DOCSLIB.ORG

Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Review Consultants in Natural Resources and the Environment Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Review Prepared for— Pitkin County Open Space and Trails 806 West Hallam Street (Forest Service Building) Aspen, Colorado 81611 (970) 429-6169 Prepared by— ERO Resources Corporation 1842 Clarkson Street Denver, Colorado 80218 (303) 830-1188 March 2018 (Updated) Denver • Durango • Hotchkiss • Idaho www.eroresources.com ERO Project 6818 Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Analysis Pitkin County, Colorado Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................... iv Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... v Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Study Approach ............................................................................................................................ 1 Context and Study Area ............................................................................................................... 1 Existing Studies and Data Review ................................................................................................ 3 2017 Field Review ........................................................................................................................ 7 Vegetation Resources .................................................................................................................... 11 Field Review Methods ................................................................................................................ 11 General Vegetation Communities .............................................................................................. 12 High-Quality Vegetation Communities ...................................................................................... 13 Listed, Sensitive, and Rare Plants .............................................................................................. 14 Wetlands and Riparian Communities ........................................................................................ 17 Instream and Aquatic Habitat .................................................................................................... 18 Wildlife Resources.......................................................................................................................... 25 Wildlife Assessment Methodology ............................................................................................ 25 Listed and Sensitive Wildlife ...................................................................................................... 26 High-Quality Wildlife Habitat Areas ........................................................................................... 41 Landscape Disturbance .............................................................................................................. 42 Summary of Impacts from Trails and Recreation ...................................................................... 47 Potential Impacts from Secondary Trail Development .............................................................. 49 Background on Existing Seasonal Closures ................................................................................ 50 Cultural Resources ......................................................................................................................... 53 Cultural Review Methodology ................................................................................................... 53 Significant Sites .......................................................................................................................... 54 Impacts to Cultural Resources ................................................................................................... 55 Summary of Potential Impacts by Segment ................................................................................... 56 7 Oaks to Nettle Creek ............................................................................................................... 58 Red Wind Point to Andrews ....................................................................................................... 62 Perham to Janeway South ......................................................................................................... 67 Avalanche to Narrows ................................................................................................................ 71 Filoha .......................................................................................................................................... 77 i Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Analysis Pitkin County, Colorado Wild Rose ................................................................................................................................... 80 Redstone to Hawk Creek ............................................................................................................ 