DOCSLIB.ORG

Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Micrococcus Aloeverae from Milk Powder

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Micrococcus Aloeverae from Milk Powder obiolog icr y , M S : a d f e Journal of Food: Microbiology, Safety o t Sankarankutty and Damani, J Food Microbiol Saf o y F & f Hyg 2018, 3:1 H o l y a g n ISSN: 2476-2059i & Hygiene DOI: 10.4172/2476-2059.1000134 r e n u e o J Research Article Open Access Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Micrococcus aloeverae from Milk Powder Meera Sankarankutty* and Juhi Damani Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Home Science, S.N.D.T Women’s University, Juhu, Mumbai-400049, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author: Meera Sankarankutty, Faculty, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Home Science, S.N.D.T Women’s University, Juhu, Mumbai-400049, Maharashtra, India, E-mail: [email protected] Received date: January 26, 2018; Accepted date: February 23, 2018; Published date: February 26, 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Sankarankutty M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The emergence of antibiotic resistance in humans via the food chain has become an area of great concern. Antibiotic resistance gene transfer from a food-borne bacteria or probiotic agent to a human gut microbe can lead to a serious food safety issue. Such seemingly harmless bacteria or probiotics can potentially become a threat to human health if they carry mobile genes conferring antibiotic resistance. The recent trend of probiotic application in powdered infant formula and milk products and the presently known contamination of these products by certain opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae bacteria serves as the rationale for evaluating their safety. In this study, 25 milk powder samples and 25 powdered infant formula samples were analyzed for the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae using an isolation technique. Out of the 50 samples screened, an isolate was detected in one milk powder sample. Its biochemical characteristics, Gram character, antibiotic susceptibility, and motility were analyzed. It was found to be a Gram-positive, non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative microbe. The isolate was resistant to Rifampicin and Vancomycin, but susceptible towards Streptomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Gentamycin. Molecular characterization by 16S rDNA sequencing identified the isolate as Micrococcus aloeverae. The unique occurrence of Micrococcus aloeverae in milk powder elicits an area of food safety concern for such samples. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report antibiotic resistance by Micrococcus aloeverae. Although it may be a non-pathogenic microbe, its resistance towards antibiotics cannot be ignored. The possibility of Micrococcus aloeverae serving as a potential vehicle for transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to human gut microbiota represents a prospective food safety concern. Keywords: Micrococcus aloeverae; Antibiotic resistance; Milk and in milk powder in Turkey [14]. Likewise, in a study from Iran, an powder; Gene transfer; Food safety antibiotic resistant opportunistic microbe Pantoea (Enterobacter) agglomerans was isolated from a consumed powdered infant formula Introduction [15]. Hence, it is necessary to screen such products for investigation of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is one of the major threats to food security and human health [1]. Bacterial resistance towards antibiotics could The use of beneficial probiotic agents in powdered infant formula is endanger the current medicinal advancements in antibiotic therapy becoming increasingly popular [16]. The application of probiotics as [1]. The transmission of antibiotic resistance from an external source antimicrobial agents in powdered infant formula has been suggested as to humans can occur via a number of routes but the food-borne route a promising approach to improve the microbiological safety of the is considered to be the most important [2]. Hence, reports of antibiotic product [17]. Similarly, probiotic use in dairy products can serve as an resistance in food-borne bacteria and probiotic agents used in the food innovative alternative to improve the quality of the product [18]. In a industry shed a great concern with respect to food safety. The World certain study, the viability of probiotic agents added to whole milk Health Organization, the Food and Agricultural Organization and the powders was evaluated [18]. From the microbiological point of view, World Animal Health Organization have stated that there is evidence the milk powders with added probiotics showed satisfactory results. It of unfavourable human health consequences due to resistant was observed that milk powders provide optimum conditions for organisms arising from non-human usage of antimicrobials [3]. maintaining the viability of probiotics [18]. Antibiotic genes exist in food animals, fish, plants and vegetables. Although probiotic use in powdered infant formula and milk These sources serve as reservoirs of genes that can be potentially powders may be beneficial, the safety of these food products should be transferred to human pathogens by indirect contact via the assessed and the safety of the probiotic strain should be evaluated for consumption of contaminated food [4]. their ability of acquiring and transferring resistant determinants [19]. Powdered infant formula is not a completely sterile product [5,6]. In certain bacteria and probiotics, specific antibiotic resistant The pasteurization process during the manufacture of powdered infant determinants present on mobile genes