HlQ[l-lll. ..:" {oe "'Ill ,) ~ll 0 I.9lll"ll :to ·t,;~\a:!lPl~ l (. n 1It~~il'l\ :IIi tin , \'1{) ;. ~'t) Ii" l'MU\I{l, H \!(I\3r1 ~~~~-il'l~ ~li~rt, -lPI/. ~I{t <'t) ~ ~'lt) ~ ~~1 ~Ul. <3 ~'Jt}[~ ~lll~1 'Ii'311~L a lolll.... ,LL {.olll.... Ul

~'i ~!I{}[t{l ,;alill ~l~ ~:~Qrl Wl!t\ a~!!Il 'to (t - ~·~llo:.lil a. . 'C lUI ------~~ ... '~tI4L WOOI~l \v) "'" ~~~I

Appendix G.

~~1. ... ~~ ~H~i'll l.~·'t. 'tJ.lGit)l, ~l'lJt~1 I rim lU1-l~', lll- - lIi1H, ~'iJi":\l Ml~. t~t...... R.... ~ :!l{::!~~ !>.I{~H't ~~~ ,;iflt

~lt1lcn ~~tttii~ 't ~t 't t.~~ 'r.t1~

~1~1"llct.

~ ~H 't \1llt1 ;"'-l~

3 sJI1 't I I:tl\.tR ~1.~

'i ;;.u({l 't ~lrtt '-ll11)"J{ ~

:t. -",ij.f ~iY.(1

,3 ~tlt~ '~;i1.~

,

'I ,,~ -t "Illl({l.

I:

M[ l!t'.. ~~~ 'll{1c1~n ~l~:fl 't~!r alfl".f.1 't1 ct.l ~I~:fl!rl~ (~ .. ~~~~~) 1}o~L~ "t~Hlti d ~~.. i rt'ufl..{l ~Llt {l"l\I~'1I '~Ml'<\i ~.!.~:l:'-tc{\ ~{l ~

Appendix H.

~l~-~U ~I~n-ti ~I r~o:u~ dl{l~ u{l~' 1l~~~Il{i ~1iI~E{\ :tl:lt

(t) )L'Ll{.(l ~l,,~l q~.(l '4.~'U'

(t) ':ViI :lli1'lJ{l 'l«~l{i 1ll~(l{lr (l{l~~lc{\) ~l~:(l nl. \ 't ~ crvt:t~l:(l~:t '\ItG\ C{l, l{'3lUl~ -tl~ h:(l <11. \0 lit '~:llil:(l ~::t '~o' ctl< ,fr-l ~~1ii ,(:(llr'c(l. (~) ~~!s ~l!S {t~ ~!s~!s ~l!' !rl'!~ <1~l~~h ~u~ {t& ail!' ~h ~

(a) l{l~l~l'~i lo1.al!s ~l& lsl\~:tl ~~il (lctl \Ulctlil.al ~ ~l~ ~~ a~ ~ll{l"~ ~1~'(1 ~,(lr a~l ~l{~::t 1If.<11Jt< Iij:(l.. -tl~ l{L"l ~l~~i l.l~1 ~~l 'J,!oIi ~!/:tl ~l~! rt.~~L WIUllrU ~Il{l"~ 3l~?[l 't'lh

(\) ~~!r ;Jtl!llttrll ~la<11 !rllt::t ~.!.~~ rl ':Vil~ aeU:(la ~iG'H~ctl~ <1"l\ actl ~Q1Ul ct~a 1l'il{..f\ 1)1~'lrh!' !l1~ ~O:{I!i' I:Atlrl~i ~l'llt~'~

(13) ~~l{\~ :ll~~l 't~~i ~~1s ovtlttrl Ml :(l(\ QoI"ctl~' 0 (\r{l ~:v.~l ~l ~lPl X!l\~ ~~~r~i ~l~~ ~ a

((.) ~'t,ctl\:["'~1 q"ll ~l~,q ~~*~l ~lct~lctl(}.· !Ill{ 1Jt<11lf.'\ GJ~~~H ct~l Ql~~~' ~~ ~ ~ ~~, ~=:tl

;t'l;-~U~ ~'l~~I~iI5~l::t atleU atleU ;q1'tSliil ct~1 ct~i ~l'ai atl'ai UJ:tI~ 'It'!)I, ~I"'tl~ ~1~"1-ti 't"~l, ({~I "Utl-1.:)U )lt~l';t :uu'I{-:tI-ti 't"~1 ~I'tl a~l ~l~!l~. cll~ 't"~~I~ ~i~ ~1"Ut~1 ({~l a.fi 't1~(R \!'I{~~leti~1 'tl~~ ~c(\.

('i. 0) ~I~il.fi ~I'I{U ar!{l~~!: 'l{l~~ u{t~ ,(I~ 1I'r\!{ ~l~ a ~Ilt alai itl~l ~"Ut({';! "'tIl ~I~ al'l~ 'Iu~dl ;Jt1'l(C{1 ~~I';!I ~I.~ q"hl ~1"Ut~1 ~~iij. ('1.'i.) ~1?I(lus )1~"1.u~ ?IL~ ~l~~ 'l~ ?Ilf'a.fi ({'tl~~ :I)t~ .flll({I~L ~r:tL~ d ({~l­ "'t~l ~i~ ~litrtl (~) 'I{::t1s ~1l1Q,) ~l"Ut~l.

(H) ~I?ll(l1s ~L~,ft~· ~lll :l.LLa!1· ~l't (_~l~ ({~lll :t?lOt ~a ~~ ~lll !It~l!lt~ ?Il~~ (t~l ({'I{L~ ({l\!iIt ':tL"Ut~L, otI\';! ~ ~ ~~~,\\G'{ tLcO ~a Q,\L~ 1J~ otI\~1sLctt{\.

(\3) ~l~"l'(\ ~~L ~\tl(l!.& ~L~,(l tl~1 't~ ~~~a ~'t\c{lf)\~l 'tl~~ l\1~Llli ltLU <11. 'l'l-~-,~o, ~Iillli ({lll'fl 'tl~ ~lcfl a-r.{t ~eI~. d ~'l <1i\I~ 'tld ~a n'tl~ q~l~ fija.fllll~ll 'tl~ ({I. ,Ell ltl~r{\ ~"-Ll.(\ ~I\?j~ ltl~ t'll. ~,,~ '~~l~ '\~o, :ij,l:fil1i u-'~I!S ~l~~';tl';t hl llil ~'lH':tLotJi~l~ 'tL':td\ ~~ iii"tfl ~cfl. ~L ({l~UtI::tL ~il:t 't'lt!: (~) lti ~1"Utc{L~1 ~.

(w) it )l~~~~ c "UtI-flO )!~~~ !ij~c{lrti 'I~L, ;Jt1"4i al~ dlt.fl ({tll all-tl ~Hi ltl~~I.fi ({tll ~"Unl @{\"Utl~iijlr{\ ~I~flt& ;)I~il !s~r:tlt{l -t~ a ctl({ U.~I1s !1~~~1 ntll ~'t\ctl\JlS~I-t1 It-t '1H ~l~ :(1.1 ~ttlctt{\.

~l~-';; )l~:titl (3~ ~tlr

It!! .H

(n) ~l}[ ~~~':l , ~l!r E{\;);:l !!ItJL~ :I)t~1l :!Iiil'{fil~~1 "i.lcE !H~qi ,,~ 1iL~ "'~ \ ~et~ d HQi ~~~Cl-Uo~lls E{t;);:l q~:r i:l.l~i q~l~ ;Jt'l{ltlctl ot·~I·Jt~ H~I.

(,~) ~1~r.U ~l~~rfl ~$ ttl~ ~1"Ut1 Qih~ cvtd ~QJ"Ut~ ~~ "'~ ~ltlflt!r :l1~~1::t1 .flltt1l~1 ~~I, :!Ii::t ;; Uoal!rlli (q{l~{ f#l':l Gt~ll.{ a Uo~l!r ~Iutl ~d a~l~ Q'lL~ ~'1L'L !~~\ ~'eJ~.

~~l.r(\ ;)LQj~'l ~"I)(\..n ~:q.·u.

('i.'3) ~1l.fl :)l!ilJ?{l Qt. 'I. c.{l lll~ ~';t 'I.~o'i. .{l ,Ietrtl ttL({ 1J1.!I'I1{I~ .tl~ !r~ !It-tcti ~I:fi ~1,,1-tI!!lt" "i.h1. ~l{Illi "i.:it .!I,:(':tl.ft ~.

(ott:) c1l. 'I. E{\ ltl~ tt::t '~o't .fi ~iG'{

(1~) "Utl~ l~l-tlli ~1"tCll~f ~ ~ ~qG«l ~I~il ct"Utd " ~ldl-tLLc(l " rku~ ~~ ~Iif 't~ :m~ 1 ~tu'l'" ~1'I{~cu-ti -t'.fl. (~o) Qlll~ ~c.tl ;);:?Iill '~3.. ~ arI.I.iP.fi Qltl~1 :l.I1~::tl ~~I ("11:)1 Qltl .flllC1lrtl Q:(l~ Q'tl~ ~\k

(:I,. \) (1,l. ~ ~ lll~ ,~O 'I. .fl ~iG'{ ~I:{lll.i ~·h Uoal& }s1~~-1 art, ~,1I~-11 ~'l'ctlf. lS~",,1 ~"i.~"Ut.n~ 'tlQI-tl ~L1s-ti ~1 ~H~l::tl (~l~ :utl~-t "i~lll~l) ({?II q~~l~ ~~';tL ~,CllfJLl 11:(\ ~Iit~· (eI) 'I~!ij:(\ ~"'1IiflS~::t "~i:l.LI~1 ~ ~

~L~-ea :ut::t ~~I:t..n ~"IMtl 'lll,n ~ ct'lli 0l!r~i :utlr:fi fI'lll ~ (I Il~!( l!{lrl ~'2tc\llti :utl1 ~. ~lt rt ~lt~i 1 ~1 :ut::t ~~~..(l ~''\M{l ~llil iiil~ 01!r~i rt :ll\l?lq,i. 'Ira ~~!r ~IHi tt'fIt'Q 'l\2t~l :vutlrll!.i ct ~ ~ ~ ~~It 0 iii ~"Ut1l1 0 ~~ 'li~'lt.l ~lttt1· ~i ~lE{l ~ ~"tnJ 0 :ut::t ~l~l ~t It et'l){l!{l ~ ct tl"lMtl

(H) ttl. \ (.fi ~l~ ~~ 't~o' .fi ~~~ ~l(\ "'tor'-{l 'l~ai lllll~i ~"'u

(~3) iillr..fi iillb ~lrl!rll !(:(t'(t a'Utcur{\ alll ch ct "i~'i.:(l \:(1~ :ut~~ :uta,H' ~'I){11i a'lt. Ui.·~l"'t~(\ H~l, 'l~ '~'t':t' ~ tlE':t ~:l.l!r (\ql u{\~ ~l{ -tl·.}o~l 1 MI(Il.fi ~q,?j,1 !r~ql 'N\ "'~. .

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"Utltl ~a ~.II:!' l-ltl!f.'llrfi ,:(1 'tl:1lllf

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(l) ,u':{, (~) qt>~<{, (3) ~U<:l :vttL11 Nl (3'lI~Us,

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~ fYt=tdl~ ~"icti qi~cti ~11~.!l· ·~L~ a~l 't'll CI{::t ctl "I:J'~~lli a~ ~lilG'l' G:l~lqql.

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it"'~l (;Cf.I~ ... (('».1 ~l"l l ~llll[G'( ltl" 1l1[~1"l ctlt=t ctll':t "~~~i (!'cll~i) ~l~cti. 't~~Cf.Ir{\ (k1{1 't~"'!.'{l !r~L (;rll luf ~,~lt:t \{lctl~ 't1(~~i ltlrlcti ~l~ 'tr~ :(lctIG'l'~ ct ~~~ ~'Ull~f .q ~ll{ ctl ct"'~ fCII~i :ll~o:ti.

~ll[~ j'cu{l ~cti a=t ~lni ~l~ (h"~ ct~ ct~I':( ,,':(~e[\ ~l~~\. ~G'(~L (1'-t1 q~l~ Cf.~l':t 'I.L\~~lfti ~I~cti.

:utl~~ ~ldlt:-

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~1111" rLq,' cltt1 '''1'':- ~L :lJi1~-t -t1?!' ~a 1s1~ !r~-tI~litl:tl ~'IMt '=CQIIJt!.1lctrtl ~ll~' ~ =IIi:t =llil~rl «l~ a~:tl 'tll 1:t.'QI :IJi"l.r.t1 il,,~ fct~tt 'tll ""'I:tl ~lll at a~irll;; 't~l ':fl:tl <3'l~ a ctl\t'~ Q'\l{Cl ;)IlUlClI ~lll a ~41.L I\'Q, lJt(llr.tr.tI~· ~.

~,,& :-~b 'tl~~::t ~bt{l rqtltt 'Ul l:t'I:tL alit aL a !.1~I~ :VH~rl '-tl~l~i ~'-lr.tl-ti -t'-O., 'tr~ a !.1~l~ 't~l 1\·l:tlitL~i~ aYrtL <3'l'\ a a:t, Ql\t'~ tt"U(!.1 "UUlaL ~Ill at'( ~u ""'QI ~l" ~"tctl:tL~. EI~~l CI:fil iii!' ~I~~ 1s'l~~1 oI.ll'll'\ ls~~lIIt';f a..n ~Iil ~~Irtl clUff ct~lq:tl ""'~l ~~w al a-tl ~'ut'l:t~i 14 "r.t~L :utL~rl~i u 1s'l~:tl ~l'll~ " iil~ et'\l{~l' lIIt:t ~.a~l

lIJ!,l~-t~i U t;.l(llI'f ct41.lct:tL I:t'Ql" ~~ ~"t~r. ;aL&:-\Lf~l~~ i;t :ltl'\ I:t'\(l !r~(tL al'" :ut~ (t~i~ ?i""llI:t'~L .4~l? a, a 1s~ -tl'& ..~l (\I ;; 1\',,*1 <3'1'\ a ~:Utt ct"lJtCl "lltil~ iil~ 1s~ a 1:t'~L ~'Wt "I~~L. ~L!:fi~l, s!l-t~I:fi:tL, ~1t.1:fi:t~ :IJi:t ~'\I{r.tl:::tl I:t'Q, il iijql utalUlI :ut~-t\ -tl~L Wl '~l" :tu~, ~!rl-t~l:fi, ~'\I{~f \ ~tr.1:fi it i:tl"l~ ~lU-6 e!.'Ul1l'fi "t~ -t 'UrI!!' 'l~ (trll r{l~ ~~LQJ 1lh'l' ~lctC\l. (a14) f\u·(l:- ll~ 'I(~ ~l~tt ~l(tl:tl ~~L " ~1h''(l " ::tL ~~ (~t'~ .n:i:l UiClI~~l lUI:t,.i ~I:f. rvtd,u ::t11s:fi ;j} IJtCllct~·. (,) ~'~l:fi ::tl!:fi (3f) lIItl ,\L~,u :tl!l;(\. ( if) u{\~ ,~n ~~lr\.{\ :tl!sfl. ( ~) :IIi '~G"( ~Ul'..n ';fl!s:fi. (~) ~~~ '\I{ICIl,u ~l!sfl. (3) ~"ml\[ "tlCllrfi :tlh':fi. (v) "IL~ :tl~:(l. ('l) folq{\ ~trl:'U ::tlh':fi •. <3'H-tl :tl1;:fi

iY.£l a ~\&tl !~al al~ a~l ~'Ql 't~ Ul<1lo:.t~l. ~l'lJ(~l dtl~ G'{\{l01~1~~\ ~~L~l, ~01~~~1 \\1\I~. (ot) Sls\~~\(l:- llH ~l~~ i{LctL~L ~'Ql ~!Slo1~L:(l~l ~a al C\.u ~li.l utctl~~' ~\:JiI\ ~ (\ &'t~~l ':t'~L !'~ l :)l"I:fl:u.jLte!I~L ~'~L }s~~ ~ ~~~Lo1:(l ,~o;U~L 'l'~1 !'~ fcl5tl ~L'l "~}Slrt~I:(l" ~l~ rt~. ( !-) \l~:O :- lt 1sll[lllte!~ i{lctl~1 ~'~l "lt.1:(l II ~I !~ ell 1\1" "ltlt.1:(l" ~"t~' uttt rt~l 'tli?! a~l Wfl~ utdlq?{\ ~H~. ut(n~ ltlt.1~ ~'ut'Q ~~ (\:!) (3) ~i 111rl~ !.I{ctlr{qlltl ~Uq~. ~t~ ct (~lc{l­ ~.{\ ~1t.1:(l ~'!.I{'~ laI.~L~ "1.ctI1ql. ~1'Ut~L d.=t1"& ~l!\ \itl~rf.l~, 'UtL~~i ltlt.g~l !~"'l~, ~at,~ ... ~ a1L ~ll[ !l~'UtLrtl'l1.i ~(f.1:t1 HrtL~. ~,a.:-~u~ ~~'5\ a 'Utll1!1, ~~, ~rf. Cct5t'lti it a'flct1' ~l~ '4ld ~l~ a d'4l ;; . Grldr{l ,.~:(\ a~h !'1.ctl ~L'i a !.I{dlc\~'. (&) ~(\:- lll[ ~lte!~ i{Ldl::tl IfQl ut!ct':ll!S~ ao1l ~'u(~lti r{l~ 1lltL~ ~!I'1. "1.ctLr{o:.tL:­

