sign in sign up
<<
Home , Ethical marketing, Marketing ethics

Research Article International Journal of Volume 9:5, 2020 DOI: 10.37421/ijems.2020.9.585 Economics and Management Science

ISSN: 2162-6359 Open Access Business and and Deontology: Ethical Dilemmas and Moral Strategic Decisions

Velentzas John*, Broni Georgia, Kartalis Nick, Lazaridis Vassilios, Kyriakoulis George and Avramopoulos Eleytherios

University of Western Macedonia, Greece

Abstract Ethics is the branch of study that deals with what is of action for humans. Ethics is a requirement for human life. and CSR refer to an individual's moral judgments about right and wrong. Decisions taken in an organization can be taken by individuals or groups (corporations), but everyone has to be influenced by culture. The decision to behave ethically is a moral. Everyone must decide how to act. Ethical decision-making can helpfully be thought of as a matter of marketing tactic/strategy. is an area of which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Marketing Ethics refer to making marketing decisions that are morally/ethically right. Marketing Ethics is strategic consideration in organizational decisions.

Keywords: Corporate social responsibility(CSR) • Business ethics • Management • Business ethics • Marketing tactic/strategy

Introductory remarks: Corporate Social important. Mobile devices also have limited input abilities, and this makes it difficult for customers to respond [10]. Basic principles and values that Responsibility and Marketing govern the business practices of those engaged in promoting products or services to consumers [11]. Sound marketing ethics are typically those that "A business is a productive organization - an organization whose purpose result in or at least do not negatively impact consumer satisfaction with the is to create and services for sale, usually at a profit. Business is also goods and services being promoted or with the company producing them an activity. One entity (e.g., a person, an organization) "does business" with [12-14]. Marketing ethics are the moral principles and values that need to another when it exchanges a good or service for valuable consideration. be followed [15-17] during any kind of marketing communication [17,3,4]. Business ethics can thus be understood as the study of the ethical dimensions They are the general set of guidelines which can help companies to decide of productive organizations and commercial activities. This includes ethical [18-21], on their new marketing strategies [22]. But then it depends on analyses of the production, , marketing, sale, and consumption of one’s own judgement of "right" and "wrong". Any unethical behaviour is not goods and services" (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2016; [1]) Marketing ethics is an necessarily illegal [23]. If an entity is making any kind of claims about their area of applied ethics [2-4] which deals with the moral principles behind the products [24], and are unable to live up to those claims, it may be called as operation and regulation of marketing [5].Some areas of marketing ethics (for an unethical behaviour [25]. Marketing ethics basically promotes fairness example ethics of and ) overlap with [6]. and honesty [26] in all their advertisements [2]. Any kind of false claims Ethics is a set of rules or obligations following the area of to the consumers, invading consumer’s , stereotyping and targeting applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and the vulnerable audience [like children [27] and elderly] are considered to be regulation of marketing activities in specific context of m-commerce (Mobile unethical behaviour by the companies. Even trying to harm the competitor’s marketing, as a branch of m-commerce [7], refers to any marketing activities image is considered immoral. Ethics are still subjective and should be openly conducted via mobile technologies. Usually m-commerce is regarded as a discussed by the companies while making [28] any marketing decisions [29- subset of e-commerce [8]. That is true, but due to the characteristics of 31].Companies following the marketing ethics [32] are able to gain the mobile technologies, mobile marketing is different from other e-commerce of the consumers [33] and create a positive image for themselves. The root activities. The first difference is caused by mobile technologies’ ability to of the term "", naturally, is ethics [2]. The word itself comes reach people anywhere and anytime; therefore mobile marketing can from the Greek word "ethos" (adjective: ethikos), which means "habit" or take the advantage of contextual information. [9] defined context as "any "custom" [34]. information that characterizes a situation related to the interaction between users, applications, and the surrounding environment." Time, location, and network conditions are three of the key elements of context. The second Corporate Social Responsibility and difference is caused by