PREPARATORY SURVEY FOR INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NAIROBI CITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA
FINAL REPORT
VOLUME 3
SUPPORTING REPORT
SECTION C
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION STUDY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...... i List of Tables ...... iii List of Figures...... iv List of Photos ...... v
1. INTRODUCTION ...... C-1
2. DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT CONDITION...... C-2 2.1 Time and Motion Survey ...... C-2 2.2 Current State of Waste Collection and Transportation Services ...... C-27 2.3 Evaluation of Current Condition of Collection and Transportation...... C-51
3. REVIEW OF RELEVANT STUDIES...... C-53 3.1 Review of UNEP Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan (ISWMP)...... C-53 3.2 Review of Old JICA Master Plan...... C-53
4. FORMULATION OF THE MASTER PLAN ...... C-57 4.1 Development of Technical Options...... C-57 4.2 Technical Evaluation of Alternative Options ...... C-89 4.3 Layout of Transfer Station ...... C-111
5. ACTION PLAN...... C-113 5.1 General...... C-113 5.2 Objective...... C-113
i
5.3 Planning Policy ...... C-113 5.4 Strategy ...... C-113 5.5 Goals of Action Plan ...... C-114 5.6 Plan of Operation ...... C-115
REFERENCES C-124
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table C.2.1 Allotment of Surveyed Collection Vehicles ...... C-2 Table C.2.2 Actual Schedule of Survey in Rainy Season...... C-3 Table C.2.3 Actual Schedule of Survey in Dry Season ...... C-4 Table C.2.4 General Information on Time and Motion Survey (Rainy Season)...... C-5 Table C.2.5 General Information on Time and Motion Survey (Dry Season)...... C-6 Table C.2.6 Loading and Travel Time ...... C-7 Table C.2.7 Collected Waste Amount and Carrying Capacity (Rainy Season) ...... C-9 Table C.2.8 Collected Waste Amount and Carrying Capacity (Dry Season)...... C-9 Table C.2.9 Collection Method of CCN ...... C-28 Table C.2.10 List of Collection Points designated by CCN ...... C-28 Table C.2.11 List of Subcontractors ...... C-29 Table C.2.12 Collection Method of Subcontractors of CCN...... C-29 Table C.2.13 Collection Method of Private Service Providers...... C-30 Table C.2.14 List of Private Service Providers (Registered)...... C-30 Table C.2.15 List of Private Service Providers (Non-Registered)...... C-31 Table C.2.16 Area of Major CBOs’ Operation and Name of CBOs...... C-32 Table C.2.17 Collected Waste Amount in Low Income and Slum Areas (Jan. to Feb. 2010)...... C-33 Table C.2.18 Results of Questionnaire to CBOs ...... C-34 Table C.2.19 Amounts of Collected Waste at Dandora Dumpsite...... C-41 Table C.2.20 List of Collection Vehicles of CCN...... C-43 Table C.2.21 List of Collection Vehicles of Subcontractors...... C-44 Table C.2.22 Summary of Causes of Illegal Dumping ...... C-45 Table C.2.23 List of Illegal Dumping Sites ...... C-46 Table C.2.24 Evaluation of Candidate Transfer Station Sites...... C-50 Table C.3.1 Comparison between Previous Master Plan (JICA-98-MP) and New Master Plan (JICA-2010-MP) ...... C-55 Table C.4.1 List of Future Road Networks in Nairobi Metropolitan Area ...... C-58 Table C.4.2 Technical Options on Type of Collection Vehicles ...... C-60 Table C.4.3 Division of Target Collected Waste Amount at Each Area...... C-61 Table C.4.4 Details of Technical Options of Transport System...... C-62 Table C.4.5 Proposed Collection System ...... C-65 Table C.4.6 Target Collection Ratio of Nairobi City at Target Year...... C-67 Table C.4.7 Target Collection Waste Amount by Zone ...... C-68 Table C.4.8 Trip Number by Type of Collection Vehicle ...... C-68 Table C.4.9 Trip Number of Detachable Container Carrier by Zone ...... C-69 Table C.4.10 Trip Number of Detachable Container Carrier by Zone ...... C-74 Table C.4.11 Required Number of Collection Vehicles (Case: Transport of Waste in West Part to Transfer Station in Langata ) ...... C-75 Table C.4.12 Required Number of Collection Vehicles (Case: Transport of Waste in West and Central Part to Transfer Station in Dandora)...... C-76 Table C.4.13 Required Number of Collection Vehicles (Case: Transport of Waste in West to Langata Transfer Station and Waste of Central Part to Transfer Station in Dandora)...... C-77 Table C.4.14 Required Number of Collection Vehicles...... C-78 Table C.4.15 Personnel Costs ...... C-79 Table C.4.16 Estimated Consumption of Electricity ...... C-80 Table C.4.17 Evaluation of Integrated Collection and Transportation System...... C-81 Table C.4.18 Calculation of Capital Cost ...... C-82 Table C.4.19 Target Waste Collection Amount by Zone (2014-2030) ...... C-84 Table C.4.20 Calculation of Personnel Cost...... C-85 Table C.4.21 Calculation of Fuel Cost for Collection ...... C-86 Table C.4.22 Calculation of Fuel Cost for Transportation...... C-86
iii
Table C.4.23 Assumed Procurement Schedule of Collection Vehicles and Containers...... C-90 Table C.4.24 Number of Existing Vehicles...... C-93 Table C.4.25 Summary of Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles ...... C-94 Table C.4.26 Summary of Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles for Existing Vehicles ...... C-95 Table C.4.27 Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles by Zone...... C-98 Table C.4.28 Procurement / Replacement Number of Container by Zone ...... C-100 Table C.4.29 Summary of Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles ...... C-101 Table C.4.30 Summary of Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles for Existing Vehicles ...... C-102 Table C.4.31 Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles by Zone...... C-105 Table C.4.32 Procurement / Replacement Number of Container by Zone ...... C-107 Table C.4.33 Implementation Schedule of Case A: Direct Haul to Ruai Final Landfill Site ...... C-108 Table C.4.34 Development of Transfer Station at Dandora Dump Site...... C-108 Table C.4.35 Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles (Case A) ...... C-109 Table C.4.36 Procurement Cost of Collection Vehicles (Case A)...... C-109 Table C.4.37 Project Cost (Case A) ...... C-109 Table C.4.38 Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles (Case B) ...... C-110 Table C.4.39 Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles (Case B) ...... C-110 Table C.4.40 Project Cost (Case B) ...... C-110
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure C.2.1 Loading, Travelling and Unloading Time in Time and Percentage...... C-7 Figure C.2.2 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-11 Figure C.2.3 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-12 Figure C.2.4 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-13 Figure C.2.5 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-14 Figure C.2.6 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-15 Figure C.2.7 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-16 Figure C.2.8 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-17 Figure C.2.9 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)...... C-18 Figure C.2.10 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-19 Figure C.2.11 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-20 Figure C.2.12 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-21 Figure C.2.13 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-22 Figure C.2.14 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-23 Figure C.2.15 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-24 Figure C.2.16 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-25 Figure C.2.17 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) ...... C-26 Figure C.2.18 Organisation Chart of Collection and Street Cleansing Department of CCN ...... C-28 Figure C.2.19 Collected Waste Amounts by Type of Collector at Dandora Dumpsite...... C-42 Figure C.2.20 Location Map of Illegal Dumping Sites ...... C-48 Figure C.2.21 Location Map of Candidate Sites for Transfer Station ...... C-50 Figure C.4.1 Future Road Network Development Plans ...... C-59 Figure C.4.2 Division of Collected Waste Amount ...... C-61 Figure C.4.3 Location Map of Technical Options on Transport System ...... C-64 Figure C.4.4 Flow of Set-up of Target Collection Ratio at Location and Whole Nairobi City ...... C-66 Figure C.4.5 Flow of Estimation of Target Collection Waste Amount...... C-67 Figure C.4.6 Flow of Computation of Required Number of Collection Vehicles ...... C-70 Figure C.4.7 Flow of Estimation of Procurement Number of Collection Vehicles ...... C-91
iv
Figure C.4.8 Method of Estimation of Procurement Number...... C-92 Figure C.4.9 Method of Discarding Procured Vehicles in 2013 and 2015...... C-92 Figure C.4.10 Conceptual Image of Proposed Transfer Station in Dandora ...... 112 Figure C.5.1 Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case A: Direct Haul to Ruai): Short-Term Plan ...... C-118 Figure C.5.2 Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case A: Direct Haul to Ruai): Mid- and Long-Term Plans ...... C-119 Figure C.5.3 Cost and Responsibilities of Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case A: Direct Haul to Ruai) ...... C-120 Figure C.5.4 Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case B: Construction of a Transfer Station): Short-Term Plan ...... C-121 Figure C.5.5 Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case B: Construction of a Transfer Station): Mid- and Long-Term Plans ...... C-122 Figure C.5.6 Cost and Responsibilities of Collection and Transportation Operation Plan (Case B: Construction of a Transfer Station) ...... C-123
LIST OF PHOTOS
Photo C.2.1 Appearances of Illegal Dumping ...... C-48 Photo C.2.2 Actual Appearance of Inefficient Operation of Transporters ...... C-51
v
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
SECTION C COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION STUDY
1. INTRODUCTION
The collection and transportation plan is the underlying issue in the formulation of the Master Plan of SWM. The sanitary condition of Nairobi City will be in awful condition without a collection and transportation plan. In Section C, the current condition of waste collection and transportation and its evaluation are carried out through time and motion survey and by interviewing relevant organisations such as the City Council of Nairobi (CCN). The formulation of a master plan for the collection and transportation of garbage was carried out based on the proposed zone-wide PPP scheme and development of the future road network plan. The problem of collection and transportation in the low income and slum areas which are currently conducted by CBOs is also a crucial issue to solve the solid waste management in the city. The proposed plan for this issue was prepared in collaboration with another expert on public education. This supporting report consists of 1) Introduction; 2) Description and Evaluation of Current Condition; 3) Relevant Studies; 4) Formulation of the Master Plan; and 5) Explanation of the Action Plan.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-1 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
2. DESCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT CONDITION
2.1 Time and Motion Survey
2.1.1 Purpose of the Survey The improvement of collection services is an important issue to implement the SWM plan appropriately. The objective of the time and motion survey covers the collection and transportation operation efficiency including the collection waste amount to loading time, travel time, total trip time and the review of routing efficiency of collection and transportation vehicles by the type of collection vehicle of each collector and transporter of CCN, subcontractors of CCN, and private service providers.