(\) ~i"L (\-tl'1.l (~~~ :u~ ut~r{l~ ~rtrf.L Qtl~l ct{l~ ~rf.l'l ), (~) "1a lJtdl !,rtLlL ~PLl artl ~l:Jn~t. (3) utctl~i ~ff.1=tl !lrtt,l. (3t) 'L~t\ ~It.g:(l al[ !L~ HrLLl. (ot) §~~ &,It{\ ~".1tl !~rf.l\.

( ~) utl~lctl~:- 't\:) ltl~~ utl~lqtrf.!!· 3t"l'1.l otl:)lrf.l l5l.!. C(~~ ~~lfi '1.1'lJ{o:.tl 1~~!!' IItLlll<1 !l~ 4,(h ~l~ ;)l31l ii\a2.fi, ~l'tl:(l, It:fi, 'Uri C(5\' ~1\ 'II[ "Utltt:!U~ (§('t9l !~. c(l~l ~'~L ls~al ~L~ al a 1l!S1~ ut<1tC(q,I. (~~) '~lrt 'Ul\"'\~:- i{ .. ~\rt 'lJ{lrtl~I~Ir{l utlot<1~i a~1 a~~=t1 'Jlldl~' :q"~Lri "Utlll~ ~ ~at~ 'U{lctl~, ( atH.l ~\c(I~~') ~r.urf. "il~~ a tJt(11c{~,

(~) ~~l~L:- lll[l\,~~ ~lctl~1 ~'QI ~ltR(tl~1 !~ al a 0/';11 ~~I~al ~Il{ a::tl \f~1 tJt<1l'i~1 ;)l~ a ~ltl~ctl d:(l~ u' ~L~ !s~~ a lI1.<1i1::1'. a'lJ(atl d.:fil ls'l~ ~:1.lrf.ll~l rtl~·· ·~i.srf.L~ ~l\l=!:(tL. (~~) c:."Ll~\:O:- ~l'tl:(lriL :~:lIl1.·~'I1.i ;:; ~41~~l a:UlL ol{I'tLl !lnl ~l~ a UtnLI:f.~· =IJ.l~;( 'I1.t­ a';tL a~L ~'I.\l':t ~,w a ~Ltt. utrf.letnl 'I.\~ 'tl(ta'( ~l~ al (t l\l~" lItrf.l· .. ctl~ ~~ 'q,~rtl~" ~~ 'tli?! utcrLq~·. (aJlL~) bL(l:)l't:- ~I~~l~ril ~'o(~~i (l.u ~l(l'Utl~t ~!SR utctlctql. tL"Ut~t ct~l C(~H 't~ al a t qQj~ l ~-tl~ q~~ ~ ~ctr~ ctQ}~ ct~~ IJtctl~~f. ot'~ISl ot'llctrll~ ~l~ al (l !Sl~..n 1Jt'~lSl ot'llq~ l ~1l'Ut..n ct~~ IJtctl'-l~f.

::tn:-(l) -tl~~~i Gtt{l'l :!li~ClI ~1slrl'll ~I~I ~'t~ ~lctl~';; -~G'(~lrl ~~l'=l'll~ ~l~ (lot';! " Gt~rl'GI' " ~l'liCll. (~) at ~lll.~IG'( l 'Utct 'Utlc::ti l ~'~lrt :!li~l':t a-=o otlutct.{1 ~~t1.~n{t <3't:t c11~l I:{l:(\ ~1Ji~lorl ~~lClctl ~lll a~';! ~l'l~ClICl\I ~'IJlq_I. (~n~l~l':t~l ~~lqotl :!lil~i !':t~l. @oMi 'Utl"'l':t ~l\!- (3'tHl rt'. " ~ltl~ ct"1.=t " Gtlfic1m" :l1~Cllrtl -ten.) ~,i, ~l1s,i ll\J 't~ avtct~l "l.·~h b\cti ~l~ at a If~ltfl a~l ~~L bltlcti ~I~ l rt~'f, al 't~ a"1.rtl tt'Clf~~i "t~ ~l~rt orlct~l~i ~.~~ ~rhct utc::tlClefi.

::tU:--i}l~rtL ~Hrli oY~ai ~l~~h a~rtl ~Ictlrtl ~ct~ltl !sl~ 1s':tctl ~l~ a ct1tl1t ~ \ ~~en :(\(l ~~L t1. !s1tlcti ~l~ al 't~ a~l ~c::t\..fl <3('t'il~i ~l~"l~ct ~l\J~ ct1tl~';! 'IJl~'Ut~ hl1t Hrtl\i ~L~ rt'\~l lIJIltt"llti tl'lJla !-':tcti ~::t atfl a~l ~If~ct rL ~L~Lcti lIJI~O­ :!lil':t~l :!lil ~rt~i 'Gl''l~ rla "11"-l • . IItlCll, ~)O, ~""-ll~, @{l'lJll:(\orll tt'IIt'~lti a lnf ~?l({t~l:(\ ~ l ~'Utn ~lctl~' ~G'(~lrt :Ilalq~ lluf ~IHt ~"L<1t~ rrtll~ct:(\a artl ~G'(\lrt ~ll 1Jt'~l!Jt:tct ~~~L ~ Cl~~ ~(!r!rct a"Utefi. ::tl~:-~ lll:-J::t 'l~l "ftil rt ~l'-!. ell artl ~'ut'''L~i "0 t-tlltl ':Olll~rtlti " "l~" ~"1. a'lJl~!. ~L~:-~ll ~'~l ~c!.~ ~!s 'ti~ ~f~1 ~I~ ~~ Cl~I'I::tl ~·itl h,CI,I1ti :!lilCl(l1 ~l'-!. a. ;UU~f\ OUi.ln;UU~l!:- :!lil :Ililttrl ~a !r1'01. h\rll~l (3'q\ ~lctltll ~r{\lrt::tL :!lil~l:t \!'IJlrll~ :!lil~al"ll ~O'{. ::tlrl~' ~L~rt IItCUClClI!j' ~. " :!lilf~al " ll::t h~clL a lIt'I"l\ ~~G'(CI,L~·~. ;; "I~itl ~a l ::tl~\ ltl'!J.ct llH 'q~ ~ct::tl ~·tlt h:(\ illctL~' ~G'(\l"l ~aqcti rt al"-l 't~'!! a,.rtl ~G'(\lrt::tl ct'ltllt :!liL~r~ uflavt "t~~ (3'q\ ~I~ (leti "I~itl ;;..n <3'-1, (llt"ll ~at\lrt:tl :!lil~l\ ~~~ arti "lIJII~ct". !r~Clltt, 'G1'Uf.~1 ct:tn rt lrltlcti ~lll aqi ~I!r\i, ~n CI,~\l. ~l~:-~\lti !Sl~ h\rtl':l. ::tlH::tI" :!lil~ct " 1\i ;~r~tlq-tl "tIll "l~, !Sl\~ \ (l ::tl!s:(\ !s:(\ 'tJll~ ~U\r{t 1{lctl~' ~at\lrt ~1:llq W ~~ ct a-.t(l !l~ h':l."ll\ ~l~ltt. .

" :v.Ur~(tl H rtl ~G'('lr{rtl ~u~rt ct:(\l j~utrtl ~~ ~l~~~l :v.t"t~l ;; ctlt~' ~G'(~lrl ~~lq;:1L ~lll (l::tl ~U.1l ~·~l:v.tl :ou~rt ", :v.t:lnlll~"l~i ta'Uf.~I. ~ll[ :v.t~Q{!ct l{lItlti ~~I '01.l~~h kltlctl ~ltt ('-!.l~ alli ~ ctIlta ~Itt 1 ~~ "l~~ ~11l a::tl ~'~l M'utrll a :v.tl~(\lrll ~«,{~l"lrtl ~l\:trt ct~l\ :v.tJI1~L~ltl ~l· :ijrtltl. a'Uf. "'\1.

~L~rl otnl!':-

:!lil :!lil~rt II G'{""I1lij_rlt " utctwu~' ~ :utI \l~rtl ~llt (l ~~~, ;)111\, l· ~~l~1tt ~IH ltl~~ o,(.... ~l ~:Il (lL'l~ (l.-n "G'(""I1Iij_~" c::t.(h a tl~~, ~~Ia l ,)lIlt~' rtllt rt E\""icti ~l-:t IItRltl :!lil~rt~i "G'.!J.rtl;)l~" ~l~'!1'( ta'Uf.~·. .f;t 8uI "ll~~ ~l ~layll.r{l CIt~L~ G'(,. ..ill ~lll ell ;; ~lct l :tlor-tlti a G'(,... ilL ~lll a ~lcL \ ':tlll}'l1.~· "lllt utctlct~·.

~ \uI "ll~tt ~'ut\:l \:ital!rl 1It~1\ at.... 'il.l ~11t al at ~lctoti a UV' ..+itl ~llt a ~ict~·:v.t::t (l..n ttltl (l llic::t ;; \:Jal!~L lii :!liloill ~lll a l:R-tl!rl~' "ll~ ~'Uf.~'.

~ lll["l~~ ~"s~"tL"l.n lIt~l::t 4'("~l ~I~ al ;; ~~llti a 4'(.... ~l ~l~ a ~-tld rtL~ llictlct~'t ;;"11\ ~orl, :!li\~ll..n=tttlr{, ~~lrt. ,.

:tU-;f"ll~f1l"tti llif'=t"ot ~llll.!l l al~!l~r ~lll ~'U(ctl~:f ~~, ~l~" a~)!':- t~lr lll~~ ~l~L~~ ~a ,il~li 'llctl"" ~~lli ~ Gtlltl ~L~al ~ll{ (l GilttL (l lll­ ~~rll ~l\tl~~ 9llttl ct{l\;J{1 (\~"ttl ;J{l~cilli el'U{cfi. ~ . ~L\t.. ~'~1:-

:utl ~t~~ " GiQJa." 1 ";J{!tt~" "'tctlqql~' 0.

;:; lll~~~ ~~\lt[ ~lttL iQI."Utai :u.t';). ~i:qcti iii"';). ;J{letl~' ~ll{ (\~ .e Gi1SJ~ " ~l~';{l. ;:;~ 'If ~~ 't~ Giltll a"Utqi :ut~ tti~cti '" ~)Uq~c{\ ~l~ a .1 :utGl~ " ;)l~~l. " 9liij~ " "il ~:\,!Jf~lli (l';\ if Giltll l GlIttl~1 ~"Utqi :ut~ qi~qi ut..';J, alUCl.!dl ~tl{ a ct"ttlll Gll'tl

'l{ru ;.:; !i~l ~Ilt, gt.. 1-?U 't~ ?i5t1 :ut~ ut~~1 ~~a. 'll{, q=ll< 0:(1 ~lE ll4 ,Itt all~ lll~ :utt itlll\llt lVil.'ij~lli ~i'cl a"t~: "ita.

i\~~:-"4I"il\i '\l,,\cII::1' ~ l ~~li :ut:t ut~~i O'c' ..ll'{l 'lQ all.{\ vtl~ :utl~r\ \ \ .. tl~i ~"\ctt.{\~, "'t ..~ ::aIiiU:t :»ti~U\i ct?'{{ :l1i.!i st.. ~'n ~l'=ll fiH rt'fi. qf"ll 'I(~ ~~et. ~l~ al 't~ a~.u -iIt\~ iUll~"l \\ :ial~~i a"tcfi. '4"'1::1", "r~EIl\$$ 'h'QE4IEl q!~'Uf. ~o-U-'\t!oo. } :ia~~ ~f1.tlM~ G'.1"iI::ll~ =t~l.

~&~~ l{ ~. I\~l~, tlht~ Cll~\~~ ~'~~l,fl :ll~.,(t ",1 \-l"tJi't( ~l~ ~'lR,""l~ ...~~::t d~l d~ 'G~~(l dt.tl ~L~~~l~ d~l

~ctt.t1.1 lt~l:t--{ q~~l.t'tl ~lll ).

(\) Winl\~ \:rn~l ~'-l«tl ~~(\ ,~'~~I';tl"ii :ut~ 'q,\ (~ar{cii lVi'ttl rll~~l~ ::all'~~ ~~~l~~l ,~~i "f~~l C\~ ::aIll~"1q }J'\cti q~l~l. iltl-::alll )(~Rrti ct~I~1 Cll." Ell1tl~ ,~o' ..n :tl~ R1l~'I{~! ~'E~~i ~l~ (llot ::aliI ct~l~ooll l1~~:ia~rll :ll~-,fi ~~~l~ ~; """ at ci\([. :lll~ ~t "'H "'~l~ at a~ :ll~.,fi 1lt\J :ll~l~ ~(h

~'I(. ~=td ~la~l ~~l~~l :)l~~lllt~l r.t-l' :to{[ ~~ rl~1 ~ll ~1~'I(l~ ~'4l\:J~I-li Iltl~i ~~l~~ lb1l rl ut

~(. ttl.:t ~ ~I~ 'I,!lo\ =t (h~ \i\l'~~i It,~e{\ ~!(\k<\ ~:t~l ct:t({\:ut\~ ~~=t\ (llltl ~1 ~l'l=tL ~Hctl~\ b~l (\..n cr~~l cr~~l ~l~ill '4lil (~l~ltti ~l~l 'l~ ~l~~l 'U~) "i\lf ~\l~c{l ~=t ~l~ ut\lut:t O'i~l~ ~1~G'{ l.l~~i ~a~tt 9(:tc{l.

