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Topic/Theme: Earthquakes NYS ILS Standards: Essential Questions: 1. What causes earthquakes? 2. How are earthquakes measured? 3. How can scientists predict earthquakes and avoid hazards? 4. What measures are scientists taking to prevent earthquake damage? Performance Indicators: • Analysis of earthquake wave data (vibrational disturbances) leads to the conclusion that there are layers within Earth. These layers in the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core have distinct properties. • Plates may collide, move apart, or slide past one another. Most volcanic activity and mountain building occur at the boundaries of these plates, often resulting in earthquakes. • Folded, tilted, faulted, and displaced rock layers suggest past crustal movement. Essential Knowledge and Skills: • Stresses on Earth’s crust produce shearing, compression and tension in rock. • Faulting and folding of the crust forms mountains and other features. • Seismic waves carry an earthquake’s energy through the Earth. • There are two types of seismic waves: P-waves and S-waves. • There are three types of earthquake scales: moment magnitude, Mercalli and Richter. • Earthquakes can cause damage to buildings and other structures. • New buildings can be designed to withstand minor earthquakes. • For people who live in earthquake-prone areas, it’s important to have an earthquake safety plan. Classroom/Assessment Ideas: • Stress activity (clay or Play Doh) • Fault activity (fault blocks) • Seismic waves demo (Slinky) • Finding an Epicenter Lab (CCR 1,3 CCW 3) • Earthquake Safety Plan poster (CCR 9,6 CCW 1,2,3) • Earthquake Resistant Building Project (CCR 2,4,9 CCW 7,8,9) • Earthquake Hazards Lab (CCR 1,7 CCW 3) Vocabulary: earthquake stress shearing tension compression fault strike-slip normal reverse hanging wall footwall folds anticline syncline focus epicenter seismic waves P-waves S-waves surface waves seismograph Mercalli scale Richter scale moment magnitude scale liquefaction tsunamis aftershock base-isolated building .

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Temporal and Spatial Evolution Analysis of Earthquake Events in California and Nevada Based on Spatial Statistics
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Temporal and Spatial Evolution Analysis of Earthquake Events in California and Nevada Based on Spatial Statistics Weifeng Shan 1,2 , Zhihao Wang 2, Yuntian Teng 1,* and Maofa Wang 3 1 Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] 2 School of Emergency Management, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, China; [email protected] 3 School of Computer and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology, Guilin 541004, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Studying the temporal and spatial evolution trends in earthquakes in an area is beneﬁcial for determining the earthquake risk of the area so that local governments can make the correct decisions for disaster prevention and reduction. In this paper, we propose a new method for analyzing the temporal and spatial evolution trends in earthquakes based on earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or above from 1980 to 2019 in California and Nevada. The experiment’s results show that (1) the frequency of earthquake events of magnitude 4.5 or above present a relatively regular change trend of decreasing–rising in this area; (2) by using the weighted average center method to analyze the spatial concentration of earthquake events of magnitude 3.0 or above in this region, we ﬁnd that the weighted average center of the earthquake events in this area shows a conch-type movement law, where it moves closer to the center from all sides; (3) the direction of the spatial distribution of earthquake events in this area shows a NW–SE pattern when the standard deviational ellipse (SDE) Citation: Shan, W.; Wang, Z.; Teng, method is used, which is basically consistent with the direction of the San Andreas Fault Zone across Y.; Wang, M.
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