2.1.2 Survey Area The survey area covers the whole area of the collection service in Nairobi City. The time and motion survey was carried out by sampling the actual operation of collection and transportation to cover the city area as much as possible. Therefore, prior to the survey, discussions were made with the Environmental Department of CCN to select the survey areas whose service is currently done by the collectors and transporters of CCN, subcontractors and private service providers. Finally, the survey areas in the CBD, Langata, Westlands, Makadara and Embakasi regions were selected to cover the wide service areas of the above collectors and transporters.
2.1.3 Selection of Objective Collection Vehicles Two (2) CCN trucks, 2 subcontractors’ trucks and 4 trucks of private service providers were selected. The selected subcontractors were Dorkam Enterprises and Jesker. The four private collectors were Simple Garbage, Zoa Taka, Garbage Dot Com and Bins Nairobi Services. The selection of type of vehicle and the setting of number of survey days for CCN, subcontractors and private collectors was done in consideration of the type of vehicle, the collection area and waste discharge method, and the operation hours. The allotment of surveyed collection vehicles are as shown in Table C.2.1. As shown in this table, collection vehicles were allotted 48 days for one season and 96 days for two seasons.
Table C.2.1 Allotment of Surveyed Collection Vehicles Vehicle by Collection Area Survey Period Total Collectors CBD Residential Area Industrial Area (days) 1 unit 1 unit 12 CCN Vehicle 6 (KAW 732Z) (KAW 743Z) unit-days 2 units Contractors’ 12 (KWD 632, KAC 6 Vehicle unit-days 088J) 2 units 2 units Private Service 24 (KPB 307, KAD (KAM 906Z, KAM 6 Providers’ Vehicle unit-days 891J) 019E) Total unit-day per 48 unit-days season Total unit-day for 2 96 unit-days seasons
C-2 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
2.1.4 Survey Method (1) Survey Period Surveys were conducted in the wet and dry seasons. The wet season was from 30 November 2009 (Monday) to 17 December 2009 (Thursday) and the dry season was from 4 January 2010 (Monday) to 20 January 2010 (Wednesday). Table C.2.2 and C.2.3 shows the actual schedule of the survey in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. As shown in Table C.2.2 and C.2.3, the wide areas of Nairobi City were surveyed.
Table C.2.2 Actual Schedule of Survey in Rainy Season Week 1 Nov. Dec. Truck Details 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Type of Area Registration Maker Capacity M T W T F S S M Collectors Nissan CBD CCN1 KAW 732Z 10 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Diesel Nissan Langata CCN2 KAW 743Z 8 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Diesel Private 1: CBD Simple KPB 307 Bed Ford 4 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Garbage Private 2: CBD KAD 891 J Mitsubishi 3 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Zoa Taka Note: Simple Garbage truck broke down on the third day. This was compensated in the following week.
Week 2 Dec. Truck Details 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Area Type of Registration Maker Capacity M T W T F S S M T W T Collectors Private 3: Makadara Bins Nairobi KAM 019 E Iveco 7 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Services Private 4: Mitsubishi Embakasi KAM 906 Z 8 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Garbage.Com Fuso Contractor 1: Milimani Dorkam KWD 632 Mitsubishi 9 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Enterprises Contractor 2: Milimani KAC 088J Isuzu 5 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Jesker
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-3 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.3 Actual Schedule of Survey in Dry Season Week 1 Truck Details Jan. Area Type of 4 5 6 7 8 9 Registration Maker Capacity Collectors M T W T F S Nissan CBD CCN1 KAW 732Z 10 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Diesel Langata, Makadara Nissan , CCN2 KAW 743Z 8 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Diesel Kamukun ji, CBD Private 1: CBD, Simple KPB 307 Bed Ford 4 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Westlands Garbage CBD, Private 2: KAB 899S Mitsubishi 3 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Westlands Zoa Taka Note: Zoa Taka replaced its truck surveyed during the wet season with a new truck due to unresolved mechanical breakdown.
Week 2 Jan. Truck Details 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Type of Area Registration Maker Capacity M T W T F S S M T W Collectors Private 3: Makadara Bins Nairobi KAM 019 E Iveco 7 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Services Private 4: Embakasi, Mitsubishi Garbage.Co KAM 906 Z 8 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Makadara Fuso m Contractor 1: Milimani KWD 632 Mitsubishi 9 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Dorkam Enterprises Contractor Milimani 2: KAC 088J Isuzu 5 ton ● ● ● ● ● ● Jesker Note: 1. The Garbage.Com truck broke down on the first and sixth days. This was compensated in the following week. 2. The Dorkam Enterprises truck broke down on the third and fourth days. This was compensated in the following week 3. The Jesker truck broke down on the fourth day. This was compensated in the following week.
(2) Preparation Work for Actual Survey Prior to the commencement of survey, the survey plan was explained to the respective CCN area environment supervisors, the subcontractors, and the operation managers of the private collection service providers. The surveyors met the representative vehicles at their starting point during the designated day, i.e., at their garage, and monitored the operation of the representative vehicles throughout the whole day until the vehicles went back to their garage or otherwise.
(3) Deployment of Surveyors Four surveyors were deployed, one for each truck, during the two seasons. Each surveyor followed the representative truck in a chase car equipped with a GPS device.
C-4 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
(4) Data Recording One set of GPS device model Garmin Foretrex 301 was used by each surveyor to mark the arrival and departure of the truck at the collection point for recording the odometer reading, as well as the waypoints of time of arrival and departure at every stop point in the truck’s route. The tracking recorder was set at AUTO mode to record all the positions along the route in every 10 to 20 seconds. At the same time, the setting and reading of the odometer and the time log and work items of each work event such as car checking, filling fuel, travelling, collection, loading and unloading were carried out by each surveyor manually.
2.1.5 Processing of Data The Google Earth software was used for importing the GPS records into a computer and for the data to plot the tracking route on a map.
2.1.6 Survey Results (1) General Information The general information on the survey is shown in Tables C.2.4 and C.2.5. Most of the collectors conducted one trip a day operation and, occasionally, two trips, twice or three times a week. CCN had less collection points of 5 to 8 points, operation time per trip and mileage compared to the subcontractors and private service providers. In Table C.2.4 there is no remarkable difference on the trip number among CCN, Private and Contractors’ vehicles. However, Table C.2.5 shows that CCN showed the better result on trip number of 1 to 2 compared to almost 1 trip of Private and Contractors.
Table C.2.4 General Information on Time and Motion Survey (Rainy Season) Shift Operation Total Number of Collection Survey Period Area Vehicle No. Time Mileage Trips Points (h : min) (km) 1 – 2 Average: 8.3 30 Nov 2009 – KAW 732Z CBD Average: Max: 12 Average: 9:39 Average: 21.8 5 Dec 2009 (CCN) 1.7 Min: 6 1 – 2 Average: 5 30 Nov 2009 – KAW 743Z Langata Average: Max: 7 Average: 10:21 Average: 68.2 5 Dec 2009 (CCN) 1.5 Min: 3 CBD, Milimani, 1 – 2 Average: 22.2 30 Nov. 2009 – KPB 307 Lavungton, Average: Max: 36 Average: 12:32 Average: 47.7 7 Dec 2009 (Private) Kilimani 1.3 Min: 13 1 – 2 Average: 12.8 30 Nov 2009 – CBD, Milimani, KAD 891 J Average: Max: 18 Average: 11:56 Average: 53.2 5 Dec, 2009 Industrial Area (Private) 1.5 Min: 8 1 – 2 Average: 12.2 7 Dec 2009 - 12 KAM 019 E Makadara Average: Max: 16 Average: 9:39 Average: 32.6 Dec 2009 (Private) 1.7 Min: 2 Average: 5.7 7 Dec 2009 – 13 KAM 906 Z 1 Embakasi Max: 9 Average: 8:41 Average: 50.8 Dec. 2009 (Private) Average: 1 Min: 2 Average: 9.5 7 Dec 2009 – 17 KWD 632 1 Kasarani, Milimani Max: 12 Average: 11:06 Average: 50.1 Dec. 2009 (Contractor) Average: 1 Min: 5 Average: 10.3 8 Dec 2009 – 15 Milimani, Starehe, KAC 088J 1 - 3 Max: 22 Average: 7:55 Average: 43.4 Dec. 2009 CBD (Contractor) Average: 2 Min: 3
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-5 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.5 General Information on Time and Motion Survey (Dry Season) Shift Operation Number of Collection Total Mileage Survey Period Area Vehicle No. Time Trips Points (km) (h : mm) 1 - 2 Average: 8.3 04 Jan 2010 – KAW 732Z CBD Average: Max: 10 Average: 7:06 Average: 50.8 09 Jan 2010 (CCN) 1.3 Min: 3 1 - 2 Average: 6.2 04 Jan 2010 – KAW 743Z Langata, Buruburu Average: Max: 11 Average: 7:37 Average: 47.4 09 Jan. 2010 (CCN) 1.2 Min: 2 CBD, Kileleshwa, Average: 26.3 04 Jan 2010 – KPB 307 Livington, 1 Max: 54 Average: 9:41 Average: 39.5 09 Jan 2010 (Private) Kilimani Min: 0 CBD, Milimani, 1 – 2 Average: 13 04 Jan 2010 – KAD 891 J Industrial Area, Average: Max: 16 Average: 12:45 Average: 55.4 09 Jan 2010 (Private) Kasarani 1.2 Min: 3 Average: 7.5 11 Jan 2010 - Makadara, KAM 019 E 1 Max: 12 Average: 6:27 Average: 25.0 16 Jan. 2010 Industrial Area (Private) Min: 5 Average: 7.3 12 Jan. 2010 – Embakasi, KAM 906 Z 1 Max: 11 Average: 10:01 Average: 61.1 20 Jan 2010 Molongo, Runda (Private) Min: 4 Milimani, Average: 8.8 11 Jan. 2010 – KWD 632 Embakasi, 1 Max: 16 Average: 10:52 Average: 55.5 19 Jan 2010 (Contractor) Westlands Min: 0 Average: 7 11 Jan 2010 – Westlands, KAC 088J 1 Max: 12 Average: 9:01 Average: 42.9 18 Jan 2010 Milimani (Contractor) Min: 1
(2) Loading and Travel Time The various times for each collection vehicle to load, travel and unload waste in each trip are given in Table C.2.6 and further presented by visible average values in Figure C.2.1. The results of loading and travelling are summarised as follows: • Loading time of CCN, Private and Contractors vehicles ranged from 1 hr 45 min to 4 hrs 54 min or 3 hrs 43 min on the average in the rainy season, and 3 hrs 02 min to 5 hrs 11 min or 4 hrs 07 min on the average in the dry season; • Travel time ranged from 1 hr 49 min to 5 hrs 02 min or 3 hrs 02 min on the average in the rainy season, and 2 hrs 49 min to 6 hrs 18 min or 4 hrs 00 min on the average in the dry season; • Unloading time ranged from 18 min to 1 hr 57 min or 58 min on the average in the rainy season, and 24 min to 3 hrs 13 min or 1 hr 28 min on the average in the dry season; • Total trip time ranged from 3 hrs 57 min to 11 hrs 06 min or 7 hrs 43 min on the average in the rainy season, and 7 hrs 06 min to 13 hrs 20 min or 9 hrs 36 min on the average in the dry season. CCN vehicles show the least total trip number compared to Private and Contractors in total trip time; • Time for loading, travelling and unloading accounted for 48.2%, 39.3% and 12.6% on the average for 8 vehicles in the rainy season, and 43.0%, 41.7% and 15.3% in the dry season; • CCN vehicles indicated less ratio of loading time to total trip time at 2.4 to 4.6% in the rainy season and 5.7 to 9.5% in the dry season compared to the vehicles of subcontractors and private service providers.
