Journal of English Language Literature and Education ISSN 2663-3485 Vol.1 Issue 1 (July - Sept. 2019) pp 69-82 Correlation of Urduization in (PAKE): a Cultural Integrant

Hafiz Syed M. Yasir

Department of English, University of Education,

ABSTRACT Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English language as it shows different shifts from Standard British English. Every non-native language has a great impact of culture because language is culture and culture is language. It is obvious that many words of local languages become part of the variety of English that is spoken in a specific region. Cultural integration in Pakistani English is very dominant as it is syndicated with language because Urdu language is a national language of declared by constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973. Thus Pakistani English shows “Borrowing” from Urdu language and leads to the urduized and code-switched terms as an elementary part of English variety spoken in Pakistan. Recent studies show extensive research on Pakistani English in multi-dimensional avenues. This paper intends to highlight inclusion of Urdu words as a distinct part of Pakistani English (PakE). Qualitative approach has been used to signify Urduization in sample of writings which include newspapers, official letters and text books selected through convenience sampling technique. This study will highlight the word formation process in Pakistani English under parasol of Urduization phenomenon and how it opens the pathway of producing code-switched terms as an integral part of Pakistani English. Neologism will also be delineated in this study related to Urduized version of English spoken across Pakistan. For this purpose eminent works of M. Taalat, Tariq Rehman, Ahmar Mahboob and Baumgardner in the realm of Pakistani English will be discussed profoundly. Findings show Urdu language as a cultural integrant syndicated with Pakistani English explicitly. This study will open the avenues of conspicuous research regarding Pakistani English as a distinct variety of English at the verge of standardization.

Keywords: Code-switching, Cultural Integration, Pakistani English, Urduization.

Auther's Email: Hafiz Syed M. Yasir at [email protected]

Introduction There is not a single variety of English There are different varieties of language but a ‗Plethora of World English language arising world-wide. Englishes‘ which are used across the

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Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant globe (Canagarajah, 2006). These is an independent variety of English emerging forms of English have distinct language as an emerging form in world characteristics and features which are part Englishes, which enjoys status of an of societal culture, values, norms and official language and acts as a lingua traditions within a particular boundary of franca (Ahmad & Ali, 2014). English in the region where it is being spoken. All Pakistan is a distinct variety as soon it new varieties deviated from standard will take a place of standard variety of norms and standard varieties of English English language (Khan, 2012). Non- language. These varieties transform native variety passes through three phases gradually under the influence of social to become a standard variety (Kachru, factors like culture, regional languages, 1986). According to Kachru following are traditions, religious values etc. (Kilickaya, the three phases: 2009). Thus with the passage of time these varieties come as a standing part of 1. Firstly, localized variety is not world Englishes. So ‗World Englishes‘ recognized. include all the varieties whether standard 2. Secondly, non-native variety is or in the process of standardization as an considered as a sub-standard. integral part of varieties of English having 3. Thirdly, it is gradually accepted different but distinct features other than as a norm and standard variety. standard norms of English variety (Baumgardner, 1995). The term ‗World Under Kachru‘s model, Pakistani Englishes‘ refers to localized and English is passing through the third phase emerging varieties of English language as of non-native variety of English language these varieties are not interlanguages but and soon will be included under legitimate varieties with their own standardization (Mansoor, 2004). features and norms within a specific Pakistani English is greatly influenced by cultural and social context (Jenkins, interaction of regional languages and 2009). includes different lexical and morphological items of regional and Pakistani English (PakE) is one of national language which are embedded in these varieties amongst world Englishes. Pakistani variety of English as an integral Pakistani English is a non-native variety part. These factors cause different of English language but it is very much transformations in English language of deviated from Standard British English Pakistan and gradually deviates from its (Irfan, 2017). Pakistani English has origin. Pakistani English has its roots distinct features and patterns which are associated with British colonization in deviated from Standard British English sub-continent. under social, cultural, religious and regional factors. Thus English in Pakistan