'l~~tla l~l~a\~ ~~~ 1IClt.~\, ",grll"" :ell.

______C=MO~~~~-----

- [c{ElG'{ ,~:tl ,=tl tt~~l~ 1(~1.(l ~~. "llt. uillMl ciut,. .)ll"~ I ~"U.I.tl. ~"u.I.tI. ~~. I ~~tt. ~. - - :t\ua~' ~a. I

--:0::--

Ql~~ 4-l~l,:t ttl'll~ ~~~I.l. (~) ltl'l'll ~,,,:Cl Q'UtCl.(l.

~l~-ltlllt~fs .)l~,(l ~l~ iHl"l~ .)I~,(l 'I('l~i rt"ll( ql~::tl ~l!" tR.. i "1i1~loii

3. :utI ~lttrll!' ,)l~o;{l k,dl ct"Ut

Y. ~Ittl .. l{ ,)l~o;{l 'Il?!lllii ctlilli ~lsl/sct ~G'(~l& fijl'lltti ~'Ill>c!. :oa ~'IJ{c{\ •

. ~. lMm ,)!~=!:i'.it ~ctl ~~ 1 it-li ~H-li lil~tlr{l ,)l~::fi ~l\:il~~ lil~~lrl1liIU "ll~ a :!JPI~~ 'Ill actl ,)!~=!:ill::t ali~ ~ti'.i ~1.qlrti ll~ :!Iit'll"ilrti ~. acu ~ll¥,! ,)!~=!:ill:ui::t ~l::t acti 1.L"~ :!Iil'llcti a ctttm ~'Il~ctl\[~~ cttt~ ut

\9. ~=t~ 'iJ.(~ctl @{liJ.(l:O~t,(l. 'Il~ "!.It''lflils ,)l~,fi Is~ql..{l -t~.

t.. ~l~t .. 1.( .)l~?!l 'Il:t'~l tlt\ :ut~H~ ~t~~~l fctrtl ~~qi.

~ ~llil"~ .)ll¥,!::fi 'Il?!~l ut:J11 rt~ ltll ~P.l1t ctttili ~!sllsct tll~l .wlU\'l.l ~l'llnlti ~iJ.(1 !!lei a ~l~ ~'Il~"d .. l"l::t Uictlc(l ct ~l~ Is~ ~l~ tllttl~ .)'l~,fl 'Il:t11 ~~qi ~'lt ~'{~. [lis ~1 at ct~ h~etl :ut~~l¥,! rt~.

~o. ~ls'l.l ~!s ~!sl!sct 1l:a~ ~iJ.(O:ll~ ~ll.( ell a 'l~\:a \:a~ ~'IJ{c.(l 'Il~ '~~,' : ~"atrt' ~ ~ ...lt u{1iJ'tl ~ltJ (I~I ~ r-l~lI'I.l ~iJ.(':{t tllll 11.rll 1s,;("lI11.i· :utl~ ~.

'1. 'to ctlil,{L tJ.~I;11.[rtl ~~ ~~l ~'I}t'\:{I ~~,=(lrt1 Mllsct~::t '~0"l. -ll l~:vtt:filil~r{l ,\0 "tfl ctl:fi'lJ{ ~l:fIlti 'lfl Hc(lI1' ~~'it.

H. :u.tl hIlt Ui~aI av~'{~' ~ lill ct~l-n :utl !slli ~'ut'Q 'If'Ill¥,! :act ')Illl!lct ~ h~~ P.l~ al a ~l\[:aa H?J

'1.3. ;; ::ti~ fct~

~~trt'l ~ll9J~"l q'\)odr[l :tl~rll.

~l~-~qlr(l .)ll¥,!:{\ ~lit ~1P.lrltk (lsl:4l) ,)1~?!1 ~ltll$J ~h ~H.{l ~b1~ct ll.Ulo:{\ GYlcft :vt~ alti =ti~I~1 C{\:il~lls,{etl GiH G'll¥,!ll-l ct 1s~1L a. w. tl::t 'I.!!o'l. rtlltl~ li~-tlr{[ 'I{~e{l ctl:aiJ.( c{l~ ~"h..fl ~l~ tllct Ui~'-fi ~,:{l-11 .)l~'l1 ~I~ h:{l all'( ~l~ fJ.Il' fJ.I~ 'l:a Hcu,(l. ~.

n.

~la.~n~ t1ltltl l,tllti GYl~1 ct 'Il~~i it ~~lti ct~ '~t11 ~l a ~-R~i t111.ltl 'l1t1l'l.1 .)l~­ , .,fi t111.I'{1 ~Hl ~avt 11.1~~l ~l~ ~ll.( ~c{\ ~l!"l~ Ht1l Gi;! .. nll. 1{lct ~l~o;{llii . :vtl~l lctrll '{~ -l avt~l art1 "Utl~ Wll~ 'l'U{cft. ''r,. ~I ~ct.!rO ;)I~~ ct-u.ct CPIl~ lll" ,Ldl ~ILll{l ctl'q'ctlrO~. ,Icfi -tll~ [~ctl~ ~~ ~U:J GVIct rU -tll~ ~ :Hl~I'l-t ctflHQI ;etl~ ot-tl ~l1OYcfi, N, al.' ~ 111~ '~o' -tl ':!.Ict-tl ~Ict 'Ui.t( alll' ctlll~ :l1~'(1 ~!flli at ~~'tl~ ~H ~'U.l.!i ~l~ a ~~'tli\ ~~.!s ij, G'(~f. ('ii G'(Y ~~!f ~H-tl ~~ lll~;et~ iJil~lct~I:vt';f. d-tl l.l':!.-ti lll~~1 ~'Ui'Q at ~(hct d l.l':t-ti :ll~,fi l.r~lli ct~ \ll~rlllr ;)l~,p\ ct'U.ct 1!t'U{l ~II{ aa~ cti:1[l ~'rttl.l\lctcfi. ~~lr lll~~r[t Ml.!sct cti~di 'Utl~ '!.1:9;! ~ (1 lll~­ ;et l.l':!.lli ~l~'~ ~ ~ rt~1, i.t ~lG'(~ -t ~l'i dl ~ldl -tu{l~ dr{l ~i~ ~!r'l -tl"tcfi ~~ a ~ldl ~.fi lll" ,fi~ ~l~-tlli d-ti -tIll (3't':!.G'( rt ~l~cfi 't~ d-tl ~·~t'~l-ti ctllill :UH~rt (3'q~ ti,1.I\·:l1 ~l~c:fl.

"ll~ {td 'l'r.91' ~-~~llr{l 1{t 'q~ ~If -t-·u UiI

::t.L~-,\ if ~l'U.~h l.l\lli u{lctl 'fi11 'lit 't~ dlli"'l \If ~1l.fi :ll~:o{\r{\ \l~ 'llctl~ ~<1~r , ~11.lli ~ Ui~~ ~ ll~ bill Ui~I,( )l~a ~I)-t dll';t f:t\~i ~lG'(\G'( :llli1,lctl, 'qli/,l: ;; ~l'l ~tl.!..(l 31Qj,(l tl'lltd IJt&R :llill :l1~l!tl ~11t d11.';t ~\~10'i\ :l11i1,l"'lL. ::t.v.... ~ s.lrl~ at lll~~1 tl.ctl :lll{l ~l"l ~~ dll..(l )l~,[I ~.!sl~ "Lctl-tl ~l~ d.l ctot:tJ ctli~ ij~ ~~~IG'(~ )l~ct[.

,~, ~-~l..fl )l~-:il ct'U{a 5l~~10'{:(t~ ~Q ~ldl a1ll~ ~\~lO'(~ lll~ij..(l ctlllll t!;a.!sr:t :{Ldl ~llt{l.~ Q~ 0~1 -tl"tl d. fttctll.! ~lIf~H.t'51 'll:f'q~ !!l~~;et~ ctlll:(t 'ql~r{l :'l~?(l ~.!soti ~ll:f GVIdrtl ~.!s (ij'U ~ \~aR Ho:tl..fl <1ll';t ~l~ ot-tl Hctllti :!lil~~.

,~, 1UtlRi!s llli1,l::fl "l"Ut1 <1llL~l llli1,l::fl ~.!soti ;:; :H-tl -t'ut~ .fi~ '~l1{l' ~ll ('c\'U.~' ~ll{ (t <1ltllt ~\ 01l.fi )l~::fl.fi ~I~ Q1il~ G'(:!' :IJt::t ~ (tllirtl ~If l.l~lti ~lIr "~!l' 1t1~ot 'I{~ dl~.!s -t;{ 'lLd.· ~:!. alll ~l ~~~L -t'Ui~ 1!t'Ul~1 ~::t (tlli ~~ct~ ctttlll 1illi1,l~l-tl ~(hct al~ ~Il{l~ ~Hc{l :vt::t ~I 'q11 allL\! ~koti I)·u. ~I'U{~ b .. :!' :!li~:!lil ~H-tl -t'Ui~..{l~ ('U{l~) 1!t'U.~' ~l~ ct -t'Ui~ ~it{l ':!.l

~o. ctttLJ,L ~l.!srti ~~!I ~~~l ~~!lctrtll1t~lut\ i\l.I\ct~! !I~ a11.L G'(~\ ~(ll ~~I'l ct~l­ ~l b~l 't'r!ll <11tI~ ct1iI~1 tJ.~lb'lti ~it-tllC1\l, 'It'R~, ot';~t, ~lq~nr{\ O'{::I!.II, ~ll..!.i ~l­ ctl.fl G'(O!.lI. ctl11.1~~ ~!llot !I\ctlrtl 0'{::I1{1, a't'\";\l~~ ~ct\:Ilr{\ aw'lI.!l, ct~l~ (g'q~rti ~ctl'~. ~L~ ~ct,ctlrO G'(:lltl, "Utal:ill::t ~!llll H"tl.fi G'(:l-·U ct~~ ;; ~I~ (!.Ii G'(:!' ~~ (lti ~lai ~l~~l 11.1~ll ''I(l a<1ttlll..fi ~(h<1 <1otL~ -t"'li :l11i1,l~!11it+li ~1"Uf.1!t Hc:fl. ~ilf +ll~~h';tl G'(ttll ~Otl tl~~l G'(~ll{ c1ii G'I\:f ~';J, (1llr{\ t!;r~~~ 'q~ ;)1~'(1 \I~",i au{\ ~c{l.

:t '1.. Qlll~l tJ.~I!r1ii;:;~ =t{tdt~ ~lil rtt~c(l-ti :lt~::fllr~ :!li1"Uti ~l~ d eU, \ E{l otli{r{\ ~l~ l al. ~ ~ otl~rll ~-~l~'ti dlll~ (lotr{\ 'ql~~ 'ql~i ~I:J ~l.I\i .!s~ ~cti :!li';J, a ut\lUi':!. Kltll 1llllQj ~~l ~ d <1'qI~ ~ctl :ll~o;{l ~!!lli tJii~ hi.

H. 'll:[ ~1 ~l~a ~ ~-~l ~~ m~~~ ct'tl{\ ~'Jt~ ~l~':!. -t "L1'i al (l';t all !r~ctl ct'tl~ ~~~ 'qllcfi -tao ~3. dl. ~ eJ ~I~ a~lfl.)I~:{l~}J =ij'Httll[3j~ d'll~ ;J{::t 'l(1~ ~, ~I~ UU~ ,fi~ I:PI'l~ oi~rll ( \f) 1.l~1$J ~a}Jd a~m. ~~ 'to;t!"li Qttl \i'nttl~)j~ 'l1~!' c4{1~ dlll-a .)l~'il~! Cl,{1 ~l 'l'i}J ~tG} 1i'lr~rlrl .. J_';t ;J{l'l(ql ~Il, ~'I(~ClIl[3j~';t Cll. ~ ~ lll~~1 :ttcu~~i Cl~l~ ~I~ ~'ti ;J{';t Cl~I~ .)l~'i1~}J Cl'{1 'l(o;t}J "Hi ~ a::tl Eif~~Cl ~1"t~1 Cl~l~ ~'l~ql~3j~ 'l(l~~ 1tatc(l ilClI lij.,a;J: ~~1.

~'6'. ~l~,"~i 'I('!! 9t~qt GtH i.tdl ~(&}JCl Clllill illli ~-a 'l1&QI';t "t'~latai ~ ;J{::t ~l a~ .. t1 \~G'( Cli. :t\9-l-'l.~o 0 oil ~~~~Illlt[l a~::t :t'l{t.J_ ij_~~e{l"~. 't~'~ q~ 'I('!!S~llstlt ~Il GVl~ ~dl ~a!sCl r~Qlat u{l~ ll~ 'I{~ G'I\(\r{l ~Gs!s(\ ~l:Pctl Cl~=t ~'IJ,1 ~~lls~Ql~i ;J{l~~. ~l"tal (\til ~! ~lli!:t:lr{t :utlct!s llal ~ a ct~ 'l!~Gt all oi~i. llli 'l~ .)l~~ 1s~~1~ .)1~,fi~I1Jl~';t ct.)l~ G'(~~r{l ~a!sCl \~ ~l~~l';t ~!slill ~'G'{ ~l'lt~ 1 .)l~::(l~l }:t~~' "t.~l~· "tClltU Gt"t~rlf{l :qoijl ls~lq~ :ut,{ctl aeU ll\:) 'l~ ~Clr{l "t.~'e{ll ~~q~~!s 2l~lCl~ at a ~"l~i \~~l~l1.l~LQ) llG'{~l~ :aa Q\~ll~ 'U'i ~~. '

,:tll. ~ ~l~~l

~ r... .)1~~..fl ~a!sc1 !l{c1lrlt:(\ ll!f\l c1l\';t 'If ~l~~l !I{<1l';{ ell (t.n ;)l~,[\ ,(r~n' 'ltl~ ls~ql,fi ~~ a 'Ufl~ l~loilii ~l"Ut;j.

"r"~UEt )~lqEtlEt ~rtltl !srt.u-t~, G"~-t\.)\~ ~"AI..

~R

. " ...... 'a

:tLl-rtI' iJl5.fi ~~ 'l!i(hct tI{l~ ct'lltd <:I.,,{ql.fi ~1I~ ~l' ,,~~~" '& ~n ~~h 11l.J A­ -tllr{\ ti~~l El'Utcfi <'l~'r, 'I{~:!1 a ~(hn :lIlt a.!.EU q"l.d El'Utc(\ 'I{~ al 'I{~ "L'''L{t -tl1J.~~i el"t"il.

