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Bab Ii Larangan Perkawinan Dalam Islam

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Bab Ii Larangan Perkawinan Dalam Islam 18 BAB II LARANGAN PERKAWINAN DALAM ISLAM A. Pengertian Hukum Islam Definisi Hukum Islam Kata “Islam” artinya kepatuhan atau penyerahan diri. Kepatuhan atau penyerahan diri yang dimaksud adalah kepada Allah. Orang yang menyerahkan diri kepada Allah itu disebut “Muslim”. Menurut Al-Quran, seorang muslim ialah seseorang yang mengadakan perdamaian dengan Allah dan sesama manusia. Berdamai dengan Allah maksudnya menyerahkan diri sepenuhnya kepada Allah dengan selamat sejahtera. Sedangkan perdamaian dengan sesama manusia maksudnya tidak akan menimbulkan permusuhan, konflik, iri hati, dan prasangka, melainkan selalu menghendaki persahabatan dengan mendoakan keselamatan bagi 1 orang lain. Hukum Islam merupakan istilah khas Indonesia, sebagai terjemahan dari al-Fikih al-Islamy atau dalam konteks tertentu dari al-Syari‟ah al-Islamy. Istilah ini, dalam wacana ahli hukum Barat, Islamic law. Dalam Al-Qur‟an dan Sunnah. Istilah al-hukm al-Islam tidak ditemukan. Namun yang digunakan adalah kata syariat Islam, yang kemudian dalam penjabarannya, disebut istilah fikih. 1 R. Abdul Djamali, Hukum Islam Berdasarkan Ketentuan Kurikulum Konsorsium Ilmu Hukum, (Bandung: Mandar Maju, 1997), 10. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 19 Dalam perkembangan ilmu fikih dan usul fikih yang demikian pesat, para ulama usul fikih telah menetapkan definisi hukum islam secara terminologi, di antaranya yang dikemukakan oleh Abu Zahrah: ِ ِ ِّ ِ ِ َِّ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ خطَا ُب اللّو الُْمتَ َعل ُق ب اَفْ َعال ُم َكلفَْْي باْْلءقْت َضاء أ َو التَّ ْخيْْي أَوالَْو ْضِع )( Artinya: “Firman Allah yang berhubungan dengan perbuatan mukallaf, baik berupa tuntutan pilihan, maupun bersifat wadh‟iy.” Uraian di atas memberi asumsi bahwa hukum yang dimaksud adalah hukum Islam. Karena kajiannya dalam perspektif hukum Islam, maka yang dimaksud pula adalah hukum syarak yang bertalian dengan perbuatan manusia dalam ilmu fikih, bukan hukum yang bertalian dengan akidah dan akhlak. Penyebutan hukum Islam sering dipakai sebagai terjemahan dari syariat Islam atau fikih Islam. Apabila syariat Islam diterjemahkan sebagai hukum Islam (hukum in abstracto), maka berarti syariat Islam yang dipahami dalam makna yang sempit. Karena kajian syariat Islam meliputi aspek i‟tiqadiyah, khuluqiyah, dan „amal syar‟iyyah. Sebaliknya bila hukum Islam menjadi terjemahan dari fikih Islam, maka hukum islam termasuk bidang kajian ijtihadi yang bersifat zhanni. Sedangkan yang dimasud dengan Fikih Munakahat adalah ilmu yang membahas tentang hukum atau perundang-undangan Islam yang khusus membahas pernikahan (perkawinan), dan yang berhubungan dengannya, seperti digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 20 cara meminang, walimatul arusy, thalaq, rujuk, tanggung jawab suami istri dan lain-lain yang berdasarkan Al-Qur‟an, Hadis, Ijma‟, dan qiyas.2 B. Pengertian Perkawinan 1. Pengertian Perkawinan Pernikahan merupakan sunnatullah yang umum dan berlaku pada semua makhluknya-Nya, baik pada manusia, hewan, maupun