82 Hayes Falls to Bear Creek ........................................................................................................... 85 Placita to Top of McClure Pass ................................................................................................... 88 Summary of Impacts by Trail Segment ...................................................................................... 91 Impact Mitigation Measures ...................................................................................................... 93 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................. 96 Appendix A: Plant Species Observed during Field Review ............................................................. 105 Appendix B: ESA-Listed and USFS Region 2 Sensitive Plant Species with Potential to Occur ......... 110 Appendix C: ESA-Listed and USFS Region 2 Sensitive Species with Potential to Occur .................. 112 Tables Table 1. High-Quality Vegetation Communities within the Crystal Valley Trail Corridor .............. 15 Table 2. Crystal River FACStream Assessment Results .................................................................. 19 Table 3. Possible Impacts on Stream Habitat ................................................................................ 20 Table 4. Listed and Sensitive Species Habitat and Potential to Occur in the Study Area .............. 27 Table 5. Bighorn Sheep Habitat Areas within the Study Area ....................................................... 38 Table 6. Elk Seasonal Habitat Areas in the Study Area .................................................................. 39 Table 7. High-Quality Habitat Areas and Attributes ...................................................................... 41 Table 8. Summary of Impacts: 7 Oaks to Nettle Creek .................................................................. 58 Table 9. Summary of Impacts: Red Wind Point to Andrews .......................................................... 62 Table 10. Summary of Impacts: Perham to Janeway South .......................................................... 67 Table 11. Summary of Impacts: Avalanche to Narrows ................................................................. 71 Table 12. Summary of Impacts: Filoha ........................................................................................... 77 Table 13. Summary of Impacts: Wild Rose .................................................................................... 80 Table 14. Summary of Impacts: Redstone to Hawk Creek ............................................................. 82 Table 15. Summary of Impacts: Hayes Falls to Bear Creek ............................................................ 85 Table 16. Summary of Impacts: Placita to Top of McClure Pass .................................................... 88 Table 17. Summary of Impacts by Segment .................................................................................. 91 Figures Figure 1. Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2. High-Quality Habitat and Vegetation ................................................................................ 8 Figure 3. CPW Bighorn Sheep ........................................................................................................ 37 ii Carbondale to Crested Butte Trail Study – Crystal River Section Environmental Analysis Pitkin County, Colorado Figure 4. CPW Elk ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 5. Landscape Disturbance ................................................................................................... 44 Figure 6. 7 Oaks to Nettle Creek .................................................................................................... 59 Figure 7. Red Wind Point to Andrews ............................................................................................ 63 Figure 8. Perham to Janeway South .............................................................................................. 68 Figure 9. Avalanche to Narrows ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MOUNT SOPRIS 12,965 Feet
    Aspen Ranger District 806 West Hallam Aspen, CO 81611 (970) 925-3445 (970) 925-5277- Fax United States Department of Agriculture MOUNT SOPRIS 12,965 feet LENGTH: 6 miles from Dinkle Lake ELEVATION GAIN: 4,253 feet AVERAGE HIKING/CLIMBING TIME: USGS MAP(S): Sopris 10 hours RECOMMENDED SEASON(S): SKILL FACTOR: More difficult Late spring and summer ATTRACTIONS/CONSIDERATIONS: If you plan to climb Sopris, allow two days. The first day, hike to the lakes, set up camp in a designated site and explore, fish or just enjoy the scenery. On the second day, get up early and begin climbing to finish the hike before the aftenoon thunderstorms. ACCESS: Procees south on Hwy 133 for 1.4 miles to Prince Creek Road and take a left. The trailhead is approximately 8 miles up the road and just before the Dinkle Lake at the Thomas Lake Trailhead. The first three miles to Thomas Lakes is easy. NARRATIVE: The easiest route is up the east ridge. From the upper lake, walk to the base of the steep slope to the southeast of the lake. Ascend this slope on the new hiking trail to the ridge, and continue across the high, sparsely timbered slope to the southern ridge. Follow this ridge up the mountain. You will come upon one stretch of fairy steep, loose rock but should have no problem if you use care. Soon you will be on the main ridge to the summit. Enjoy your view! You may want to cross one half mile saddle to West Sopris, which is the same elevation as East Sopris, and offers a superb view of the Crystal River Valley and Avalanche Creek.