~l\lr\ ~il~':- \. ~l :utl~rl~i fol~ (3'1{~ ~~'il ;:; rl'u{~ ~l\ctl"'ti ~l'q,El ~ a rl'U{\ El'll{~::tl~, Vi ~R "{lEU ~l~ doll <'l'UI, .fi:q ''lltl~' ~~ El"U{\ ar\i ufiG'(l :utlti<'l "liEU \I'llttli. al\l\l~ 6(\.':- '\ 'lltl~ l~lrl~i \l'lltr:tl~' ~ l, :IIll :8f1~~ cu, 'l EU ~I:l,. ~::t 'l~o 'I. r{\ ~l~ 'l{l~ :ll~,(l "If ~u. ~i ~I:{l ~\'ll~r rl'il, 'I{\'~ 'l{l~ :ll~?(l ~U.l 'I{~ ~l~~l.fi ~'W.tl ~n, q~ !ij\ctl~'~, :IIlL :IIl~k~ r\'u{~ ~Ll~<'l ,ft~~i et~~U ~L~~l::tl ~ ~::t d fol'\'tR 'l\L~­ ~l::tl <'l'il ''I{~ ~l'lltl ~lh~i ;(l~i ~1~~1 ~IU. a:tl n~I~::t1 ~~i~ ·fU{~ ~lElal ~1"l11::t~ .~. El'llf.etl ct'fil r\'u{~, rlL fol\lIi ~l~ 'l\l~~l ~l~ ~=t rl'u{~ :t rll fol~~i ~l\ .~l~~l ~1U. al ~fU{~ :t ~I 'l~<:I.l ~L~~ ~'l~ ~~ill <'l'u{, ~h2{l -tl~ h,ctl::tlol~, "~'!1 ~1)letl "l~lli ~~l ~lill rl'u{~ :IIl1~1 i}:jl~ a 'I(~rll f(~'l\i 'l(i~lt rl'u{\~ -tl~ n:ll~~. :utI ~lllQj ~1"l11J.~lh'lti ,lut a.'ctl::tl ~.

~\~tt ~,\II'.9:_':_

, ~l ~l~r\ 'rll1\' ~ll~·~. fol~~i t~h '~rll'~' 'oll"l' ft"'l utl'l{~' r\PI et'll{ctl~f~. ~"l)\ fol~rli ~-u.u. 'ltL~~~ ( ~H ~ ~I~ l ~1 'LU.) rlill El"U{\ (i..fi~ l4~rli u{\G'(i ~l­ I?,!ijlrli rll'lt El"tcti.

:t f(~rll ~ ';!,1!S'I~' 14, a :lUll'ltl rl alU. lIJt';t ::tllsft 5,ctl (3'1{,in (I.:iJiI..fi <1'ltl~ ~~~lls 'I(~ d.~rll ~~rll 14~~iG'( ~lU. a'll ~U'lrli rll"l a~r\l ~&r\l l4~rll 'ltl~~l ~I~G'( El"lcti, 't\'!l ~ ~lh'lrli 'H JIl~lliG'( ~lU. actl ::tUI'I..fi :ll~,fi all';!, tt~ ",:t\ ~l~ (I.~rll :t\frll ~,'lti d.'lt.fi ;)l~,fi h,c(\ rl~. a :utI ~l~rl'lti f(\~i rrtl<:l.l 'aU~~1 "tlcti 'ficti ~::t ,~(\i ~1U. (\ ct~l~<'ll rll'lt El"t~i (11t1 ~-u.u. ~I MU.~ ~Irl~i '1'IIt~1 1, ~l~~ls ~l~-o. ct'llta f(,~i ;; ~l~ti ~lfi~ ~1U. ""!l ~r:tl..£l ;)l~,fi q"ta iJlt.~ ctl. '\ e(t ~a\ ~';t 'l~o' .fi 'l~ a~l ~ (t q:Ptl ~IGt~ '~<:\lrll rl ~ltl al a'ltrli rll~ ~l~~& ;)1~?l1 ct'llia El"tctiO{ rl~, ,~'{2 (::t~l I3El,f ).(i( ~llll!ti lllP.t~U :)1~?l1 ct"Utd. ~\~i ~IGt~ ~ 'l~ 'l(r{2 ~l~..(l 't. ¢{\ cll~"Ut..[l ~l~ (I "t~'lti ~IGt\ ,~ctl~l ~ltl d.~' <'ll~ a lll'l~h 31~o;{l ct"Ut(t l!ilai\ rl ~I~ rtl'tlil! ~'II{~. ~l"tal cttll ;:; '4.~L~1 lU\f1t! ;)L~,fi t\'IJ(\ ~~~i ~lai~ all{ 'l':l.g' \~o '\ ~l 1t1~.fi , EO ctlft"t =t!1il ~i;tl d. 14:t~i ,\!<:Urll rl ~l~ al (l~rli ~l~ ~l~~!r ;)l~"l q'lJ(q (t "tHi ~l~~l tiltt :lltl~rl ?llfV\~i U'IJ(El !\t(lrli <'l~, ,,'a ;:; 'l~l~l cu. 'i. ~l lll~ ~"lJ a ~,~i ~~1lrlL ~1U. ct~~i ~l~ '{~ a ~l~~l ~Iil ~"tqi.

'( It-ft~\l«\l, Rt'l~ 'ijl(h, ~~~~ ~ acfi llif ~~l\ 'l~ fcl~I'lt ~tl'.fi G'(ll.llitl~i ~lt.l­ ~h :l1~;ft ct'll{d. ~ (ttlt :c~ul(L ( ~~wi ) ~~dL ~ltl a-"rliG'( rll~ ~l :utl~rl~i ~'Utqi, 'l{rll rrt ~~~\'l ~ d.ctl ~,I[ :ut~!r 1"lct ~~ ~~~.u" t(l ctl{l"{ 'l~~i (~i~ ,~l~~l ~t(l<'ll ,ltl ~"'llrli -tl)j. ~"tctlrll rl'fi. " lilf ~1 'l1{t1~' rtlot ~:=lloti cti~1 it (l! a~ 'l~lQ) rtlot ~'=ll \~W '{w{l rta, ~rg a· ~rtl rtlot..n CI'/:I~lil cc ~'l" ilJt at"Ut~' ~';t fol~otirtl u{l~ lis 'l~ otl~~ ~lq, (\';t ~' 'I.t·ut'~ ~ (\ 'l~ 4'(~lq~I, rtlot r«tw{rti u{lG'{l :utl~~l al a~nrtl ~'ut'~oti u{l~. ~l..n 'll "'t.~"'t.':(l rtl,:(qi. \ll[~'l 'll{tl~' \ 'llr:llrtl ~~n~' rtlot rt (t al aot /S~~l a';t ~':(CI'/ 'll~o:fi rt~'t, 'l~ f:Hrti u{lG'{i otl~~t l ~L1L~ ,{lll:ill';t "'t.~ ut';t aL rtlot ~'Ul~f·

". lll[utlUl./s~' rtlot ,{l.!.~' rt ~l~ (h :utI ~l~rtoti 'utlUl./s' ~l~'1f'I otl?l at'Ul;!.

~U.:-~/s fol~rti otL~~Lrli rtlot G"'I u{l~ ~a/sd at"Utll[~

~H\rl fitLl:- '\ ~I :otlti'i ,~~, ~';\ ',{'",' otll1'~. ~ otl~~ ~ ~lr:ll=tl ,~.~ ct"ll "(,,,,' li~ a ~"Ut1 (t'=li. ~.; ct~1 'q'''' ~'ut'~ ti'lL~ ~~ji lLl[ otl~~ ti'=lla=tl :vt~. rt tiotot ctt a~ ut"ut~ ~otlf'l 'luc{\ ~1:I2Jl.

(' (:af) ..~:_

tiLotl~ ~ct ~itrtl 'l.l=I~ ..nit 'l.lotlQ) lll~'t 'l~~. ('I.) ~ .. ~, (~) ~'l.ta'tlrtJ (:9) ,{l:t~, (¥) f1It~dl, ('I() :otrtl~, (~) ~(lut, (19) ~l~, (i) ~u~~'l, (ft.) ~rt,

\LI:J \!U~H-IotllJ'( l :otl~'l.totlat l (tefi \11:1 u{l~ 'l.totlG'{rtl otlrlrtl~l ~l~ al (1otrll 'I.t'ut'~oti a 'l.l'~lQ) ~"i~,

CI'/';)IEU (tl~1 at 'l~Ci r~rs rl~ ~'t Is~ 'l~ ctll~l c ~it, ~'Ci Is~ -tIl

it l't

~it .nit /S11'ti'ti "'l'll" et'lJ{~I. a"Ut~1 ct~T~ ~"i ( q~'=l '=l~a~l~l~ ) ~~a· otlrt ( ~l~l) ~rl ( k~ctiut~1) 'l{1~~ ( ~rt~lll:l). "',,, ti'ut'~ l~lrt'ti ~L'II(l' l~· '\I.!l ''q''''' et'll(tll~L~, tilotlr~ ~Ci 'l''''rll c{titrll ~UI~ 'atl~'t 'I(.!.~,

(:ut) [~.. ~ ~~ 'tIl

(1) -ti'=l, (~) qb~r-t, (3) ~11~(\ :ut"l11 ~efi ~'1l'l.t1s. ~u,-'t~~l G"~{l -a1'UiI2JllctlUl.L 'l''''rtl (tllsrll 'l.t°ut'l:tlli Ciill a 'q'",.n /s~ tll"Utl'il lllrlrtF(I .~ Ci ut(\lct~', ~1"Utal ct~n ~blP!'=l '1('" ~'U.~ :IJl~ ctH\~I:'I.lI~"'t 'f"'rtl, :(l'tI~lJ'(rtl '{'",

It\J 'l~ ~ctlll[ 'l~ ~I~~.Q §.ll~ ht~ ~t&l~cri rl~L th 't~ a.n ~.lt~ (l=t G=;t~llfi it &"tlo1 ~~"t a ~"Utc(\,

;tim!", altl&li':-

~l ~I~rllti ~r~rfi ct~l ~rlr{\ o11lRt ~'Ulc(\. ~~l~i ~tCel rlen (l~.n htel El"t· C(\, [~~cn~t ct~l t11f. ~hll~l ~.)l El"Ut~l, ~~d\, ~~I'U=IJlrl, ~'lJ1Ilrl, l =tAq Cis3lrl ~ a utctlCi~'. =IJll~~' ~l~rl lI\~a-( ~l'l~lrlllfi Gt~'=t~' ill. R.rs ~=t ~rlrll ~'u(~~i (\~.Q ~'UoI{ ~lfct =IJl~ctl htRt rll'l{ ~l&'l{t ~l~rl~i ~'Ul~'. £1'Ulal

;:n~-ll~ ~l~rlt ;).ll Lct~IJl 'l{t'l !:!tlQl~. C(lQ,(l"lI, ~lJu"lult<1r{t· 'tll ~IRt ql.fiG'()L~, ~':lct'<1, cri-tlll1t, ~~'lc;t.\, ~qi~1 c(~~ <1'-'1 ~":tl~l.q 'tl.l ~l«t ~I~.q 1t":tI~l ~"lttl ~rloq ~,I&l q ~l~ a~'Ulcn, 't~l ~IRt rfl~ ~~l~ ~"UtcU, 'J.l$~-~tll~; ql~~l-~I~Cf.IU}; al)ll"lel-~tti)l; ~':tl~l-~lkr{\ ct'5l' (Wtt'J\ ~ll\~) =IJl1 ~IRt tt.'Clt'~ ~I=tl-tlli ~~ &'l~~l ~~al ~ ~I~ -tHu\1 (3'l~1fi ~~~I ~~l ~. ({Ittttl rl~1, EI"Ut~1 ({:(\l ~~Cf., ~lll0, ~l'i:tct)'~, ~)l~€l ctilt ~.~~T;t "r~ l ~WMI r-t~l)l ctlf ~ 't?l ~~IJllti'fi ""'l\n -tlW~ ~ ~,u ~~I:al ~I"l ~t a ut<1lc(ctllli \\(!stl rt~. it -tt~l lll'l ~etl=tl~I-t ('~~I!sr{t ~~I ) utdl?t ~ =IJl~

(3) ;}jIJGY ut'E~..n Ml1i Wllrta'Wltt 1J~cti tt~~~l, ~eti l (!ll~ El~ ~ctl Ell~ctl l1l~rtl 11\9c\l, il~rG'(~, ~IJ.~ tt~'t .

;:; :ttl~'lti ;:; Ut'E~ :IJll~El ~lll (\ :ttl~rll ~l. ,I. :ttl~ ~'t~.. l ..l ..l (\ Ui·~'.(\ ~lil ~.~.~ ~"ctrl"i t3'1~ 1lIJl~rli q~lQ}lrli 'ltl\i?!ih..n ;)I\i?!~..n ll.lffrll 1J'«\. ~rll lI){::t UiI"t~:IJllctl.s'lti lUtl~Eli "t'~~l ~'''t'1:fl c'iirll ctfl ~\Clfl~ ,I. ~l, 2l1~ ~'1~.. l ..l ..J...n ~~'II{ .fl:i:l ct'ltLlt kllt 1J~;f, t3'l~ k~Ell '1l1JI~'ltien ufia'Wl '1l1JI~"i (1sI";J. il.lht) ct~l~l, :c[\'It~1 ~'ut~ .{\~.{\ R~Rt ~l\r -tll. (,) ~qJ..{\ ;)I~~.{\ ,l(\ (\'ltlrtl llElilr q'l~l f.It'~~ \3'1~ rli:)l~ ~i'U{\ 'tlEli ~:t\. (:t) 0clJ..{\ ~11VJ~,fi ~lct '1~Eli ~l.sl q'U((\ 11";J. 'tll ctu. ~cll 111) llEli. r.l'I~1 .fl1JClIEli ~~ lDl=t- (3) ~c(J.,fi ;)1~~1..n ,lct 't~ ~J.Eli1J q~lQ}1 ll:e.1. :qllen ":IJll~Eli ~~ ":IJl::t­ (~) ~ttt..{l :)l~~.{\ 'l~ It!.Efi1J ll~[(:)l :el\'It'1 "t~ "t'\' ~l1Jlqt ~dl ~~. tt~l~;j,l 1J\ctlrl (\

(~) at q~l~ ut'~~'lti rli)l~~' ~lll lI){~ ctl:fi"t, ~ 11l~ ~~ '~o, rl'l ~lct C)l[d\<1 ijlll . f-li ~I:fl a~ 't"l~ ~l1Jlctctl~' ~I"l (\l ctl~'Ilt =t, l{ll"t~ql:fi 'I.~ o'l..n ~i~ ~Irfi'lti q~l\i?!rll k\ctlrl~ ;)I~~rli lr~ q~~ lI){l\(l ~ql lDI::t (\ ut,lut~ tl~t·u,fi

<1lil"t '!. ~ 111~ ~=t '~o,,fi ,lartl ~Ict~ a ~CLl~rll ~ utG'tlll ~~l1i arll q~l~rll lli"tElI:tQ q~~~ et~~ ~l.q ~ctl rl ~c\1

:lJtt't~ f.I1.'E"~~ ~l~,(l "l~l 't~ "&tl[et~t~ t:t ct1t:t ;ll~'" '-l~l.fi ~(hCl fIttl'til. rlla'lJt 'i (.fi 'l\l~ 'If.~eti t.I{·'C\rll !slrtl\l::tl ijh ~~'tl ~~ G'{li!!l~ (1letl ~llr 'un ~llr­ ciU O-allr ~l'!c1. .filletl:!/oi::t ~~ctl1ti iil.~ t~~l'l\i \{l c{~l~, 1t\lC{l fct~'trti 'l\l~~l.{\ ~l~.,fi ~\let<:{l. 1\r"~l\a l~L':tEua

} ~rt{:tl ~i{l~

~l~~ ~:'l.lttl )lH~ ~ ~U~[ uf'G{ tt'ut'~ :utl~~ ~:'l.lttlrll :ut!!tt·~·Url~l ~~~ ~:'t{rll.