exist and they serve as formula eliminates any pathogenic bacteria. Thus, reports of reservoirs of resistance for potential food or gut pathogens [20]. contamination in powdered infant formula are most likely attributed to Transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from probiotic Lactobacillus spp. poor hygiene standards post pasteurization [7]. There have been to Enterococcus faecalis has been demonstrated [21]. Transmissible reports of isolation of a pathogenic and opportunistic bacterium of antibiotic resistance genes in Bifidobacterium spp. have also been Enterobacteriaceae family in powdered infant formula in Mexico [8], observed [21]. Such genes conferring antibiotic resistance can be South Africa [9], Jordan [10], India [11], Iraq [12] and Nigeria [13] J Food Microbiol Saf Hyg, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 1000134 ISSN:2476-2059 Citation: Sankarankutty M, Damani J (2018) Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Micrococcus aloeverae from Milk Powder. J Food Microbiol Saf Hyg 3: 134. doi:10.4172/2476-2059.1000134 Page 2 of 5 transferred to other bacteria by conjugative plasmids, transposons, inoculum of the isolate was prepared using sterile Buffered Peptone integrons and insertional elements [16]. water and standardized by adjusting its density to match the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard. Using a sterile cotton swab, the Hence, it is imperative to screen powdered infant formula and milk inoculum was spread onto the entire surface of the agar. These powders for antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria. The aim of inoculated plates were allowed to stabilize for 5 min, after which the this study was to evaluate powdered infant formula and milk powder antibiotic discs were laid aseptically on the surface. Sterile discs of 6 samples for the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria of family millimeter diameter were prepared using Whatman paper no. 1 and Enterobacteriaceae. they served as ‘Blank’ controls. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h. The zones of inhibition were measured and recorded. The results Materials and Methods were interpreted in accordance to the criteria set by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [23]. Sample collection A total number of 50 samples, comprising 25 powdered infant Gram staining formula samples of an international brand and 25 milk powder The Gram character of the isolate was assessed by the Gram staining samples of international and local brands were procured from markets technique [24]. A primary Crystal violet stain was applied to a heat- in Mumbai city in Maharashtra, India. The typical composition of the fixed smear of the bacterial culture for 1 min. The slide was washed powdered infant formula samples used in this study include milk with water, followed by application of the mordant (Gram’s iodine) for solids, sucrose, maltodextrin, dried glucose syrup, soyabean oil, corn 1 min. The slide was washed with water, followed by decolorizing it oil, vitamins and minerals. The milk powders contained milk solids, with alcohol. A counter-stain Safranin was applied to the smear for 1 sugar and stabilizer. The media used were obtained from HiMedia min. The slide was washed with water and then observed under oil- Laboratories (India). immersion objective. Isolation Bile salt tolerance test The samples were evaluated using the isolation technique described The ability of any Gram-positive isolate to grow on media such as by the United States Food and Drug Administration [22]. Pre- Enterobacteriaceae Enrichment Broth and Violet Red Bile Glucose enrichment was carried out by adding 10 g of sample to 90 ml of Agar containing bile salts suggests that it exhibits bile salt tolerance. If Buffered Peptone water. Following incubation at 37°C for 24 h, 1ml of a Gram-positive isolate was detected, it was
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microbiota of Human Precolostrum and Its Potential Role As a Source Of
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Microbiota of human precolostrum and its potential role as a source of bacteria to the infant mouth Received: 24 October 2018 Lorena Ruiz1,2, Rodrigo Bacigalupe3, Cristina García-Carral2,4, Alba Boix-Amoros3, Accepted: 2 April 2019 Héctor Argüello5, Camilla Beatriz Silva2,6, Maria de los Angeles Checa7, Alex Mira3 & Published: xx xx xxxx Juan M. Rodríguez 2 Human milk represents a source of bacteria for the initial establishment of the oral (and gut) microbiomes in the breastfed infant, however, the origin of bacteria in human milk remains largely unknown. While some evidence points towards a possible endogenous enteromammary route, other authors have suggested that bacteria in human milk are contaminants from the skin or the breastfed infant mouth. In this work 16S rRNA sequencing and bacterial culturing and isolation was performed to analyze the microbiota on maternal precolostrum samples, collected from pregnant women before delivery, and on oral samples collected from the corresponding infants. The structure of both ecosystems demonstrated a high proportion of taxa consistently shared among ecosystems, Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. being the most abundant. Whole genome sequencing on those isolates that, belonging to the same species, were isolated from both the maternal and infant samples in the same mother-infant pair, evidenced that in 8 out of 10 pairs both isolates were >99.9% identical at nucleotide level. The presence of typical oral bacteria in precolostrum before contact with the newborn indicates that they are not a contamination from the infant, and suggests that at least some oral bacteria reach the infant’s mouth through breastfeeding.