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal River and Wast Sopris Creek Report Section 7
    7. References Bredehoeft, J.D. 2006. On Modeling Philosophies. Ground Water, Vol. 44 (4), pp. 496-499. Bryant, B. and P.L. Martin. 1988. The Geologic Story of the Aspen Region -Mines, Glaciers and Rocks. Bulletin 1603. U.S. Geological Survey. CDNR. 2008. Guide to Colorado Water Rights, Well Permits, and Administration. Colorado Dept. of Natural Resources, Office of State Engineer. (http://www.water.state.co.us/pubs/wellpermitguide.pdf ). Daly, C. and G.L. Johnson. 1999. PRISM Spatial Climate Layers; PRISM Guide Book. PRISM Group, Oregon State University. Devlin, J.F., and M. Sophocleous. 2005. The Persistence of the Water Budget Myth and its Relationship to Sustainability. Hydrogeology Journal, Vol. 13(4), pp. 549-554. ESRI. 2002. Getting Started with ArcGISTM . ESRI, Redlands, California. Freethey, G.W., and G.E. Gordy. 1991. Geohydrology of Mesozoic Rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, Excluding the San Juan Basin. Professional Paper 1411-C. U.S. Geological Survey. Geldon, A.L. 2003a. Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, Excluding the San Juan Basin. Professional Paper 1411-A. U.S. Geological Survey. Geldon, A.L. 2003b. Hydrologic Properties and Ground-Water Flow Systems of the Paleozoic Rocks in the Upper Colorado River Basin in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming, Excluding the San Juan Basin. Professional Paper 1411-B. U.S. Geological Survey. Harlan, R., K.E. Kolm, and E.D. Gutentag. 1989. Water Well Design and Construction. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]
  • August 2012 Page Rocky Mountain Federation News—August 2012 Page
    Rocky Mountain Federation News—August 2012 Page Rocky Mountain Federation News—August 2012 Page The official publication of the Rocky Mountain Federation of Mineralogical Societies, Inc. The RMFMS is a regional member of the American Fed- eration of Mineralogical Societies, Inc. and is issued monthly (except June and July). It is a privilege of membership of the RMFMS and cannot be exchanged by the editor for individual club newsletters from other regional federations. www.rmfms.org Inside this Issue: NOTES FROM THE PRESIDENT BY DELANE COX Treasurer’s Report 2 ’m back from the American Federation Meeting in Minneapolis. It was not much cooler Agates and Agates 2 Ithere than it is here, either. The meeting facility was at the Hopkins City High School, An Ode to a Rock 4 which is in Minnetonka (don’t ask; I have not figured it out either). Time to Make the Donuts! 4 There was not a great deal of business this year, so the meeting went smoothly and Redstone: Ruby of the Rockies 5 quickly. No By-Laws changes, no change in dues. We do get to change officers: Don Fossil Finds from Morrison Form. 6 Monroe of the Southeastern Federation will become president, and Richard Jaeger of Ashfall Fossil Beds State Park 7 the Rocky Mountain Federation is president-elect. Next year the meeting will be in Jacksonville, Flor- ida, if you want to start planning now. Stinging Insects 8 Taking Your Kitchen Camping 8 I had a chance to visit with some friends from other federations, and made a couple of new .
    [Show full text]
  • IN REDSTONE and MARBLE WANTED Tisha's the Redstone Beauty Salon Historical Society Wants You! in Marble
    HE RYSTAL ALLEY CHO T C V E& Marble Times November 2019 Free TheCrystalValleyEcho.com Echoes of a Legacy: A History of Firehouse Road During the late 30s and early 40s, Frank Mechau painted his murals inside the Redstone Schoolhouse. Photo provided by the Mechau family For the full story of the School and other community buildings on Firehouse Road, open to page 4. Page 2 • The Crystal Valley Echo & Marble Times • November 2019 THE CRYSTAL VALLEY ECHO Artisan Ad Special! & Marble Times Mission Statement: To provide a voice for Crystal Valleyites; to bring attention to the individuals and local The Crystal Valley Echo is running a holiday special for local artisans and trades- businesses that are the fabric of the Crystal Valley people: For $100 you’ll receive a 1/5 page ad in our December issue, with a region; to contribute to the vitality