't. ~~!! f.I1.'H~ It~~l 2{lcf :ll~~l :!.Il::t tl~~. ::tL~-G'(~':l. G'(~l~ al ufHrll ~I~rll u-~n~i (1(ijI;)1 ~~cu :v.t:t ct~ k~a 'If.l (1t 1t.1~l 1I'.1~l \t'lf.~ctl~~~l u-alk lrl~~';tl rrl~cll. o{l~ ::tl~-!I{'~~etlCll.l ~~let~i :!/oil ~l&ctQ,.n~ ut 2{lct ~~. ~!s ~~l~::tl 2{l~ :!/oi~ :U\!S 1It',,::tl ~lG}.

~. ct~~'If.~·ll 1ll~~lrfi )1~"1 ijll ~lli!!,fl'lf.'l1s1ti !s,r{l

'to ttl.";t \-";t\S-";t~ '~~~I:fi ~=t nt. 'I. t!{\ ltl~ ~';t \110'1 -tl Ret~l~i i:; q~I~-t1 ~'uf­ ~lti ~ctl.it:ln ~:.n It

'q. cU. '\ E{l ftl~ ~::t '~o' r[l ~I~ ~~-a .)l~:{l \l~ ct~l~-tl fHI-t.fl 'l(1~~ 'l1~1 ~<:{Ilii :&.\ll~ clll~ ~I~-tl II ~ "11~ ~ftlQj (lr{1 'l~i;q a~ ~rfl :&.\l=t a 'l~i:!{ (u. ~'q ~ 'ijl:{il1'l1attfi ~flJ(C(1 C(~l~-tl !lU-t;{ ~;q

\9. (1(.' E{llil~ ~ldrll :&.\ll~ ~G'tlll~ a dl{l"Ut:t ~ lil~ ~ctR-t1 ~ ~~l ~\:Q~i ;:; ~l\l =tl\li~1ti iJl~ctl ~~ ::t1t~ ~'(l.fl .)l~o;tllr~l.{\ ~Gs~ct ~~lctrtl:(\ l\~l :&.\ll'tc{l ~';t ~;}{l a ~~~llii

tJ.{·m.... - ct~l~ :t q~l~~l "'~;" ~"'{M. q~I~~L ~!Sl\. D.~ut I !s'-

ut'~~~ rilli - 'll{1-n~ }s~~u~i :Dll~ ~ ~ (lIItl~'T ct~I~r\1 !.

q~l~' rtlli 'l.ttlrl~f rtlli ~'Ili~') (\\\~ (=IIol~ q~I~1' rlllt tI.~l~rtl ls'l.ctlrl1· rtllt ;.:; ~'E~~ a ct~l~'~ ~"Ul~'), ~t'ut'l:Q .)I~':tl 'l':t~ (:Dl~'£ Ui'~\~' rtl~ :2{1~~ ~l~ a~ rilli.j ------1 ~'Uj~') ll«~f ~ ~r{\:'1)!\ 'It~i~ ~"{\ l!>ll'tQlltk

(~~) ~l1 ~. ctl.

Appendix I.

-'It,

1{lrl~~tt:~ ~.tIflt ~-q~d\'4.".!r ~~'~n kl~..n -tl~qld ct1tlll ~(~(~tlti IlIJ ~l{ ~ (l ~~'~ !r\~IU\, tll{l, ~~l~rt, b\ltl "'l~~..n lUllQj\ ~'t~1 ~'I{~ ~l, ~(. ~ .. ~~ ~'4.~ ..) ..l ..~, (\~. &.~ :utl~~, (llt~ ctllrll ltl~l~rtl :ut'~l~f~ ~l !llt ~~ 1{1~la.o 1t'~:fIlli ilw{l E\ql a"tctl1ti ;Jtlo~r ctr{1 ra~~1ti ct~1 ~lt IIY~I~~ l, tt.!IClt ~U{11t !l:lllft rq~~.{1 q'l{~I.u ~lE{t btl(lll~a W l ~';t u{l4\_\4\ 1s1~IUtI ",?{t. :vtt a1t~ 1t1~1Qj\ 1t:t ~l'" ~ql il.t~ 4\1~~ ~t~~ ~ ~""t\rll !r11t1ti \l~l bP1Clt; ~ll~, ill.lll ~iit~,Q IIYH 'q!:tl, lti~ ~Ia

~'!r lIl~l~ ~l~ ~ :(l~ ~rlilf Wllft, ~~ tl~ ~~~l'l !rllilft d"ll £~I £~I lltllJ{l~ fll· ~"l 'IIt~ ~.. ~~ ''lltlct 1t'ft~~ !s~ql ~~~~lr{\ !S~~l. MI 1t1~lta ~I) ;Jtl~ "'i~~n 1t'(f~:fIr{\ Gin 'l~~ ct ~(h('\ \:4lrl'l~ ~~. ~~.

~ ~l~ ;Jt"lctl 'li~ ~lct :llllll~' ~!r ~~!ra 'lw:ll~i ~I~~ ~ ~~ (t ~'H ~nl ~'l~ql~~~ £~!r 'Utlctillieo ~:llq.$ ~1l1Q) 5t1&qql1ti ~lq,a ~;

:btt ~'1l'1:ctl~~~I::t (\~"'L ~u4\lli ~ql ~lqctl q'U[(\ qIM"t~ ctf.lt ~"dl1tl) ~~~ ~'I{Q"~")."~1 1tlll~n !s~~ (\ ~r4tl~ ~(h!S(\ :ut1'4r11 ~utl~~ ~Pt\1ti ~I[ QJ{! ~tt\~ 1\I:It\ \~1tI*ll fcl~fit~. ~'. '~'q\ "'I 911~ql "'la 'l ctl~ ~t ctl:fl'Ut 'li ~ ~\.~~~ ~:t 'l~oo. (tt~) ~. 1\~EtlEt l~lttG"a ~"it~ !r~lM:t.

-~IS, trttlut.

1tIQI~'t'(i\ ;(4~1 ,MlIUl:vt::t u{l~ 'l~~~~ "Ut~ lU) ~!s~ ~u{l. G'(~l~l~1 (\ 1I>t~';t ct~t~ ~l51~. !Illut, ~ll{l, utlU ~~ !J{lllY'i ~I~<"'l 1{uu:t iJl.&a~ 11tl:t'l{o eo 30" ~~ (~,[t ~l 'hltlen Cl ?[~ ~I 11ft ~I:fi )..£l ctl\rl l.\.l:l'-t ~~l!'[ a )t1tl~ 1t1~I~al~l~ :vtl ~1I~'::t :vtll:tl~ ~'a~fI :vt1'4

1Mla.rll !;l~l{l ~l~~l ~"~Hirll hl1l.1ti ~lll:!.l art ~

ctlM1 ~u) il!r !r~cti c(~I~ :lll~.$i ~h ~I~~rll cll~l1ti ~l~i ~\~ Cll (\ :J1I1t~irll itlJi~l :qlell~' !sIll ~~l{l ~Ik~ ~t~ a::t ll~ rl

~Irl"!!~:tt:~ (q~rli ~-4\ .. ~~ ~dtl{l ~1\M~I~i lr .. J\~"l."IIt~ (\~l f#tl~1 f#tul· 'Ul~ ;ijui~ tt~~ ~!r~ ~bI ~Iqctl :!.'Il'l.fi ~Cf.llti 1h\Cf.!s rl'61~ a,'l ('\a-~-'~oo)'fi (q~fit lr:(\ ~ arlt :!.'I~~'l:tl

ltl~IGlllti llat~b ~l~~ill=t :ttua ~'l~qlbl~~l (\~l ~l!r lrl~!~l (\:(\~ 1tl~lGllrll ~l. ~l. ~ ..:tt~ ~'l~"l"~"l i{l~rll 1stl~, alt~ ~l~ ~l~ utl~".)lllt ~~!S~llti ~~' 'll ~l~ IM~' ~~' ~~, (ilt~ 'Pll~ rl ~lctl'fi a~l~ ltlllM"tl1 ~t4~ 'Utl~ rrt~lt ~\[ ~lctql rcwClt ~, q\M"IIt~ ltll al it Attlt ~Ul:(\ ~llr~lltll :!.'Il'l (\~~'fi ~I:I ~let~ a tt1irll ~'utQ ~l~ 1s~qllti :ut~~~ rl\\l ~l~; it~ a ~utl{l ~~I rrl~lt.n ~H ~~d\ rl~,

~'et(\ ,\~,!, rlt ~l~ ~~ ~ qt~ It'.)l(l}, (\1:(l'Ut ~'l ~"lwt~ ~:t '~oo, ~~

( ~{l) (q, ll(~EtLa l~LqaLEt ~ .. ij,~ lrrlt~lrl~ ~~rll.)I~,

~,', aliL. Ii'. "'Q~. 'lt1S

dltl" ~'ttllh\, rl', al'l41 ~qlut R, ~, :utI, rl", 3H ut ( H-~-\(!o ~) ~ a'U{\ ~1!s~Cf.loti ~1~1{I~· a ctlt4 ot~ .)11{1 ~~.

~1~IGlllti ~t1.EU!r 'Ullrl:.lU )l~~ill~ ~~!ra ~'l~Cf.l\:hR <1~1 IJ.GlI!r lrl~~rl

(\l{l'Ut ... t\ iltl~~I·Jt' ~';t \~o 0,

~f~-S.)'lt~~lt a~l{ltl~ } ~..naLa tU~L(fmr

1\~G'{~, ~~~ld\ ~l!(lij. ~"1Ml Rctlrl. -:0:- Appendix JI

til t. ~u. ri"l \ ~\9 t)l.

'Ull-toft :lJ.~~~l~ Ql~ctl :vtl'tl'{l-tl \lit ll::t :vtl'tl'{( a tJtltJt~ ~~ll.

dltl~1 (3'1{~rll {l'l12 d_1 (l ~I~ li~a }j'~

'I. :vt1E{l~~l~. ~L, ~It~<~rll ll~alti ct

a ltHa lt~llt q~l< ~L~ut ~"IIi ut~Lq(lrl~L\[~. :vtLf. 'd. <1.1 ll~alti ~Rctt ltl~~LrlL rlLll rct~, ~i~'tl::r ~lit ~L. <1.!i ~'Ll~Llt=t ~l!ra;£·.

't ~1t.1<~rll i\~~rll u{l~ ~l~'lti u{loQ~lrll !.futlti <~rll~lr{I ~il:t ~tql ~. ~l. <1". ~~~~ "llilrl:JU ll1.lijl~ ct1.\ '(r~ lll&aql. 'It ll

" 13'1< !,~E[l !salt '{iat ct~l ~lti;:; )!~~l=tL ~1tl~-tl q(h rla ~t'i 't~ ct~1 \.r~ 'tlctL=t ~I~ Gttl=t ct:(dl ll~:(tr{l ltlr~dl "'i_:(l 'l{wu.ft "tliil-tl" d1t::t utdlq (h a~l ut"ut, '(Iit~:(l -tl!r~ ~t:{\ "tl:(t ctltl:(l ~lll al ctlt~ 't~ ~l'tcU (({~&~ro£.'l< ,1"tcUlli :Dllq, ~.

l (tltat ll~ ~LlI.:t:~ '(l~ 'tld ~:(l

~', \ft't\9 rll 'lltt ~(E ~ ,rctcU" <11. 30 ~ n~wt~~::t \~O~.

\1f~-~~~l'Ull1.l~ :U~ =s.fiEua ~'~'QU~ • , :Dl. (ta, ~-u;it ~qlrL . --:0:--

Appeiulix K.

~~1 'Ul~1 ~lit~i. '!.u~C1t~ 31~o;fl~f hl~ ~1l1:Vl ~(\ G'(fct'll~', ~ (§'t~~ ~l'ij-i y-~-~\~-, \-w ~·ut;~· ~~ 1t1{I~ ~lltl~ ~itl ~dl "atl~"at ,it 0,. ~'fi (\ (N~ ct1{l"at ~l~ ~'{~"l.l"~I1' t~l-i \it'~11~i ~l'q, 0 ~::t ~lct ~lctl-il :~l~i a~ tijitl q<{l ":IItnl'=l'=l1 'Utl~ =tt_2t-il ~l't~l'iti ~l~ ~

, . '. . 'I. :lJ\1~rl ~lllitti ~-It ~"I}.~l ~ ~~ 't't! rl'fi tl~l lUl::t ~l~ :tllGl 't'", tl"IJ.i{L W ~::t ~~ -i'-fi a"l}.~l, ,"atl~ ~~ ~::t 't'llllt..:t ~~qi h\l:l:Vl. ~rl ~lll~l 'et{t ~'i -i ~. "lJ{cti ~-i ~"IJ{~1 ;;t~iJl.

~ ~llt ~l:a-i~i ~ll ~ct "atl'! ~161~~::t ctl~~l~ ~"I){11~ W, "cti t>{l~~ 't~ ~"U{l ~ a-i ~l~ ~~ 'lt16t~, ctL~n~~r{t ~l' a.tct"ati ~ll tNtct~1 -i(-il"atL -il::tl ~ij~l~ ~'IIf.~1 ~1:I:Vl. o);"at~ 'lt1~~-~.!.rl)l'l rll)L~ tJ:l161~:h ~IR~ ~I~lctln; '=ll~l.ll-HU, ~.'~l.ll, ..'.

J 1'\1, ~a ~~, ~()n:<~"t~ ~l~rlll..i tWlil"l.:(1(\ 'tIi,l,~?Jt ~~ ",~E{\ W. ~'!:ll'lii ~'ll~, , ~l~:n, 'Ii~.4t\ 'it l\131~ t.l~l "l.tl"l){QI ~~':ll ~\ ~~l W~l :

~o '!'l~~l q~-l(l ~'~l~ ls'iL..( , ~l~ &,t:' ~ ~'t~~~ Q'll:(l

:utl~al 'tll ctrtl 1{l't~ k~r{lll. lUl S:.(llll :8Utirt1l.t :; t:l"lJ{~.~' ~l~ a et'U(~' -t~l, OI.!"l~lll :vtl~rl1l.i ~~~. ~l~ (\=t aYt~ ~l~l ~lct~dl ~l~ ~ ct~lltrli rlL1I.·t:l'Ul.~i ~\:IiJl. ~~(\trj~ !:l'~l':!;{u\~lli 'llE{\~~ 'Oyl~l~ lJ.f.~l!li~ ~'lltl~et ~il\i '~1~4t rlto. ~~ ~ct -iIt.!.rl~' ~)l~ !ftll{\~len ~~Lct.q~ rctJ\":t ~~~. ~'c)~l. ,,!ct~.lli ~'-i~' n~l~ .1{ll 'l~ ~la{(l ~~{\ :vt)l~ ~I,.t~ ~\lJ ~'f4~ !~11' ~'IIt~. i4~~,

iititG'(H!s if ~''4~t ct,{l~1 ~'a ~~11 Gy~IIJ ~ rU~ ~1iI~.