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Evolutionary History of Pakistani classes through high and low notions English which were used to highlight level of English speaking as well as following the History of Pakistani English is tradition of English gentlemen. Under all linked with pre-partition of Sub-continent these aspects English language was (Pakistan: History (The Commonwealth), fabricated across the sub-continent. n.d.). It is the time of 17th century when the British people arrived in sub-continent In 1947, the sub-continent was as merchants under ‗East-India Company‘ divided and Pakistan got independence. who were given a charter from Queen After independence, British people went Elizabeth I during beginning of 17th away but their influence remained there. century for the purpose of trade in sub- This influence was association of English continent and Britain (Rehman, 1990). language in the culture, mind and society. They waited till their strengthening English language remained prominent due position until 18th century when Mughal to its social, economic and global power declined. Thus, in this situation a mobility across the world (Mehboob, vacuum of power and authority was 2003). Many people learned English created due to Aurangzeb‘s orthodoxy in language through formal contact or by sub-continent and led to the rise of British proper schooling under these factors. people (Mehboob, 2003). Input of learning English language in Pakistan was non-native and local. It got British people took position at more as interaction and contact with higher levels and they actually started natives, was further reduced after partition their vision of coming under English of sub-continent. So English was imperialism. As Macaulay in 1835 said flourished in Pakistan after independence that they had a great moral duty to but it was clearly a non-native variety of perform in India. They wanted to impose English because different languages were British culture, traditions and language to spoken in Pakistan as a first language India. Their mission was to make ―Brown (Haque, 2007). These languages include Englishmen‖ which highlights conversion Urdu, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashto, Saraiki, of people of sub-continent into Punjabi and Bengali, etc. and some other Englishmen by just speaking English regional languages. So English language language as well as following their became the part of Pakistani languages lifestyle which includes dressing, look, and has a distinct feature due to some behavior etc. (British Colonialism In transitions and transformations gradually. India, 2009). British started implementation of their strategies and Pakistani English is an official ideas in order to fulfill their aim of language as well as language of education colonization. They brought the concept of and medium of instruction in institutions

71 Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant and organizations. Thus, English language to inclusion of Islamic values in English act as a lingua franca in Pakistan due to version of Pakistan (Mahboob, 2009). its recognition and importance Urdu words like atta, goondah, abadi etc. internationally and globally. English are also part of Pakistani English under language is used for the purpose of trade, cultural integration. Code-Switching can business, meetings, research, education, also be observed in Pakistan which is a and official letters etc. (Shehzad, 2017) mixture of English language and other languages spoken in Pakistan, usually Cultural Integration Urdu language. It is a trend in Pakistan to start a conversation in Urdu then switch to Pakistani English is a deviated English language during conversation version of Standard British English due to (Khan, 2012). Under this phenomenon some changes under the social, cultural, some code-switched terms can also be regional and religious background. seen in Pakistani English, for example Pakistani English is influenced by bhangra music, geo TV, aaj TV, hamary different languages and cultural values, listeners, etc. (Khan, 2012). These which get embedded in English language examples show Pakistani English as open spoken in Pakistan and results in making to integration of cultural values which are a distinct variety of English in Pakistan distinct part of variety of English with different features than its origin language which is spoken in Pakistan and language. According to Noam Chomsky, definitely lead Pakistani English towards language is culture and culture is standardization due to its signature language. Under this perspective, features. language is very much influenced by its culture and language which is an eminent Urduization in Pakistani English part of any culture and society. This concept is referred as ‗cultural Inclusion of Urdu words in integration‘. When languages spoken in Pakistani English is a part of cultural Pakistan influence English variety by association. Urdu words are embedded in inserting their words, structure and Pakistani English which can be values, thus leads to lexical, understood through context and pre- morphological and syntactic changes. knowledge of Urdu language (Baumgardner, 1990). Urdu words are Pakistani English is greatly intermingled under different categories influenced by these features e.g. Islamic like, food, , administration, values, urduized meanings, urduized policy, politics, education, status, music, words, phonological variations etc. For culture etc. The relation of Pakistani example, words like Mashallah, Assalam- English with Urdu language can be o-Alaikum, Alhamdulillah, and Hajj refer examined through highlighting these

