Sloanea Aux Petites Antilles : Relations Morphologiques Et Génétiques

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Sloanea Aux Petites Antilles : Relations Morphologiques Et Génétiques UNIVERSITÉ DES ANTILLES ET DE LA GUYANE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES EXACTES ET NATURELLES MASTER RECHERCHE EN SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES BIODIVERSITÉ TROPICALE Spécialité : Écosystèmes naturels et exploités Biogéographie historique du genre Sloanea aux Petites Antilles : Relations morphologiques et génétiques Christophe Boucher Alain Rousteau Directeur de stage : Alain Rousteau Co-encadrant : Félix Muller (Université des Antilles-Guyane, Fouillole, 97157 POINTE à PITRE) Soutenu le : 25 juin 2009 N° 2009 - 06 Remerciements Etudier les biotopes tropicaux a toujours été un rêve depuis ma plus tendre enfance. Il suffisait simplement de se donner les moyens d’y arriver… et je ne regrette en rien cette décision qui m’a permis de redécouvrir à quel point la nature peut paraître parfois si surprenante… Cette année m’aura apporté une quantité de connaissances phénoménale que ce soit sur le plan biologique, social, philosophique et bien sûr culturel. Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier l’Université des Antilles-Guyane et l’équipe Dynecar pour m’avoir accepté en stage au sein de leur équipe. Mon plus grand remerciement ira à Monsieur Alain Rousteau, qui m’a fait confiance en m’acceptant en tant que stagiaire, et avec qui je ne compte même plus les heures à parler de sujets divers et variés que ce soit en biologie ou en philosophie, ainsi que celles à se prendre la tête devant ce fameux logiciel de statistique dénommé « R ». Mais je ne pourrais oublier Félix Muller, qui m’aura fait redécouvrir la génétique d’un « bon œil » grâce à sa patience et à ses conseils avisés. Ses encouragements m’auront beaucoup aidé à tenir surtout en cette fin de stage très dure sur le plan fatigue et mental… surtout en raison d’un retard évident pris à cause des 44 jours de blocus en Guadeloupe Je voudrais montrer une attention spéciale à Thomas Chevrollier alias « ToTom », en tant que pote, coloc, et voisin de bureau, pour toutes les pauses clopes qui n’auraient pas été les mêmes sans lui, et pour s’être soutenus mutuellement au cours de cette année et surtout de ce stage. Une « espechiale cazdédi » ira à toute la clique « chauffourienne » pour cette année de folie partagée avec eux : ToTom, Tisotte, Damien, Cindy, Kéké, Nico, Léa, Momo, Bast, Jojo, Elise, Jan, mais aussi l’autre équipe du « morne Torudu » pour toutes les bon moments passés ensembles, et tous ceux que j’oublie surement comme d’habitude tellement je suis dans les nuages... Un remerciement spécial ira à mes potes de métropole qui m’ont beaucoup manqué parfois, surtout les répèts de notre fameux groupe « No Worries ». Et pour finir, je voudrais remercier mon père pour m’avoir soutenu dans mon périple guadeloupéen et qui a fait naître en moi l’idée de voyager, et mon frère ainsi que sa femme qui comptent énormément pour moi. Une toute dernière remarque ira à ma mère, à qui je dédie entièrement ce rapport, et à qui j’aurais bien voulu montrer la finalité de mon cursus étudiant… « Lorsque l’homme aura coupé le dernier arbre, pollué la dernière goutte d’eau, tué le dernier animal et pêché le dernier poisson, alors il se rendra compte que l’argent n’est pas comestible. » (Seattle, Chef amérindien, 1854) Sommaire INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIEL ET METHODES ................................................................................................ 4 A. ANALYSE ECOLOGIQUE ................................................................................................................................... 4 a) Caractéristiques des sites étudiés .............................................................................................................. 4 b) Dissémination de Sloanea caribaea .......................................................................................................... 5 B. METHODE D’ANALYSE GENETIQUE ................................................................................................................. 5 a) Taxons et gènes étudiés ............................................................................................................................. 6 b) Amplification et séquençage ...................................................................................................................... 7 c) Analyse des séquences ............................................................................................................................... 8 C. ANALYSE STATISTIQUE ................................................................................................................................. 10 a) Cadrage multidimensionnel non métrique (N.M.D.S. : Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling) ............. 10 b) L’intertype et les statistiques de Ripley ................................................................................................... 12 RESULTATS .......................................................................................................................... 15 A. DESCRIPTION DES ESPECES ETUDIEES ........................................................................................................... 15 B. LES SLOANEA AU SEIN DES PEUPLEMENTS FORESTIERS .................................................................................. 18 a) Distribution des Sloanea dans les métacommunautés forestières ombrophiles ...................................... 18 b) Distribution des circonférences ............................................................................................................... 19 C. INTERACTIONS SPATIALES ............................................................................................................................. 22 a) Associations d’espèces ............................................................................................................................ 22 b) Caractère spatial de la dissémination ..................................................................................................... 22 D. ANALYSE PHYLOGENETIQUE ......................................................................................................................... 23 a) Analyse des sites trnC-trnF ..................................................................................................................... 24 b) Analyse des sites ITS................................................................................................................................ 25 c) Description détaillée des dates de divergences ....................................................................................... 27 DISCUSSION .......................................................................................................................... 29 A. LES SLOANEA : UN IMPACT SUR LA STRUCTURATION DES PEUPLEMENTS ? .................................................... 29 a) Les Sloanea : difficultés d’échantillonnage ? .......................................................................................... 29 b) Préférences écologiques des Sloanea ...................................................................................................... 30 c) La distribution des circonférences ........................................................................................................... 30 d) Le rôle des contreforts ............................................................................................................................. 31 e) La zoochorie comme vecteur de dissémination ? ..................................................................................... 31 B. LE GENRE SLOANEA AUX ANTILLES : ORIGINAIRE DU NORD OU DU SUD ? ..................................................... 32 a) Les deux routes hypothétiques ................................................................................................................. 32 b) Origine boréale du genre Sloanea ........................................................................................................... 33 C. LES PETITES ANTILLES ET LES SLOANEA : UNE COLONISATION MELEE A DE LA SPECIATION ? ....................... 34 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES ................................................................................. 36 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................................. 37 Introduction Les Antilles représentent une telle source de biodiversité qu’elles comptent parmi les 34 plus importants « hotspots » de biodiversité (Myers et al., 2000 ; Conservation International, Biodiversity hotspots, <http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org>). Parmi eux, les Petites Antilles montrent une richesse spécifique élevée (2300 espèces de plantes vasculaires), et un endémisme atteignant au moins 12% (Howard, 1989 ; Santiago-Valentin et Olmstead, 2004). Malheureusement, cet endémisme a été menacé par de nombreuses introductions dues notamment à l’importation de graines et de plantes de l’Ancien Monde (Acevedo-Rodriguez et Strong, 2008). En Guadeloupe, le nombre d’espèces introduites est du même ordre de grandeur que celui des espèces autochtones (Fournet, 2002). En revanche, le fait de posséder une telle richesse spécifique et une histoire géologique complexe (Raven et Axelrod, 1974, Ricklefs et Bermingham, 2007) suscite un intérêt grandissant pour l’étude des phénomènes biogéographiques (Hedges, 2001). La plupart des études ayant été réalisées sur la faune (Santiago-Valentin et Olmstead, 2004), beaucoup de connaissances restent à acquérir sur la flore. Mais
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