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Hillslope Dynamics in the Paonia-Mcclure Pass Area, Colorado

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Hillslope Dynamics in the Paonia-Mcclure Pass Area, Colorado HILLSLOPE DYNAMICS IN THE PAONIA-MCCLURE PASS AREA, COLORADO, USA A Dissertation by NETRA RAJ REGMI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2010 Major Subject: Geology Hillslope Dynamics in the Paonia-McClure Pass Area, Colorado, USA Copyright August 2010 Netra Raj Regmi HILLSLOPE DYNAMICS IN THE PAONIA-MCCLURE PASS AREA, COLORADO, USA A Dissertation by NETRA RAJ REGMI Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, John R. Giardino Committee Members, John D. Vitek Christopher C. Mathewson Jean-Louis Briaud Douglas J. Sherman Head of Department, Andreas Kronenberg August 2010 Major Subject: Geology iii ABSTRACT Hillslope Dynamics in the Paonia-McClure Pass Area, Colorado, USA. (August 2010) Netra Raj Regmi, B.S.; M.S., Tribhuvan University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. John Rick Giardino Mass movement can be activated by earthquakes, rapid snowmelt, or intense rainstorms in conjunction with gravity. Whereas mass movement plays a major role in the evolution of a hillslope by modifying slope morphology and transporting material from the slope to the valley, it is also a potential natural hazard. Determining the morphology of the mountain slopes and the relationships of frequency and magnitude of landslides are fundamental to understanding the role of landslides in the study of landscape evolution, and hazard assessment. Characteristics of the geomorphic zones in a periglacial landscape were evaluated by plotting local slopes and the drainage areas in Paonia-McClure Pass area of western Colorado. The study suggested that the steepness and concavity of mountain slopes and stream channels in the study area are related by an exponential equation. Seven hundred and thirty five shallow landslides (<160,000 m2) from the same study area were mapped to determine the frequency-magnitude relationships of shallow landslides and to develop an optimum model of mapping susceptibility to landslides. This study suggests that the frequency-magnitude of the landslides in Paonia-McClure iv Pass area are related by a double pareto equation with values α = 1.1, and β = 1.9 for the exponents. The total area of landslides is 4.8×106 m2 and the total volume of the landslides is 1.4×107 m3. The areas (A) and the volumes (V) of landslides are related by V = 0.0254×A1.45. The frequency-magnitude analysis shows that landslides with areas ranging in size from 1,600 m2 - 20,000 m2 are the most hazardous landslides in the study area. These landslides are the most frequent and also do a significant amount of geomorphic work. Three quantitative approaches: weight of evidence; fuzzy logic; and logistic regression; were employed to develop models of mapping landslides in western Colorado. The weight of evidence approach predicted 78% of the observed landslides, the fuzzy-logic approach also predicted 78% of the observed landslides, and the logistic regression approach predicted 86% of the observed landslides. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As an advisor on all the research presented herein, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. John R. Giardino. Throughout the course of my dissertation, Dr. Giardino has encouraged me to be a better scientist. His kindness, continuous follow-up, useful advice and constructive criticism have been so inspiring to me. I would like to thank my committee Dr. John D. Vitek, Dr. Christopher C. Mathewson, Dr. Jean-Louis Briaud, and Dr. Douglas J. Sherman for providing guidance, stimulating discussion, and inspiration throughout my study at the Texas A&M University, and revising the dissertation. I also would like to thank Dr. Jack Shroder, Mr. Jonathan White, Dr. Takashi Oguchi, and many anonymous reviewers for their advice and revision of some of the chapters of this dissertation. I am grateful to the members of the High Alpine and Arctic Research Program (HAARP) for their insightful discussions. Special thanks go to Perry Hotz, Terry Hotz, Dr. John Degenhardt, William Jorgenson, Dr. Douglas Rodriquez, Joni Kincaid, Mark Barker, and Elky Sauter for their time and effort during the fieldwork. I am also grateful to Linda Bledsoe for providing necessary soil data, Rob Hunker for providing high resolution aerial photographs of a landslide in my study area, and Ben Sutherland for helping me in the immersive visualization laboratory. I am deeply indebted and grateful to the unlimited support provided by my family who encouraged me a lot in order to reach my goal. I would like to take this vi opportunity to thank my parents Krishna Kanta Regmi and Deepa Regmi, brother Dr. Murari Regmi, in law Bidhya Regmi, wife Kopila Regmi Paudel, nephew Adarsha Regmi, niece Akriti Regmi and daughter Aanchal Regmi for their love and support. Finally, I appreciate the help of all the professors and administrative team of the Department of Geology & Geophysics at the Texas A&M University. Thanks to all who are mentioned above and my apologies if I forgot anyone. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 Problem statement............................................................................ 2 Goals and objectives ........................................................................ 4 Description of the dissertation ......................................................... 5 II CONTRIBUTION OF MASS MOVEMENTS TO LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION ....................................................................................... 7 Synopsis ........................................................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................... 8 The study area .................................................................................. 9 Methods ........................................................................................... 13 Results .............................................................................................. 16 Generalized slope-area plot of the study area ............................. 16 Where do channels begin? ........................................................... 19 Concavity and steepness distribution .......................................... 24 Controls of lithology and processes ............................................ 26 Discussion and conclusions ............................................................. 29 III CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSLIDES IN PAONIA TO MCCLURE PASS AREA, COLORADO, USA .................................. 32 Synopsis ........................................................................................... 32 Introduction ...................................................................................... 33 The study area .................................................................................. 37 Geomorphology and geology........................................................... 39 viii CHAPTER Page Landslides ........................................................................................ 40 Shallow landslides (Modern landslides) ..................................... 42 Large deep-seated landslides (Paleolandslides) .......................... 45 Materials and methods ..................................................................... 46 Results .............................................................................................. 50 Frequency-magnitude relationships of landslides ....................... 50 Area-volume relationship of shallow landslides ......................... 55 The geomorphic work performed by the shallow landslides of different sizes .............................................................................. 58 Spatial distribution of shallow landslides and sediment yield .... 59 Contribution of landslides to landscape evolution ........................... 62 Discussion and conclusions ............................................................. 66 IV MODELING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LANDSLIDES USING THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE APPROACH: WESTERN COLORADO, USA ...................................................................................................... 71 Synopsis ........................................................................................... 71 Introduction ...................................................................................... 72 The study area .................................................................................. 75 Theory of weights-of-evidence (WOE) ........................................... 78 Materials and methods ....................................................................
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