72 Hafiz Syed M. Yasir borrowed words and how do these words Tariq Rehman reflect cultural values in Pakistani version of English language. Urdu words are Tariq Rehman is an eminent greatly used in Pakistani English fiction academic writer, scholar and columnist. and other literature and daily English His work of 1990 regarding Pakistani newspapers, e.g. atta (flour), goondah, English is of great significance. He has rickshaw (auto), Jirga (council), mela opened different avenues of Pakistani (fair) etc. (Khan, 2012). English and its different aspects and features. Tariq Rehman discussed it under According to Baumgardner, if we non-native variety and how this variety is want to understand Pakistani variety of deviated from standard British English English language then familiarization of under different context. Tariq Rahman‘s Urdu words and its lexical categories are work have been cited by many authors very important, especially those words and scholars. His works got published in which are frequent in Pakistani English. international journal of great status. Tariq Urduized version of English in Pakistan is Rahman also discussed ESL (English as a being used by fiction writers of Pakistan second language) and EFL (English as who are contributing in prevailing foreign language) context in Pakistani Urduization of Pakistani English, under English and its background (Rehman, which Pakistani English is getting 1990). recognized gradually as embedded with cultural influence such as Urduization Ahmar Mehboob (Bilal et al., 2012). Ahmar Mehboob‘s work Literature Review regarding English in Pakistan highlights an important aspect which is the historical Extensive research has been done perspective. Mehboob asserts that by eminent scholars regarding Pakistani Pakistan‘s native language is other than English. These works opened the pathway English language. But English started of more conspicuous research in this spreading after the arrival of British regard. These researches contribute in people and especially after Mughal‘s making Pakistani English as a distinct and decline. He also highlighted interference different variety of English language of Islamic values, words and culture which is deviated from standard British which is also an integral part of English English. These works highlight Pakistani spoken in Pakistan (Mahboob, 2009). English under different categories like: Evolutionary history of Pakistani English morphological, syntactical, phonological, was well discussed by Ahmar Mehboob in lexical, semantic and pragmatic aspects. a diligent manner (Mehboob, 2003).

73 Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant

Robert Baumgardner place as a norm providing variety due to its distinct and signature characteristics His significant works lies under and features. the domain of world Englishes which is a notable parasol to discuss any non-native Research Methodology as well as native variety of English language. R.J Baumgardner‘s efforts in This research explores the status this regard made works easy to know and of Pakistani English as embedded with its understand any variety of English cultural facets especially with urduized language spoken across the world wide. words and meanings. Qualitative His works are being cited by many approach will be used to discuss inclusion authors, scholars and academicians of Urdu words as an integral part of (Baumgardner, 1990). English variety spoken in Pakistan. Some samples written in English in Pakistan Mubina Taalat were taken through convenience sampling technique from different websites, books, She is a well-known research columns, letters, phrases, etc. These scholar of Pakistan. Her works explain selected samples will be used to highlight sociolinguistic varieties of English in Urdu words and how these words act as a Pakistan. Form and function of English in part of English variety in Pakistan. Word Pakistan is also described by Taalat‘s formations of these urduized words in works. English will be examined. Code switched words and neologisms will also be dealt Humaira Irfan Khan differently as a norm of Pakistani English.