C-6 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Table C.2.6 Loading and Travel Time Rainy Season KAW KAW KPB KAD KAM KAM KWD KAC 732Z 743Z 307 891J 019E 906Z 632 088J Average (CCN) (CCN) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Contractor) (Contractor) Loading time(hh: min) 4:27 4:24 3:15 4:54 3:16 3:37 4:06 1:45 3:43 Travel time(hh: min) 1:49 2:36 3:38 3:45 2:12 3:08 5:02 2:03 3:02 Unloading time(hh: min) 0:18 0:10 1:27 1:34 0:15 1:55 1:57 0:08 0:58 Total 6:34 7:11 8:21 10:14 5:44 8:41 11:06 3:57 7:43 Dry Season KAW KAW KPB KAB KAM KAM KWD KAC 732Z 743Z 307 899S 019E 906Z 632 088J Average (CCN) (CCN) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Contractor) (Contractor) Loading time(hh: min) 3:46 3:39 5:09 5:11 4:07 3:02 3:06 4:59 4:07 Travel time(hh: min) 2:55 3:14 4:21 5:48 2:28 4:09 6:18 2:49 4:00 Unloading time(hh: min) 0:24 0:43 1:47 2:20 0:36 3:13 1:27 1:13 1:28 Total 7:06 7:37 11:18 13:20 7:12 10:25 10:52 9:01 9:36
Rainy
12:00 1:57 9:36 1:34 1:27 1:55 Unloading time(hh:min) 7:12 0:10 3:45 0:58 0:18 5:02 Travelling time(hh:min) 1:49 2:36 0:15 Time 4:48 3:38 3:08 3:02 2:12 0:08 Loading time(hh:min) 2:24 4:27 4:24 4:54 2:03 3:15 3:16 3:37 4:06 3:43 1:45 0:00 KAW KAW KPB 307 KAD 891J KAM KAM KWD 632 KAC 088J Average 732Z 743Z 019E 906Z
100.0 2.4 3.6 4.6 4.5 12.6 17.4 15.4 22.1 17.6 27.6 80.0 36.3 38.6 36.7 52.0 39.3 60.0 43.6 36.2 45.4 Unloading time(hh:min) Travelling time(hh:min) 40.0 Loading time(hh:min) 67.8 61.3
Percentage 57.0 47.9 48.2 20.0 39.0 41.8 37.0 44.4 0.0 KAW KAW KPB 307 KAD KAM KAM KWD 632 KAC Average 732Z 743Z 891J 019E 906Z 088J Dry season
14:24 12:00 2:20 1:47 9:36 1:27 3:13 1:28 Unloading time(hh:min) 5:48 1:13 7:12 0:43 4:21 Travelling time(hh:min) 0:24 0:36 2:49 Time 6:18 4:00 2:28 4:48 2:55 3:14 4:09 Loading time(hh:min) 2:24 5:09 5:11 4:59 3:46 3:39 4:07 3:02 3:06 4:07 0:00 1.KAW 732Z 2.KAW 743Z 3.KPB 307 4.KAB 899S 5.KAM 019E 6.KAM 906Z 7.KWD 632 8.KAC 088J Average
100.0 5.7 8.4 9.5 15.8 17.5 13.4 13.5 15.3 31.0 80.0 41.2 34.3 42.5 31.2 38.6 41.7 Unloading time(hh:min) 60.0 43.6 58.1 39.8 Travelling time(hh:min) 40.0 Loading time(hh:min)
Percentage 57.2 53.1 48.0 55.3 20.0 45.6 39.0 43.0 29.2 28.5 0.0 1.KAW 2.KAW 3.KPB 307 4.KAB 5.KAM 6.KAM 7.KWD 632 8.KAC 088J Average 732Z 743Z 899S 019E 906Z Figure C.2.1 Loading, Travelling and Unloading Time in Time and Percentage
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-7 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
(3) Waste Collection/Carrying Capacity per Unit Time Analysis was made for studying the operation status of the eight collection and transportation vehicles of CCN, subcontractors and private service providers in terms of operation time, carried waste amount and their capacity as shown in Table C.2.7 to C.2.8. The time factors chosen for the analysis were loading time, travel time and total trip time. The following is the summary of time analysis in relation to the carried waste amount: • Collected and transported waste ranged from 3.2 to 10.1 tons per shift or 5.4 tons on the average in the rainy season, and 3.3 to 8.0 tons per shift or 5.2 tons on the average in the dry season; • Mileage of vehicles for collection and transportation ranged from 22.3 to 54.4 km per shift or 38.8 km on the average value in the rainy season, and 18.2 to 66.7 km per shift or 43.9 km on the average in the dry season; • Total loading time ranged from 105 to 327 minutes per shift or 233 minutes on the average in the rainy season, and 135 to 300 minutes per shift or 233 minutes on the average in the dry season; • Total travel time ranged from 113 to 303 minutes per shift or 201 minutes on the average in the rainy season, and 155 to 327 minutes per shift or 224 minutes on the average in the dry season; • Total trip time ranged from 238 to 698 minutes per shift or 496 minutes on the average in the rainy season, and 426 to 747 minutes per shift or 562 minutes on the average in the dry season; • Collected waste amount per loading time ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 tons per hour or 1.7 tons per hour on the average in the rainy season, and 0.7 to 3.5 tons per hour or 1.5 tons per hour on the average in the dry season; • Collected waste amount per travel time ranges from 0.8 to 3.3 tons per hour or 1.8 tons per hour on the average in the rainy season, and 0.7 to 2.5 tons per hour or 1.4 tons per hour on the average in the dry season; • Collected waste amount per trip time ranged from 0.3 to 1.7 tons per hour or 0.8 ton per hour on the average in the rainy season, and 0.3 to 0.9 ton per hour or 0.6 ton per hour on the average in the dry season; • CCN vehicles (KAW 732Z and KAW 743 Z) indicated less ratios at 100.3% and 81.3% of collected waste amount per trip to the average values compared to 119.9% and 225.6% of two contractors’ vehicles (KWD 632 and KAC 088J), and they indicate similar trends in the dry season.