't ~I'ij-i ~llll1l.i ~~ ~~ 'q''i (§~,it~ (\ rl a'\li~' ~B~. , 'l'''~~ '{l, ~.~ '~~,' }tC?1 ( ~L:lq) 'l'll iJlbG'( ~ ~~ ':vtii. ct'll~~ -ttl!s~'~' ~~ ~ 't'~ 1I.l(M~11 '1~I~ 't'll rttfl 1I.1? '11l.~c\ ~'~I 'r~ ~l~ lll,~U 'l'" 1f~~1 et'llt~I. 'E~'§~l~rlilli a~ ~~~ ~~l rl~~

it ~i~'tl :vtl~~~i ~~' ~q ~'lJtct~~l ct!~ tt,<{l i1Q!1{i altl'q~. aY~l !:l'l(t

~~1'i1 ~~I'Ut\1 ~(l j'~t~ 'I~~. ~.n"il.{\ ~-lct'" IV1d rl'fl, 'ttilj ~,g{l ",gfi ntnrll 1l1~i(1 b£l"il::tl If~L b'~, lll~ b~ll(l q:(l~ (l~l ~l

~~I~IU iii ntet ~ :at::t (t ~·s.(\ nt1~, ;; ~tt~"lrl i{lctlr(\ ntct :ij~l~nl.{l.n h~ (t.n ttl~(q1s ntd ql~1 ~'4cll [:ij'1:{l ~~l~~l;)tl ~ (r~ .. t) ~HI~nl{lrl'l ~et ..nit ~~l~~. \ ~1~!1~I. ~ ·tti)ll~n. ~lL-'Ht,n~1 ~~I~~1 !~qtl{ ~ a ~n[ "1et rt8t1, 'If<'!1 'U?l il~ q~ ",if' F.(~~~~ ~~~~ ttai ~ lll~ ct~l a~'ltl~ }s~qlfll).

~~l~ if et'll~ b~1 I) a'l~1{\ (3'n ~lll~ ~a.ct lll~ll 'ul~, 11I1 ~'l~~I'cI~~liJi 'l~ :vfl ~'ut'~ d'll:ij !~dl '~l ~=t ;ftl!{l d'll~::t 'l~IVJI1:t "l{l ,Chd lll~ll 'l~dl :vtl'4 at~ ~Or!tCl utdlQE{\ ~~.n :!)(.~~ ~-'l &I"t~ Htfi.

~ttalllot.n ~11lI1 (3~i a'Ulcfl.

~l~lll :IJIlttrllll ~~al a~1 W (l';t;;;; ~Ittl ~wt~dl ~I~ (l"'l rll1l ~~I ~Il~::tl a"UtC1l -t~ It\l al(~ "llti a~ ~':l(~I'I1.i :IJIlq ~.

\r~l~i ~t(:\l~h ld~~::tl ~'lll, 1l1'tJ,:(l 1 ::tlh:(l:tl ~!Sll "t.ctlf{ctl rl~ all if ~Ia-A.n :tl­ !s~ ~l~ a lla-A~' ~lll I!t"tctl rl'fi (\ll "l1'flR :tlb':totl tt'fI\~"-llii (I. if !sIll !s'\(\l ~l~ a (I'll (loti ~'~I . ~'~I utdl~ctl rl'{l 'U1 (l ~~I~ rl ~ll{ alll~ ~I. ti't~ql$[~~I~r "ll~ ~l'" ut'~­ ttllU ~I~ 0.

ctl:(\"t \H-\rto \. ltr"GtlGt l~'~GtlEt il~~ !~IM~ ~rtl~' ~ll.

- SI!5 • - Appendix L.

utl~Jrl ~II Qt~~l~~ ~~~l.

(1) ~I'l.fl" ~I'l{~l ~~'{I d~ll{ ltl~ijl~ ct'4l =utrI1~1 ~~+lr t~IW ~~dl ::tt~~l ij'fJ{'~.n~ ~a&d GHetl ~il =utl\t COttd QH~I~' ~l~a \1-4 =ut11(1 ~l'l{~I+ti ~I~ d ~I'l

(":() (\ \I~lii ~til41 ~

(3) 'Ulltl t~l~lii ~1'Ut~lllil5l41 ~ao-ct 'Ut~"Ut~ ~::t ~I~l?l )tlil~ Qt~ctl.n dltlli IJ'/C!.ltJt'GI{l :t.Ii1'ltil G'l~ ~~ ~ ltil dltlli =utltt=-tl ~~~Lli[ 'Utltt o-ltl\~ ~1'Ut{tI.

(~) ~l ~l~lil ~il~'Ut 1 41 lil~ ~lct.{l R~(d 't~llq(u.n ~ lfil ct ltltl~ a tl~~.{l ~~(d '"u(~ttt~ ~ao-d Qi~ dtS'{ ~lct (dl~'Ut , 41 ~l~ tl:t H~Q 1 ~ ~la) o>lU~ boetlb- o-l'~~ Et~t :U{l~ t~l~ dltll{ Qt­ ~Et \l~l 'd::t ~l~i:zt aw t:li'\{ll~l Ctltl !J'I~1 'l~ wet' tJt ~ ~l~ d ~l­ tilfl ~1'U(~1l.

("{) dl~ut ~ ~ +{l \~:utl~ tl~ ~ ~ 0 ~ :ut=-t ctL~ut ~ at ,\l~ ij=-t 1~o' ~~f+t~\~ ~\l'l::t l{o-l~ ':Utl'l..(\ 'u~ ':Ut\C\t.\\ ':Ut\'l~' l{o-l~ ~ 'ij~!-Ql{i ~ a tlUa~1 1:1'IHetIWJj~\::t ~

(~) ijrij(i (i'tJ(1:{\ ~151a'l ~a&dr!" \l~

(\9) ~r~~ ttUl'1:{\ ctFtdrct& ~a.&d Qt:tct.l~, d~l d Qi:(l ~l'i.{l alii ~t{l &~ctl~, ~~ ctl~"Ut , 4\ lll~ 1~o' ~ ~la boEtl& &l~~ti (\ lll~ ~l\ d \l~ Qt(l d::t =ut11{ctl::t ~ .. ijtl-tl ~l~l ~l:tl?l lt~l~ ~I'l ca'i~ lrl~l~ ij~ \~tS'{ ~~al ~ ~ ca'\{~ .. :vu~d -'U{~ t~l-:l -iJl'

OS~PI~, dl. ":(0 ~ ~~:utl(l1e:Q' ctl~ ~~. l{r~Etla "l~lef.~Ua ~ .. ~.l-\ &N~~~, ~-tl)'~ t~l. 't

'l~ ~ij'Ulll~ lt~~I~ ~;~ltl{\ 0 n ~~I~~'l~ :C~L\~'l~

'l3 "~l~ct ~U!J 0 3'1 ':Ut' =t~'l~' ~l\l~ " '\J.(~l\

't'l( 9t1~~ ~~.~ II 0 3't 'u{l'

'l'l ,dl~lGl ,.~'U·H 0 3'1. 0 ,\3,.llutGl-tl " \:Jrtt;h~~

'l\ "~t{lGl c{;;-tl"~, 0 30 ,~, =t~'l a· ~LUl " '\J.(~L\

'l" ~l«(m" a~(ijLlr 0 30 lufi' «11'1. a· " '\J.(~l\ "

0 'U ~\"Uf.ella ~l~d.\I1t. " 30 II "

'lf4 ~'\~Ml 1t.l~-tfn " I} 30 0 "

\0 \D3lrlWt Gir~~'H 0 =l'l 'ufi' ~e{l 't Gl· " '\I{~l\ "

\, EL~d."ti t~~"ti n (I n " "

\~ 'l\1t.l~:r~ ~U\~n 0 , ~'l c;.u,' ~.{l~ ~. " '\I{~l\ "

\3 ~alut~~ :!){1t.,~ n 0 n 'ufi' =t~'I. a· '\I{~R "

\'1( ~lll~la ~f:lLU\!!J 0 ~'l ,~, =t~'l~. :, " '\I{~l~

\'t ~~-tl'~\ 3\1~Ul~ltt II • ,,~ I'ofi' ~~

\\ 3\'-lfl~'~\ ~l~IH 0 =l'l 'iii'

q \" ~11:t1~\ ~l"ict~ II ~'l 'u{l' =t~'l et." !' "t~ll

\i ~'."t:!.!~E ~11J(t~1~ i'l " " "

Q \~ '-'t~~ll:l ~U\'U'~~ " =l't II "

~o .Ql~ \~~l~ II ('t '~' =t(.{l't ~. II " 'Ul~l:t Appendix L ..

utl~)rl ~-.l @t~~t~~ ~~~L

(1) ~l"l{..{l" ~1"l{~1 ~:t~l ctltl"+t "+tl~~l..{l ct~1 ~l'-t~l ~~ltr t~l~ \~ctl ~l~~l ij'fJ{'~.n~ ~a~ct Qf.~r:{l llil ~l~ ~ct ctl~ql~' ~11{a \1-4 ~l"~ :'U{('lic;ll~i ~l~ ct \tl"~ tG~ ~u\t et~·.

(~) d, \l-itlti ~1~41 ~~~I ~ltl~ (\lti~i ctltl'+l :Utl~~l MtJ(\ ~u.{l~ q:ll~ 9la~i ~I\t ~d, Ql~Cli ~~ d,'ll :utl'l~ Ooi~ ~l ~l ~, ctl ~l, ~l. ~l~ \i\U~rl"S .. c?~ ~Pl~ ~~~a, ij"l{~ctleJ~~::t \~ ad tiltl~l.-t 00(1 ~~.

(3) "Utlij lql~lli ~1'Ut~I) ltlotE(l ~a~ct 'Ut~"Ut~ ~:t ~l~~ ~ltlQ} Ql~ctl~ ctltl"+t IffctlrJitGl{l ~l"l{~l e~~ ~~ ~ ltil ctlll~ ~I~~l Ql~-:tlll[ "Utl~ !ltll~ ~rUiih,

(~) :utI ~l-itlti ctl(l"Ui 1 E(l "+tl~ ~lct~ rt~(tl 'A~llctql..n. ~ 'til rt )lltl~ ~ tl"+t~~ ~~kt :ut~ijl~ ~Gr!c:t Ql(l dIS'{ ~ld {~tl(l"Ui , ~ ltl~ tl;'t 1 ~o ~ ..{l

('Ii) ctl'il'Ut ~~ ~ \~:utl(l ~=t H:01 :ut=t ctl~'I1i 1 a\ lll~ ~::t 1~o, f.~Rt~lrl ~l'i.::t ~~l::t ~1'i..Q \U~ :utIOitll ~rq~' ~Ool.-t G? tlualli ~ d. ~~~a~1 ij'l'ctleJ:l;I~I~ ~~'~I ~I'itlilti :utlcfi ~ "+t~ \l~"+t[ ~~­ ~ct lc(l (ld Ql~c{l d ~~.~ bleJ ~~~ 'l~ al all::t ~~ ~EU~l Eta ~~l.

(0 ij, .. ijij ij'rJilfi '+u5141 ~a!-ct~' ~l~ Qi:fl dltl :utl'l ~l'li..n ij~ !-~~, ctl.£l ~. (\9) ~ .. ~tl tlrJi'l:[\ C;ll~c:t~~ ~aA-ct Ql~c:tl~, cttil a Q\~ :utl'l..{l ct"+tl ~~ b~ql::t, :ut~ c:t\:fi'Ut ~ ~ ltl~ 1~ 0 1 w{l ~ld ~1A- &I~~.-t d lll5\ ~l~ d. 'l~ Q\~ a::t ~I'ictl::t ~ .. ijtl~1 ~l~l ~l~~ ltltl~ :utl'li @"~ !rl~~~ ~~ ~~G'i ,~~ ~ (t C§'i, :utl'td "iRi ~l~ -ti('~etl"+tl ~l~. 0. .

~tlP'~, dl. '{o ~ ~~~u{l1~~' ct" ~~. ~~~ua ~lq~Ua ij.. ~~ !rN~tl~, ~tll)'4. t~l~

AppenJi.!( ~f.

~1~'Ut 1 at 'ijl~~::t '~o' ~ ~l~ii\ ~cu.~·ct~dl ~l~o;(l '-tea et'Utct Alllii\~l ~l&~'l{~.. l ..l ..ll!!· 't'l&-.

.., ~ C{1~'ti ~i1·· ~'IIi~. ct.1~ Clil "c11t[,.. l ..l ..ll

, ~ .a I 't I .~ t

"~,, " !s " :ut::t ~l. ,I G'(

3 ,,~" "~" CI(l" ", ,I, ~ttt't~~I"l tQ'I"l tt'~l(l a.!Ilet. (l"! cc~" " •• ~l. itldletlet ~1~etlt\ "'lI'l"tlClI~1 G'~~l 't\Cl\rll ~~. lsl:{l. 't " ,1 " " 2l " :tIt::t 'l. ,I. il.l-q", ~'''tl~l'~.{l ct((l ~rJ\. lI)\l~

'It " {II "\t" "0'(" ,. G'('tl'tl~ ~l,\'t~ 'I.(\~lt~'t't.{l qd\ ~\lr~\rll ~ll.:(\. "9t" . cali1 ct.et't ~'1t't .. \ c,~, u~" ~';t &'tl ...all ~al~ ,~a"\l" Qr~~'\l !s'tIP!I~ •. ""t"

cc~" " l " .::&l~ ,I. ,I. ~1!Sl~ 'l!l\2.!·t'tl'tal't:l 't't't'ti il.\lls (3-q(l ~l$l'. " "&" ~l. :l!q,~l~uet iJ11,u;II~ i.{lE{\tt·llai'tL'rtl ~1

l "iilat" II ~" ~';\ ;1. ~I. ~~\l~lt i~l\~~l\ q~~Id\ ~~!Sln. ","

~ "aIlI{" "'t" ~;"t ,I 11 ').1~~~I't:l ~m~~ itlll ~ct.l.{\ \l~ '!j

\0 "~,, " ~fJ\'l~ "l ~'\~w.W~I.Gi!lf\ltlJ~\~IQ~1 d~ ~tl.

6f'Y' bQn~ ~~jA5}" 1}.~yJ ~: ~ ~IJ}· ro~~~f J;"'Jt~iJ&\ i' i,tiJj:,lh' , .., . • • ~ .~l. ? ':" ".~. r:'i Appendix N.

'l (uft"l ,,~ ~l:q ~~ 't~o' ctl~ ~'hr{l ~ldrfl ~lct utvAl'.fI u!:u..{l '(I" :llli!-,fi .tlt 1I:(l dG'l ~IQ~1 utl~ ut~l ~~lfi~l~ ut~rli ~I:(l \~ n:tl.{l ~.