of our small town life. 200-300 word profile, and an additional photo, turning your coverage into 1/2 page. In addition to your spread in our print and digital editions, we’ll also fea- Editor • Gentrye Houghton ture each artist with a blast on our Facebook. Publisher • Ryan Kenney Contributor • Charlotte Graham Contributor • Dan Sohner ADVERTISING SALES Gentrye Houghton • 970-963-1495 [email protected] DISTRIBUTION The Crystal Valley Echo is published monthly, and is distributed throughout the Crystal Valley. NEWSPAPER BOX LOCATIONS: Carbondale City Market (inside) • Marble Hub Carbondale Post Office • Redstone Inn Redstone General Store • Marble Hub Propaganda Pie FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS Please send $40 for print or $25 for digital editions along with address information to: Email [email protected] to reserve your space by The Crystal Valley Echo November 10th; ad copy is due no later than November 15th.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 SSSA Program
    Latinos and the Change of a Nation: Implications for the Social Sciences 95th Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Social Science Association April 8 – 11, 2015 Grand Hyatt, Denver Denver, Colorado 1 SSSA Events Time Location Wednesday April 8 Registration & Exhibits 2:00 - 5:00 p.m. Imperial Ballroom SSSA Executive Committee 3:00 - 5:00 p.m. Mount Harvard Nominations Committee Meeting 1 4:00 – 5:30 pm Mount Yale Thursday April 9 Registration & Exhibits 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Imperial Ballroom Nominations Committee 8:30 - 9:45 a.m. Mount Harvard Membership Committee 8:30 - 9:45 a.m. Mount Yale Budget and Financial Policies Committee 8:30 - 9:45 a.m. Mount Oxford Resolutions Committee 10:00 - 11:15 a.m. Mount Harvard Editorial Policies Committee 10:00 - 11:15 a.m. Mount Oxford Site Policy Committee 10:00 - 11:15 a.m. Mount Yale SSSA Council 1:00 - 3:45 p.m. Mount Oxford SSSA Presidential Address 4:00 - 5:15 p.m. Mount Sopris B SSSA Presidential Reception 5:30 - 7:30 p.m. Mount Evans Friday April 10 Registration & Exhibits 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Imperial Ballroom SSSA Student Social & Welcome Continental 7:15 – 8:45 a.m. Grand Ballroom Breakfast (FOR REGISTERED STUDENTS ONLY, No Guests or Faculty/Professional Members) SSSA General Business Meeting 1:00 - 2:15 p.m. Grand Ballroom Saturday April 11 Registration 8:00 – 11:00 am Imperial Ballroom 2016 Program Committee 7:15 - 8:30 a.m. Pike’s Peak Getting to Know SSSA 8:30 – 9:15 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Department of the Interior National Park Service This
    NPS Form 10-900 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Rev. 8/86) NPS/CHS Word Processor Format (Approved 03/88) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service 16J989••<Mp NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM NATIONAL REGISTER This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable". For functions, styles, materials, and areas of significance, enter only the categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900a). Type all entries. Use letter quality printers in 12 pitch. Use only 25% or greater cotton content bond paper. 1. Name of Property historic name: Redstone Historic District other names/site number: N/A 2. Location street & number: (See continuation sheet) not for publication city, town: Redstone (n/a) vicinity state: Colorado code: CO county: Pitkin code:097 zip code: 81623 3. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property No. of Resources within Property (x) private ( ) building(s) contributing noncontributing ( ) public-local (x) district 32 14 buildings ( ) public-State ( ) site 0 _0 sites ( ) public-Federal ( ) structure _3 _3 structures ( ) object 1 _Q objects 36 17 Total Name of related multiple property listing: No. of contributing resources Historic Resources of Redstone, Colorado previously listed in the and Vicinity National Register 2 NPS Form 10-900a 0MB No.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbondale Creative District (PDF)
    5TH EDITION Guidebook WIFI LOGIN • Network: Orchard Free Public Wifi • No password WELCOME TO THE SUMMIT A two-day professional development conference for creative entrepreneurs, emerging creatives, municipal and non-profit cultural workers, and creative district leaders. May 5, 2016 Greetings: On behalf of the State of Colorado, it is my distinct pleasure to welcome you to the 5th annual Colorado Creative Industries Summit here in Carbondale. As embodied by this year’s theme, the State of Colorado is embracing a culture of possibility. We are recognized as a leader in building sustainable communities and economies by cultivating creative talent, leveraging local resources, and fostering a sense of place through the arts and innovation. It is our independent spirit at the heart of these movements and what continues to drive us forward, paving the way for others to follow. Colorado’s creative industries have a significant impact on the strength of our economy and continue to play an integral role in our overall vitality. Whether it is a community on the Front Range or in a small rural or mountain town, the creative sector touches all four corners of our state, contributing to the inner workings of what makes us unique. During your time in Carbondale, we hope you will take a moment to celebrate the exceptional variety, skill, and determination inherent within the Colorado creative community. As Coloradans, we all have the good fortune of benefitting from the diverse projects and goods generated by our creative industries. Thank you to everyone who is participating in this year’s summit.