the characteristics of mobile devices. Mobile devices Management/Marketing have limited display abilities [10]. The screens are usually small, and some of the devices cannot display color pictures or animations. On the other Corporate social responsibility has been a topic of academic study for hand, mobile devices have various kinds of screen shapes, sizes, and several decades [103-104,35-37,105]. resolutions. Thus, delivering appropriate content to specific devices is very It's usually study is combined with the related area of managerial/ marketing ethics [38-39]. One of an organization's primary goals is its *Address for Correspondence: John Velentzas, Professor, University of Western obligation to operate in a socially responsible manner [35,40-41]. Therefore, Macedonia, Greece, E-mail: [email protected] the recognition that the vast power of the modern corporation [42-43] carry with it an equally large responsibility Copyright: © 2020 John V, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under [44,45] to use that power responsibly is an important message for managers the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted (French,1995). Numerous studies have tried to arrive at consensus use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author definition of social responsibility [46] but have failed to do so [47]. Although and source are credited. Received 10 December 2020; Accepted 14 December 2020; Published 21 December 2020 John V, et al. Int J Econ Manag Sci, Volume 9:5, 2020 it is difficult to present a precise definition of social responsibility [11], much and comply with the law [69]. A traditional view of the corporation suggests of the research attempts to identify various kinds of socially responsive that its primary, if not sole, responsibility is to its owners, or stockholders activities [48], present the list of these activities to the business manager [70]. However, CSR requires organizations to adopt a broader view of [49], and then measure and tabulate the relative frequency of response its responsibilities that includes not only stockholders, but many other to which the activities are practiced by those agencies or people being constituencies as well, including employees, suppliers, customers, the questioned [50,11]. Moreover, the concept of social responsibility is a local community (local self-government), state government, environmental continually evolving concept and means different things to different people groups, and other special interest groups [71]. Collectively, the various [51]. Social responsibility refers to the obligation of businessmen to pursue groups affected by the actions of an organization are called "stakeholders" those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of action [11] Corporate social responsibility is related to, but not identical with, which are desirable in terms of objectives and values of our society [52]. business ethics [11]. Business ethics can be understood as the study of The fundamental idea of corporate social responsibility is that business the ethical / moral dimensions of productive organizations and commercial corporations have an obligation to work for social betterment [53-54]. activities, that includes ethical analyses of the production, distribution, Morality must be introduced as a factor that is external from both the profit marketing [72], sale, and consumption of goods and services [73, 10]. motive and the law [55]. This is the approach taken by most philosophers The economic responsibilities refer to society's expectation who write on business ethics, and is expressed most clearly in the following that organizations will produce goods and services that are needed and from a well known business ethics essay [56]: Proper ethical behavior exists desired by customers and sell those goods and services at a reasonable on a plane above the law. The law merely specifies the lowest common price [70]. Organizations are expected to be efficient, profitable, and to keep denominator of acceptable behavior [57]. The contemporary view is that shareholder interests in mind [74]. The legal responsibilities relate to the business, as important and influential members of society, are responsible expectation that organizations will comply with the laws set down by society to help maintain and improve the society's overall welfare [58]. A classic to govern competition in the marketplace [51]. Organizations have thousands definition of corporate responsibility has introduced the following 5 of legal responsibilities governing almost every aspect of their operations, propositions [55,59]: including consumer and product laws, environmental laws, and employment laws [75]. The ethical responsibilities concern societal expectations that go Proposition 1: Social responsibility arises from social power. beyond the law, such as the expectation that organizations will conduct Proposition 2: Business shall operate as a two-way open