=t. ~1'l~1 q,llji it it ~U~I U ct~l ~Il ~ a~l ~~ka ~'l~qll:l)j~' dttl ~Ih hl~' .\:tl~1 ~11l~' E{\~l :vtl ~.~~

a C11~'Ut" Efill.lit ~~ ,(!o\ ~ ~t~ \9 ut~l 't~~i iJll't~t cUlrll d~l1i hl~!=tl~ ~Ldl .ttl~ ~~~ bittl, ~ttll, ijl~,(lr{\ ~t~!l, {lcttlJlc{l frJ.~n ct~t1t. ~ll;(rl ll!J{l )Lltl ~ 1 l~ a:tl ct'l{l~ fI~~1 :I)t:t :I)t\~dl ~llt (l !1~ct i.~ h:(l E

. '1{ u-Etl~ ~11.~~1 ctttl i!,{~ctll[)j~1 ltl~ :utlk ~l-t~ ctttl ~lll :I)t:t k~llr{\ :lt~-,fi~ ~'H htcti ~Yl~i ii\lll ~~ !stt1{1 ctl:fl'llt ~l '~:IJIl{1 ~~ 't~o' rll ut~l~ ~I:(l :utl't~ 'l~i~ljl ~etloiL . ~ lli~ a ctl:(l"i ~l:(llli :utl~ a~i~tfl1(:l1L1l ileal, ~~1s ~1!S hL~!~=t. ~lll ctttl ~J~~ attl ~~it ii'Hr.tllf)j~d.· XL'i:tt ca"l(l~etl ~~!s~ :vtl"l(~l ',(llctl(f(l~r~til{l ~~ ~!s 'tll'lLUlI ~I'l.tll :utrl :utI­ 'l-tl ctltJil-tl ct~llt "l(lttLL

'\ <\1\10\ 1J.~I~fl~ ~~~ 4l~j-t ct?ll ~~~:t ~'t~'ll{as~l~ ut~IIJl':(. ctv.ntl't 'lot~ ~1"lCij-t1. •

it ctl\:t (t1\I'ij ~11;(~1 et""'<\~':(. ~,i 't14Cf.l1l. a ctO\~ allt\l hllllli ~;y ~~!1i(lL :IJlLctcfi ~\~ ct ct(~I(f( ~ ':(. ~':(.ctl.{\. 't (lll~ it;; ~~ltU ~ctl ~l"l a ?J{~~ll \~t "iWll~. ~ :IJl1'trll 'ql~lti llf~~ ~l~~ :ll~-,filti ~le.l.ll retrll ,~ a.t~ rl~ (1,,1. \ ~14 bL~l~t ct?ll ~"ii.etllf)j~1 ~h~~~H ut1.ICIt' !s1'1\1:J\~~ ~Ilt h~ ~ (1 q-u.ctl ~'U.(t ~l'~ctl=tl ~\[ 'll(1~1 ~~~~-t). " ~~~rll ql~il ~t ~I~ ut,l't, ~L't~1 ~'I{~r:tlf~'1?l1 a.t~ iletl..fi. (. :>Jll'tJlllifl ~1l!.1ij ~'lll ~l~irtl.{\.

f! ~l't

\0 (\l{t'Ut ! !? 1tl~ tt=t \!!o,\ ~11Jt=ql~ ~!,fitti ~l't

(. 0ttl~1 3l~~ }:fi {tel 1J~cfl ct~l a 'l.lti'~~' 1J(~IIJt:tct Hql . (\ ~ut'c(l "l'la ~2tt11r{l 'l.lct ~ ~l·ttl~ ~11J'!:l'tllli iJll~~ actltllt ~l' ~~lti 4i~l :tIf.~ alti~ 2{1~ ~'I(a"l ..l .. ~::t ~Ii{· E{l ij_2t

~ (\ ~ 0 r{\~l [lit./. ~l tilq ~l!satll1ti ~1~0 it ~~ \ ~lltl 'l.llll~ ~l'qrtl ~l!S ~l~~::tl cl~L ~'t~ql\oh.l~l::t· i:tl:lll ~2t

,\0 'l1~tt'U(lctlr{lll~& llOl allll a"tldl (H~::tl i:tl:ltj fl1 1Jt'~IUi~ Hr.{llli ~11>'i{1 ~ ;;t(l G'{H G'{~l~l 'l.l1tlQj ctll..flll~~ elf ~I!SI~, ~~./.r[t ll~o;(t<{l ~l~ ~l~lit ~t{t:na ~~~' a ~ut~ "l~ -tlltSl~ ReM ~'tctlrll &tlr.{r{\ 'c91't<-it 'l.lct ~ iJl. :utl~r[t aYll!!! ltil :atl'trtl ct~\ ltl~~' 1l.·:utl~~,

\\ ~l'q.n· &l1t)a:(l1ltt'~ it it ~-:tltU ~H't';t ~hl G'{~ ~ ~l!!!t~ (l ~"'tpii ~1C{l~ ct~l ~iJ{IQI~ \~~ ~l~ij\ ll')llc(\ El~I,

ltr'4~tLa ~~L:tGUa ~ .. ~~ !ll{t~" ~.1rtl)'''' ~lt,

--:0:-- Appendix O.

~U\t~Hltl, ijl~l1:l\ ~~ "!tJ.~~tlti ct"id 1s11i Is~tin ~ll\~ ~a~d otdl~til~ 'l"l!t.

,; it c{"lJ.lct :te[\'( '(lilt .~ ~ t\C\'~ ~I~\ I~'Il\tl\1' ('{l- ~Iti~l~ ~llt l~~M~' -;: "Ill. ~11.l ct tXct~~r I~trll) ~llt ~l· ~Ielc(\ tl"lltct~l lIllt ~leLc(\ "'".., 'lIlt. ~I{ib • 1I1~Uag' ~. ac{. ~~l. tl"tCl~1 ~\I. i I 'U{(\::}l ~tl. " ~1C(htl~ ~1"l~~I~ 't!ail ~\ct~ ~l~ ~ooo 0 ~I[ij~'l'~ :uttf~:t~'~ :utl[ij=tl'.!

~ '1a@(~II.lIN1'c{~11t ijr~~ ~I~~~' ~. '(t.o 0 ~R~ctSI~ ~1,~jSI~ [~l\~'ll !Ilti{l ~~I\

:s ~llrtll~ ~'(ct\11t ,t '(I. a 0 'l~ij~lr~r~ ll~ij~I"lr:a 11~ij~l,.lr " !<1.I~~ keLl! &eu!

't :»(lterE~11.l utl~@(11:) ,. .aQO 0 'iIt' ~1\'( e\' \3~1 ct~1 \'1( " 'U{

'I( c{~<-l~~ ~l'~'" " 3 0 D It '!i{l' :tE[l1{ a· ~~~H " 'U{r(I\I~Irf.t ." l:J .. ij"{!l'

"- :»(!Jo~a~t~\ !l{1-~I~l{i " ~:~o 0 ~H " lit cttll \ ~l ~

19 ~ll'\~t(rl ~~~'tl Q " 'l~ "00 \~lil'(~ ~1slil't~ ~&!~l'ql

l n(ij~l'H ~!ll~l'~~ I, ~D D 1I1i1~1s ~I~l'l :utlClk kl\~rt atlttUl,! "

:/.lilliE :»(<:ilte! \9~D D ~~)jl~rt\ ~~~l\ " 'I "

\0 ~Wl\tl~ ltrt~ \00 D {l~I~ 1s\,- ~=!:IltI{l kl\j

II \\ ~l~a\e\ ~~a'lI\ !I I"DD ~~lu{l1sI~' ~ijlu{l ~I~' ~ijl!i{l ~ll " irl.{\ lI~tlti .\rl.{\ llttlli !rl.{\ 1I~~1I

H 1Jtfl\q_'ct~I"l ~cll \00 Q 1s1~~rt a'l\tl& lsi,!", a'l\tlls 1s1~~ " " IN1Clk

\3 ~llrlt!\let lIlcsn~lij )tl\C{~ t\ctl " HQO 0 iitll~ ~~~H

W 0 ~1e\('\~I' ~~\ct~!"t ~ijlufl ~\n~ " Hoo " " ~

\'It ~~l~'~~ ~q-tt'~, 'I~~~~~ ~ll t. ~'io 0 ,~, «1l'l{ ~. ~JU~ "Ilt·m.

\r., ~":tl~l~ ~!r~~ ~~ctfl ~&.ct~ ~Ifl ~oo 0 'u{l' ::te{l'L ~. ~ 'l~l ~uta-tl 'Ui-tl~ tf..tt~!ro/.":t

N -ttl~'~l~l~ ~"~~la \J'~~ ~~ct~ " ('(0 0 ~!s~L'l{l-t~ ~l~~~

'll ~'~,ala -tl-tl~l~ ~1t.1~ 'U\l~ ~~1~ " 1,00 0 'u{l' ::t~'l{ a· 'Ui

,~ Q S~~l~ :llqfl-tl'H ~ft.1~ ~~lact " \9~o ~h~ ~'H'~l=vt~ IWltlllJ.la-t1 1-f.-t\~!SH

~o ~1l~I~ iSWl~tl~I"l 'ilill ~qlr{l ~- " \9~0 0 r~' ::te{l'L a. ~I~H Wlct . 'Ui-tl~ n ctRl~'~ 1t~'~ q_~-aldl ~~ct~ " 0 \9~Q " "

H

H a'(.u(t'ct~l~ ~l!s':l.ala ~~l ~ell~ ~

~'i q~n-tL'~~ (3~~':l.Pl ~tl.. ~ ~':l.~ t~5H ~. ,~~ 0 '~' =«111{ a- 'Ui-tl~ " n q~fiell~ ~!s~ata 't~o 0 ;)t!S~I~rl~ . " " "

c. ~r., ~'s.ala a(.. ~-tl'!s~ ~ttll!Slfl ~~ct~ ~Ifl\oo '~' ::t<1l'i a., " "Iltrll'

"ltlflott'!r~ ~1'JIl\:t, 0 ~\9 " " \00 " "

ttUI:(t 0 ,~, ::te{l't ~- ~~ rwt~"HI~ e{lal\:t~eltt tl~a ~- " \00 ~'1t "'~ 1< I ~ct~ 'Uirll~ ~I ~'J{~rll J. .. tt'l!rl~"

~~ !rltt~ ~~ ~~ ~lt\ll tte:t :vtH":lct " ~ 0.0 0 ~!S~I1flI-E 't\~lllJ.let-t1 ,{.-~~!s~~ ao ~~l-t ~tet~ ~~~ ~VI~ II r.,oo 0 'u{l' <~'t et- ~l':l.~':l. 'Ui-tl,

tIlll'{ll{\l{i 0 at :tt~1fll{i ~tuu{l ~\ct~ " \00 " "

0 ,~, ~en'lt a~ l(_~~'e ,,31~q

33 ~~~l! ct.l~~ ~l~~ ~'H1 ..~- ~l:{l \00 0 'ufl' ~'l~' :Ml~l~ rlrl ~~n~ "'!rll~

3'( ~~~~ ~ll:lct~ ~~~ ~~~l~ ,\- ., \00 0 (1,~ " " a'l ~r{\~l'~~ 'ijm."~~ ~1r\G ~l~'ij " \00 0 'iJi' ::ce[\'l ~. 'llirll~ "

a\ ~l~~ rl\Q:\.:I,.I~ IN.I:l,."IJ{e(l !Jt!l'W\ct.Qj\ " \00 0 .{l~lu{l ~l~' ~~lu{l !!l~· ~~(H ~i ~~~ ~i ~~~

3\9 ;(~l~l~ ~.tll~ 'I{~rl~ :~Jilfu::c,!.' l It \00 0 'u{l' ::C~'l ~. 0 ~ ~.(I ~'=tlrl ~l· 'll(rll~ ~1Jt~' ~~(H.

0 3' rl~~I.tt'4~ ~'~l'l\~ "~Lti"lJ{IClt~f a-,gd " \00 11 0 ~~d~

al! :ut~~{\~ !.I\\tI,l1\l~i -l\.{\ €V'u.{\ ~ 'tl " 'I.\'to 0 itl~l~ act "

¥o ~Qjl.u·H ~~<{\~l~ ~ \. Cl ~,:uu~f " 't'(o 0 " "

0 0 ¥'1. rlltll G{~l~'=t'i :tli"'l ~\.(H " 't¥o "

¥~ ~tlct'~ ~E~'~l G'dl\ ~~ct~ ~. ,w 0 liJi' ::ce{l'!. ~. 0 'Ut,m,

~!:{l 0\0 '13 hlClfl~I~ ~-l~ ~~!~l ~l!{ltt .• f) "

W lti3t~[u\

'(I.t hl~\1fl~i ~1't11fl~i 'o{l' ~.u'q et- a " 'UtrlR

'II" lt~~El{ll.ii ~LEt<{\l{i .. " ijt~l~

){\9 ,~, ::cell'l~· ct.et~m' ~Ll:lt{~ f' " "U{rlt~

'1(, :utl~'E~I~ ct.t~!:J ~',)ul{l a 'to 'u.fi' ::c~'1 ~. '\)t-lt~ "

¥~ 't~~l~fE ~t(~.(E 0 '10 'iJi' ~.{l'l ~. ,n. " 'll(rlR

'1.\0 utU\q,'Cl~I'l ~t'ct!~'H 0 '10 'ofi' ~.u't e\. H ~t ~!Jtet

0 'q\ c{l~eta~ Gl~ct.

'R it~~'lll ll~~la ~'~lll{l 0 3'1 :t~l,!ll't~ :t~l,!I\'l~

't3 ~IM~~ "h!9 0 3'l ':iii' :t~'t a· ~l~l~ " "{

'tV ~l~~ itllt'~ 0 31{' t~, :t~'t~. " "{

'l'l ,d\~la ~~~.~~ 0 a'q 0 '3 1tlluta

0 ,~, :K.(\'l~. 'l\ ~Q"n~lla q;;-tl'~, H 30 ~l'l~ "Ut

0 ao lu{l' :K-{\'t ~. 'l\9 ~la(\'l~ ~~~lIr u " ·"{rll~

'll ~,,,{~l~ ~la(\'I~ 0 30 " " "

q 0 'l~ ~'\al_ 'll

\0 \:D~lnllll II'(,.~~'~, 0 :t'l 'u{l' ~~ I{ ~. " "t

\, ~lact'llti ~~

\~ 'l'1fll~fe gut.tfl II (.'1 '~' ~-{\'-{ a· JI " 'Ilt

\3 ~alut'l~ :IIl~l~ 0 n '~' «.(\'1 ~. " ,,{rll, "

0 ,~, =tat'\{ a· \'11' ~Illala ~'~lUl!9 ~'1 ~ I " "t

0 I~' «-{\'\{ a. \\ ~l·~~~·~' '1~IH ~'1 " vt

\\9 ~l~"\ ~l~CW n 'u{l' :cat'\{~, . l' " vtrll~

~~'IJt~:~ ~lcrq~l~ 9 ~l I' ~'1 " "

\'4 "WI~t't1 ~U\~t'~'i " 9 n " II

\!!o {l,~ \~01~ II n ,~, =t~1'1~- u " "t

1.9'1. ~)lrl ~l~l.{rt. ~)II1{\ 0 ~'t '~' ~e{l't a- ~h~l~ "Utrll~

~l~'~~lf{ "lCll':l'(Hlf{ 0 19~ " :t't " " ... "3 'l{l'qt!.al~ ,!~ell~ 0 n 'u{\' =

1S't {l~a~ ltLrl~ 0 . ~o " " "

!~lrUl~ 0 ~o ,~, ~.fi't a· 1S't "J\~l " I "UtrlL~ IS, \931-taLa a~1{\~L'+i 0 ~o =t<{l't ,)L~rtL~ =

00 ~~ qa@i.~ 0 ~o '~' =

ISl ~)Loial~ otl'C'ti-tl'h~ 0 ~o cufi' =t<{l't a· " "Utoil~ "

,,~ :utr\

--:0:---

Appendix p_

~~l~l~ ~~.