She is an academic and research Data Collection and Results scholar of Pakistan. Her works underline Pakistani English as a distinct variety by Data was collected from different emphasizing unique characteristics other sources which highlight the inclusion of than the Standard English. Pakistani Urdu words in Pakistani English. These English is not a separate variety but a sources include official letters, books, legitimate variety of English language. newspapers, websites, phrases, columns, She explained features of Pakistani etc. Collected data will be used to English at different levels. According to underline Urdu words as an integral part Humaira‘s works, Pakistani English is an of Pakistani English. Code-switched integral part of world Englishes having an terms will be analyzed along with influence of cultural and social boundary. formation of new words will be explained Pakistani English is in the process of through morphological changes. standardization and will soon take the Following samples will show Urdu

74 Hafiz Syed M. Yasir language as a cultural integrant of Ras Malai Pakistani English: Retrieved from: (Hamariweb, n.d.), (Flavorverse, n.d.), (The Culture Trip, n.d.), (Buzzfeed, n.d.) Food Dishes of Pakistan Dresses Pakistani Food names are based on Urduized words which are used in Urdu dress names are also a English writings in a Pakistani context. cultural integrant of Pakistani English These words are embedded in English which are being used by different writers, writing but these Urduized words will websites, etc. Following examples show show cultural integration and influence of words in English language as these are in background. Urdu language:

These examples are retrieved Table 2: Dress Names of Pakistan Based from websites (Hamariweb, Flavorverse, on Urdu Words Theculturetrip, Buzzfeed) and Herald Shalwar magazine‘s different chunks and versions: Kameez Khussa (The Herald is a monthly magazine, Pajama published in , Pakistan. The Kurti Angrakhha magazine is owned by Pakistan Herald Retrieved from: (Cultural and Traditional Publications Limited (PHPL), which also Pak. dresses, n.d.), (, publishes the Dawn group of n.d.) newspapers): Newspaper Table 1: Food Dishes of Pakistan Based on Urdu Words English newspapers that are published in Pakistan are rich in Cultural Aloo Gosht Gol Gappa influence as these newspapers include Chapli Kabab Shahi Murgh Urdu and other cultural terms and words Channe which signify cultural integration of Nihari Seekh Kabab Pakistan in Pakistani version of English Chicken Karahi Zarda language. Following examples are Kadhi Nargisi Kofta extracted from ‗Dawn‘ newspaper (Dawn Haleem Katakat is Pakistan's oldest, leading and most Qeema Halwa Puri widely read English-language newspaper Paya Samosa and is newspaper of record. It is one of Jalebi Kulfi the country's three largest English- Chicken Makhni Gajar Halwa language dailies and the flagship of the

75 Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant

Dawn Group of Newspapers.). Sample Figure 1: An Official Letter with Urdu contained newspaper of Dawn from 13th - Words 15th February, 2019. These selected samples were used to highlight Urdu words intermingled in Pakistani English as a standing part of English variety:

Table 3: Urduized Words from Newspaper Sample Extracted from „The Pakistan Times‟ Muhalla Jawan pointed out by Baumgardner in 1987 (Khan, 2012). Chutni Kabaddi

Rickshaw Abadi Article Goondah Jehad

Badmash Ameer One article was selected from Sufi Jamat website (dawn.com) which is written by Maulvi Islami Haroon Khalid named as ―Are Pakistani Tehseel Mela authors doing justice by writing in Ghee Kachhi-Abadi English?‖. Some Urduized words are Retrieved from: (Dawn Newspaper, 2019) included in this article which are as following: An Official Letter Table 4: Urduized Words from Selected Official letters, whether Article governmental or non-governmental, sometimes also include Urduized words Maulvi Heer merged in Pakistani English because Hindu Malka English language is used as an official Lambe Barat language across Pakistan. These letters Aag ka Darya Sufi also stand as a proof of Pakistani English Retrieved from: (Khalid, 2016) which is based on Urduized words intermingled in English variety. For Islamic Values Example, the following sample highlights different Urdu words like: Chowkidars, Words of Urdu (included through Baildars, Malis, Behitis, and Naib-Qasid, Arabic lexis) under Islamic values are which are words for government workers also used by different authors, columnists, at lower scales. scholars, etc. These words are urduized

but reflect Islamic values and concepts.

