GUIDE TO FARMING BASED TOURISM Authors: GYÖRGY HOITSY, ANDRÁS WOYNAROVICH and THOMAS -POULSEN GUIDE TO TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

Authors: GYÖRGY HOITSY, ANDRÁS WOYNAROVICH and THOMAS MOTH-POULSEN

Budapest, 2012 2

Photos and illustrations by courtesy of GYÖRGY HOITSY

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opin- ion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organi- zation of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not men- tioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. 3

PREFACE Intension of this book is to inspire initiatives of local govern- ments, communities and entrepreneurs regarding development of angling tourism in general, and trout angling tourism in par- ticular. One of the most important aims of this book is to initiate and support the combined utilization of local socio-economic and natural resources of mountainous regions in countries where angling tourism is none existent, or minimal.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors wish to express their gratitude to Ms. KATA WOYNAROVICH for translation and to Ms. ÉVA KOVÁCS, Junior Officer (FAO-REU) for participation in the elaboration of this document. We would like to thank the photos of Mr. JANNE TURUNEN, Coldfin (Finnland) which helped us to illustrate in Figure 5 how diverse the preparation of trout could be in different farm restaurants. Thanks are also due to Mr. ISTVÁN FÁBIÁN (www.ajel.hu and [email protected]) for the typographical design and work of this publication. 4 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 3 Acknowledgement 3 1 Introduction 5 2 Angling tourism 5 2.1 Participants of angling tourism and their effects 6 2.2 Seasons of angling tourism 6 3 Trout angling based tourism 6 3.1 Ensuring abundance 6 3.1.1 Waters suitable for trout angling 7 3.1.2 Stocking trout in angling waters 10 3.1.3. Management and maintenance of trout 12 3.2 Infrastructure of angling tourism and its development 13 3.2.1 on natural waters 13 3.2.2 Fee fishing 14 3.2.3 Hospitality services connected to angling tourism 14 3.2.4 Match angling 15 References 16 Glossary 17

Boxes Box 1: The most popular species of anglers 5 Box 2: Creation of spawning grounds in quarry lakes 8 Box 3: Angling licences and tickets, and what they licence 13 Box 4: Recommended equipments and services of angling camp sites 14 Box 5: Practicing of the motions of fishing 20

Figures Figure 1: Angling tourism within the tourist industry 6 Figure 2: Typical trout waters 7 Figure 3: Natural food of trout 9 Figure 4: Stocking of trout of different sizes 11 Figure 5: Farm restaurant and shop 15 Figure 6: Trout angling and its award 18 Figure 7: Equipment, materials and samples of artificial 19 Figure 8: Motions of over-head cast 21 Figure 9: Motions of roll cast 22 Figure 10: Motions of side cast 23 Figure 11: Motion of catapult cast 24

Appendix Angling techniques of trout 18 Introduction / Angling tourism 5

1 INTRODUCTION 2  ANGLING TOURISM

Changes in touristic habits and the char- All over the world the economic value of acteristics of most countries, abundant in angling activities is steadily increasing. water resources, would give reason for Effect of this growth can be summarised the growth of angling tourism, an area of as the following. tourism which has been rather forgotten The most significant change affects over the past years. the market of angling tackle. Anglers typ- With the help of angling tourism a ically buy more and more expensive great number of visitors could be at- tackle, so, for example they own a differ- tracted to beautiful but less developed re- ent tackle for different angling methods. In gions. In spite of this, tourist schemes recent years the purchase of manufac- rarely focus, or even deal with angling tured feeds and lures, or baits has in- tourism. They concentrate on hunting creased. tourism instead, which may well be a bet- In most countries angling tackles are ter spending branch, but it also has a imported, whereas lures, live baits and smaller tourist base. Above this, it is often feeds are manufactured locally, within the difficult to decide whether angling tourism given country. is a form of ecotourism or active tourism. Other important effect of angling is that Though there are debates where to it provides fish farmers with a stable and class angling tourism, the sustainable use continually expanding market. This is due of water resources in mountainous re- to the fact that the natural restock of fish gions calls for development. Hence, these is steadily decreasing, because nature is regions, abundant in water resources, unable to compete with the catch demand could ensure income growth and employ- of the raising number of anglers. Missing ment opportunities from sup- fish, both predator and peaceful species, ported angling tourism. are recovered from stocks bred in hatch- Angling tourism is a complex industry. eries and reared on fish farms. Therefore, in addition to fishing services, Angling tourism generates additional income could also be expected from income and the use of natural water re- shops, restaurants and accommodation. sources for commercial and recreational Above the income generated through fish - fishing creates numerous workplaces. Box 1 ing and supplementary services, social and financial benefits can also be expected from conservation and manage ment of fish The most popular and their habitat, and main tenance of bio- freshwater fish species diversity (Brainerd, 2010). The objective of this reference book is of anglers to support fish and trout farmers and de- cision makers of local communities with Family Acipenseridae – Sturgeon the necessary basic information and de- Family Salmonidae – Tout, , Danube salmon, tails regarding angling tourism in general, white fish and trout angling tourism in particular. Family Esocidae – Pike To satisfy interest for specific details a Family Characidae – Tambaqui, glossary has been compiled. Further- Family Cyprinidae – Common , asp, bream more, tables and an appendix have been Families Siluridae, attached. For the sake of easier identifi- Ictaluridae, Bagridae, cation and finding additional information, Pangasiidae and italics and asterisk symbols (*) are used Clariidae – at words clarified in the glossary. Family Centrarhidae – Black Family Latidae – Nile perch Family Percidae – Pikeperch Family Ciclidae – Tilapia 6 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