C-8 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Table C.2.7 Collected Waste Amount and Carrying Capacity (Rainy Season) KWD KAC KAW KAW KPB KAD KAM KAM 632 088J Particulars 732Z 743Z 307 891J 019E 906Z Average (Contrac- (Contrac- (CCN) (CCN) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Private) tor) tor) Collected waste amount (ton) 4.3 3.9 3.9 3.2 N/A 5.3 10.1 6.8 5.4 Collected waste amount (kg) 4,301.7 3,920.0 3,932.5 3,245.0 N/A 5,333.3 10,100.0 6,785.0 5,373.9 Mileage (km) 25.9 39.6 35.7 48.8 32.6 50.8 54.4 22.3 38.8 Loading time (min) 199.8 209.6 220.1 337.0 327.2 217.8 246.3 105.3 232.9 Travel time (min) 112.7 159.6 245.9 250.2 221.5 188.7 302.8 124.1 200.7 Unloading time (min) 26.8 12.4 98.3 110.5 25.7 115.0 117.2 8.6 64.3 Total time (min) 339.3 381.6 564.3 697.7 559.7 521.5 666.3 238.0 496.0 Collected waste amount per: loading time (kg/hr) 1,291.6 1,122.0 1,071.9 577.7 N/A 1,469.0 2,460.1 3,864.9 1,693.9 transportation time (kg/hr) 2,290.8 1,473.5 959.6 778.3 N/A 1,696.1 2,001.1 3,280.9 1,782.9 total time (kg/hr) 760.6 616.3 418.2 279.1 N/A 613.6 909.5 1,710.5 758.2 total time per km (kg/hr/km) 29.4 15.6 11.7 5.7 N/A 12.1 16.7 76.6 24.0 Collected amount ratio to average per: loading time (%) 76.2 66.2 63.3 34.1 N/A 86.7 145.2 228.2 100.0 travel time (%) 128.5 82.6 53.8 43.7 N/A 95.1 112.2 184.0 100.0 total time (%) 100.3 81.3 55.1 36.8 N/A 80.9 119.9 225.6 100.0 total time per km (%) 122.7 65.0 48.8 23.8 N/A 50.4 69.7 319.6 100.0
Table C.2.8 Collected Waste Amount and Carrying Capacity (Dry Season) KWD KAC KAW KAW KPB KAB KAM KAM 632 088J Particulars 732Z 743Z 307 899S 019E 906Z Average (Contrac- (Contrac- (CCN) (CCN) (Private) (Private) (Private) (Private) tor) tor) Collected waste amount (ton) 3.8 4.9 3.8 3.3 N/A 5.7 8.0 7.0 5.2 Collected waste amount (kg) 3,811.3 4,914.3 3,820.5 3,317.5 N/A 5,676.0 7,953.3 6,976.7 5,209.9 Mileage (km) 38.1 44.1 31.0 50.6 18.2 66.7 59.3 42.9 43.9 Loading time (min) 226.3 242.9 264.5 273.5 260.3 165.8 134.7 299.5 233.4 Travel time (min) 175.9 217.1 187.3 300.8 154.5 262.0 327.3 169.0 224.2 Unloading time (min) 24.3 51.4 161.3 172.5 36.7 231.0 121.3 73.2 108.9 Total time (min) 426.4 511.4 643.0 746.8 451.5 658.8 583.3 475.0 562.0 Collected waste amount per: loading time (kg/hr) 1,010.7 1,214.1 866.7 727.8 N/A 2,054.0 3,543.6 1,397.7 1,544.9 transportation time (kg/hr) 1,300.2 1,357.9 1,224.2 661.8 N/A 1,299.8 1,457.8 2,476.9 1,397.0 total time (kg/hr) 536.3 576.5 356.5 266.6 N/A 516.9 818.1 881.3 564.6 total time per km (kg/hr/km) 14.1 13.1 11.5 5.3 N/A 7.8 13.8 20.5 12.3 Collected amount ratio to average per: loading time (%) 65.4 78.6 56.1 47.1 N/A 133.0 229.4 90.5 100.0 travel time (%) 93.1 97.2 87.6 47.4 N/A 93.0 104.4 177.3 100.0 total time (%) 95.0 102.1 63.1 47.2 N/A 91.6 144.9 156.1 100.0 total time per km (%) 114.6 106.5 93.6 42.9 N/A 63.1 112.2 167.1 100.0
(4) Collection and Transportation Routes The results of the collection and transportation route analysis for each collection vehicle of CCN, subcontractors and private service providers were plotted into Google images, as shown in Figure C.2.2 to C.2.17. The map shows that each vehicles changed its collection and transport route during the survey period and that CCN and Contractors vehicles operated in wide operation areas.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-9 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
2.1.7 Evaluation of Survey Results The following facts were identified in terms of operation efficiency of collection and transportation from the results of the Time and Motion Survey on the collectors and transporters of CCN, subcontractors and private service providers: • The subcontractors’ vehicles showed the highest efficiency in terms of collection and transportation of waste among the three types of collectors and transporters. The subcontractors’ vehicles collection amount ratio per total trip time to the average indicated 120% to 225% on the average, which is presumed to be due to the following: 1) their collection work at residential areas does not consume much time; 2) their vehicles are equipped with a tipping function for unloading at the Dandora Dumpsite; and 3) their vehicles are well maintained. • CCN vehicles showed a higher percentage of loading time compared to the other vehicles. This is presumed to be due to CCN’s inefficient collection operation or their time-consuming manual loading at collection points located at a long distance from their vehicles during road sweeping or cleansing operations. • The private service providers showed the most inefficient collection and transportation work especially in unloading. This is presumed to be caused by the use of old collection vehicles such as the old Bedford without a tipping function, or bad maintenance.
C-10 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Thika Road Outer Ring Road
Murauga Road
Juja Road CBD Kagundo Road
Mutarakwa Road
Heshima Road Jogoo Road
KAW 732Z (CCN)
Figure C.2.2 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
C-11
C-12
Forest Road
Uhuru Highway Heshima Road
Jogoo Road
Langata Road
KAW 743 Z (CCN) Figure C.2.3 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
Riverside Drive
Juja Road
Lhandies Road
Argwings Khodhek Road
KPB 307 (Private)
Figure C.2.4 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
C-13
C-14
Juja Road Waiyaki Way
Mombasa Road
KAD 891 J (Private) Figure C.2.5 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
Thika Road
Mutarkwa Road
Mombasa Road
Langata Road
Langata Souhth Road
KAM 019 E (Private) Figure C.2.6 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season) C-15
C-16
Mutarkwa Road
Uhruru Highway
KAM 906 Z (Private) Figure C.2.7 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
Waiyaki Way Rairi Road Juja Road
Jogoo Road
KWD 632 (Contractor) Figure C.2.8 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season) C-17
C-18
Waiyaki Way
Juja Road
Jogoo Road
KAC 088J (Contractor) Figure C.2.9 Collection and Transportation Routes (Rainy Season)
Juja Road Thika Road
Ngong Road Heshima Road
Jogoo Road
KAW 732Z (CCN) Figure C.2.10 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) C-19
C-20
Juja Road
Waiyaki Way
Jogoo Road
KAW 743 Z (CCN) Figure C.2.11 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season)
Juja Road
Riverside Drive
Gitanga Road
KPB 307 (Private) Figure C.2.12 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) C-21
C-22
Waiyaki Way Juja Road
Jogoo Road
KAD 891 S (Private) Figure C.2.13 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season)
Juja Road
Gitanga Road
Mombasa Road
KAM 019 E (Private) Figure C.2.14 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) C-23
C-24
Waiyaki Way
Mombasa Road
KAM 906 Z (Private) Figure C.2.15 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season)
Waiyaki Way Juja Road
Jogoo Road
Gitanga Road
KWD 632 (Contractor) Figure C.2.16 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season) C-25
C-26
Waiyaki Way Juja Road
KAC 088J (Contractor) Figure C.2.17 Collection and Transportation Routes (Dry Season)
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
2.2 Current State of Waste Collection and Transportation Services
2.2.1 Current State of Collectors and Transporters The collection and transportation of municipal solid waste are carried out by four organisations, as follows: • CCN • Contractors subcontracted by CCN • Private Service Providers • CBOs
(1) CCN (a) Organisation The Collection and Street Cleansing Department is in charge of the management of collection and transportation of municipal solid waste in the whole city of Nairobi and is headed by the Chief Environmental Officer, as shown in Figure C.2.18. Under it are the 9 divisions, i.e., 1 division for each of the 9 districts with each of them headed by a Senior Environmental Officer supported by a number of staff, crews, road sweepers and drivers as also shown in Figure C.2.18. The functions of the Collection and Street Cleansing Section are as follows: • Waste collection and transportation; • Street cleansing; • Roadside and estates drain cleaning (partially); • Dead animal collection; • Refuse disposal; • Grass cutting along roadsides; and • Destruction of condemned foods and other goods, with the issuance of destruction certificates.
(b) Operation Method Table C.2.9 gives a summary of the collection method of CCN’. The station type of collection is common and door-to-door collection is very rare. One operation team is composed of 1 supervisor, 3 loading crew members and 1 driver. Table C.2.10 gives the list of 5 collection points currently designated by CCN. However, according to the Time and Motion Survey, 2 to 12 collection points for the areas of CBD, Langata, Makadara and Kamkunji divisions were identified in CCN’s actual operation.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-27 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Director of Environment
Deputy Director
Assistant Director
Chief Environmental Officer: Collection Street Cleansing Department Workshop (Lagos Road): Maintenance of vehicles and equipment (6 staffs) Principal Environmental Officer Logistic Motor Pool (Lhandes Road): 43 drivers
Snr. Env. SEO SEO SEO SEO Dagorreti SEO SEO SEO SEO Langata Div CBD Div Starehe Div. Westlands Div Kamukuji Embakasi Kasarani Makadara Div. Div Div. Div. Div
10 staffs Supervisors: 50 10 staffs 10 staffs 10 staffs 10 staffs 10 staffs 10 staffs 10 staffs Crew: 22 Road sweepers: 228
Figure C.2.18 Organisation Chart of Collection and Street Cleansing Department of CCN
Table C.2.9 Collection Method of CCN Collection Area Operation Practice • Collection system: Basically, station type collection is done. Door-to-door collection is very few. • Operation time: 6 am to 6 pm (Collection at night time is included in CBD.) Whole Nairobi City • Operation crew: 1 supervisor, 3 loading crew members, 1 driver • Collection frequency: Once a week • Collection points: 5 (designated) Source: Department of Environment, CCN
Table C.2.10 List of Collection Points designated by CCN District Name of Collection Point 1.Westlands Limuru Road Hawkers Market 2.Langata South Lands Kijiji Kibera Slum 3.Kamukunji Burma Market 4.Kasarani Githurai 44
(2) Subcontractors of CCN (a) Number and List of Subcontractors There are 21 subcontractors engaged in the collection and transportation of waste in the areas designated by CCN under the station collection system. The list of subcontractors is given in Table C.2.11. According to the Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste
C-28 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Management) Regulations (EMCA), of 2006, no person shall be granted a license to transport garbage without a permit from NEMA. (b) Operation Method Table C.2.12 gives a summary of the collection method of the subcontractors operating in areas designated by CCN. Most of the collection work is done by the station type of collection. An operation team is composed of 1 CCN supervisor, 5 crew members and 1 driver in most cases. According to the Time and Motion Survey, 2 to 22 collection points were identified in the Subcontractors’ actual operation.