    [Show full text]
  • Kocuria (Micrococcus) and Cultivation Methods for Their Detection – Part 1
    Kvasny Prum. 10 64 / 2018 (1) Brewing Microbiology – Kocuria (Micrococcus) and Cultivation Methods for their Detection – Part 1 DOI: 10.18832/kp201804 Brewing Microbiology – Kocuria (Micrococcus) and Cultivation Methods for their Detection – Part 1 Mikrobiologie pivovarské výroby – bakterie Kocuria (Micrococcus) a kultivační metody pro jejich detekci – 1. část Dagmar MATOULKOVÁ, Petra KUBIZNIAKOVÁ Mikrobiologické oddělení, Výzkumný ústav pivovarský a sladařský, a.s., / Department of Microbiology, Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, PLC, Lípová 15, 120 44 Prague, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Recenzovaný článek / Reviewed Paper Matoulková, D., Kubizniaková, P., 2018: Brewing microbiology – Kocuria (Micrococcus) and cultivation methods for their detection – Part 1. Kvasny Prum. 64(1): 10–13 Signifi cant brewery species of micrococcus were reclassifi ed to the genus Kocuria: Kocuria kristinae (previously Micrococcus kristinae) and Kocuria varians (previously Micrococcus varians). Bacteria of genus Kocuria belong to less risky microbial contaminants of beer and brewery plant. Species Kocuria kristinae may exceptionally cause beer spoilage. Signifi cant is their misplacement for pediococci. Here we present an overview of basic morphological and physiological properties of Kocuria (Micrococcus) species and describe their harmfulness in the brewing process. Matoulková, D., Kubizniaková, P., 2018: Mikrobiologie pivovarské výroby – bakterie Kocuria (Micrococcus) a kultivační metody pro jejich detekci – 1. část. Kvasny Prum. 64(1): 10–13 Pivovarsky významné druhy mikrokoků byly reklasifi kovány do rodu Kocuria: Kocuria kristinae (dříve Micrococcus kristinae) a Kocuria varians (dříve Micrococcus varians). Bakterie rodu Kocuria patří k méně rizikovým mikrobiálním kontaminacím piva a pivovarského pro- vozu. Výjimečně může být druh Kocuria kristinae původcem kažení piva. Význam těchto bakterií spočívá zejména v možnosti záměny s pediokoky.
    [Show full text]
  • Breast Milk Microbiota: a Review of the Factors That Influence Composition
    Published in "Journal of Infection 81(1): 17–47, 2020" which should be cited to refer to this work. ✩ Breast milk microbiota: A review of the factors that influence composition ∗ Petra Zimmermann a,b,c,d, , Nigel Curtis b,c,d a Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR and Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland b Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia c Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia d Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia s u m m a r y Breastfeeding is associated with considerable health benefits for infants. Aside from essential nutrients, immune cells and bioactive components, breast milk also contains a diverse range of microbes, which are important for maintaining mammary and infant health. In this review, we summarise studies that have Keywords: investigated the composition of the breast milk microbiota and factors that might influence it. Microbiome We identified 44 studies investigating 3105 breast milk samples from 2655 women. Several studies Diversity reported that the bacterial diversity is higher in breast milk than infant or maternal faeces. The maxi- Delivery mum number of each bacterial taxonomic level detected per study was 58 phyla, 133 classes, 263 orders, Caesarean 596 families, 590 genera, 1300 species and 3563 operational taxonomic units. Furthermore, fungal, ar- GBS chaeal, eukaryotic and viral DNA was also detected. The most frequently found genera were Staphylococ- Antibiotics cus, Streptococcus Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter, BMI Rothia, Cutibacterium, Veillonella and Bacteroides. There was some evidence that gestational age, delivery Probiotics mode, biological sex, parity, intrapartum antibiotics, lactation stage, diet, BMI, composition of breast milk, Smoking Diet HIV infection, geographic location and collection/feeding method influence the composition of the breast milk microbiota.