2.2  SEASONS OF Active tourism Ecotourism ANGLING TOURISM Water tourism Seasons of angling tourism differ in sev- eral points from seasons of mass tourism. Biking tourism The period between March and May is usually considered to be low-season, but Angling tourism Riding tourism the registered number of anglers in this period matches the number of anglers during the summer months. For natural Hunting tourism waters this is not so common, but apart from the July-August high-season of water tourism, angling tourism is common Winter sports Village tourism during and autumn as well. Drastic regression of visitors only oc- curs during winter months, and continues until the middle of March. Where ice fish- Figure 1: Angling tourism can be well connected to many ing is possible, and where it is traditional, Angling tourism different types of active tourism. The lines aim to the decline is less pronounced within the tourist indicate the duplex relation between the different industry branches. The lines also demonstrate that they may utilize the same resources. Hence, they can weaken or strengthen each other, depending on whether they compete or cooperate. 3  TROUT ANGLING BASED TOURISM 2.1  PARTICIPANTS OF ANGLING TOURISM AND In regions where trout farms or other fish- THEIR EFFECTS eries are located, angling should be de- veloped according to conditions of the According to a survey, visitors of fishing region. Extensive or intensive fish pro- ponds and natural waters can be divided duction and water systems connected to into two types: anglers staying for one the region insure this development. day, or anglers staying for a longer period Two basic factors of angling tourism of time. Within both groups there are two must be guaranteed; fish abundance and subgroups: anglers coming alone and an- infrastructure of hospitality elements (e.g. glers coming with their families. However, accommodation, food, activities, travel etc.) whereas one day anglers can belong to both subgroups, those arriving with their families are nearly always from the sec- 3.1  ENSURING ond type. FISH ABUNDANCE While examining the effects of angling tourism the following should be kept in Anglers will only visit an area if they can mind. Anglers arriving for one day stay catch fish there on regular basis, or if in the mostly in the immediate vicinity of the an- given area the catch of a specific fish spe - gling facility, so they only affect that par- cies is possible. Fish abundance can only ticular area. Not angling family members be achieved if natural resources are used tend to move away from the immediate and not abused. If the ’s manage- vicinity of a given angling area. Hence, ment or the lease holder of a water body they may affect the whole region. Anglers does not ensure the replacement of caught arriving with their families often take part fish, then after some time anglers will aban- in excursions themselves. don the given area. This is why fish has to be stocked on a regular basis, regulations set by law only provide a legal base for that. Trout angling based tourism 7

3.1.1  Waters suitable  Streams, for trout angling It is widely known that trout inhabits cold, Utilization value of commercial and recre- highly oxygenated, swift flowing streams ational fishing of natural waters is deter- and rivers. Trout thrives in cold waters mined by several factors, of which the which contain 5–12 mg/l dissolved oxygen. most important ones are as follows. Trout grows best in streams and rivers with a temperature between 14–17 °C. If  Composition of fish stock, meaning the the water is highly saturated with oxygen, ratio of favoured or to dis- they are able to tolerate 20–24 °C tem- favoured and uncatchable . porarily, but 25–56 °C is already fatal for them. With the increase of water tempera-  Ecological state of the region which ture the dissolved oxygen (DO)* level pro- determines water quality and stocking portionately decreases. However, oxygen conditions. consumption of fish rises. This is due to the  Accessibility and guarding capability of fact that the metabolism of fish increases the water body. with the rising of water temperature.