Table C.2.11 List of Subcontractors No. Name of Contractor Collection Area 1 Kange Construction CBD 2 Solid Waste Collection Langata 3 Kenlo Investment Langata 4 J.W. Mwangi Dagoretti 5 Ole Sunguti Investment Dagoretti 6 Durkam Waste Enterprise Westlands 7 Jesker Enterprises Westlands 8 Nanku Company Embakasi 9 Rimco Builders Embakasi 10 Kamubu Bins Embakasi 11 Ravina Agencies Starehe 12 Buacrose Starehe 13 Junjo Commercial Agencies Makadara 14 Pejom Construction Makadara 15 Commodities Waste Management Kamukunji 16 Vedlia Kenya Ltd. Muthurwa 17 Pukia Investment Kamukunji 18 Naomi General Merchants Kasarani 19 Chymel International Kasarani 20 Juli Investment Kamukunji 21 Wonderful City Cleaners Kamukunji Source: Department of Environment, CCN
Table C.2.12 Collection Method of Subcontractors of CCN Collectors Collection Area Operation Practice Contractors subcontracted Areas designated by CCN • Basically, station type of collection is done. by CCN Door-to-door collection is very few. • Operation time: 6 am to 6 pm • Crew: 1 CCN supervisor, 5 loading crews, 1 driver • Collection points: 2 - 12 Source: Department of Environment, CCN
(3) Private Service Providers (a) Number of Private Service Providers There are 44 registered and 26 non-registered private service providers (PSPs) as of 2009. The list of private service providers including their collection frequency is given in Table C.2.14 and C.2.15. As with the subcontractors of CCN, the PSPs require a business license from NEMA for the transportation of waste, and they have to be registered with CCN. The operation of non-registered private collectors is basically illegal. However, they are doing their business of collection and transportation. These facts seem to be due to the lack of enforcement capacity of CCN.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-29 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
(b) Operation Method Tables C.2.13 gives a summary of the collection method of PSPs. The PSPs operate through the door-to-door collection system in areas they have contracted for the collection and transportation of waste by customers in middle to high income residential or commercial areas. According to the Time and Motion Survey, the collection point of PSPs ranges from 1 to 36.
Table C.2.13 Collection Method of Private Service Providers Collectors Collection Area Operation Practice Private Service Providers Areas based on the contract • Door-to-door collection. agreement between a • Operation time: 6 am to 6 pm service provider and a • Crew: 3 to 5 loading workers depending on the company customer. In most cases, • Collection frequency: Depends on the company (Daily to middle to high income rarely) residential areas receive • Collection points: 1 to 36 the services.
Table C.2.14 List of Private Service Providers (Registered) No. Company Name Collection Areas Collection Frequency 1. Smartlink Services Ltd. Industrial Area, JKIA Langata, Dagoretti Daily 2. Ideal Bins Ltd. Westlands, CBD, Industrial Area, Kilimani, Muthaiga, Daily Langtata 3. Simple Garbage Collectors CBD, Westlands, Industrial Area, Nairobi West, Upper Daily Hill, Kilimani, Kileleshwa 4. Good Samaritan Children’s 1ST and 2nd Eastleigh Avenue Kamukunji Depends on the situation Home 5. Reliable Refuse Disposals Westlands, CBD, Muthaiga Depends on the situation 6. Brown Bins Enterprises CBD, Westlands, Langata Depends on the situation 7. Byron Truskett Investment Langata, CBD, South B Depends on the situation Ltd. 8. Green Leaf Services Ltd. Westlands, CBD, Industrial Area, Langata Depends on the situation 9. Mesh Group Ltd. Makadara, CBD, Upperhill, Westlands Depends on the situation 10. Smart City Cleaners Ltd. Dagoretti, CBD, Industrial Area, Starehe Depends on the situation 11. Sabiti Cleaning Services Westlands, CBD, Nairobi West, Upper Hill, Eastern Depends on the situation District 12. South Pole Cleaning CBD, Ngara, Kamukunji N/A Agenieces 13. Zoa Taka Ltd. Embakasi, Kamukunji, Westlands, Langata, Dagoretti, Daily Ruaraka, Buruburu 14. Colnet Refuse Collectors Langata, Westlands, Embakasi, CBD, Dagoretti, Daily Industrial Area 15. Garbage Dot Com Ltd. Starehe, Makadara, Langata, Kasarani, Westlands, Daily Embakasi 16. Three Bins Services CBD, Makadara, Langata, Westlands, Embakasi N/A 17. Flomico Garbages Westlands, Starehe, Langata Rarely 18 Master CBD, Westlands, Kilimani, Industrial Area, Parklands, Daily Shaurimoyo, Pangani 19. Bins Nairobi Service Muthaiga, Red Hill, Uncresent,Nyali, Ridgeways, Daily Westlands, Lavington, Riverside, Kileleshwa, Langata, Karen, Dagoretti, South C&B, Parklands, Kistisuru, Peponi, Statehouse Road, Hiringham, Industrial area, JKIA, Eastlands, Karasarani, Ruiru, CBD. 20. Habitation Friendly Westlands, Kangemi, Keleshwa, Lavington, Kilimani Depends on the situation Services 21. Alybins Garbage Lavington, Riara, Kilimani, Westlands, CBD, Industrial Depends on the situation area, Muthaiga, Loresho 22. Wilkim Enterprises CBD, Industrial area, Embakasi, Langata, Westlands, Depends on the situation Eastleigh, Gigiri, Parklands, Kilimani, Kileleshwa 23. Euse Enterprise hazina Towers, View Park, Bruce House Depends on the situation 24. Global by products Ltd. Factory Street, Mombasa Road Depends on the situation 25. City bins CBD,, Embakasi,Westlands, Upperhill Rarely
C-30 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
No. Company Name Collection Areas Collection Frequency 26. Nairobi Garbage Collectors Kilimani, Rarely Hurligham,Upper Hill 27. Parapet Cleansing Services Langata & Embakasi Rarely 28. Parana Enterprises Nairobi Area Rarely 29. Desert Runner Services Kamukunji, Kasarani & Westlands Depends on the situation Co., Ltd. 30. Simon Kamau Ngondo CBD Rarely 31. Lujusa Enterprses Westlands, Industrial Area & CBD Rarely 32. Ngei I Development Youth Ngei I, Village and Kasarani Rarely Group 33. Bins & Sanitation Services Langata Division Rarely 34. Super Foam Limited Nairobi Area Depends on the situation 35. Tamia Limited CBD Kasarani Rarely 36. Bins Nairobi Services Ltd. Redhill, UN Crescent, Muthaiga, Nyali, Ridgeways, Daily Westlands, Lavington, Riverside, Kileleshwa, Langata, Karen, Dagoretti, South C & B, Parklands, Kitsuru, Peponi, State House Road, Hurlingham, Industrial Area, JKIA, Eastlands, Kasarani & CBD 37. Evabo Enterprises Westlands and Kasarani Depends on the situation 38. Metro Cleaner & Industrial Area & Kenyatta Market Depends on the situation Renovators Ltd. 39. Mammoth Major Langata & Westlands Division Depends on the situation enterprises 40 Creative Cleaning Services Embakasi, Langata, Mbagathi, Karen, Hurlingham, Depends on the situation Ltd. CBD, Kahawa & Eastleigh 41. Mawa General Contractors Kasarani & Makadara Depends on the situation 42. Four Corners Cleaning Westland, Kilimani and Lavington Rarely Services 43. Premier Industries Limited Nairobi Area Depends on the situation 44 Hytech Bins Nairobi Westands, Langata,, Industrial Area,CBD Rarely Source: Department of Environment, CCN
Table C.2.15 List of Private Service Providers (Non-Registered) No. Company Name Areas of Collection Collection Frequency 1. J.Bin Bag Huruma Depends on the situation 3. Bio Bins South C Rarely 5. Globins CBD Rarely 7. Bins Industrial Area Daily 8. Coca Cola Embakasi Depends on the situation 9. Tumaini Nyayo Estate Depends on the situation 10. Tema Westlands, Industrial Area Depends on the situation 11. Urban Waste Industrial Area Depends on the situation 12. Prime bins Industrial Area Rarely 15. Yellow Bins Komorok Daily 16. Tumaini Nyayo Estate Rarely 17. BAT N/A Rarely 21. C&P Industrial Area Depends on the situation 22. Kiamiko Huruma Depends on the situation 23. Accra CBD Depends on the situation 24. Matsec Industrial Area Depends on the situation 25. Chrisemes Ngumo Rarely 26. Bin bag Buruburu N/A Source: Department of Environment, CCN
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-31 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
(4) CBOs (Community-Based Organisations) (a) Number of CBOs CBOs conduct their collection activities with a license to collect from CCN, mainly in slum and low income areas. Table C.2.16 shows the major areas and names of the CBOs. There are 140 CBOs in Nairobi City including the local youth groups. They conduct their collection activities occasionally with the support of NGOs, including the solicitation of funds for the purpose.
