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Field Manual Internal Defense and Development FIELD MANUAL INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT US ARMY DOCTRINE HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY RETURN TO ARMY LIBRARY NOVEMBER 1974 ROOM ! A 518 *FM 100-20 Field Manual HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 100-20 Washington, D.C., 28 November 1974 INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT US ARMY DOCTRINE Paragraph Page CHAPTER 1. GENERAL 1-1-1-3 1-1 2. THE ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPING NATIONS Section 1. Introduction 2-1,2-2 2-1 IL Social, Economic, and Political Factors of Developing Nations and Their Potential for Internal Conflict 2-3 — 2-6 2-2 Chapter 3. INSURGENCY Section 1. Introduction 3-1—3-3 3-1 IL Insurgent Strategies 3-4,3-5 3-2 III. Development and Organization of Insurgency 3-6 — 3-10 3-3 IV. Legal Status of Insurgencies and Insurgents 3-11,3-12 3-8 y/ V. Analysis of Insurgency 3-13 3-8 CHAPTER 4. HOST COUNTRY INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS AND DOCTRINE Section I. Introduction 4-1,4-2 4-1 11. Internal Defense and Development Strategy 4-3,4-4 4-1 III. Planning Guidance 4-5—4-8 4-4 IV. Organization Guidance 4.9—4.13 4.9 V. IDAD Policy Guidelines 4-14,4-15 4-12 Chapter 5. HOST COUNTRY INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS Section I. Introduction 5-1,5-2 5-1 II. Major Internal Defense and Development Operations 5-3 — 5-9 5-2 III. Host Country Response During The Three Phases of Insurgency 5-10,5-11 5-10 IV. Internal Defense and Development Campaigns 5-12—5-14 5-11 V. Operations in Selected Areas 5-15 — 5-17 5-14 VI. Operational Guidelines 5-18,5-19 5-18 HAPTER 6. UNITED STATES SECURITY ASSISTANCE Section 1. Introduction ...; 6-1,6-2 6-1 11. Organization and Responsibilities for US Foreign Assistance 6-3—6-10 6-2 III. " Development and Humanitarian Assistance 6-11,6-12 6-8 IV. US Security Assistance Programs 6-13—6-15 6-9 V. Organization and Responsibilities for US Security Assistance 6-16 — 6-22 6-11 Cp-Xpter 7. US ARMY ADVISOR IN INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT ^✓Section L Introduction 7-1 7-1 II. Military Assistance Advisory Group 7-2—7-5 7-1 III. US Army Advisor 7-6—7-8 7-5 / Chapter 8. US ARMY FORCES IN INTERNAL DEFENSE AND DEVELOPMENT Section I. Introduction 8-1—8-3 8-1 II. United States Army Forces 8-4—8-8 8-2 HI. Major IDAD Operations of the US Army 8-9—8-14 8-11 -Appendix A. REFERENCES A-l B. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY B-l C. GLOSSARY C-l D. TRAINING D-l E. BRANCH AND FUNCTIONAL AREA PRECIS E-l F. ARMY OPERATIONS ANNEX TO MILITARY IDAD PLAN F-l Index Index-1 * This manual«upersedes FM 31-23, 2 October 1972; and FM 100-20. 18 August 1972. i « '■> í FM 100-20 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL 1-1. Purpose and Scope security assistance programs and IDAD a. This manual provides US Army concepts operations. and doctrine concerning the conduct of internal 1-2. Recommended Changes defense and development (IDAD) by host country security forces to prevent and defeat insurgency, Users of this manual aré encouraged to submit and US Army IDAD advice and assistance to recommendations for improving its contents. host country security forces. It includes a general Comments should be keyed to the specific page, perspective of the environment of developing paragraph, and line of text in which the change is nations and insurgent strategies, an overview of recommended. Reasons should be provided for US security assistance, and a description of the each comment to insure understanding and roles and responsibilities of US Army advisors complete evaluation. Comments should be and US Army forces in IDAD. prepared using DA Form 2028 (Recommended b. The doctrine in this manual is applicable to Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and US Army advisors in providing IDAD advice and forwarded direct to the Commandant, US Army assistance to host country security forces and to Institute for Military Assistance, ATTN: ATSU- US Army commanders and staff officers in CTD-IDAD, Fort Bragg, North Carolina 28307. planning and employing US Army Security Originators of proposed changes that Assistance Forces and other General Purpose significantly modify approved Army doctrine Forces in support of host country IDAD may send an information copy through command operations. The doctrine provides fundamental channels to Commander, US Army Training and principles that are designed to guide the actions Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA 23651, to of military forces in the conduct of IDAD facilitate review and followup. operations. In applying the principles, one must 1-3. Definitions be aware that the situation in each developing country faced with an insurgent threat is unique a. Internal Defense. The full range of measures to that country. In addition, the situation may taken by a government and its allies to free and vary considerably in different areas of the same protect its society from subversion, lawlessness country. The IDAD principles, policies, and