Figure 2: Typical trout waters 8 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

Trout, if possible, avoids swift flowing  Quarry lakes sections/reaches, and rarely stays there for a longer period of time. Although its A new or only 2–3 year old quarry lake’s body is perfectly adjusted to swiftly flow- capacity to produce organic materials is ing waters (it can move remarkably well low, so in this stage it is an oligotrophic in such a medium), trout can withstand lake*. Inflowing water comes from under- the flowing current only with high energy ground and it oozes in, either through the usage. As a result, trout is never found in bottom of the lake or the embankment. flowing currents, but behind partly or to- Therefore, water supply is filtered through tally submerged rocks, tree trunks where a layer of pebbles and arrives to the lake the flow of current is broken. Trout likes to clean. So it does not contain any plant nu- lurk in the dead spaces of whirlpools, trition. Inorganic nutrition only dissolves under hollowed out banks, in front of through the subsoil, or is washed in from dykes and dams, or under the still parts the soil around the lake. of rapids. As a result of deep quarry mining the Trout tolerates murkiness only up to a depth of these lakes, compared to their certain point, because above this level it surface, is relatively big. The fluctuation can directly damage its gills. If concentra- of water level is small. Depending on tions of floating organic and inorganic par- groundwater recharge and ticles, which create murkiness, are less it does not exceed half or one meter. Due only the feeding of fish is disturbed. It is be- to this the water amount of quarry lakes cause visibility is reduced in such waters. is approximately permanent. Their tem- perature, owing to their depth, is lower. The natural thermal circulation of water*  Reservoirs in quarry lakes is slower or only sea- sonal. It is because deeper and cooler Although trout is a rheophilous fish*, the water layers and the layer of surface flow of water is not an important factor in water are sharply separated and waves its development. If the temperature is suit- are uncommon. Natural water circulation able and water contains enough food, only occurs during spring and autumn trout develops just the same in still waters when as the effect of temperature of mountain lakes or aquifers/reservoirs, changes the 4 ˚C densest layer begins to than in swift waters of mountain streams move. The water of quarry lakes is clean and transparent, the Box 2 and rivers. epipelagic or photic zone* is wide. Because their nutrient content is low, Creation of spawning grounds these lakes are not rich in plankton*. Due in quarry lakes to this reason, and because of the bank vegetation, water depth and unproduc- If stocking is done with sexually mature fish, spawning tiveness of the lake bed, it does not have places/grounds must be provided for them, because new macro-vegetation. As a result, their or- quarry lakes lack these sites. As a result, in shallower parts ganic matter production is low, thus they – for pike, pike perch, bream and – it is ad- are deprived of nourishment. Rearing visable to make artificial substrate and nests from willow fish in such waters is nearly impossible. roots, pine branches and juniper. Nests can either be sunk However, quarry lakes are suitable for to the bottom by rocks or bricks, or they can be strung up trout. between two poles. Nests should be placed with a minimum If quarry lakes are intended to be used of one meter between them. In case of pike perch the nest as angling sites, it is advisable to stock should be placed out in March. After the spawning of pike them with fully grown fish. These could be perch, breams will also use the nests, sometimes more than common carp, pike perch, pike, trout, once. Mortality rate of fry hatched in lakes is always higher breams and other smaller fish species for than of those hatched in fish farms and stocked as finger- predator fish to prey on. For sexually ma- ling/parr. ture specimens artificial nests can be placed out, in order to allow them to (see Box 2). Trout angling based tourism 9

1st Group

2nd Group

Figure 3: Natural food of trout

3rd Group 4th Group

5th Group 6th Group 1st Group: Nematodes and : 1.1 Worms, 1.2 Leeches, 2nd Group: Small and large aquatic : 2.1 Copepods, 2.2 Cladocerans, 2.3 Ostracods, 2.4 Amphipods, 2.5 Water , 2.6 , 3rd Group: Different development forms of aquatic : 3.1 , 3.2 Damselflies, 3.3 Stone- flies, 3.4 Caddis flies, 3.5 , 3.6 Soldier flies, 3.7 Water boatman, 3.8 Mosquito larvae, 3.9 Mos- quito pupae, 3.10 Chironomus, 3.11 Haliplid , 3.12 Dytiscid beetles, 4th Group: Water snails and molluscs, 5th Group: Fishes of different age/size, 6th Group: , and (after Woynarovich, Hoitsy and Moth-Poulsen 2011). 10 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