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Wide Hazardous Tree Removal and Fuels Reduction Project
    107°0'0"W VAIL k GYPSUM B e 6 u 6 N 1 k 2 k 1 h 2 e . e 6 . .1 I- 1 o 8 70 e c f 7 . r 0 e 2 2 §¨¦ e l 1 0 f 2 u 1 0 3 2 N 4 r r 0 1 e VailVail . 3 W . 8 . 1 85 3 Edwards 70 1 C 1 a C 1 .1 C 8 2 h N 1 G 7 . 7 0 m y 1 k r 8 §¨¦ l 2 m 1 e c . .E 9 . 6 z W A T m k 1 5 u C 0 .1 u 5 z i 6. e s 0 C i 1 B a -7 k s 3 2 .3 e e r I ee o C r a 1 F G Carterville h r e 9. 1 6 r g 1 N 9 g 8 r e 8 r y P e G o e u l Avon n C 9 N C r e n 5 ch w i r 8 .k2 0 N n D k 1 n 70 a tt e 9 6 6 8 G . c 7 o h 18 1 §¨¦ r I-7 o ra West Vail .1 1 y 4 u h 0 1 0. n lc 7 l D .W N T 7 39 . 71 . 1 a u 1 ch W C k 0 C d . 2 e . r e 1 e 1 C st G e e . r 7 A Red Hill R 3 9 k n s e 5 6 7 a t 2 .
    [Show full text]
  • John Cleveland Osgood: American Entrepreneur
    John Cleveland Osgood: American Entrepreneur John Cleveland Osgood was born in 1851 in Brooklyn New York. With the death of his parents at a young age, Osgood and his three brothers and sisters were passed between relatives, attending public schools in Rhode Island and Connecticut. Osgood dropped out of school at age 14 and took an apprenticeship in a Rhode Island cotton mill. At age 16, he returned to New York and took a job with the William Ladd Produce Commission Firm while enrolled in night classes at the Peter Cooper Institute studying business and industry. While there, Osgood met A.D. Moss, an assistant manager for the Colorado Coal Company. Impressed with the young man’s determination to succeed, Moss recommended Osgood for a job at the Union Mining Company in Ottumwa, Iowa. Although still a teenager, Osgood realized the fortunes that could be made in the coal industry. By the time of his twenties, Osgood saved enough money to purchase the financially troubled White Breast Mining Company, turning its stocks around to become profitable. Under Osgood’s leadership, the company managed to keep its contract as the major supplier of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Shortly after his 31st birthday, Osgood was sent to Colorado to prospect and inspect potential new coal mine purchases and under developed fuel deposits for his employer. “He reportedly inspected every coal mine in the state, but it was the rich bituminous coal, uncovered by an avalanche, that commanded his full attention.”1 Seeing the potential for making a lot of money in this new endeavor, Osgood broke ties with the White Breast Coal Company and formed a new enterprise, the Colorado Fuel Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Summits on the Air – ARM for USA - Colorado (WØC)
    Summits on the Air – ARM for USA - Colorado (WØC) Summits on the Air USA - Colorado (WØC) Association Reference Manual Document Reference S46.1 Issue number 3.2 Date of issue 15-June-2021 Participation start date 01-May-2010 Authorised Date: 15-June-2021 obo SOTA Management Team Association Manager Matt Schnizer KØMOS Summits-on-the-Air an original concept by G3WGV and developed with G3CWI Notice “Summits on the Air” SOTA and the SOTA logo are trademarks of the Programme. This document is copyright of the Programme. All other trademarks and copyrights referenced herein are acknowledged. Page 1 of 11 Document S46.1 V3.2 Summits on the Air – ARM for USA - Colorado (WØC) Change Control Date Version Details 01-May-10 1.0 First formal issue of this document 01-Aug-11 2.0 Updated Version including all qualified CO Peaks, North Dakota, and South Dakota Peaks 01-Dec-11 2.1 Corrections to document for consistency between sections. 31-Mar-14 2.2 Convert WØ to WØC for Colorado only Association. Remove South Dakota and North Dakota Regions. Minor grammatical changes. Clarification of SOTA Rule 3.7.3 “Final Access”. Matt Schnizer K0MOS becomes the new W0C Association Manager. 04/30/16 2.3 Updated Disclaimer Updated 2.0 Program Derivation: Changed prominence from 500 ft to 150m (492 ft) Updated 3.0 General information: Added valid FCC license Corrected conversion factor (ft to m) and recalculated all summits 1-Apr-2017 3.0 Acquired new Summit List from ListsofJohn.com: 64 new summits (37 for P500 ft to P150 m change and 27 new) and 3 deletes due to prom corrections.