system with open their affairs in a fair and just way [57]. This means that organizations are receipt of inputs from society and open disclosure of its operation to the expected to do more than just comply with the law, but also make proactive public. efforts to anticipate and meet the norms of society even if those norms are not formally enacted in law ([73], Velentzas / Broni, 2012). Finally, the Proposition 3: Both the social costs and the social benefits of an activity, discretionary responsibilities of corporations refer to society's expectation product, or service shall be thoroughly calculated and considered in order that organizations be good citizens [41]. This may involve such things as to decide whether or not to proceed with it. philanthropic support of programs benefiting a community or the nation Proposition 4: Social costs related to each activity, product, or service shall [50,66]. It may also involve donating employee expertise and time to worthy be passed on to the consumer. causes [76]. Corporate policy should state clearly [77]. Illegal actions in any form will not be condoned or tolerated by the company [78]. Much Proposition 5: Business institutions, as citizens, have the responsibility to of the battle that goes between government, business, and society is a become involved in certain social problems that are outside of their normal result of the conflict between their different views on economic and social areas of operation. responsibility goals [79]. Today, business cannot operate without contact Many managers counter that the most socially responsible action a company and interaction with the government and its myriad of rules and regulations can engage in is to maximize its profits [60] 'The Social Responsibility (Price, 2006). The managers of the corporation who must take responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits' (The New York Times Magazine, to fulfill their duties to their stockholders and to the public [80-81] at large September 13, 1970) is one of the most assigned, and most debated, by extending themselves further by making more personal contact among papers in social issues pedagogy]. employees, business management, the academic community, and political groups [82]. This in turn will permit corporate leaders to become influential This view is founded on four related ideas [61]: in political affairs to an extent never before realized [83,58,78]. • Profit maximizing is the only legitimate purpose of business. The most convenient way to explore this approach is to consider the supra- • Social responsibility subverts the market system. legal moral principles that philosophers commonly offer [11]. • The roles of government and business will be confused. Five fairly broad moral principles suggested by philosophers are as follows [84]: • The pursuit of social programs as well as economic goals could make corporations too powerful. Harm principle: businesses should avoid causing unwarranted harm. Managers today feel that a once clear separation between public and Fairness principle: business should be fair in all of their practices. private sectors has broken down [62-63]. In order to respond effectively Human rights principle: businesses should respect human rights. and efficiently to the major social issues and demands of the day, corporate social policy must be integrated into corporate strategy [36], at the same principle: businesses should not infringe on the rationally time many of these stakeholders feel that much of the business community reflective choices of people. has not and is not adequately dealing with many of these social problems of Veracity principle: businesses should not be deceptive in their practices. concern [11]. In earlier times managers had only to concern themselves with the economic results of their decisions [64]. Today it is generally accepted The attraction of these principles is that they appeal to universal moral that business firms have social responsibilities [65]. Social responsibility is notions that no one would reasonably reject. But, the problem with these complex because must be made in a wide variety of areas [66]. Corporate principles is that they are too general [84]. social responsibility can be defined as the economic, legal, ethical, and The above principles are abstract in nature. That is, they broadly mandate discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point against harm, and broadly endorse autonomy. Because they are abstract, in time [67,68,11]. The concept of corporate social responsibility means they will be difficult to apply to concrete situations and consequently not that organizations have moral, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities give clear guidance in complex situations [84]. An alternative approach is to [41] in addition to their responsibilities to earn a fair return for investors forget the abstract, and focus instead on concrete situations that affect the