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Following words show Islamic concepts phenomena will be highlighted one by and lexis in terms of Urdu lexis. one in this section:

Table 5: Urduized Words Based on Code-Switched Words Islamic Values According to Khalique (2006), it Alhamdulilla Assalam o is a tradition in Pakistan to use code- Alaikum switching during conversation which Insha-Allah Masjid includes starting conversation in one Shaheed Zakat language and then shifting to other Shariat Ameer language and these shifts take place Nazim Maktab variously during conversation (Khan, Nikah Jehad 2012). It influences the word formation Retrieved from: (Khan, 2012) (Mahboob, process which interlinks both Urdu and 2009) English words to make new Compound words. These words are called as code- Data Analysis and Findings switched terms influenced by code- switching process. For example media Selected data was analyzed to channels are epitome of this process as locate Urduized words merged in English channel names are based on code- writings of Pakistan as an essential part of switched terms like ‗Aaj TV‘, ‗Hum TV‘, English variety. Data shows clear ‗Geo News‘, ‗Dunya News‘ etc. inclusion of Urduized words in Pakistani English. These words stand as a cultural Table 6: Code-switched Terms in artifact. Under data analyses, different Pakistani English phenomena were seen which include Lathi-charged Muhalla-wise code-switching terms, new word Bhangra Music Maghrib Time formation by different procedures. These Dhol Beats Qawali Night words lead to neologisms in English of Kachchi Abadi Chicken Karahi etc. Pakistani English. Urduized words form Mini Jirga System different samples, were seen especially to Pre-dholki Barat Ceremony underline word-formation processes Fatiha Offering Rickshaw-wallah morphologically by addition of prefixes, Rabi Season suffixes into existing base words. These words act as new words formed by Word Formation different changes. Secondly, code- switched words were marked under Word formation process is very samples and other sources. These cultural product sometimes. Same goes with Pakistani English. Words are formed

77 Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant by adding some morphological categories Neologisms into it. These morphological categories Under all these phenomena, include prefixes and suffixes. Urdu words words of Pakistani English are entertained from Pakistani English are used to make by code-switched terms, word formation new words and to change its grammatical process and borrowing from Urdu words class by making certain changes through in the context of Pakistani. Neologisms suffixes and prefixes. Samples show these are newly coined words whether cultural, morphologically changed words as a part social or any of the other factors. There of English in Pakistan. Productivity of are distinct neologisms or newly coined Urdu words increase by adding new words which can be seen in terms of morphological categories to make new Pakistani English. ‗Pakistan Times‘ lexical categories. highlighted an example: ―Good news for Woolies! No more stretching and de- Table 7: Word Formation Process of shaping of your woolen clothes‖ (Khan Urduized words in Pakistani English 2012). New word ―Woolies‖ can be seen in this context which defines the meaning Base- + Prefix/ = New Word of people who wear woolen clothes. In Words Suffix this way new words are coined and take place in the basic vocabulary. There is Shariat + ‗isation‘ = Shariatisation also a newly coined word in English (suffix) language which is influenced by Urdu Bradar + ‗ism‘ = Bradrism word for dancing girls as ‗nachania‟, (suffix) under this word English language has + ‗ize‘ = Punjabize include word ‗Notch Girls‟ under same (suffix) semantic category but also referred to Lahore + ‗ites‘ = Lahorites prostitutes. So in this neologisms add into (suffix) new language and become a part of it. Dholki + ‗pre‘ = Pre-dholki (prefix) Findings Islam + ‗ize‘ = Islamize (suffix) Under collected data and its Islamize + ‗ation‘ = Islamization analyses, this study explored Urduization (suffix) or inclusion of words from Urdu language Maund + ‗age‘ = Maundage in Pakistani English which is spoken and (suffix) written in a Pakistani context. Urdu words Goonda + ‗ish‘ = Goondaish are linked and merged in English variety (suffix) of Pakistan which lead to the distinct position of Pakistani English. These distinct features highlight that Pakistani