3.1.2  Stocking trout in and aquatic mosses (Fontinalis sps.). angling waters In a which has about 10–15 l/sec water flow about 1 000–2 000 swim- In recent years trout angling is once again up fry/km, or in other words, about 4–6 gaining popularity, so both fishing associ- swim-up fry/m2 can be stocked. Under op- ations and private people are stocking timal circumstances survival rate of waters with trout. stocked fry will be about 30 percent. Of course, stocking of mountain Swim-up fry should be stocked after streams and reservoirs is completely dif- the spring thawing and when the ferent from stocking of quarry lakes. alluvium has cleared. They should be Again, stocking trout in common carp win- stocked in small groups of 10–50 fish in tering ponds of lowlands and plains for 20–50 meter distances. As a result birds autumn and spring fishing seasons, is and feeding on fry will not notice also different. them and natural food supply will not run low. If swim-up fry are all stocked in one place their food supply will eventually run  Stocking eyed eggs out and they will start eating each other. When stocking, it is extremely impor- In the 1940s and 1950s modern equip- tant to remember that the temperature dif- ments of fish transport (plastic bags, oxy- ference between the receiving water and gen etc.) did not yet exist. Due to this, the water of the transporting tank must eyed eggs were stocked just before never exceed ~3 oC. One of the best so- hatching. The reason for this was mostly lutions is to add some stream water to the the convenience of transport, since in this transporting water. This way the two tem- stage of development under the right cir- peratures will equalize. After stocking, fry cumstances – in small boxes, linen cov- first stay pressed together at the bottom ered wooden frames, with small amount of the stream. Then while shoaling they of ice – eyed eggs can survive up to 2 are seeking hiding places and after a cou- days of transport. ple of days they spread out. Another advantage was its cheapness. However, mortality rate became too high if the section where they were  Stocking advanced fry stocked was not protected, or if there was too many one- or two-summer old trout, Advanced fry is about 4–5 cm long and 1– because those inevitably prey on the 2 months old. This age group is already young fish. Larvae of caddiflies and dip- stronger, and compared to swim-up fry pers (Cinclus cinclus sps.) also endan- their survival rate is better by about 50–60 gered the stocked eggs. percent (Hoitsy 2002). As for the way of stocking, the previously described method is the guideline. Per kilometre about 100–  Stocking swim-up fry 300 advanced fry should be stocked.

Swim-up fry is the young fish which has just started to swim and feed from the en-  Stocking vironment. Stocking should be done in one-summer-old trout springs and upper headwater zones of streams, or in branches of streams. A one-summer-old weighs These locations are good stocking sites 30–100 grams and is 12-20 cm long. Big- for more then one reason. Firstly, no ger specimens of this age group are of larger trout can commonly be found here, angling size in some countries (22 cm so they would not feed on the fries. Sec- TL*). A stream rich in natural food can be ondly, they are rich in natural food (see stocked during autumn and by spring Figure 3), and thirdly, swim-up fry can find these fish will reach angling size. Mortal- sufficient hiding places, such as larger ity rate of one-summer-old trout is about rocks, submerged tree trunks, braches 10 percent. Trout angling based tourism 11

Bigger specimens instantly start look- same amount of fish in every year. How- Figure 4: ing for hiding places. If the stream has ever, they should take into consideration Stocking of trout of plenty of bank cover (fallen trees), washed factors such as natural reproduction and different sizes under bank sections, rapids and common the number of anglers visiting the area. butterbur (Petasites hybridus), about 1–2 After such assessments they should ad- fish can be stocked per 15–20 meters. just the stock size accordingly. These as- In small mountain lakes or cold water sessments and proper adjustments in reservoirs annually 100 kilograms of trout stocking plans could ensure a trout popu- can be stocked per hectare (Hoitsy 2002). lation of advocate density and age. This If possible, trout should be habituated way the survival of the fish stock could to natural food which means before they also be guaranteed. are released they should be fed with smaller live fishes. These waters are usu- ally rich in bleak (Alburnus sps.) and  Seasonal stocking of small roach (Rutilus sps.) so directly after stock- ponds and wintering ponds ing trout will start preying immediately. Stocking of carp ponds and 100–1000 m2 large wintering ponds mentioned at the  Stocking beginning of the chapter should be as- two-summer-old trout sessed and treated in a different manner as done at natural waters. This type of an- One, one and a half year old are gling, which is popular everywhere from about 25–30 cm long and weigh approxi- Japan to the USA, should be judged from mately 200–500 grams. It is advised to a different standpoint than the angling of stock them in waters where there is a de- trout in streams and natural waters. An- mand for angling-size fish, and more then gling for trout in overpopulated fish ponds one annual stocking can be carried out. and wintering ponds where fish grab Due to the hunger and greed of trout (it nearly anything can not and should not be will grab anything, even corn), within a compared with the complexity of fishing short period of time the whole water body in nature (see Annex 1). can be fished out if stocking is done in These lakes should be stocked ac- one round. Usually there are no fishing cording to their oxygen-content, tempera- prohibitions after stocking. ture, the number of daily water exchange When stocking is done in streams 1–3 and the number of visiting anglers. If water specimens per rapids or, according to the temperature does not exceed 14 ˚C and , 1–2 specimens per 20–50 the water is exchanged about 1–1.5 times meters can be released. In case of lakes per day, up to 500 kilograms of trout can it is advised to stock 100–150 specimens be stocked per 100–200 m2. per hectares (Hoitsy 2002). Water temperature should be closely Many times leaseholders stock the monitored, because if it exceeds 18–22 oC 12 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