Page 2 of 6 John V, et al. Int J Econ Manag Sci, Volume 9:5, 2020 particular interests of consumers, workers, stockholders, or the community. • Be reliable - do what you say you’ll do The recent stakeholder approach to business ethics attempts to do this • Have the courage to do the right thing systematically [73,57]. • Build a good reputation It may be expressed in the following [11]: • Be loyal - stand by your family, friends, and country Stakeholder principle: businesses should consider all stakeholders' interests that are affected by a business practice [85]. Respect: Treat others with respect; follow the Golden Rule A stakeholder is any party affected by a business practice, including • Be tolerant and accepting of differences employees, suppliers, customers, creditors, competitors, governments, and communities [86]. Accordingly, the stakeholder approach to business • Use good manners, not bad language ethics emphasizes that we should map out of the various parties affected • Be considerate of the feelings of others by a business practice [87]. But this approach is limited since proponents of this view give us no clear formula for how to prioritize the various • Don’t threaten, hit or hurt anyone interests once we map them out [88]. All stakeholders' interests must • Deal peacefully with anger, insults, and disagreements be treated equally -from the largest stockholder down to the garbage man who empties the factory dumpster. Probably no defenders of the Responsibility: Do what you are supposed to do stakeholder approach would advocate treating all interests equally [89]. • Plan ahead Alternatively, should the stockholders' interests have special priority? If we take this route, then the stakeholder principle [90] is merely a revision • Be diligent of the profit principle [67]. Another way of looking at concrete moral / ethical obligations in business is to list them issue by issue [91,92]. This • Persevere is the strategy [37] behind corporate codes of ethics that address specific • Do your best topics such as confidentiality of corporate information, conflicts of interest, bribes, and political contributions [93]. Although corporate codes of ethics • Use self-control are often viewed cynically as attempts to foster good public relations or • Be self-disciplined to reduce legal liability, a corporate code of ethics is a reasonable model for understanding how we should articulate moral principles and introduce • Think before you act them into business practice [94]. The practical advantage [95,96] of this approach is that it directly stipulates the morality of certain action types, • Be accountable for your words, actions and attitudes without becoming ensnared in the problem of deriving particular actions • Set a good example for others from more abstract principles, such as the harm principle [73]. But, the limitation of the corporate code model is that the principles offered will Fairness: Play by the rules appear to be merely rules of prudence or good manners [97] unless we can • Take turns and share establish their distinctly moral character [98-99]. And this requires relying on more general principles of ethic described above, which, we've seen, • Be open-minded; listen to others comes with its own set of problems. • Don’t take advantage of others Ethical Principles for Business • Don’t blame others carelessly • Treat all people fairly The six pillars of character Caring: Be kind People with integrity other principles, including honesty, respect, • Be compassionate and show you care personal responsibility, compassion, and dependability. These qualities are integrated into the Six Pillars of Character (Josephson Institute). The six • Express gratitude Pillars of Character are the core ethical values of character counts, i.e. the core ethical values that transcend cultural, religious and socioeconomic • Forgive others differences. • Help people in need The pillars are : • Be charitable and altruistic • Trustworthiness Citizenship: Do your share to make your community better • Respect • Cooperate • Responsibility • Get involved in community affairs • Fairness • Stay informed; vote • Caring • Be a good neighbor • Citizenship • Obey laws and rules Each Pillar is consistently identified with a color: Trustworthiness - Blue, Respect - Gold / Yellow, Responsibility - Green, Fairness - Orange, Caring • Respect authority - Red, Citizenship - Purple. • Protect the environment Trustworthiness: Think "true blue" • Volunteer • Be honest In addition to the Six Pillars of Character, the science (Josephson Institute) • Don’t deceive, cheat or steal offers twelve Ethical Principles for Business Executives:

Page 3 of 6 John V, et al. Int J Econ Manag Sci, Volume 9:5, 2020

The twelve ethical principles for business executives undermine respect and by taking whatever actions are necessary to correct or prevent inappropriate conduct of others. Ethical values, translated into active language establishing standards or rules describing the kind of behavior an ethical person should and should Accountability: Ethical executives acknowledge and accept personal not engage in, are ethical principles [101]. accountability for the ethical quality of their decisions and omissions to themselves, their colleagues, their companies, and their communities. The following list of principles (Josephson Institute) incorporate the characteristics and values that most people associate with ethical behavior [102]. Conclusion Honesty: Ethical executives are honest and truthful in all their dealings and Corporate social responsibility is essentially a concept in which companies they do not deliberately mislead or deceive others by misrepresentations, voluntarily decide to contribute to a "better society" and a "cleaner overstatements, partial truths, selective omissions, or any other means. environment". The socially responsible person not only fully fulfills his legal Integrity: Ethical executives demonstrate personal integrity and the obligations, but also exceeds the limits of law enforcement by investing more courage of their convictions by doing what they think is right even when in human resources and the environment. Corporate social responsibility as there is great pressure to do otherwise; they are principled, honorable and a process through which companies manage their relationships with a wide upright; they will fight for their beliefs. They will not sacrifice principle for range of important stakeholders, which can substantially affect their license expediency, be hypocritical, or unscrupulous. and its importance to business, becomes clear. That is why it is proposed to treat it as an "investment" and not as a cost, like "quality management". Promise-keeping & trustworthiness: Ethical executives are worthy of Ethics in business and marketing shows the frightening dynamics, positive trust. They are candid and forthcoming in supplying relevant information or negative, and the diversity of the social environment in which we live. and correcting misapprehensions of fact, and they make every reasonable Moral education is not the miraculous elixir of . But its lack would be a effort to fulfill the letter and spirit of their promises and commitments. They missed opportunity to develop the capacity for judgment with the rationale do not interpret agreements in an unreasonably technical or legalistic of promoting moral analysis in our new unknown world. We are facing a manner in order to rationalize non-compliance or create justifications for new categorical command, according to Kant: The better we want to live, escaping their commitments. the more responsibility develops; the more uncertainty spreads, the more Loyalty: Ethical executives are worthy of trust, demonstrate fidelity and responsibility increases; the more the "risk society" and its labyrinthine loyalty to persons and institutions by friendship in adversity, support morphology expand, the more the dogmatic logic of prosperity through profit and devotion to duty; they do not use or disclose information learned in maximization will mutates into a logic of weighting. The work in the moral confidence for personal advantage. They safeguard the ability to make field does not end with the revelation of only the moral truth, even with independent professional judgments by scrupulously avoiding undue its passage to the moral consciousness. The work in the ethical field in influences and conflicts of interest. They are loyal to their companies and business and marketing does not end with the revelation of only the moral colleagues and if they decide to accept other employment, they provide truth, even with its passage to the moral consciousness. reasonable notice, respect the proprietary information of their former employer, and refuse to engage in any activities that take undue advantage of their previous positions. References Fairness: Ethical executives and fair and just in all dealings; they do not 1. Stark A. "What's the matter with business ethics?." May- exercise power arbitrarily, and do not use overreaching nor indecent means June,HBR(1993):38-48. to gain or maintain any advantage nor take undue advantage of another’s mistakes or difficulties. Fair persons manifest a commitment to , the 2. Broni G. "Methodemporia" - Methodology of Marketing. IUS (2019). equal treatment of individuals, tolerance for and acceptance of diversity, the 3. Rajan PS. "Marketing Ethics". IJMAS 2(2016):194-196. they are open-minded; they are willing to admit they are wrong and, where appropriate, change their positions and beliefs. 4. Majtán Š, Dubcová G. "The Ethics in the ". Article is processed as one of outputs of the research projects VEGA No. 1/4579/07 Concern for others: Ethical executives are caring, compassionate, "Diagnostic of Value Relations and Market Activities in an Enterprise" and benevolent and kind; they like the Golden Rule, help those in need, and No. 1/3828/06 "NGOs – Integral. (2006-2007). seek to accomplish their business objectives in a manner that causes the least harm and the greatest positive good. 5. Thompson CJ. "A contextualist proposal for the conceptualization and study of marketing ethics." J Public Policy Mark 14 (1995):177-191. Respect for others: Ethical executives demonstrate respect for the human dignity, autonomy, privacy, rights, and interests of all those who have a 6. Hunt SD, Vitell SJ. "The general theory of marketing ethics: A retrospective stake in their decisions; they are courteous and treat all people with equal and revision." In NC. Smith and JA. Quelch (eds), Ethics in Marketing, Burr respect and dignity regardless of sex, race or national origin. Ridge, ILL: Richard D. Irwin. (1993). Law abiding: Ethical executives abide by laws, rules and regulations 7. Varshney U, Vetter R. "Mobile Commerce: Framework, Applications and relating to their business activities. Networking Support." June 7(2002):185-198. Commitment to excellence: Ethical executives pursue excellence in 8. Coursaris C, Hassanein K. "UnderstandingM-commerce A consumer- performing their duties, are well informed and prepared, and constantly centric Model." QJEC3 (2002):247-271. endeavor to increase their proficiency in all areas of responsibility. 9. Dey, Abowd."Understanding and Using Context". (2001). Leadership: Ethical executives are conscious of the responsibilities and 10. Velentzas J, Broni G, Kartalis N, Iatrakis G and Mamalis S. "The moral opportunities of their position of leadership and seek to be positive ethical dimension of marketing: Using business ethics and csr principles as a role models by their own conduct and by helping to create an environment marketing tactic/strategy." ICODECON 3(2018). in which principled reasoning and ethical decision making are highly prized. Reputation and morale 11. Velentzas I, Broni G. "Business Ethics, Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility". 3rd ed. IUS (2017). Ethical executives seek to protect and build the company’s good reputation 12. Drucker P. "What is business ethics?." The Public interest, Spring 63 and the morale of its employees by engaging in no conduct that might (1981):18-36.

