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Everyman's Science Everyman’s ScienceEVERYMAN’S Vol. XLVII No. 1, April ’12 — May ’12 SCIENCE Vol. XLVII No. 1 (April ’12 – May ’12) EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. D. Balasubramanian (Hyderabad) Editor-in-Chief Prof. Damodar Acharya (Kharagpur) Prof. S. S. Katiyar Dr. G. B. Nair (Kolkata) Area Editors Prof. K. N. Ganesh (Pune) Prof. Anil Kumar Prof. M. Vijayan (Bangalore) (Physical Sciences) Prof. Nirupama Agrawal (Lucknow) Prof. Akhilesh Kumar Tyagi (Biological Sciences) Prof. R. Ramamurthi (Tirupati) Prof. R. C. Mahajan Prof. R. S. Tripathi (Lucknow) (Medical and Animal Sciences including Physiology) Prof. Sankar Pal (Kolkata) Prof. Narinder Kumar Gupta (Earth Sciences, Engineering & Material Sciences) Prof. Sayeed. E. Hasnain (Hyderabad) Prof. A. K. Sharma Dr. Vishwa Mohan Katoch (New Delhi) (Social Sciences) Dr. V. P. Dimri (Hyderabad) General Secretary (Membership Affairs) Dr. Manoj Kumar Chakrabarti Dr. V. S. Chauhan (New Delhi) General Secretary (Scientific Activities) Dr. (Mrs.) Vijay Laxmi Saxena COVER PHOTOGRAPHS Past General Presidents of ISCA Editorial Secretary Dr. Amit Krishna De 1. Prof. R. S. Mishra (1974) 2. Prof. (Mrs.) Asima Chatterjee (1975) Printed and published by Prof. S. S. Katiyar on behalf of Indian Science Congress Association 3. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1976) and printed at Seva Mudran, 43, Kailash Bose 4. Dr. H. N. Sethna (1977) Street, Kolkata-700 006 and published at Indian 5. Dr. S. M. Sircar (1978) Science Congress Association, 14, Dr. Biresh Guha Street, Kolkata-700 017, with Prof. S. S. Katiyar as 6. Prof. R. C. Mehrotra (1979) Editor. For permission to reprint or Annual Subscription : (6 issues) reproduce any portion of the Institutional 200/- ; Individual 50/- journal, please write to the Editor-in-Chief. Price : 10/- per issue 1 Everyman’s Science Vol. XLVII No. 1, April ’12 — May ’12 CONTENTS EDITORIAL : Growing Population versus Food Production S. S. Katiyar 3 ARTICLES : Presidential Address : Mathematics—Queen or Handmaiden R. S. Mishra 5 Hydro Power Development in India : Prospects and Legislation Virender Salman and Achintya 14 High Throughput DNA Sequencing and its Implication in Plant Science Research Tapan Kumar Mondal and Mukesh Kumar Rana 25 Fertility Issue of Cancer Survivours Debojyoti Dutta and Sanjib K Das 31 LIFE SKETCHES OF OFFICE BEARERS, SECTIONAL PRESIDENTS AND RECORDERS OF THE ISCA, 2012-2013 36 KNOW THY INSTITUTIONS 63 CONFERENCES / MEETINGS / SYMPOSIA / SEMINARS 65 S & T ACROSS THE WORLD 67 2 Everyman’s Science Vol. XLVII No. 1, April ’12 — May ’12 EDITORIAL GROWING POPULATION VERSUS FOOD PRODUCTION One of the formidable challenge before the food production with the use of modern agricultural world is to match the increase in global food technologies, chemical fertilizers and controlled production with the increase in world population use of pesticides appears to be the preferred which is predicted to increase by 2.5 billion by the alternative for meeting the future demand of food year 2050. Even India’s population is predicted to for the growing population. grow to approximately 1.5 billion by 2030 and There is common perception that in the overtake China. The available land for agriculture conventional farming there is excessive use of is limited. The economic growth in developing chemical fertilizers and unwanted spray of countries throughout the world is making them pesticides. It may be true that many farmers do the more affluent and there is a trend to increase the over spraying of the pesticides, fungicides or meat content in their diet. Thus the requirement of herbicides due to ignorance. But over spraying is all kinds of meat (chicken, pork and beef) is bad for crops as well as for the environment. increasing in the world. Since the production of Farmers need to be trained or informed that they meat, say 1 kilogram of meat consumes about 2 to should spray the minimum to protect the crops . 7 kg of maize and other agriculture produce, this The companies as well as the agricultural scientists situation is putting an additional pressure on the and advisers are encouraging the farmers not to use increase of global food production. too much of these products but only a small amount. Most of the food production on agricultural land It is now well recognized that if a pesticide is is done by conventional agricultural method that is found to be carcinogenic or harmful in any manner by using chemical fertilizers and pesticides or in then it will not get registered /approved for use by other words by the use of chemicals which on one the regulatory bodies. side enhance the productivity and on the other side provide protection against harmful insects , weeds Another challenge is the ingenuity of bugs, and crop diseases. At the present time the farming insects, fungi and weeds to develop resistance to in the world is done on approximately 1.5 billion these chemicals. It is a phenomenon quite similar hectares. In order to meet the