Table C.2.16 Area of Major CBOs’ Operation and Name of CBOs No. Areas No. of CBOs Name of Major CBOs 1 Kibera 9 Peace and Development Community Based Organisation, Kibera Pillars, etc. 3 Mathare 8 Mathare Slum Youth Group, etc. 3 Huruma 8 Mathare Environmental Pequininos Youth Group, etc. 4 Mabatini 5 Tuungane Self-Help, Mathare No. 10 Youth Group, etc. 5 Karasani 9 Baba Ndogo Focus, Munalo, etc. 6 Embakasi 20 Clean World, Vijana Youth Group, etc. Source: Department of Environment, CCN
(b) Operation Method CBOs sell plastic bags to the residents of low income and slum areas (8 bags/household/month: 200 KSh/household/month), then collect the plastic bags containing garbage and take them to the collection point using handcarts. The waste at the collection point is then transported by the vehicles of CCN or the subcontractors to the Dandora Dumpsite. Residents who can afford to buy the plastic bags is actually below 20% of the total number of residents, which is presumed to be one of the causes of illegal dumping of waste everywhere in those areas. Several unlicensed CBOs also operate in those areas and the collection frequency of CCN or its subcontractors is very low (usually, once a month). These facts are also presumed to have caused the illegal dumping activities. Table C.2.17 shows the amounts of waste collected by CCN or its subcontractors at the low income and slum areas in January to February 2010, totalling 4,000 tons, or approximately 67 tons/day for 2 months from January to February 2010. A workshop targeting the CBOs was held on March 24, 2010 and a questionnaire survey was conducted on the CBOs. The analysed results of the survey are as follows: • About 46 % of the respondents are registered with CCN, while 44 % are not registered. • Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the respondents are involved in collection activity, while 28% of them are doing activities of recycling and composting. • Eighty percent (80%) of the respondents make contracts with households • The most significant problem is that collection vehicles do not go to the collection points of their activities.
The details of the questionnaire results are given in Table C.2.18.
C-32 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Table C.2.17 Collected Waste Amount in Low Income and Slum Areas (Jan. to Feb. 2010) Collected Waste Amount No. District Name of Area (ton) 1 Kamukunji Zawadi Primary School (Eastleigh) Zawadi Primary School 113.58 Eastleigh Deliverance Church 86.04 Eastleigh 1st Avenue Eastleigh Deliverance Church 77.57 Eastleigh 2nd Avenue 136.53 Eastleigh 1st Avenue Eastleigh Deliverance 157.43 Eastleigh Muyuyu St. 76.69 Eastleigh Deliverance Church 15.84 Eastleigh Deliverance Church 61.56 Eastleigh Shelter Eastleigh Airforce Fence 183.12 Eastleigh Fence 260.09 Eastleigh 1st Avenue 80.52 Eastleigh 1st Avenue 21.15 Eastleigh Deliverance Church 189.02 Eastleigh Airforce 152.53 2 Langata Kibera Drive 77.4 Kibera Drive 134.58 South Lands Kijiji 120.54 Kibera Drive 69.95 3 Starehe Juja Road (Mamba) 23.32 Juja Road (Mamba) 130.52 Juja Road Juja Road (Redeemed) Huruma Road 85.2 Huruma Corner Road Mathare Mlango Kubwa Mlango Kubwa Mathare Mlango Kubwa 79.94 Mlango Kubwa 118.58 Mathare Mlango Kukbwa 176.37 Lubwa Street 238.96 Lubwa Road (Majengo) 60.27 4 Westlands Deep Sea Slum 61.91 5 Dagoretti Gitanga Road Kawangware 111.98 6 Embakasi Gitathuru Market (Kariobangi) 206.26 Dandora Cinema Outering Road 113.22 Dandora Dunia Cllr 0pudo Road Dandora Ph Iii Mkt 254.87 7 Makadara Aa.Rd.Mukuru Kwa Njenga 66.15 Mukuru Kwa Njenga 92.33 Total 3,945.14 Source: Department of Environment, CCN
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-33 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.18 Results of Questionnaire to CBOs 1. General Information Q1-1 Name of CBO : ______
Q1-2 Name of Delegate: ______
Q1-3 Name of location and districts of your activities 1-3-1 Name of location of your activities: ______1-3-2 Name of district of above location: ______
2. Details of CBO's Activities
Q2-1 Registration from CCN Have you registered with CCN?
1.8 4.5 4.5
Yes No 45.5 I don't know 43.6 I don't want to reply Others
Q2-2 What is your major activity?
3.8 10.1
Collection 18.4 Recycling Composting Others 67.7
If you selected "Recycling" or "Composting" in Q2-2, Please fill the questionnaires in the Attachment.
If you selected "Collection" in Q2-2, please proceed to answer the following questions Q2-3 How do you get your customers (households) for collecting their garbage?
C-34 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
We visit each household to promote 19.3 16.5 our activities.
We call each household to cooperate with our activities. Others 64.2
Q2-4 Do you make a contract with the customers (households) for your activities?
0.00.6 19.1
Yes No I don't know Others 80.3
Q2-5 How much do you collect the garbage collection fee from your customers per month for household?
2.7 5.4 9.9 12.6 Below 10 Ksh per month 11 - 20 Ksh per month 12.6 21 - 50 Ksh 51 - 75 Ksh 76 - 100 Ksh 22.5 101- 150 Ksh 151- 200 Ksh Above 201 Ksh 27.0 7.2
Q2-6 What is the income group to collect the garbage collection fee? (You can check the plural questions as the answer)
0.9 24.5
Low Income Group Middle Income Group High Income Group
74.5
Q2-7 What are the basic factors for determing the garbage collection fee? (You can check the plural questions as the answer)
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-35 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
12.7 Type of Waste 21.4
Location or Diatance to the Collection Points Cost for Garbege 31.0 Collection
Income Group 34.9
Q2-8 How do you collect the garbage from your customers?
10.6 3.3
23.6 We use our own truck. We hire a truck. We use a cart. Others
62.6
If you selected 2-8-1 or 2-8-2 in Q2-8, please answer the questions of 2-9 and 2-10. Q2-9 How is the capacity of the truck?
10.9
38.2 2 ton 4 ton 32.7 I don't know Others
18.2
Q2-10 How is the total amount in ton or total units of truck of collected waste in daily average?
C-36 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
4.2 26.4 Below 2 ton 20.8 2 - 4 ton 4 - 6 ton 6 - 10 ton 5.6 Above 10 ton 9.7 15.3 I don't know Others 18.1
If you selected 2-8-3 in Q2-8, please answer the questions of 2-11 and 2-12. Q2-11 How is the capacity of the cart?
1.1 10.1 18.0 Below 100 kg 101 - 200 kg 22.5 201 - 500 kg Above 500 kg 27.0 I don't know Others 21.3
Q2.-12 How is the total amount in ton or total units of truck of collected waste in daily average?
3.4 Below 2 ton 17.0 33.0 2 - 4 ton 1.1 4 - 6 ton 6 - 10 ton 8.0 Above 10 ton 12.5 I don't know 25.0 Others
If you selected 2-8-4 in Q2-8, please answer the questions of 2-13. Q2-13 How is the total amount in ton of collected waste in daily average?
12.7 4.8 Below 2 ton 1.6 31.7 2 - 4 ton 4 - 6 ton 4.8 6 - 10 ton Above 10 ton 17.5 I don't know 27.0 Others
Q2-14 Where do you discharge your collected waste? 2-14-1 Designated collection points of CCN
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-37 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
1.00.04.0 4.0 Designated collection points of CCN Collection points which are not designated by CCN Directly haul to river 29.0 I don't know
62.0 I don't want to reply
Others
Q2-15 How many times do you discharge to the collection points from one collection area?
4.82.91.0 Once a week Twice a week 33.3 Three times a week 58.1 Every day Others
Q2-16 Who transports your collected wastes at the collection points?
CCN's collection vehicle 18.4 Contractor's 0.0 collection vehicle 11.7 49.5 Private company's collection vehicle I don't know 20.4 Others
Do you make a contract with the transporters of CCN, Contractors or other private companies for Q2-17 transporting your collected waste?
1.00.01.0 Yes 37.0 No I don't know I don't want to reply 61.0 Others
Q2-18 How many times does the vehicle come to the collection points to transport the garbage?
C-38 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Once a week 19.4 Once every two weeks 49.0 Once every three 15.3 weeks One a month 6.1 10.2 Others
3. Problems of CBO's Activities Q3-1 What are your problems in doing your activities?
6.8 It is not easy to get 24.1 customers for our 18.8 collection activities. The vehicles does not come to the collection points frequently. The collection points for transporting the garbage are very few. Others
50.4
If you answer 3-1-1 in Q3-1, please answer the following questions. Q3-2 What reason do you think in relation to Q3-1-1? The households are not willing to pay for the garbage collection 20.0 fee. The households 37.8 cannot pay for the garbage collection fee.
The households are 21.1 not cooperative with our activities.
21.1 Others
If you answer 3-1-1 in Q3-1, please answer the following questions.
Q3-3 How is the percentage of your customers to the total households in the residential area?
5.3 22.7 18.7 Below 25 % 26 - 50 % 51 - 75 % 75 - 100 %
53.3
If you answer 3-1-2 in Q3-1, please answer the following questions.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-39 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Q3-4 How many times the vehicle should come to the collection points to transport your collected waste?
4.6 2.80.0 9.3 5.6 Every day Every two days Twice a week Once a week 36.1 Twice every two week 41.7 Once a month Others
If you answer 3-1-3 in Q3-1, please answer the following questions. Q3-5 How do you think to solve this problem?
12.4 Increse collection 37.1 points Put a container to store the garbage Others 50.6
C-40 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
2.2.2 Current State of Collected Waste (1) Collected Waste Amount Table C.2.19 shows the amounts of waste collected daily at the Dandora open dumping site by type of collector and transporter. Figure C.2.19 shows the fluctuation of collected waste amounts by type of collector and transporter at the site. The total amount of collected waste increased from 397.3 ton/day in 2006 to 608.4 ton/day in 2009. The peak amount of collected waste was 906.1 ton/day in April 2009, as shown in Table C.2.21 and Figure C.2.19. Most of the solid wastes were collected by the subcontractors (70 to 75%) followed by the private service providers (21 to 28%). According to the “Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, UNEP, 1st Draft, 19 February 2010 (UNEP Report)”, the average collection amount was 830 ton/day over the period 2006-2008. The figure in the UNEP Report is comparatively larger compared to that of 397.3 to 529.3 ton/day in Table C.2.19.