Page 4 of 6 John V, et al. Int J Econ Manag Sci, Volume 9:5, 2020

13. AkaahIP. "The influence of organizational rank and role on marketing 40. Colley J, Doyle J, Logan G and Stettinius W. "What is Corporate professionals ethical judgments." J Bus Ethics 15(1996):605-613. Governance?". McGraw-Hill (2004). 14. Akaah IP, Riordan EA. "Judgments of marketing professionals about 41. Kotsiris L. "Corporate Social Responsibility". (2002). ethical issues in : a replication and extension." JMR 42. Carroll, Archie 'A Commentary And Overview of Key Questions On 26(1989):112-121. Corporate Social Performance Measurement', Business And Society 15. Kotler P, Levy SJ. "Broadening the concept of marketing." JM 33(1969):10-15. 39(2000). 16. Luck D. "Broadening the concept of marketing - too far." J Marketing 43. Minzberg H. 'The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility', The Journal of 33(1969):53-55. Business Strategy 5(1983):3-15. 17. Broni G, Mamalis S and Velentzas I. "Communication". IUS(2017a). 44. Chonko LB. "Ethical Decision Making in Marketing". Thousand Oaks, CAL: Sage Publications (1995). 18. Laczniak GR. "Framework for analyzing marketing ethics." JMK 3(1983):7-18. 45. Chonko LB, Hunt SD. "Ethics and : An empirical 19. Laczniak G. "Business Ethics: A Manager's Primer." (1983). investigation." J Bus Res 13(1985):339-359. 20. Laczniak ER, Murphy PE. "Ethical Marketing Decisions: the Higher Road. 46. FeltusChr, Petit M and Vernadat Fr. "Refining the Notion of Responsibility Upper.Saddle River." New Jersey: Prentice-HallInc(1993). in Enterprise Engineering to Support Corporate Governance of IT, 21. Murphy PE, Laczniak GR. "Marketing ethics: A review with implications Proceedings of the 13th IFAC Symposium on Information Control for managers, educators, and researchers." In EnisBM,Roering KJ (eds), Problems in Manufacturing" (INCOM'09), Moscow, Russia (2009). Review of Marketing, Chicago: AMA(1981). 47. French PA. "Collective and Corporate Responsibility." New York: Columbia 22. Assael H. "Marketing: Principles & strategy, Fort Worth". Texas: The University Press (1984). Dryden Press (1993). 48. Haley CVA. "Corporate contributions as managerial masques: reframing 23. Deny R. 'An empirical study of moral reasoning among managers." J Bus corporate contributions as strategies tο influence society." J Manag Stud Ethics 8(1989):855-862. 28(1991):485-509. 24. Ferreil OC, Fraedrich J. "Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and 49. Hoecklin L. "Managing cultural differences. Strategies for competitive Cases." Boston: HMH (1997). advantage." Addison-Wesley Publishing Company(1995). 25. Ferreil OC and Gresham LG. "A contingency framework for understanding 50. Collins M. "Corporate philanthropy - potential threat or opportunity?." Bus ethical decision making in marketing." JM 49(1985):87-96. Ethics: A European Review 4(1995):102-108. 26. Jackson J. "Honesty in marketing." J Appl Philos 7(1990):51-60. 51. Stange GV. "Corporate Social responsibility through constituency statutes: Legend or lie?." HLELJ (1994):461. 