~~:t{b~lc1 ~lt1~ltl hllt b~qlc1l ~l~~ ~'~'~,n ~=-.trll.

(dltl"'t ~llt ~Hl'l~lr{\ ~l~d\ ot.ll ctltrll o,\~ :Dl~tt 'letl ~l~ ~~, b~tUf\i ~l';t~. ) ~. ..fist itt" ~l!.tlll!.r{\ 'UtHi ~'Il{~'Ut,£l~ ':!lit ~I{I~ hill ~~ctl~J.' ~. ~. .fi~:/dl{t !s\tll~rll Oillillli PJl& ~Hfu=tl"l ~'I{~r~.. l .. ~ Mllctllli l»ll~tt~.

!l. ~I ill{l~ lll~ r{\:i\ '!.llll~

'I, ~"l~ \, ~ ... DtO'r!{I ~~::tl ~l!(hi::tl :t!.ll~ 't!&n !s:tCf.(lli ~U1 ~. ct2.l.lli ~"I:/d Ul~ ~~ ~I:{l ,h1 ( ~~~) 'l{l~ctilli ~ICl~. :IIi,1:{l MUhrll ,h1rll :ijltl{ wctl~ ll~ 'tli?! !sIll ~rll~I~Jhiil ':I.l. 'I. lII-Ufij=tlrl.fl 'Ull~ 'l~Cf.lrlln Cl~R ~lcttd ~utEt ~In ~i~ a-(~' rlif.

'to ill~~lli ~lcfi !slll -tl~ !S~L 't~(:li ct~l~ !sIll !S~rll~,iLll~ ~l~ij~i ,1"tt\L ,141{­ :fl 't--t!slli ~1e4lrll ct'Uld ~~d 'tICtL.fi ~lat{l \ 'cfi. \. ~I, :u. :llilfu:tlrl, lR<~lr.1~ '*Ill, ~!lfl't, d"ll ~r:('l!l, ~r:f.11{ d,.l,. kIll ~~rll- . \lill:iillUJi& , i ~ ~l 'l~& ( ;; t~!s::t \,i 'u,\Cf.llli ~M~) '!.l"I~ ~lf{.. €\ ~Ill..u ~ll{:fl ;'l'llj.:fi. :Dl~ ~~~li ~l~:ij 0Wll 't~~i \Ii;; a,I. \1. :DlI~=l:J.·l:t ~I'tf{t. ~. ,q~ ~lll~ w~l~e(\ ~~tllrll ii\1~ lll~ .fl~ '!.llll~ 't'1. fl:llllflilli ~l~~. ,. ~Ill\~';\\ q~C\ ll~l ~ (\ ~;qrll lll~ :ijtll~.rll ll~l~ ,\ ~i ~i'al f1tPtl .1\. ~ tL~ -t~l ,:flltll.{\ ~:llrlt ~l~ UI.\lut~ \ \ 1Ii~ ill. tll~~ ql~l~\. ;; ~~I:{l lalb.fl ~G't\-n -t\~~lctt{\ ij,~rll l\l~ l\~ltt ill "l;'t. 'rf :ut,1:fl kal • ..u 'a.{.{\ ~"I~~~1s ll"l~ ~ll "t~. 'Il lsill 11'~ .Htll.fi ~~rll llil ~ia-(rll l\~I:ij 'tl~l ~ "l~. \ 2Jll!(\~ ~W~.l.{\ 'r~.qWn~:ll~ fJHllli, ta 11;;.

/.. ~I. ,I. 'al\1~"I."J...n .I't~n~. "~" ~~ "u{\" "lr~ ~~I;)I't~ ,I. ~I. ~Irit~tr~ ''Ul~'Ul ~1'lJtql.fi~· ~=t tlll­ ql~ ( ~Itf'~l~' ) lslll -tll ~~, (l ~~13l't' \f.~ (l.l\~G'{ ~'Ili~'IJ{ 'l'II{tll..u~. '.\i{\'tl (\lllll';\ "l~lut, ct~ct:ij, 'till, ufiG't\' 'alilttlt'll~ ~l~::tl "i,I"l, \,i ~~ ~

~=t ~lll~1 ~''llli lll[ {trt.fi :v{!~~ ~ :utI' a'l.t!ll~:tl "t'~l"t~ ~l. ~l. ~'4 ~:(lrl !"etl::tl 0. all~ ~i! ~ h1tll ·t'~~l~· 6~~ rctlMl:lI-l1 lll\il!~(· :ij'IJt'I:(l~ ;'~:(l~ 'l'llt~' :Dl=t a ~ll.-tll .fi~ ~I{L k,-ll,=t \.l{l-llli ,~etl::t '1t.1 !r'~'. 'l. 'l. ~tl~:tlrl.;l. i( ~ ,!!!~ll~l ~'I>\(:ll ct'll{ct 4lctl Gil, G'{lY,Il~ a ct(~lU\ .fi~ :ij~ !r~-ll, 'l{l~tfi ll.wU dt<:u. ~'!Sl~i iiil~~.fi ctlllft ~et:tltl nctld.' kLft ~i, . ~l. :Dll~~trl~' ~.'

~. ll~~~l"lr:ij ~l!.n klll:ln~1. ll~:t'llrl .. \t ¥.o{l~ -l&~!{lct ct~l ~li1~~j Q'ut<:u~' ~~; kLll at a=t IItctLrtetllll ~l'q, aHCll~r ~.

\0. '\kltl'H..(l klll~n:fl. »ll"lltl =l.:1HI ~~!s :lua}lti ~6tU ~l'l ( ut'~~ ~Rct ~ ) actltllt~' ~l ~1s1 !(\'I{~::t ~l'l{etllli ~Hct~, ~ §'I{~~ a.u 'U~ ~~ ~~E{1 ~L~ ~~l ~Icti\ ftt\J~ aavt~ -tl!~. ~ll ~ll ~I!r ~ll a.n ~lij :!Iiletd\ avtlt, all all :Dll t(l~l ~l'il a~ ~l.I\ct~ k,ctl G'{~f :Dl~ lltJ(\ ,~Ct..n ~l~.fi ¢flJ'llll "llrlfl" ~ll e\"IItct~ G'{~'. ~U\ct~ ls,cti llf ~lls~!r ~~ (\l a~ ~l. ,I. ~l~:tl"l~ . (\ ~illsrt avt~, ls\cfl. tltL 'l.tlll~ ctllill ~ll..n ~U\etlWJl ~f,~ ~I~ utl~ ~llil't~ ctllill ~k e't~ ~~kll ·f"t~ :I.lllet~l. ItItllllt~kll ~'''t, 1IIi1"Utl =t~~ lll~ :I.l1~ 'l'lltt{l';tl~. lIIt';t -tIlt ls~l 'I{~ a ~fut'~~l:Dlb a avt-ll '~~l,fti ~l ~ll::tl ::til:l fI.~L. ~l, utl~ a ,~:tl'-li 't~eti 'l{i~ »l1~~L 1M,q,i »l::t ~I, 'I{~ V,l:llt e.It<:{~I'-fl

,~. G'rI.U~ (\.fi 'l{lijtfi u.alll '!ill llillctifil lIItl~ (I.{l~ ct ~H! 1IJf~'I\ll ~'''t, ~llt ,!?:tlr~i a tIoalll '!J.k ItItl'U{l..n ::ti\( a(l. fttl{l~ u.alk ~!r a::t 'l{l~ ~i'tctLfii ~l~ ~L~ (\ ~'U\'1:(l ~i~ '~~l~lli ~c{l:Dl::t ~!r~ itl:)1.{ ~ut ll.etri'l.

H. "~,, ~I!{\'t~l tt.'IIt~I~ "~,, :t~'I{-l1 "t'.!~ ~I~ ~I&~!r 'l{l~ ~i'tl ~l't ~l~ a.n (\~!r "un" :ce[l'l{ a'llt-ll'1. af avtll. ~=t "t>{\" :t{-{\'I{-lL uflet ~l~ (\ ~lI \H~ lItl'fi. ~I.{ ~i t1~ a ~ls lIIt';t ~~'I{-ll lJi'la ".1~ <~C/t ~1"UtCli. ~l~ "ail" :IIl::t "un" :cE{l'l{ Et'lltlif '1.' (l.{l~ ot ..~ 1.t!JI~.fl ~-{lq-li 1Ii'~~ a.fi U.itLk ~!lli cfi'J'l \I'lltr:.tl ~~ ~I' ~!r~l a ~L51 (l.{l' :DU'I{eti. ct'ltLlt ~ll 'I{~e{\ iih:lSll{\~'I;l. lIll'tt:{I..fl ~ ~::t (~I't "tLt "it" «t't~l Gl'U\-tl~';t, :Dl~ r-tl~ IItl~ "ufi" ~1l't-tL a "t-lL~::t ~::t (l.{L~ IJil~ :;h~l~ Rtil~ cq~~::t lUtl'l{<:{l.u~. 't~ Jle~f ~}Jlil'l{~ 'lltl~ utl-tfti ~l~ctl!r ~ ~-~ll.u ~l't dt ~L. ,I. IDIlrtt:tl"llllt~ \[ootihl'~l'l ~LClI~ ~'"il :(l(\ ufi~ lllJ'..fi ltil'l k:tCll.fi ~'-fl.

,3. ~}Jl!llll-l~I..n lIL~)n:(l. ~}JJ:lI~~'tl';t U.~lk ~~L ~dl ~l~ ~l~ (\ll~ (\ lli~ ~~iJ.&l~ 'l{l~ ~\ll~ &,~ (~I:{\:(\(\ 'lslY\'I{~ 'l{l~ ~l;){\ ~t{\ <\~"() ~~ l\\";\ f..-:C"~l~ 'hs!'\'1{~ 'l{l~'-fl ~l1s ~'L at~ ~d\ ~~ a::t \{l 'tll~\. ~I~'(\ ~I~{t 'I{.'l1s~' 'I{~~:t' d?ll 1J{la'_g' lIItltl~ _U.~l! ~~l '!Jhl'1{~ 'tl~tfi llilt l gd ~kl!l~-t'l~ Qf.{l «Cli.

w. itl!aJll{\-l'l~;(l U.~Il! ~l! llilt 1 gd ~H ·flJi' ct?ll lIIt~'Rll {iii, itll~ d'l{l~ dto:tl lIIt~ ~~~ ~&::tl ~aL -l'!Jt~, ~~, (3'1{~ ctL:fla-l\lli (\ ~1I.fl ~~ ct:tcfi .fi ~·'UoI.t1 Etufi ~l~ ct.u ~l'l }t1J\(l ct..n 'IIt,LI:) !:(l ~(l.

\ 't. u.al_ ~ll Qf.,q,I~1 tl.1'~ \l.lllQj Qllill ;ali1~~L ~'lr ~&lli ~W-li ~ ll't 3

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Appendix Q.

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Line Page. Para. of For. ReBid. Para..

1 2 3 4 ,5 -

4: 20 9 Repitition Repetitioo

9 45 JO Buff buft'. 14 77 1 moft'usils moft'usil U 8'4 4 fonnd found 16 87 1 Babria. wad. Ba. baria'Wad 16 87 3 foaud found 17 95 2 ennmeration Enumeration 17 96 8 ,·jgilence vigila9ce 18 107 2 charge charge . 19 112· 6 a:ff'ordered afforded 19 118 J were was

20 124 3 anyls any 26 156 '1 cotain contain 34 2 J8 planes pJains 34 2 20 LHy Lili S5 • 6 155 }5.5 37 7 13 plans . plains 38 7 5 :aarat Baret 39 8 4 Barat Baret

39 8 6 begun directed beaaan to be dire<'!ted

~9 12 ~ e~st some east by some

~3 36 2 survayed sun:eyed 2

43 38 1 Barat 13aret

45 58 2 melodeous melodious

46 61 10 Barut Baret

46 64 2 as fit

48 78 4 continuence continuance

48 78 12 class classes

49 85 2 surmyeu surveyed

50 9'7 2 commerse commerce

53 124 2 mailn malni

5<1 125 10 cultiators cuI tivo.to rs

54 127 3 incured incurred

7 54 129 6716 67 ~ square miles

.)!>r::~ 134 5 l'l\"eS vies

61 6 Kntiall:J. Kutian3

74 :.14 4 dev~lish devilish

77 44 3 adventitious ad '"en ti ti\lUt-I

80 10 10 infereucilll inferent:al

81 17 1 decendants . descend/lilts

82 22 9 tenents tenets

84 2£1 '7 Bhairye l~hail':\\"

84 30 tenents tenets

85 31 4 tenents tenets

88 38 13 7.242 7242

111 38 1 Infercellce;; In ferellC{)s

113 40 4 ,Tains .T aill

'u9 13 3 screem Screen

119 13 I 8 com pleating Completing

120 15 14 Registar Registrnr 1 3

121 16 23 coconut Cocoanut

121 16 24 coconut Cocoanut

133 53 2 :t to to a

'.)' 134 56 '" tendesel·t tenderest J34 57 3 prectices practices

134 58 3 hardy hardly

137 59 12 66 6

138 62 20 instantunioU8 . instantuneou~

139 8 constituan t con sti tueI,! t

140 4 5 caotic chaotic

14S 17 20 predominence predomin·allce

155 26 14 predominent predominant

155 26 :18 roles rolls

161 ·43 9 outsides outside

162 47 1 (!ontellded contented

162 47 3 quadrllf'al quadruple

163 49 13 trace traces

164 51 2 Enansn Angus

164 51 4 Benarus Benares

164 51 5 caucasus CauctUiI\lS

164 51 fj Newzelo.nd Newzealand

164 51 8 defination definition.

184 51 .., tntonic Tentonic

164 51 21 cltic Celtic

165 51 23 tutonic TeutoJlic· 165 52 (C ) Teutonic Teutonic

167 57 4 pastilence pestilence

]69 4 9 seantity Sanctity

173 13 12 Kuttyawar Kattyawar 4

173 15 6 attrack attract

1715 9 ~4 quadrupal quadruple 176 3 1 quadrupel qurdruple 176 3 20 quadrupel qurdruple

177 5 23 abstenence abstinence

181 12 (1) 20 vix VIZ

181 It 31 d:l.khin~ dakshin~ 181 32 " :ahrarnis Bhramio!l 181 dakhinq, " 33 c1aksh!n& 181- 11 3 are were 184 14 1 quadrupel quadruple

185 8' 5 tyran~ tyranny

186 18 ~ 00101ne1 Colonel 186 18 9 Vashitq Vashishtb8.

186 18' ~O them themselvea

181 20 ~o sca.ree scarce 206 4 3 explains explain

~IO 10 2 difierant different

~lQ 13 1 preperation preparation

210 13. 3 suppl~menta~y suppiemelltary 210 15 II do dQ

211 t~ble~2 8 Tenen~s 'fel1an~s

~121 ~ a ~human chunam

213 12 1 supploiment~ry supple~enta.ry

~18 12 13 spiners spinners

214 ~O 2 depende~dent$.' ~ependents

2~~ fa 6 are ~s

~lf ~' 1 ~nvQlveq ~nvolved

218 2 l~ ~ealy , really

Kmlttry d i.rclre A·~iM (O#.ioe of the Begisttar GentraJ, India)