and the stock has not been completely body. Gammariade (order: Amphipoda) is fished out trout can easily die. This is an the main food of trout. They consume important issue, since even the most pop- fallen leaves and branches found in ular fee fishing resorts cannot afford to let streams. Therefore, if the flow of a given dead fishes floating around on the surface stream is too swift, it will wash away these of their waters. leaves and branches and the food capac- ity of the water body will be low. Crus- taceans, Chironomus larvae and other 3.1.3  Management and aquatic insects, presented in Figure 3, maintenance of trout streams dwell in shallow puddles near the banks, waterlogged marshes and seepages. If, Fish carrying capacity of natural rivers with a ditch, these are connected to a and streams depends mainly on natural stream, insects and larvae will be able to factors. However, with proper approach, get across and so a sufficient food supply persistence and human intervention the can be provided for trout. Of course, while size of fish populations can be increased. digging the ditch, it is important not to dis- Every angler knows that the development turb or alter natural circumstances, i.e. the of trout is determined by several factors stream should not wash through these of the habitat*, such as the amount of puddles, marshes and seepages. Plants food, rate of and pace of water flow, con- found in streams, such as aquatic ditions of stream bed and number of mosses, can also function as food pro- rapids and pools. The more food and hid- duction mediums, because for many in- ing places a stream has, the more trout it sects and larvae it can be a habitat can feed and hide. on the one hand, and its decaying parts Trout is said to be a predator fish, but can serve as food on the other hand. like pike and pike perch, most of the time Vegetation along the stream banks, it does not prey on fish. The explanation e.g. common butterbur (Petasites hy- of this is that if it did, it would die in bridus), willow or alder also contributes to streams where there are no other fish the nourishing of trout, because small in- species, or it would start eating its own sects, snails and slugs can fall into the kind. Therefore, trout mainly feeds on water from them. Where vegetation is ab- small . Trout swim-up fry, just like sent or scarce on stream banks, it is ad- any other fry, chiefly feeds on insects, visable to plant some artificially. Later, worms and larvae living on stream banks when shadows and roots already stretch and in slow flowing stream sections (see into the water, plants can enhance fish Figure 3). As long as they can find water carrying and preserving capability of a crustaceans and other insects, they will stream. In such places the water is also not feed on fish. Trout notices and grabs suitable for hiding. every small moving creature or objects. When dealing with stream mainte- They even jump out of the water to catch nance, based on the characteristics of insects flying near to the water surface. trout, two things should be kept in mind. In trout streams it is the top consumer. Firstly, trout is light avoiding fish, and sec- As a result, the structure of food chain ondly, it sticks to one place. It tries to hide should be examined and species of the behind or under inward leaning trees, big- primary (natural food of peaceful fishes) ger rocks, cavities in river banks or and secondary levels (peaceful fishes) washed under sections. Once a trout should be determined (see Figure 3). The finds an appropriate place, it will guard it result will show what to do in order to and not leave it. At the edge of the cho- boost natural food supply. If the neces- sen spot it hovers in position, facing up- sary steps are taken, trout population will stream, preying on passing animals. In steadily increase. open water, or near the surface, trout Natural food production capacity of preying on food is only found at dusk. streams is defined by factors that deter- Trout feeds two times a day, once during mine the amount of living organisms on the morning between 5 and 7, and once which trout feed found in a given water during the evening between 5 and 9. Trout angling based tourism 13

Trout has a very good eyesight and 3.2.1  Fishing on natural waters based on surface reflections it accurately catches insects flying above the water. Its In many countries angling is done mostly velocity also helps its efficiency. With one on natural waters such as rivers, lakes stroke trout can reach the speed of 60 km/h. and backwaters. Permits for these areas Sometimes there are too few hiding are distributed by leaseholders. Despite places in a stream. If this problem occurs, of their large size, a really good manage- boulders or large rocks can be rolled into ment regularly restocks and guards the the stream bed1. This way the monoto- area. Typically, angling is done from river nous water flow will be broken, that is, it and lake banks, but sometimes the use of will be split into two and trout will be able boats is allowed as well. This can be ben- to hover behind it. This is especially good eficial, because it facilitates other serv- for smaller fish which have been chased ices, for example boat renting, boat away by larger specimens. storage, harbouring services etc. With building rapids bigger spaces can In regions which are streaked by rivers be created for trout to hover in. The easiest and there may also exist a slightly spots to build these rapids are at the nar- different type of boat angling. In this case rowest parts of the stream bed. Dams of anglers go to fishing sites that could not new rapids must be constructed in a way be easily accessed by other means of that the swelling of water, mainly during transport. A guide could also accompany heavy rains and thawing, does not the anglers both to help them with the catch surrounding forests. Ends of the used logs, and also to give a kind of training. both upper and lower sides, should be fas- The most popular fishing sites of natu- tened by rocks or sticks. Above and under ral waters are smaller lakes, because if the rapids, in a two meter stripe, stream they are regularly stocked their fish density bank should be protected by wicker-work. is high. These areas can be well guarded The water of the rapids quickly washes out and anglers, especially less skilled ones, a pit where after a few days trout starts to can expect better catches (see Figure 2). hover. In case of faster flowing streams Usually for streams and quarry lakes rapids should be built in such distances one day permits are more expensive, but that they do not allow alluvium to settle. anglers do not have to pay an extra fee for In maintained streams trout population caught fish. In these areas waterside par- can quickly multiply. In bigger biotopes1 celling, weekend house building and ap- fish also grow to a bigger size, and be- pearance of hospitality services are more cause these water bodies are rich in food, and more common. Box 3 trout will rapidly reach a catchable size. Angling licences and tickets, 3.2  INFRASTRUCTURE OF and what they license ANGLING TOURISM AND ITS In countries where angling is a well-organised tourist in- DEVELOPMENT dustry fishing licences and one day permits not only allow the purchaser to catch a fish, but also define terms of the In each stage of angling tourism it is re- catch. quired to introduce newer and newer prod- Fishing licences: In most countries a state issued licence ucts and programmes connected to these is required for angling. This can be acquired after a suc- products. In order to put each development cessful examination where applicants have to demonstrate into action the following preconditions their knowledge of fish species, size restrictions, open and must be existent: sufficient amount of an- closed seasons etc. glers and their demands in a region and Permits: Permits are valid for one given water body and capital to carry out developments. are distributed by leaseholders. A permit may hold for one or more days, a week, or even a year. These permits also in- 1 Before improving angling sites on this way consequences clude restrictions of a given area. of such an action should be considered, among others sizes of changed cross sections, freeness of water flow and the probability of other negative effects. 14 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