27. Paine LS. "Children as consumers." Bus Prof Ethics J 3(1983):119-146. 52. Bowen HR. "Social responsibilities of the businessman": twenty years 28. Ford RC, Richardson WD. "Ethical decision making: A review of the later, in Epstein E, Votaw ED. (Ed.), Rationality, Legitimacy, Responsibility: empirical literature." J Bus Ethics 13(1994):205-221. Search for New Directions in Business and Society, Goodyear Publishing 29. Carson TL, Wokutch RE and Cox JE. "An ethical analysis of deception in Co., Santa Monica, CA(1978):116-130. advertising." J Bus Ethics 4(1985):93-104. 53. Frederick, William C. "Towards CSR3: Why Ethical Analysis is Indispensible 30. Langrehr FW. "Review of Ethical Marketing Decisions: the Higher Road, and Unavoidable in Corporate Affairs." CMR 28(1986):126-141. by GR. Laczniak/ PE. Murphy." JM 58(1994):158-159. 54. Broni G. "Ethics in Business." IUS (2010). 31. Fritzsche DJ. "A model of decision-making incorporating ethical values." J 55. Velentzas J, Kartalis N, Broni G, Kalampouka P and Papadimopoulos Bus Ethics 10(1991):841-852. J. "Types and dimensions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and 32. Fritzsche DJ. "An examination of marketing ethics: Role of the decision management morality" ICODECON 3 (2018). maker, consequences of the decision, management position and sex of 56. Laczniak GR. "Marketing ethics: Onward toward greater expectations." J respondent." JMK 8 (1988):29-39. Public Policy Mark 12(1993):91-96. 33. Korten DC. "When Corporations Rule the World". West Hartford, Conn.: 57. Broni G. "On Social Corporate Responsibility." IUS(2009a). Kumarian PressInc(1995). 58. Broni G. "Political Organization Forms of Society." IUS(2009b). 34. Velentzas I and Broni G. " & Ecomomy". 2nd ed. IUS 59. Davis, Keith. "Five Propositions for Social Responsibility." Bus (2013). Horiz18(1975):19-24. 35. Carroll, Archie. "A Three Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate 60. Friedman, Milton. "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Performance." Acad Manag Rev 4(1979):497-505. Profits." The New York Times Magazine(1970):122-125. 36. Davis, Keith. "The Cases for and against Business Assumption of Social 61. Stahl, Michael J, Grigsby, David W. "Strategic Management: Total Responsibilities." Acad Manag J (1973):312-322 Quality and Global Competition". Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell 37. Freeman RE. "Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach". Boston: Business(1997). Pitman (1984). 62. Ciulla JB. "Ethics: The heart of leadership". Westport, CT: Praeger 38. Clarke Th. "Theories of Corporate Governance: The Philosophical (2004a). Foundations of Corporate Governance." London and New York: Routledge 63. Ciulla JN. "Ethics and Leadership Effectiveness". In: J. Antonakis, (2004). ATCianciolo, RJ Sternberg (Ed.), The Nature of Leadership. Thousand 39. Crawford CJ. "Compliance & conviction: the evolution of enlightened Oaks: Sage Publications (2004b). corporate governance, Santa Clara." Calif: XCEO (2007). 64. Ostas D. "Deconstructing Corporate Social Responsibility:

Page 5 of 6 John V, et al. Int J Econ Manag Sci, Volume 9:5, 2020

Insights from legal and economic theory." American Business Law 85. Phillips R. "Stakeholder theory and organizational ethics". San Francisco: Association(2001):261-299. Berrett-Koehler (2003). 65. Fuller T, Tilley F. "Corporate ethical futures: responsibility for the shadow 86. Harrison, Jeffrey S, Freeman R. "Stakeholders, Social Responsibility and on the future of today's ethical corporations." Futures 37(2005):183-197. Performance: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Perspectives." Acad Manag J 42(1999):479-485. 66. Mescon TS, Taylor DJ. "Corporate Philanthropy - A strategic approach to the bottom line." CMR 29(1987):49-61. 87. Clarkson, Max B. "A Stakeholder Framework For Analysing And Evaluating Corporate Social Performance." Acad Manag Rev 20(1995):92-117. 67. Carroll, Archie B. "Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management".(3rd ed.) Cincinnati: South-Western College 88. Weiss JW. Business Ethics. "A Stakeholder and Issues Management Publishing(1996). Approach". Boston: South-Western College Publications (2003). 68. Kitson A, Campbell R. "The Ethical Organisation. Ethical Theory and 89. Freeman RE. "A Stakeholder Theory of The Modern Corporation." John Corporate Behaviour". London, Macmillan Press(1996). W. Dienhart (Ed), OUP New York (2000). 69. Capaldi N. "Corporate social responsibility and the bottom line." IJSE 90. Marcoux, Alexei. "A Fiduciary Argument Against Stakeholder Theory." 32(2005):408-423. BEQ 13(2003):1-24. 70. Decker OS. 'Corporate social responsibility and structural change in 91. Goodpaster KE. "Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis." BEQ financial services', MAJ 19(2004):712-728. 1(1991):53-73. 71. Viswesveran C, Deshpande SP and Milman C. "The effect of corporate 92. Goodpaster KE, Nash LL. "Policies and persons: A casebook in business social responsibility on employee counter-productive behaviour." Cross ethics" (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill (1998). Cult Manag 5(1998):5-12. 93. Freeman RE, Evan WM. "Corporate governance: A stakeholder 72. DonaldsonTh,Walsh JP. "Toward a theory of business." Res Organ Behav interpretation". J Behavioral Economics 19(1990):337-359. 35(2015):181-207. 94. Heath, Joseph. "Business Ethics Without Stakeholders." BEQ 73. Velentzas I, Broni G. "Ethical dimensions in the conduct of business: 16(2006):533-557. Business ethics, corporate social responsibility and the law." The "ethics 95. Singhapakdi A, Vitell SJ. "Analyzing the ethical decision making of in business" as a sense of business ethics, ICOAE (2010a). professionals." J Per Sell Sales Manag 11(1991):1-12. 74. McWilliams A. Siegel D. "Corporate social responsibility and financial 96. Singhapakdi A, Rao CP and Vitell SJ. "Ethical decision making: performance: correlation or misspecification?." SMJ 21(2001):603-609. An investigation of professionals." J Bus Ethics 75. Conry E. Nelson D. "Business Law and Moral Growth', In: P. Hodapp (Ed.) 15(1996):635-644. Business Ethics and the Law." University Press of America(1991):105. 97. Smith NC, Quelch JA. "Ethics in Marketing." Burr Ridge, Illinois: Richard 76. Collier J, Esteban R. "Corporate social responsibility and employee D. Irwin (1993). commitment." Bus Ethics: A European Review 16 (2007):19-33. 98. Smith NC. "Marketing strategies for the ethics era." Sloan Management 77. Broni G, Mamalis S and Velentzas I. "Leadership." IUS (2017b). Review (1995):85-97. 78. Conger J, Kanungo R. "Charismatic Leadership in Organizations." (1998). 99. Tybout AM, Zaltman G. "Ethics in marketing research: Their practical relevance." JMR 11 (1974):357-368. 79. Cornuel E, Kletz P. 'Viewpoint: global responsibility and total freedom, Corporate Governance." IJBS 3(2003):39-51. 100. Velentzas J."Economic Law". IUS (2020). 80. Green RM. "The Ethical Manager. A New Method for Business Ethics." 101. Broni G, Kartalis N, Mamalis S, Velentzas I and Kalampouka P. "The New York: Prentice Hall (1994). Role of EthicalEvaluation of Corporate Social Responsibility in marketing/ businessethics." ICODECON 3(2018). 81. Solomon RC. "Ethical Leadership, Emotions and Trust: Beyond 102. Velentzas J. "Business Law". IUS (2019). "Charisma". (1996). 82. Trevino LK, Nelson KA. "Managing business ethics: Straight talk about 103. Friedman M. "Capitalism and Freedom" University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL,(1962):10. how to do it right." New York: John Wiley & SonsInc (2004). 104. Ackerman RW, Bauer RA. "Corporate Social Responsiveness". Reston 83. Bass BM, Steidlemeier P. "Ethics, Character and Authentic Publishing (1976). Transformational Leadership." (1998).

105. Frederick, William C. ."Towards CSR3: Why Ethical Analysis is Indispensible 84. Fieser J. "Do Businesses Have Moral Obligations Beyond What the Law and Unavoidable in Corporate Affairs".California Management Review, 28 Requires?." J Bus Ethics 15 (1996). Winter(1986):126-141.

How to cite this article: Velentzas John*, Broni Georgia, Kartalis Nick, Lazaridis Vassilios, Kyriakoulis George and Avramopoulos Eleytherios. Business and Marketing Ethics and Deontology: Ethical Dilemmas and Moral Strategic Decisions Int J Econ Manag Sci, 9 (2020) doi: 10.37421/ ijems.2020.9.585

Page 6 of 6