tumbuh-tumbuhan. Ia adalah suatu cara yang dipilih oleh Allah SWT, sebagai jalan makhluk-Nya untuk berkembang biak, dan melestarikan hidupnya.3 Dalam bahasa Indonesia, perkawinan berasal dari kata “kawin” yang menurut bahasa artinya membentuk keluarga dengan lawan jenis, melakukan hubungan kelamin atau bersetubuh. Perkawinan disebut juga “pernikahan”, ,yang menurut bahasa artinya mengumpulkan )نكاح( berasal dari kata nikah saling memasukkan, dan digunakan untuk arti bersetubuh (wathi). Kata “nikah” sendiri sering dipergunakan untuk arti persetubuhan, juga untuk arti akad nikah.4 Sedangkan menurut syara‟ nikah adalah: ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ِ َعْقٌد ي َت َ َض َّم ُن ابَا َحةَ الُو ْطء بلَْفظ اْلنْ َكاٍح اَْو التَ ْزويْ ٍج )( 2 M.A. Tihami, Fikih Munakahat: Kajian Fikih Nikah Lengkap, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Cet. 2, 2010), 5-6. 3 Ibid. 6. 4 Abdul Rahman Ghazali, Fiqh Munakahat, (Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, Cet. 3, 2008), 7. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 21 Artinya: “Akad atau perjanjian yang mengandung maksud membolehkan hubungan kelamin dengan menggunakan lafaz na-ka-ha atau za-wa- ja”.5 Para Ulama Mazhab sepakat bahwa pernikahan baru dianggap sah jika dilakukan dengan akad, yang mencakup ijab dan qabul antara wanita yang dilamar dengan lelaki yang melamarnya, atau antara pihak yang menggantikannya seperti wakil dan wali, dan dianggap tidak sah hanya semata-mata berdasarkan suka sama suka tanpa adanya akad.6 Pengertian-pengertian di atas tampaknya dibuat hanya melihat dari satu segi saja, yaitu kebolehan hukum dalam hubungan antara seorang laki-laki dan seorang wanita yang semula dilarang menjadi dibolehkan. Padahal setiap perbuatan hukum itu mempunyai tujuan dan akibat ataupun pengaruhnya. Hal-hal inilah yang menjadikan perhatian manusia pada umumnya dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari, seperti terjadinya perceraian, kurang adanya keseimbangan antara suami istri, sehingga memerlukan penegasan arti perkawinan, bukan saja dari segi kebolehan hubungan seksual tetapi juga dari segi tujuan dan akibat hukumnya. Dalam kaitan ini, Muhammad Abu Ishrah memberikan definisi yang lebih luas, yang juga dikutip oleh Zakiah Daradjat: ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ َعْقٌد يُفْيُد َح َّل الْعُ ْشَرة ب ََْْي الَّرُجِل َوالَْمْراَة َوتَ َعاَ ون ُُه َما َوُُيَُّد َمال َكْيهَما م ْن ُحُقْوق َوَما َعلَْيو م ْن ِ ٍ َ واجبَات )( 5 Amir Syarifuddin, Hukum Perkawinan di Indonesia Antara Fiqih Munakahat dan Undang- Undang Perkawinan, (Jakarta: Kencana, Cet. 3, 2009), 37. 6 Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah, al-Fiqh „ala al-Madzahib al-Khamsah, ( Diterjemahkan Masykur A.B.,dkk FIQIH Lima Mazhab, Jakarta: Lentera, Cet.23, 2008), 309. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 22 Artinya: “Akad yang memberikan faedah hukum kebolehan mengadakan hubungan keluarga (suami istri) antara pria dan wanita dan mengadakan tolong-menolong dan memberi batas hak bagi pemiliknya serta pemenuhan kewajiban bagi masing-masing”. Dari pengertian ini perkawinan mengandung aspek akibat hukum, melangsungkan perkawinan ialah saling mendapat hak dan kewajiban serta bertujuan mengadakan hubungan pergaulan yang dilandasi tolong-menolong. Karena perkawinan termasuk pelaksanaan agama, maka di dalamnya terkandung adanya tujuan mengharapkan keridhaan Allah SWT.7 Dalam kompilasi Hukum Islam, pengertian perkawinan dan tujuannya dinyatakan dalam pasal 2 dan 3 sebagai berikut: Pasal 2 Perkawinan menurut hukum Islam adalah pernikahan, yaitu akad yang sangat kuat atau mitsaqan ghalidhan untuk mentaati perintah Allah dan melaksanakannya merupakan ibadah. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan apa yang telah dijelaskan Allah dalam firman- Nya di dalam surat An-Nisa‟ ayat 27 yang berbunyi: ِ ِ ِ َوأَ َخَّذ َن مْن ُك ْم مْيثَاقًا َغلْيظًا )( Artinya: “Dan mereka (isteri-isterimu) telah mengambil dari kamu perjanjian yang kuat”. 7 Abdul Rahman Ghazali, Fiqh Munakahat, 9-10. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 23 ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ِِ َعْقٌدي َتَ َضَّم ُن ابَا َحةَ َوطَاء بلَْفظ ن َكاٍح أ َْو تَ ْزِويْ ٍج أَْو تَ ْرُُجمتو )( Artinya: “Akad nikah adalah suatu akad yang membolehkan perbuatan wathi, dengan lafadz nikah atau lafadz tazwij atau terjemahannya”. (Al-Bajuri Juz II: 91). Pasal 3 Perkawinan bertujuan untuk mewujudkan kehidupan rumah tangga yang sakinah, mawaddah dan rahmah. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan apa yang telah dijelaskan Allah dalam firman- Nya di dalam surat Ar-Rum ayat 21 yang berbunyi: ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ َوم ْن ايتو أَْْنَلَ َق لَ ُك ْم م ْن أَنْ ُفس ُك ْم اَْزَوا ًجا لتَ ْس ُكنُوا ألَْي َها َوَجَع َل ب َْي نَ ُك ْم َمَوَّدة ً َوَرْْحَة ً أنَّفى ذَل َك َْلَيَت لِّقوٍم ي ت ف َّكرون )( َْ َََّ ُْ َ Artinya: “Dan diantara tanda-tanda kekuasaan-Nya ialah Dia yang menciptakan untukmu isteri-isteri dari jenismu sendiri, supaya kamu cenderung dan merasa tenteram kepadanya, dan dijadikan-Nya diantaramu rasa kasih sayang. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat 8 tanda-tanda bagi kaum berfikir”. 2. Hukum Melakukan Perkawinan Dengan melihat hakikat perkawinan itu merupakan akad yang membolehkan laki-laki dan perempuan melakukan sesuatu yang sebelumnya tidak dibolehkan, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa hukum asal dari perkawinan itu adalah 8 KEMENAG, KHI (BUKU 1 HUKUM PERKAWINAN) DISERTAI DALIL-DALIL NASH DAN KITAB FIQIH, (JATIM: KANWIL KEMENAG JATIM, 2010), 7-8. digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id digilib.uinsby.ac.id 24 boleh atau mubah. Namun dengan melihat kepada sifatnya sebagai sunnah Allah dan sunnah Rasul, tentu tidak mungkin dikatakan bahwa hukum asal perkawinan itu hanya semata mubah. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa melangsungkan akad perkawinan disuruh oleh agama dan dengan berlangsungnya akad perkawinan itu, maka pergaulan laki-laki dengan perempuan menjadi mubah.9 Tentang hukum melakukan perkawinan, Ibnu Rusyd menjelaskan: Segolongan fuqaha‟, yakni jumhur (mayoritas ulama) berpendapat bahwa nikah itu hukumnya sunnah. Golongan Zhahiriyah berpendapat bahwa nikah itu wajib. Para ulama Malikiyah mutaakhirin berpendapat bahwa nikah itu wajib untuk sebagian
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