level of fish population. If fish are pur- Recommended equipments and services chased they can also be stored on the of angling campsites spot. Around these ponds everything is pro- 1. A place to clean fish vided for the comfort of anglers; they can 2. A deep freezer for fish intended to be taken away, reach the ponds via clean, mud free but not yet cleaned roads, they can use roofed fishing sites 3. Open air grilling spots and can fish from boats or jetties. In de- 4. A place to lock away veloped areas other services, such as 5. Family friendly services: restaurants and various types of accom- • playground modations (camping sites, chalets, apart- • roofed area with toys and games ments) are at the disposal of visitors. • swimming pool or pond One of the most important traits of fee • sunbathing area with deck-chairs fishing is that a family friendly aspect of • pony lunging (possibly in association angling tourism was developed here. The with a local stable) importance of it is that while one family member is fishing the others can find ac- tivities to their interest. Most common family friendly services are listed in Box Box 4 3.2.2  Fee fishing 4. With the help of these services the an- gler, who is usually the head of the family, Popularity of fee fishing on lakes and fish- can convince the whole family to spend a ponds has radically increased in the past mini-break or a summer holiday at fee few years. The reason for this is that these fishing ponds. Non-angler family mem- water bodies are regularly stocked, usu- bers can be the target of other services ally once, but sometimes more than once of the region. a week, so catch is almost always certain. A chance of constant catch and the in- This service also developed many sub frastructure of fish ponds can attain variants with various products connected longer fishing seasons and a higher num- to them (see Box 4). Best operating areas ber of visitors than other natural waters. are the ones with drainable fishponds and Above this, the annual spreading of visi- pond systems, because fee fishing can tors will become less fragmented. be best realized here. Angling is usually done on more pond types with different species of fish. Ponds can range from the traditionally large 3.2.3  Hospitality services ones to small ones overstocked with trout. connected to angling tourism Fees of one day permits are usually dif- ferent for each pond. Anglers are usually Today buffets are essential parts of fish- obliged to take their catch with them, but ing resorts where not only drinks and light some places allow or even demand visi- snacks, but baits, lures and basic fishing tors to release hooked fishes, such as tackle can also be bought. On most fee- common carp or catfish. However, smaller fishing pond resorts the income of buffets species must be taken. are equal to the income from one day per- Anglers must pay for fish which are not mits and fish sales. released and the price contains a profit As far as accommodation goes, an- margin. If the fish is produced on the spot, glers prefer camping and ‘rough camping’ this margin can be significant. About 2–3 in particular, due to the freedom it gives. kilos of annual fish catch per angler can Where safety is an issue closed camp- be calculated. However, during summer, sites or other forms of accommodation on Fridays and Saturdays, this can go up (caravans, chalets and 4–5 roomed to 5–6 kilos, because summer is the sea- houses) should be provided. With the in- son of barbeque parties. crease of visitors and wealthier anglers, In a part of many fish farms fish for the need for guest-houses and pensions catch are also produced to sustain the will also increase. Trout angling based tourism 15