    [Show full text]
  • Micrococcus Luteus - Survival in Amber C.L
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@CalPoly Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber C.L. Greenblatt , J. Baum , B.Y. Klein , S. Nachshon , V. Koltunov and R.J. Cano Abstract Introduction A growing body of evidence now supports the isolation of There is an accumulating body of data reporting the microorganisms from ancient materials. However, ques­ persistence of bacteria in what are considered extreme and tions about the stringency of extraction methods and the oligotrophic environments [15, 24, 37]. However, the genetic relatedness of isolated organisms to their closest mechanisms used by these bacteria to survive in such living relatives continue to challenge the authenticity of conditions are poorly understood. One extreme niche that these ancient life forms. Previous studies have success­ has consistently yielded such bacteria is amber, from fully isolated a number of spore-forming bacteria from which single isolates and assemblages of multiple bacterial organic and inorganic deposits of considerable age whose species have been characterized [3, 8, 10, 17]. Amber is the survival is explained by their ability to enter suspended fossilized remains of organic tree resins. As volatile terp­ animation for extended periods of time. However, de­ enoids in these resins evaporate and dissipate under nat­ spite a number of putative reports, the isolation of non­ ural forest conditions they leave the nonvolatile fractions spore-forming bacteria and an explanation for their to become fossilized through progressive oxidation and survival have remained enigmatic. Here we describe the polymerization. During the early stages of solidification isolation of non-spore-forming cocci from a 120-million­ microorganisms, and occasionally larger organisms such year-old block of amber, which by genetic, morphologi­ as insects [3], can become entrapped in the resins [31].
    [Show full text]
  • Final Screening Assessment of Micrococcus Luteus Strain ATCC 4698
    Final Screening Assessment of Micrococcus luteus strain ATCC 4698 Environment and Climate Change Canada Health Canada February 2018 Cat. No.: En14-313/2018E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-24725-0 Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or in whole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, without charge or further permission, unless otherwise specified. You are asked to: • Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the author organization; and • Indicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by the Government of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada. Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permission from the author. For more information, please contact Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Inquiry Centre at 1-800-668-6767 (in Canada only) or 819-997-2800 or email to [email protected]. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment and Climate Change, 2016. Aussi disponible en français ii Synopsis Pursuant to paragraph 74(b) of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA), the Minister of the Environment and the Minister of Health have conducted a screening assessment of Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) strain ATCC 4698. M. luteus strain ATCC 4698 is a bacterial strain that shares characteristics with other strains of the species. M.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusually High Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Male University Students on Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY JANUARY2013 ISBN 1595-689X VOL 14(1) 2013 AJCEM/21304 -http://www.ajol.info/journals/ajcem COPYRIGHT 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v14i1.5 AFR. J. CLN. EXPER. MICROBIOL 14(1): 19-22 UNUSUALLY HIGH PREVALENCE OF ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA AMONG MALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ON REDEMPTION CAMP, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA 1,3 Ayoade, F., 1Osho, A. 1Fayemi, S.O., 1Oyejide, N.E. & 1Ibikunle A.A. 1. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer’s University P.O. Box 812, Redemption Camp Post Office, KM 46, Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, Redemption Camp, Ogun State, Nigeria 2. Correspondence: Dr. Femi Ayoade E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Differences are known to occur in prevalence rates in urinary tract infections (UTI) between men and women due to the difference between the urinary tracts of the sexes. Moreover, different organisms are known to infect and cause bacteriuria in men. When urine samples from 55 apparently healthy male students of Redeemer’s University were examined, nine bacteria species including Micrococcus luteus, Viellonella parvula, Micrococcus varians, Streptococcus downei, Streptococcus pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus aquimarinus were isolated from the samples. The two most prevalent organisms reported in this study were Micrococcus luteus (40%) and Micrococcus varians (27.3%). The implication of the high prevalence rates (54.5%) of asymptomatic bacteriuria obtained in this population is discussed. Key words: Asymptomatic UTI, bacteriuria, Micrococcus luteus INTRODUCTION Asymptomatic bacteriuria is reportedly rare in young adult males accounting for typically approximately 5- Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by the 6% wherever reported (8).