    [Show full text]
  • River Currents
    RIVER CURRENTS Summer 2016 20 Years Strong Rick Lofaro, Executive Director to establish a non-profit organization to promote water conservation practices and the protection of the Roaring Fork River, and RFC was born. Like any new organization, the first steps RFC took were close to home, working with the Roaring Fork Club to create healthier riparian habitat and helping the Town of Basalt develop a plan for the 3 miles of Roaring Fork River that flow through town. However, soon after the creation of the organization, founding board members noted that protecting the Roaring Fork River meant protecting all the water that flows into it, which includes I have been fishing for as long as I can remember. In my the entire Roaring Fork Watershed. Soon RFC was taking early childhood years, my family owned a small 1-acre its mission and its message of watershed protection to lot outside of Bailey, Colorado, where we had access to a the far reaches of the watershed. The organization they small private lake. While I’m sure the lake had a formal established was the first group focused solely on river and name, my family simply called it “Lake Lofaro.” We spent water issues in the Roaring Fork Watershed. every weekend we could at Lake Lofaro, fishing, playing, and learning about nature. Those outings instilled a love Over the past 20 years, RFC has grown to be one of for the outdoors that burns as strong as ever inside of me. the most respected watershed action and education organizations in Colorado.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal River Valley Visitor Guide
    City of Glenwood Springs CRYSTAL RIVER VALLEY To Glenwood Springs Roaring Fork River Town of Town of RUEDI WATER & POWER AUTHORITY Carbondale 1 Basalt 2 Lewis Lake To Aspen & Snowmass Village North of Fork Thompson Creek Nettle Creek River Colorado River District Protecting Western Colorado Water Since 1937 Lake Ridge Lakes Thomas Lakes Stream Orchid Crystal 3 Mt. Sopris Avalanche 4 Coal Snowmass 5 Snowmass Creek Village Village of Village Redstone Creek 6 Crystal River Watershed Legend 7 Avalanche Lake Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep 10 Points of Interest River Geneva Lake Unpaved/4WD Road 8 Village of Marble Lizard Lake Local Road 10 Beaver Lake Paved Highway (133, 82) 9 Watershed Boundary Galena Lake Yule Lakes Campground Muddy Picnic Area Creek 0 5M 10 miles Fishing Bald Eagle Visit the RFC website the town was largely abandoned until the 1950s when the 1 TOWN OF CARBONDALE CARBONDALE: e Town of Carbondale (pop. 6,500) is located at mines reopened. By the time the mines closed again in 1991, the con uence of the Crystal and Roaring Fork Rivers. Redstone had established itself as an artist colony, second- HUB OF Founded in 1888, the town was named a er Carbondale, home resort, and tourist destination. Coal Creek Road RECREATION Pennsylvania, the birthplace of many of its original provides access to National Forest lands but please check local The Crystal River Valley settlers. Carbondale is the historic agricultural center maps to ensure respect for private property. Additionally, offers a host of recreational of the Roaring Fork Valley and annually celebrates Redstone Campground located one mile north of Redstone opportunities.
    [Show full text]