growing demand of to the disease causing bacteria, virus etc. in human food for the increasing population there appear to beings which develop resistance to antibiotics and be only two solutions. (i) Either we will have to other life saving drugs. Thus there is a need for increase the cultivable land by about three fold continued research and innovation in the area of which would mean a drastic reduction in the forest crop protection techniques and technologies. cover, grassland and prairies which in turn will Friedheim Schmider, director general of the have an adverse effect on climate change. (ii) Or European Crop Protection Association, Brussels, we will need to employ the best available Belgium says “Having affordable and sufficient technologies, high yield seeds with optimum use of food available, taking care of consumer health and pesticides which do not cause damage to the protecting the environment are all essential for the environment, maintain ecological balance and future. Our planet is not expanding with the sustain biodiversity. Increase in the amount of global population and we have to produce more from less. 3 Everyman’s Science Vol. XLVII No. 1, April ’12 — May ’12 If diseases kill half of the crops, that is real waste used by their forefathers for thousands of years. of limited national resources. We need to address Organic fertilizer and natural pest control are the public concerns and hopefully do better tomorrow only tools available to most of these farmers who than we did in the past”. were always short of financial resources to examine Organic farming is another way of crop chemical solutions. The produce of these farmers is production in contrast to the conventional farming. as organic as it could be, but it requires certification International Federation of Organic Agriculture which could be expensive and time consuming, and movements (IFOAM) defines organic farming as they can’t afford to pay the fee. Comparing ‘organic’ follows : and ‘conventional’ farming Schmider says, ‘There is a perception that ‘conventional’ production means “Organic agriculture is a production system that using a lot of pesticides, whereas ‘organic’ sustains the health of soils and people. It relies on production’ uses none’. ‘This is not so’, he says. ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted ‘Both need pesticides in some form to fight against to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs diseases, weeds and insects, but with organic with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines production much more land is used leaving less tradition, innovation and science to benefit the available for habitats for nature protection’. shared environment and promote fair relationships and good quality of life for all involved”. The available scientific evidence has not shown a consistent and significant difference between A successful organic farmer does not see every conventional and organic food in terms of safety or insect as a pest, every plant different from the crop nutritional value. In 2009 a review of all the relevant as a weed and does not think chemical spray as the research comparing organic to conventionally grown solution to every problem. The goal is not to foods was carried out by the United Kingdom’s eliminate all pests and weeds but to reduce them to Food Standards Agency which concluded as follows : an acceptable level and take advantage of their beneficial attributes. Global market for organic food No evidence of a difference in content of is expanding very fast. According to Organic nutrients and other substances between organically Monitor estimates, global organic sales reached and conventionally produced crops and livestock U.S. $ 54.9 billion in 2009 as compared to $ 50.9 products was detected for the majority of nutrients billion in 2008. The countries with largest markets assessed in this review suggesting that organically are the U.S.A, Germany and France. The highest and conventionally produced crops and livestock per capita consumption is in Denmark, Switzerland products are broadly comparable in their nutrient and Austria. According to Indian Government content. There is no good evidence that increased statistics, in 2002, from a total food production of dietary intake of the nutrients identified in this over 200 million tonnes, the country produced review to be present in larger amounts in organically around 14000 tonnes of organic food products. than in conventionally produced crops and livestock Most farms in India are organic but not certified. products, would be of benefit to individuals Certification of organic products (produce) has to consuming a normal varied diet, and it is therefore be done by a certifying agency which itself is unlikely these differences in nutrient content are accredited by a designated agency. relevant to consumer health. India’s farmers are doing organic farming by default. They are still using the organic methods Prof. S.S. Katiyar 4 Everyman’s Science Vol.
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