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence and Susceptibility Patterns of Urine Bacterial Flora in Young Females Authors: Ashwag Shamia, Samiah Al-Mijallia, Ali Somilyb, Fawziah M
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.996793; this version posted March 18, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Incidence and susceptibility patterns of urine bacterial flora in young females Authors: Ashwag Shamia, Samiah Al-Mijallia, Ali Somilyb, Fawziah M. Albarakatya,c, Samah Awad AbduRahimd Affiliation: aDepartment of Microbial genetics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahaman University, Riyadh, PO Box 84428, Saudi Arabia bUnit of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, King Saud Medical University, Riyadh, PO Box 2454, Saudi Arabia cDepartment of Microbiology, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahaman University, Riyadh, PO Box 84424, Saudi Arabia dAlghad International College for Medical Applied Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology, Saudi Arabia. Corresponding author: Samah Awad AbduRahim, [email protected]. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.18.996793; this version posted March 18, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract Background: It has been established that the urinary tract is not sterile, however, research related to the study of urine bacteria are limited. Our work aims to study the frequency and patterns of resistance of normal urinary aerobic bacterial flora. Methods: Clean catch midstream urine specimens were collected from 120 young healthy females, and then cultured.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing of Metals and Metalloids by Actinobacteria: Cell Resistance Mechanisms and Synthesis of Metal(Loid)-Based Nanostructures
    microorganisms Review Processing of Metals and Metalloids by Actinobacteria: Cell Resistance Mechanisms and Synthesis of Metal(loid)-Based Nanostructures Alessandro Presentato 1,* , Elena Piacenza 1 , Raymond J. Turner 2 , Davide Zannoni 3 and Martina Cappelletti 3 1 Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary University, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (M.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 December 2020; Accepted: 16 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020 Abstract: Metal(loid)s have a dual biological role as micronutrients and stress agents. A few geochemical and natural processes can cause their release in the environment, although most metal-contaminated sites derive from anthropogenic activities. Actinobacteria include high GC bacteria that inhabit a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic ecological niches, where they play essential roles in recycling or transforming organic and inorganic substances. The metal(loid) tolerance and/or resistance of several members of this phylum rely on mechanisms such as biosorption and extracellular sequestration by siderophores and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and metal efflux processes, which overall contribute to maintaining metal homeostasis. Considering the bioprocessing potential of metal(loid)s by Actinobacteria, the development of bioremediation strategies to reclaim metal-contaminated environments has gained scientific and economic interests. Moreover, the ability of Actinobacteria to produce nanoscale materials with intriguing physical-chemical and biological properties emphasizes the technological value of these biotic approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of a Novel Actinobacterium Kocuria Assamensis Sp. Nov., Isolated from a Water Sample Collected from the River Brahmaputra, Assam, India
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IR@NEIST - North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek DOI 10.1007/s10482-010-9547-9 ORIGINAL PAPER Description of a novel actinobacterium Kocuria assamensis sp. nov., isolated from a water sample collected from the river Brahmaputra, Assam, India Chandandeep Kaur • Ishwinder Kaur • Revti Raichand • Tarun Chandra Bora • Shanmugam Mayilraj Received: 3 November 2010 / Accepted: 22 December 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract A Gram-positive, pale yellow pigmented (99.1%); however, the DNA–DNA relatedness value actinobacterium, strain S9-65T was isolated from a between strain S9-65T and K. palustris was 20.6%. water sample collected from the river Brahmaputra, On the basis of differential phenotypic characteristics Assam, India and subjected to a polyphasic taxo- and genotypic distinctiveness, strain S9-65T should nomic study. The physiological and biochemical be classified as representative of a novel species properties, major fatty acids (anteiso-C15:0 and Kocuria, for which the name Kocuria assamensis is anteiso-C17:0), estimated DNA G?C content proposed. The type strain is S9-65T (=MTCC (69.2 mol %) and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis 10622T = DSM 23999T). showed that strain S9-65T belonged to the genus Kocuria. Strain S9-65T exhibited highest 16S rRNA Keywords DNA–DNA hybridization Á FAME Á gene sequence similarity with Kocuria palustris 16S rRNA gene sequence Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh and North East Introduction Institute of Science & Technology—a constituent laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), The genus Kocuria was proposed by Stackebrandt Government of India Chandandeep Kaur, Ishwinder Kaur, Both authors have et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Micrococcus Luteus - Survival in Amber C.L
    Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber C.L. Greenblatt , J. Baum , B.Y. Klein , S. Nachshon , V. Koltunov and R.J. Cano Abstract Introduction A growing body of evidence now supports the isolation of There is an accumulating body of data reporting the microorganisms from ancient materials. However, ques­ persistence of bacteria in what are considered extreme and tions about the stringency of extraction methods and the oligotrophic environments [15, 24, 37]. However, the genetic relatedness of isolated organisms to their closest mechanisms used by these bacteria to survive in such living relatives continue to challenge the authenticity of conditions are poorly understood. One extreme niche that these ancient life forms. Previous studies have success­ has consistently yielded such bacteria is amber, from fully isolated a number of spore-forming bacteria from which single isolates and assemblages of multiple bacterial organic and inorganic deposits of considerable age whose species have been characterized [3, 8, 10, 17]. Amber is the survival is explained by their ability to enter suspended fossilized remains of organic tree resins. As volatile terp­ animation for extended periods of time. However, de­ enoids in these resins evaporate and dissipate under nat­ spite a number of putative reports, the isolation of non­ ural forest conditions they leave the nonvolatile fractions spore-forming bacteria and an explanation for their to become fossilized through progressive oxidation and survival have remained enigmatic. Here we describe the polymerization. During the early stages of solidification isolation of non-spore-forming cocci from a 120-million­ microorganisms, and occasionally larger organisms such year-old block of amber, which by genetic, morphologi­ as insects [3], can become entrapped in the resins [31].
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiota Network and Mathematic Microbe Mutualism in Colostrum and Mature Milk Collected in Two Different Geographic Areas: Italy Versus Burundi
    The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 875–884 OPEN © 2017 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/17 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Microbiota network and mathematic microbe mutualism in colostrum and mature milk collected in two different geographic areas: Italy versus Burundi Lorenzo Drago1,2, Marco Toscano1, Roberta De Grandi2, Enzo Grossi3, Ezio M Padovani4 and Diego G Peroni5,6 1Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute, Milan, Italy; 2Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; 3Villa Santa Maria Institute, Via IV Novembre Tavernerio, Como, Italy; 4Pediatric Department, University of Verona & Pro-Africa Foundation, Verona, Italy; 5Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and 6International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia Human milk is essential for the initial development of newborns, as it provides all nutrients and vitamins, such as vitamin D, and represents a great source of commensal bacteria. Here we explore the microbiota network of colostrum and mature milk of Italian and Burundian mothers using the auto contractive map (AutoCM), a new methodology based on artificial neural network (ANN) architecture. We were able to demonstrate the microbiota of human milk to be a dynamic, and complex, ecosystem with different bacterial networks among different populations containing diverse microbial hubs and central nodes, which change during the transition from colostrum to mature milk. Furthermore, a greater abundance of anaerobic intestinal bacteria in mature milk compared with colostrum samples has been observed. The association of complex mathematic systems such as ANN and AutoCM adopted to metagenomics analysis represents an innovative approach to investigate in detail specific bacterial interactions in biological samples.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Socio-Economic and Psychosocial Profiles on the Human Breast Milk Bacteriome of South African Women
    Article Influence of Socio-Economic and Psychosocial Profiles on the Human Breast Milk Bacteriome of South African Women Anna Ojo-Okunola 1,*, Shantelle Claassen-Weitz 1, Kilaza S. Mwaikono 2,3, Sugnet Gardner-Lubbe 4, Dan J. Stein 5, Heather J. Zar 6,7,8, Mark P. Nicol 1,6,9 and Elloise du Toit 1 1 Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; [email protected] (S.C.-W.); [email protected] (M.P.N.); [email protected] (E.d.T.) 2 Computational Biology Group and H3ABioNet, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, Postcode 11000, P. O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 4 Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; [email protected] 5 SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Dept of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; [email protected] 6 Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; [email protected] 7 SAMRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Observatory 7925, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa 8 Department of Pediatrics
    [Show full text]