Table C.2.19 Amounts of Collected Waste at Dandora Dumpsite Unit in ton/day Daily Average Collected Waste Amount Year CCN Contractor PSP Total Max. Min. 2006 7.9 (2.0) 299.6 (75.4) 90.3 (22.6) 397.3 (100) 596.5 279.2 2007 13.5 (2.6) 352.2 (68.8) 145.9 (28.6) 511.6 (100) 619.2 351.7 2008 9.4 (1.8) 398.0 (75.2) 121.9 (23.0) 529.3 (100) 602.2 440.1 2009 29.6 (4.9) 446.5 (73.4) 132.2 (21.7) 608.4 (100) 906.1 472.5 Source: Department of Environment, CCN
(2) Collection Ratio Waste generation was estimated at 1,848 ton/day in 2009. Based on this figure, the ratio of waste collection to waste generation was roughly estimated at only 33% as of 2009, and the remaining waste was presumed to be illegally dumped or self-treated at the generation source. This figure is almost 60% of the figure in the UNEP Report. How the collection in the UNEP report was computed is not clear while the collection ratio of 33% in this Master Plan was computed based on the amount of waste measured by the weigh bridge at the Dandora Dumpsite. The figure in the UNEP report seems to include the amounts of waste that had been dumped at the illegal dumping sites.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-41 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
2006
600.0 500.0 400.0 CCN Contractor 300.0 Private Service Provider ton/day 200.0 Total 100.0 0.0 123456789101112 Month
2007
700.0 600.0 500.0 CCN 400.0 Contractor 300.0 Private Service Provider ton/day 200.0 Total 100.0 0.0 123456789101112 Month
2008
700.0 600.0 500.0 CCN 400.0 Contractor 300.0 Private Service Provider ton/day 200.0 Total 100.0 0.0 123456789101112 Month
2009
1,000.0 800.0 CCN 600.0 Contractor 400.0 Private Service Provider ton/day Total 200.0 0.0 1234567891011 Month
Figure C.2.19 Collected Waste Amounts by Type of Collector at Dandora Dumpsite
C-42 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
(3) Maintenance of Facilities and Equipment (a) CCN Table C.2.20 gives a list of collection vehicles of CCN. CCN has 13 working collection vehicles and 1 loader. The collection vehicles of CCN are dump trucks and not compactor trucks, so that the operation crews load the garbage manually. CCN purchased most of its vehicles recently in 2009 and has a workshop at the Lagos Road cleansing depot for the maintenance of its collection vehicles. All major repairs are carried out at the CCN transport depot at Garage Road, off Dar salaam Road. Most of the collection vehicles of CCN have a tipping function, with the average capacity 7 tons.
Table C.2.20 List of Collection Vehicles of CCN Year of Reg. No. Model Type Status Period of Use Purchase KAW 741Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 737Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 732Z Nissan UD Cwb450 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 738Z Nissan UD Cwb450 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 742Z Nissan UD Cwb450 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 740Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 734Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 739Z Nissan UD Cwb450 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 743Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW746Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW744Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KAW 745Z Nissan UD Pkf 210 Dump truck Operational 2009 8 months KWE 063 FTR 12 Dump truck Operational 1989 20 years KAH 038Y Dong Fong Tipper Not in use 1998 11 years KAB 326Q Halomag D35 Wheel Loader Wheel loader Operational 1998 11 years KAH 078Y Flat Iveco Compactor Not in use 1999 10 years KAB 289Q Renault E160-midliner Compactor Not in use 1999 10 years KWE 082 Ftr 12 Dump truck Not in use 1989 20 years KAH 050Y Komatsu D8 bulldozer Bulldozer Not in use 1998 11 years KAH051Y Komatsu D8 bulldozer Bulldozer Not in use 1998 11 years Caterpillar D4 Bulldozer Not in use 1990 19 years Hanomag Bulldozer Not in use 1990 19 years
(b) Subcontractors of CCN Table C.2.21 gives a list of the collection vehicles of the subcontractors of CCN. Most of the subcontractors have 3 to 5 collection vehicles, and only half of them have tipping vehicles causing the inefficient collection by manual loading and unloading.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-43 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.21 List of Collection Vehicles of Subcontractors No. Name of Contractor Collection Vehicles 1 Kange Construction KQH 916 2 Solid Waste Collection KZL 276, KXE 582 3 Kenlo Investment KVX 355, KAK 538Z, KAE 510R, KAK 924Z, KVT 396 KBB 297R, KAA 919, KRG 477, KVP 107, KBC 340S, KPD 046, KUY 540, 4 J.W. Mwangi KAD 621X 5 Ole Sunguti Investment KUX 563, KVR 338, KUL 088, KPC 416, KAP 937U, KAH 569H 6 Durkam Waste Enterprise KAT 587Y, KWD 632, KLK 550 7 Jesker Enterprises KAH 382, KAE 971G, KAC 088J, KAK 806Y 8 Nanku Company KWL 631, KBD 775K 9 Rimco Builders KTR 976, KAD 427Z, KVN 882, KTD 683, KUH 637 10 Kamubu Bins KNZ 143, KAB 579J, KNN 657, KAA 929X 11 Ravina Agencies KZZ 608, KAJ 908L, KXB 118, KTF 820, KWJ 368, KAB, 101B 12 Buacrose KSZ 974, KYN 461, KYC 104 , KAB 575G, KAC 813, KXD 149, KAA 795T 13 Junjo Commercial Agencies KRT 411, KWZ 048, KAV 126 B 14 Pejom Construction KAX 096Z, KPV 258, KAS 942, KBC 208V, KBD 445U 15 Commodities Waste Management KRA 518, KRT 222, KAP 475R, KQS 155, KZF 676, KYU 909 16 Vedlia Kenya Ltd KBG 635M, KAD 306X, KSZ 658 17 Pukia Investment KAS 688, KAS 030T 18 Naomi General Merchants KWM 288, KSF 093, KND 972, KNK 990, KBE 148M, KUM 441 19 Chymel International OR 5481BB, KAN 575L 20 Juli Investment KAY 449J 21 Wonderful City Cleaners KUZ 524, KAH 946F, KBA 798N
(c) Private Service Providers There is a wide variety of operation scale in the private service providers from the smallest company with only 1 collection vehicle to the large-scaled companies such as Bins Nairobi Service Ltd. with 20 collection vehicles. Very few of the companies have vehicles with a tipping function and the operation crew has to do the loading and unloading manually, which currently causes the extremely inefficient operation practice.
2.2.3 Current State of Legislative System and Actual Practice on Waste Segregation, Discharge and Illegal Dumping (1) Legislations on Waste Generation and Discharge The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 2006) and the City Council of Nairobi (Solid Waste Management) By-Laws (2007), contain provisions on waste segregation, discharge, legislative enforcement and monitoring system. (a) Regulations on waste segregation, discharge and generation Section 87(1) of EMCA provides that no person shall discharge or dispose of any waste, whether generated within or outside Kenya, in such manner as to cause pollution to the environment or ill health to any person. Sections 1, 2 and 3 of the general provisions of EMCA also stipulate the responsibilities of the waste generators in the provisions that prohibit any person from disposing of any waste on public places. On one hand, Section 8(9) of the By-law states that occupiers of domestic and trade premises shall separate waste that can be recycled and place it in a different container provided by the council or the waste operator.
C-44 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
(b) Enforcement, inspection and monitoring system The enforcement of provisions on solid waste management is done mainly by NEMA and the City Council of Nairobi. The monitoring of rivers including illegal dumping is the mandate of NEMA. Section 11(1) of the By-law mandates the CCN to establish and implement a system of monitoring, inspections and enforcement of waste management activities and is to inform and keep the public informed of steps it is taking to implement and improve waste management within the City Council of Nairobi. The City Inspectorate Department of the CCN has the mandate on the inspection and monitoring of actual practices of the waste generators.
(2) Definitions of Illegal Dumping Based on Sections 1, 2 and 3 of the general provisions of EMCA, waste dumping on public places such as rivers, roads and parks not designated by the authorities is prohibited. In most cases, the garbage dumping in rivers and roadsides can be clearly understood to be illegal. Also, the dumping at places not designated by CCN can be defined as illegal dumping. However, even in the designated collection points, when the collection activity is done in a very low frequency such as once a month and CCN does not monitor or inspect these practices, these places also can be a problem from the viewpoint of public health, visual landscape, and lack of administrative monitoring and enforcement capabilities.
(3) Causes of Illegal Dumping Various causes bring illegal dumping in a complicated relationship among the actual practices of waste generators and waste collectors and their administrative capabilities. Table C.2.22 summarises the estimated causes of the illegal dumping. As shown in Table C.2.22, the lack of awareness of waste generators toward appropriate waste segregation and discharge, low affordability of waste charge, low frequency of waste collection and transportation, etc. is the cause of illegal dumping.