and insurgency. programs that are applied successfully in one b. Internal Development. Actions taken by a nation (or in one area of a country) may not be nation to promote its balanced growth by applicable in exactly the same manner in another building viable institutions— politicál, economic, nation (or another area of the same country). and social —that respond to the needs of its Therefore, the principles in this manual only society. provide a general guide to the conduct of IDAD, c. Host Country. A nation in which and judgment must be used to adapt them to each representatives or organizations of another state situation. are present because of government invitation c. The manual should be used jointly with and/or international agreement. other fficial publications that provide guidance, d. Stability Operations. This term is no longer proceo. es, and techniques concerning the US used. 1-1 .9 FM 100-20 CHAPTER 2 THE ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPING NATIONS Section I. INTRODUCTION 2-1. General and organizations may attempt to exploit these turbulent conditions, seeking to achieve power a. This chapter outlines characteristics through peaceful or violent means. common to many developing nations. It identifies social, political, economic, and psychological b. Each developing nation is unique. Each has factors that often contribute to political in- its own history, culture, and goals combined in a stability and which genérally require con- way that produces problems different from those sideration by a host country in planning and in any other nation. The aggregate problems of conducting programs to prevent and control developing nations and the growing disparityi internal conflict. It should be recognized that between the .wealthy nations and the poor nations^ other governments, external to the developing provide a dimension of turbulence to the world nation, may attempt to explbiFThe weaknesses situation complicating and decisively affecting and volatile" environment discussed in this the relationships between nations as well as their chapter for their own purposes. internal cohesion. 6~In society, change is the inevitable product c. Although each nation is unique, there are of human interactions. Change may be violent or certain apparent similarities among developing nonviolent, from the simple voicing of desires and nations. In these nations, political, social, protest to the conduct of revolution. Although economic, and cultural pluralisms are common man has always been faced with effectively and may contribute to the development of in- harnessing these forces of sociopolitical change, ternal conflicts. Various groups within these this challenge is being accelerated and becoming nations tend to be isolated and often perceive the more complex by developing nations seeking government solely in local terms. Centuries of rapid economic and political modernity with agrarian and tribal, dominance have established limited or undeveloped human and material definite patterns and societal values, and any resources and very limited modern technological changes in the economic and political situation knowledge. impact upon these established patterns and 2-2. Characteristics of Developing Nations values. A traditional elite unwilling to surrender power; a small, poorly developed middle class a. Developing nations are those which are resentful of traditional social distinctions; a progressing beyond traditional societies and poorly trained, ill-equipped police force; and a which are experiencing the turbulent processes of poverty-stricken, disenfranchised mass populace economic, social, military, political, and can contribute to a volatile environment. psychological change. The national power of developing nations is generally on the rise, but d. Within many developing nations, the their economic potential for war is below that of military often plays a major role in moder- developed industrial nations. Developing nations nization. The impact of the military on the are in the process of discarding the traditions and modernization process is to a great extent features of a traditional society and replacing dependent upon its capabilities, its influence them with features of a developed nation. This within the government, its relations with various transformation often results in individual role segments of the population, the government's disorientation, anxiety, and frustration, which efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the extent may create an atmosphere of national tension and of internal conflict and the presence or absence of disorder. Dissident and opportunistic individuals an external threat. 2-1 FM 100-20 Section II. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL FACTORS OF DEVELOPING NATIONS AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR INTERNAL CONFLICT 2-3. Social Factors services, exceeding the ability of the government a. Modernization tends to disrupt the to meet growing needs. traditional way of life of the people in developing (6) Expanding communications such as nations.
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