78 Hafiz Syed M. Yasir

English is a deviated version of Standard and novelty in the structure and bilingual British English due to cultural integration tendency of the word in a particular or interference in the form of vocabulary language. and also some other factors. This research also explained code-switching in Word formation process is a main Pakistani English linked with Urdu fact of increasing Urduized words in language as a cultural integrant as well as English of Pakistan. This process is word formation process and neologisms entertained by prefixes and suffixes thus have been dealt under the parasol of this make production of words more research. Thus, Pakistani English is very productive to be a part of Pakistani much associated with Urduized version or English under Urduization. These words Urdu language under different categories undergo some changes of addition or addressed in this research. Thus, the omission of morphological categories in following points have been dealt and the base word to make a new member of proved under this study: vocabulary in the language.

Inclusion of Urdu words in Neologisms is of great Pakistani variety of English language. significance in any language. Pakistani These words are intermingled with English also include newly coined words English language to make an impact of under different aspects which could be cultural influence on language spoken cultural, social or regional. These words through regional languages spoken in that get same place in the language as other context. This concept is associated with words, as it is a distinct addition in the ‗borrowing‘ as words are taken as it is in lexis of language. other language to convey same meaning under the same cultural and social Limitations context. These findings are directed Urduized words can also be seen through the sample selected by using in compound forms as these words get convenience sampling technique which covers different sources: newspaper, associated with English language to make article, letter, website data etc. This study a compound word with one by one ratio can be done by focusing on one specific (One word of English language and other part of sample to make it more specified word from Urdu language). These words and concise. are code-switched words and have an important place in English variety of Conclusions Pakistan. These words are made under influence of code-switching during This paper discusses Urdu conversation and highlight the expression borrowings in English variety of Pakistani

79 Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PakE): A Cultural Integrant

English. These Urdu words are used in who will read that text, as they are not English with the same meaning in most of familiar with Urduized words included in the cases. These inclusions of Urduized English variety. words complement cultural influence of language on other language. The main Future Recommendations reason of Urduization is contact of English language with its local and This study will open different regional languages and less with standard pathways of eminent research in Pakistani variety of English language. Code- English under World Englishes. The switched terms further enhance the distinct factors of Pakistani English make strength of Pakistani English on the it different from its origin variety i.e. independent linguistic norm of Pakistan. Standard British English. This study will Thus, Pakistani English reflects distinct help to open different avenues to prove innovation at the lexical level due to Pakistani English as a different variety as strong impact of Urdu language. Pakistani it is merged with cultural factors and English exhibits the process of influenced by different languages. This hybridization at the lexical level which study will help researchers to work on leads to the formation of endocentric and Pakistani English to prove it as a exocentric compounds. Compound words, legitimate variety of English language as code-switched words, affixed words and it has distinct and different lexical, borrowed words in terms of Urduization syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, are distinct feature and characteristic of phonological, and morphological features. Pakistani English. These features clearly demonstrate English variety of Pakistan is deviation of Pakistani English from very much in use of different writers as Standard British English. There is a need well as in official purpose. It needs some to explore Pakistani English‘s feature and background knowledge to understand full highlight its inclination towards different stance of text if you are not from Pakistan aspects. Hopefully this research will act then it would be great a difficulty to as a base for more researchers to work in understand meaning at full level unless this regard and step forward to lay deep interpreted through contextual clues. roots of standardization of English in Thus, certain words of Pakistani English Pakistan as it is at the verge of can be understood with cultural standardization, but needs some work to recognition and pre-knowledge of the move forward. background. According to Sidwa (1993), Pakistanized English should be used very carefully, as it is just the play for natives of Pakistan but these words and phrases can create real complexity for non-natives

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