One-day anglers rarely stop at restau- Figure 5: rants. Such services are more commonly Farm restaurant used by those who come for a longer pe- and shop riod of time. The need for restaurants can Farm restaurants and be enhanced with the right types of serv- fish shops are often ices. If, for example, a restaurant spe- parts of a trout farm. cialised in fish dishes made from cleaned Outdoor and indoor and quickly prepared fish caught by an- restaurants are built glers, more one day visitors would start together with the using the services of it. production unit. Recently more and more people are Fried fish and a large becoming interested in the operation of variety of and fish farms. Many anglers attract tourists. and ‘civilians’ want to know what happens up until the fish is caught or delivered on 3.2.4  Match angling a plate. Many small things can be con- nected to this notion from which the fish By organizing angling competitions or farmer will profit. These can be guided tournaments the number of visitors of a tours around the fishery, purchase of region can be increased. The success of fresh or processed (smoked, soused) fish competitions and tournaments can be on the spot, etc. The best is if there is a raised if beforehand sufficient amount small restaurant in the immediate vicinity and sized fish is stocked. It is wise to or- of the fishery, so that visitors can taste the ganise competitions with more cate- offered fish (see Figure 5). gories, because this way whole families Holiday-makers often want to take a can be attracted to the area. These cate- small souvenir with them which can also gories can be the following: children, be a steady source of income. women, men. 16 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

 REFERENCES

Allaby, M. 1994. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ecology, Oxford University Press. Brainerd, S.M. 2010. European Charter on Angling and Biodiversity, Pre sentation of NINA2 and ESUSG3 specialist on 9 April 2010, Strasbourg, FRANCE Hoitsy, Gy. 2002. A Pisztráng tenyész tése és horgászata, 152p. Thain, M. and M. Hickman, 1980 – The Penguin dictionary of biology, Penguin Books Woynarovich, A.; Hoitsy, Gy.; Moth- Poulsen, T., 2011 – small scale farming. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 561. Rome, FAO. 2011. 81 pp.

2 Norwegian Institute for Nature Research 3 European Sustainable Use Specialist Group References / Glossary 17

oC DO oC DO oC DO oC DO oC DO (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

1 13.92 6 12.21 11 10.83 16 9.75 21 8.82 2 13.52 7 11.91 12 10.61 17 9.55 22 8.67 3 13.20 8 11.62 13 10.38 18 9.35 23 8.41 4 12.88 9 11.33 14 10.15 19 9.16 24 8.36 5 12.52 10 10.10 15 9.96 20 9.00 25 8.22

 GLOSSARY Phytoplankton Table of dissolved It is the collective name of floating oxygen content of microscopic plants. fully saturated water Plankton Biotope at different It is the collective name of micro- An environmental region charac- temperatures scopic plants, animals and bacteria terised by certain conditions and which float or drift in the water column. populated by a characteristic biota, plants and animals occupying the Accordingly, the plankton consists of place together (Allaby, 1994). bacterioplankton, phyto plankton* and Dissolved oxygen (DO) zooplankton*. DO is the abbreviation of dissolved Rheophilous fish oxygen which ensures the respira- The fish which thrives in running tion of fish. The actual oxygen con- water. tent of the water depends on some Thermal circulation of water important physical and chemical Daily changes of water temperature characteristics of it. ensure the circulation between the Water can dissolve only a certain surface and the bottom of a pond. The quantity of oxygen at a certain tem- water is warmer at the surface than at perature. The possible maximum pond bottom during sunny days. At dissolved oxygen content of water night when the air is cooler, the water (100 percent saturation) depends at the surface also cools down while on the actual water temperature and temperature remains higher at the the partial pressure of oxygen in the bottom. Since the specific weight of atmosphere. Dissolved oxygen con- cooler water is higher than of warmer tent changes slightly with the quality water, it sinks down to the bottom, and quantity of other materials dis- pushing the lighter warm water up to- solved in water. The altitude also ward the surface. As the water gets to modifies the oxygen content of the surface it starts to cool down, so it water. sinks again. This process maintains Epipelagic or photic zone water circulation and prevents pond The upper layer of a water body into water from permanent stratification. which the light can penetrate. TL Habitat It is the abbreviation of the total length of It is the living place of an organism fish. This measurement also in- or community, characterized by its cludes the caudal fin of a fish. physical or biotic properties (Allaby, Zooplankton 1994). It is the collective name of tiny worms and Oligotrophic lake insects swimming passively or ac- A lake is oligotrophic when its water tively in the water. In other words it is poor in plant nutrients and its dis- is the members of plankton solved oxygen content is high. (Thain and Hickman, 1980). 18 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

 APPENDIX Trout angling is the most athletic, nat- ural and environmental friendly form of . Trout anglers love, re-  ANGLING TECHNIQUES spect and know nature. They are aware of OF TROUT trout habitats and diet. They are familiar with the fish, the insects on which they Though anglers have a deep knowledge of feed and pray, and waters where they live. different techniques for catching trout de- Trout anglers practice this noble sport cision makers and entrepreneurs who de- alone in the forest, away from noise and velop and maintain angling tourism in a in unity with nature. A clattering angler will region should also know some basics re- most certainly scare away trout. Since garding the actual options of trout angling. trout has perfect eyesight if anglers do not