Table C.2.22 Summary of Causes of Illegal Dumping No. Presumed Causes 1 Lack of waste generators’ awareness toward appropriate waste segregation and discharge 2 Low affordability of waste generators to pay garbage fee 3 Very low frequency of waste collection and transportation 4 Lack of capability of waste collectors (Lack of collection workers and collection vehicles) 5 Weak legal enforcement in terms of weak penalty clauses 6 Lack of administrators’ inspection and monitoring enforcement capability 7 Lack of containers to accept discharged waste
(4) Actual Practice of Waste Segregation and Illegal Dumping Currently there is no waste segregation at waste generation sources. However, waste pickers separate recyclable wastes such as metals, PET bottles and glasses when the collectors collect the waste at the collection points and unload the wastes at the Dandora Dumpsite. Illegal dumping has been identified in various places in the city. Table C.2.23 gives a list of the major illegal dumping sites, Figure C.2.20 shows the location map of the major places of illegal dumping including the location of CCN’s designated collection points, and Photo C.2.1 shows their actual appearances.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-45 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.23 List of Illegal Dumping Sites Waste Amount DIVISION SITE Location No. (tons) 1 Makadare Kapiti road 30 1 Rurwa road (Maringo No.10) 60 2 Nyasa road 30 3 Hamza road 40 4 Enterprise road 30 5 Mutindwa lane 150 6 Makongeni Estate 80 7 TOTAL 420 2 Kasarani Lighthouse industries 60 8 Kamunde road 200 9 Mahtare 4A (Area 1 primary sch.) 200 10 Kasabuni play ground 50 11 Babadogo play ground 60 12 Githurai railway line 100 13 Mathare Norht Primary 300 14 Kamiti road 40 15 Mwiki - red soil 200 16 Roysambu-Marurui Estate 40 17 Gitathuru-Kariobangi North 50 18 Zimerman 300 73 TOTAL 1,600 3 Westlands Kangemi Cementery 100 19 Kangemi-Marenga road 20 20 Deep sea resort 30 21 Limuru road 70 22 Githogoro 40 23 TOTAL 260 4 Dagoretti Kawagware - Gitanga Rd 60 24 Karandini shopping centre 80 25 Kawagware Dada Mary 60 26 Riruta shopping centre 40 27 City Askaris Dagorretti camp 40 28 Gathundeki 300 74 TOTAL 580 DIVISION SITE Waste Amount (tons) Location No. 5 Embakasi John Osogo Rd 40 29 Kayole spine road 70 30 Kayole saba road 40 31 Nyando road 30 32 Mukuro Kwa Njenga 80 33 Emakasi village 30 34 TOTAL 290 6 Lnagata Kibera drive 80 35 South lands Kijiji 70 36 Kwindwa slums 40 37 Katwekera 50 38
TOTAL 240 7 Starehe Ngara lane 30 39 Milango Kubwa 60 40 Juja Rd 150 41 Huruma Rd 150 42 Ziwani cementery 80 43 Huruma Jah post 30 44 TOTAL 500
C-46 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
Waste Amount DIVISION SITE Location No. (tons) 8 Kamukunji Eastleigh Airforce fence 200 45 1st Avenue Eastleigh 40 46 Bahati Social Hall 10 47 Mfududu street 100 48 3rd Avenue Eastleigh 30 49 Eastleigh North deliverance 40 50 Zawadi primary 30 51 Eastleigh South Water and Sewage 100 52 Chiriku road 50 53 California 20 54 TOTAL 620 9 Markets Uhuru Market 80 55 Kahawa West market 100 56 Kariobangi-Gitathuru market 40 57 Limuru Road Hawkers Market 70 58 Kenyatta market 50 59 Othaya Market 45 60 Makina market 30 61 Toi market 100 62 Karen market 30 63 Nyayo market 60 64 Ngara hawkers market 40 65 Burma market 20 66 Dandora market A 10 67 Phase I market B 15 68 Phase II market C 30 69 Phase III market D 21 70 Phase IV market G 21 71 Phase V market H 15 72 TOTAL 777 GRAND TOTAL 5,287
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-47 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Figure C.2.20 Location Map of Illegal Dumping Sites
Easteleigh Air Force Gathundeki
Mathare North Zimmerman Photo C.2.1 Appearances of Illegal Dumping
C-48 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
2.2.4 Relevant Projects of Other Donors in relation to Collection and Transportation (Actual Performance, Ongoing and Planning) No support from any donor to the implementation of collection and transportation has been identified through the discussion with CCN.
2.2.5 Necessity of Transfer Station and Current State of Candidate Sites and their Evaluation (1) Necessity of Transfer Station A new sanitary landfill will be an indispensible option for the appropriate solid waste management of Nairobi City when the urgent closure of the existing Dandora Dumpsite is taken into consideration. The final landfill site can be located in a long distance from the collection area. In this case, the direct haul of garbage to the new landfill will take a higher transportation cost. The transfer transportation can be a dominant alternative to the direct haul to the final landfill site. Therefore, development of a transfer station should be studied to identify an integrated optimum system of waste collection and transportation in Nairobi City.
(2) Candidate Sites of Transfer Station Three sites, namely, Kariobangi South, Dandora Dumpsite and Langata were identified as candidate sites for the development of the transfer station. The evaluation results for the above three sites as location analysis is shown in Table C.2.24 and their locations are indicated in Figure C.2.21. The Kariobangi South Site is currently an open space with an area of 41 ha. The site is located in an area surrounded by two major roads, namely; the Outer Ring Road and the Kangundo Road, and accessed from Kangundo Road. The area is close to the existing railway line at the north edge. The surrounding area is planned to be used for horticulture, storage facility and a matatu terminal. Dandora, on one hand, is currently an open dumping site surrounded by the Outer Ring Road and the Koma Rock Road. The site can be a facility site of a transfer station after the safe closure of the existing open dumping area. Langata is currently a forest land with an estimated land area of 8 ha adjacent to the existing public cemetery and close to Langata Road. The site is covered with trees and located at 2 km distance from the Kibera slum area and 7 km from CBD.
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-49 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
Table C.2.24 Evaluation of Candidate Transfer Station Sites Kariobangi South Dandora Dumpsite Langata 46.5 ha (existing dumping Area (ha) 41 ha 8 ha area) Distance from City 9 km 7 km 7 km Centre (CBD) Accessed by Kangundo Road. The site is also surrounded by the Outer Ring Road which will be Accessibility of Accessed by Koma Rock Easily accessed from developed for widening to Transportation Road Langata Road reduce existing traffic congestion. The railway line is close to the site. Estimated Langata, Dagoretti, Langata, Dagoretti, Coverage Areas Westlands, Starehe, Westlands, Starehe, Kasarani, Langata, Dagoretti and and Current Kasarani, Makadara, Some Makadara, Some parts of half of Westlands Population as of parts of Embakasi, Embakasi, Kamukunji, CBD Year 2009 Kamukunji, CBD Private land (partially, CCN Land Tenure Government Land Private land land) There are several settlements No residential area. close to the site at eastern Surrounding Existing land use is open Kibera slum is located parts. There is a sewage flow Socio-Environment dumping site. at about 2 km from the from at east parts and finally site flows to Nairobi River. Future Land Use of Horticulture, storage facility, Unknown Cemetery, Forest lands Surrounding Areas matatu terminal
Mathare
CBD ★ Kariobangi South Kibera Slum
Figure C.2.21 Location Map of Candidate Sites for Transfer Station
C-50 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Preparatory Survey for Final Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Volume 3 Supporting Report Republic of Kenya Section C
2.3 Evaluation of Current Condition of Collection and Transportation The current problems on collection and transportation are presumed to have been caused by the complicated technical, legislative, institutional and socio-economic factors as well as the implementation in SWM. The following problems are presumed: (1) Private sectors engaging in collection and transportation beyond the control of CCN There are many actors of collection and transportation, especially, the 44 registered private companies and 21 contractors which account for the collection of about 95% of waste in Nairobi City and brought to the Dandora Dumpsite. In addition, there are many other actors who are illegally operating and are not managed by the CCN. CCN’s lack of capacity for operation, resources and management capacity make their operation disorderly. The reorganisation and Government’s control would be mandatory for establishing an appropriate SWM.
(2) Lack of enforcement or inspection capacity in administrative bodies The mandate to waste generators, collectors and transporters is clearly stipulated in the law which created the CCN or its by-law, including the mandate to administrators regarding the inspection or monitoring of the practice of generators on waste generation and discharge. Actually, however, the inspection and monitoring seems to be weak. The capacity development of administrators will be required to enhance their capability for inspection and monitoring.
(3) Inefficient operation of collectors and transporters It is difficult to state that the collection and transportation practices of the actors are efficient because of the poor performance of their vehicles and the fact that they have no compaction tractors. They also have very few dump trucks with a tipping function (See Photo C.2.2). In addition, waste pickers tend to disturb the unloading operation of transporters at the Dandora Dumpsite due to the vehicles without a tipping function. This fact also causes the extremely inefficient operation of the transporters (See Photo C.2.2. The improvement and upgrading of collection and transportation vehicles are required.
Manual loading Waste pickers at unloading Photo C.2.2 Actual Appearance of Inefficient Operation of Transporters
(4) Illegal dumping sites scattered in a wide area Several illegal dumping sites are scattered in a wide area of the city. Various reasons are presumed such as the absence of garbage containers in those places, the very low collection frequency of collection vehicles, or the residents’ weak affordability to pay the collection fee to the CBOs. The
JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. C-51 NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.
Final Report Preparatory Survey for Volume 3 Supporting Report Integrated Solid Waste Management in Nairobi City Section C Republic of Kenya
installation of containers, improvement of CCN’s collection system or increase of collection frequency is required.
(5) CCN’s Delayed Payment Schedule to Contractors It was identified in the Time and Motion Survey that CCN had fallen behind its payment schedule to the Subcontractors with regard to the collection and transportation charges for nine (9) months. Accordingly, the surveyor had to rearrange his survey schedule to pursue the Subcontractor’s claim for payment of collection and transportation charges. This fact indicates that CCN lacks the appropriate implementation capacity on SWM which may be due to the lack of appropriate contractual relationship between CCN and the subcontractors or CCN’s weak financial capability, which may affect CCN’s social credibility.
(6) Poor Data Management CCN currently records the amount of waste brought by incoming collection vehicles to Dandora by using the existing truck scale. However, the following problems were identified in the survey: • No data sorting of collected waste amounts by district or collection area • Late management process in converting raw data to PC files in MS Excel format • Lack of staff for the management and evaluation of waste collection amounts at Dandora
Therefore, the enhancement of CCN’s management capability on data management of collected waste amounts will be necessary.
C-52 JICA CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. NJS Consultants Co., Ltd.