Figure 6: Trout angling and its award It is one of the most challenging ways of catching fish

take cover behind bushes or camouflage themselves, trout will be frightened away. Regardless of the best efforts to lure them out with the finest baits, they will not appear again for hours. Appendix 19

FLOAT ANGLING LURE ANGLING

Float angling is rarely done when fishing is the best technique for an- for trout. This technique is mostly used on gling large water bodies in a short period quarry lakes and when the aim is to pop- of time, and also when the access to ularize angling with children. whereabouts of the fish is difficult. This type of angling started to develop rapidly when ‘technical revolution’ reached reels and lines. Due to this, advanced anglers are able to cast farther and more precisely now. Lure angling is also a serious sport and it requires strength and stamina.

Figure 7: Equipment, materials and samples of artificial flies 20 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

ARTIFICIAL However, in the following section an at- tempt will be made to portray the stan- fishing is the most difficult dard cast, the over-head cast and other form of angling, because ranging uphill cast types. through mountains, crawling and climbing The motion cycle must always be firm along rivers and streams searching for and dynamic. The distance between line trout calls for flexible joints and athletic and rod holding hands should always be muscles. the same. The tip of the rod must be di- It is fantastic to watch artificial fly fish- rected as if there were imaginary parallel ing, but many feel intimidated by its mys- wires in front of, behind and above us. tique and do not dare to try it. Many There are more than one style of swing- people believe that it can only be taught ing. According to one, the upper arm by veteran anglers. Of course, it is always must stick to the torso and the actual mo- good to have a more experienced angler tion is done by the elbow. According to at hand to pick up small tricks, but many another one, the angle between the have become maters of fly fishing on their swinging fore- and upper arm must be un- own. As always, practice makes perfect changed, and the motion itself is done by (see Box 5). So, after a couple of hours’ the shoulder-blades. practice anglers can pick up the basics of Beyond the above described over this technique; the harmony of the rod head cast (Figure 9) there are other cast- and line, how to pass our energy to the ing techniques, such as roll cast (Figure rod and by moving the rod back and forth 10), side cast (Figure 11) and catapult how to keep the line in the air. cast (Figure 12). The usage of each tech- It is very difficult to describe the se- nique is determined by the conditions of a quence of fly fishing and probably it is given angling spot. Box 5 more effective to demonstrate it in action. A classical variant of the over-head cast is the parachute cast. When the rod is pointing upward, the line is at the same Practicing motions of fly fishing height as the tip of the rod and the leader is straight. The tip of the rod is dropped to Technically, if there is an open space of 20 – 40 meters, the surface of the water. As a result, in- can be practiced anywhere from meadows, gardens stead of the fly, the line reaches the water to river and lake banks. first. 1. The rod should be set up. Attach the reel and the line to the rod, then slip the line through the rings and fasten the leader. Finally attach the fly. 2. Reel down 2-6 meters of line and lay it on the water sur- face or grass. In the casting hand the rod is in line with the horizontal forearm. The other hand holds the line. 3. With a stronger lift the rod is moved from horizontal to vertical position. The line first follows the motion of the rod, then passes it and straightens out backwards. After this, with a forward swing, steer the rod into its original place, but not into complete horizontal position. 4. During the next backswing an arm length of line is reeled down. Although, when the rod is swung forward the line is released, the index finger and the thumb form a kind of ring, and that is where the line runs through. The line is let to move forward until it straightens out in midair. 5. The backward and forward swing is done until the de- sired distance is reached. At that point the line is re- leased and the rod is slightly lifted. The leader straightens in the air and the fly gently drops onto the water surface. Reproduction of trout in the nature 21

Figure 8: Motions of over-head cast 22 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

Figure 9: Roll cast is used when there is no available room At the serpent cast is often Motions of roll cast for back-casting due to high bushes or other used. In the course of this cast the line circumstances. When performing the cast reel reaches the water in a series of curves. In down two times longer line than the rod and start other words, the casting hand performs a out as if doing a side cast, but in mid movement series of small whipping movements. bring the rod into a vertical position and cast it forward from that position. The line will follow the movement of the rod, thus creating a spiral which ripples through the whole line. Reproduction of trout in the nature 23

Side cast is used when there is no or little room Figure 10: for back casting. It is very similar to the over-head Motions of side cast cast. The only difference is that the rod is brought back horizontally, not vertically. 24 TROUT FARMING BASED ANGLING TOURISM

Figure 11: Motion of catapult cast

This cast is used when there is little space due to bushes and branches. Resilience of the rod is used to shoot the fly to the target area. The FAO Regional Office for and Central Asia Benczur utca 34, H-1068 Budapest, Hungary