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Cranfield University Dennis Blease NATO's Experience of Supporting Cranfield University Dennis Blease NATO's Experience of Supporting Security Sector Reform in the Western Balkans (1995-2015) Cranfield Defence and Security This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by Professor Trevor Taylor October 2017 © Cranfield University, 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced without the written permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis has considered the theoretical and practical underpinning of SSR and NATO's role in its application within two countries of the Western Balkans. It began by reviewing the extant literature on SSR and then analysed NATO's evolution and how it developed its role in assisting countries with reform of their security sectors in the aftermath of the Cold War. Unlike organisations such as the UN and EU, NATO does not have a formal policy and conceptual framework for Security Sector Reform (SSR) but uses a range of interlocking programmes that have evolved over time. The thesis examined critically NATO's interventions in both Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo and how that role transformed from being a security provider to one of advising and mentoring on reform of the security sectors. A comparative analysis was then conducted of the cross-case data presented in the two case studies. The research has reinforced the reality that different actors with different agendas will inevitably complicate an already challenging situation in post- conflict and post-authoritarian countries. It became evident that national agendas within the North Atlantic Council also influenced the Alliance's ability to support SSR in the two countries studied. Through a combination of both primary and secondary research the study has established that NATO still managed to add considerable value to these reform processes and has the potential for doing so in the future in other countries. There were limitations to its approach and these have been highlighted. At times NATO's contextual understanding of the situation on the ground was weak and its use of political soft power to encourage the reforms in the countries studied was eclectic but, ultimately, it has had a measure of success in its endeavours. The research has generated a framework of factors for NATO to use when considering current and potential SSR engagements. As NATO becomes more deeply involved in projecting stability through SSR support after a decade of war fighting, this list of factors could have international significance. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who participated in the research for this thesis, especially those who gave so freely of their time to be interviewed. The insights they provided on NATO's role in supporting security sector reform in the Western Balkans have added much richness to the final product. Thanks are also due to my supervisor, Professor Trevor Taylor, to Dr Bryan Watters and Dr Charles Kirke of my thesis committee, and to Mrs Bella Platt who transcribed many hours of interviews. Finally, I owe a particular debt of gratitude to my family, especially Diane and Kathy – one for helping me start the project and the other for helping me finish. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................…. ii CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND MAPS ………………………………………viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………….xi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ...................................................................1 RESEARCH CONTEXT ................................................................................. 2 Security and a Changing Security Context .................................................2 Security Providers ...................................................................................... 7 Emergence of the SSR Concept .............................................................. 12 NATO and SSR ........................................................................................15 RESEARCH PROBLEM ...............................................................................18 Focusing the Research Question .............................................................18 The Research Question ........................................................................... 20 Research Aim .......................................................................................... 22 Research Objectives ................................................................................ 22 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ………………………………………………22 WESTERN BALKANS ................................................................................. 23 ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS ………………........................................ 33 CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF SSR LITERATURE REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK............................. 35 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 35 WHERE IS THIS TREATISE SITUATED WITHIN SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE AND DISCIPLINE? ………………………………………….... 36 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF SSR……………………………………………. 40 OSCE ‘Code of Conduct’ ......................................................................... 40 Human Security ....................................................................................... 41 The Security-Development Nexus ........................................................... 44 THE DEFINITIONAL DEBATE SURROUNDING SSR AND THE ROLE OF IGOs IN ITS CLARIFICATION ………………………………………......48 The Early Definitional Debate ………………………………………………..48 The Role of the OECD in the Definitional Debate ………………………… 52 The UN Approach and Framework ………………………………………….57 The EU Approach and Framework …………………………………………. 61 iii The OSCE Approach and Framework ……………………………………... 64 Reflecting Upon The Approaches of The Four IGOs ……………………. 67 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR NATO’s SUPPORT TO SSR …………. 68 CHARACTERISTICS OF SSR...................................................................... 71 Cross-Cutting Issues ………………………………………………………….71 The Context of Reform ………………………………………………………. 72 Political Engagement ………………………………………………………… 73 Local-National Ownership ........................................................................ 77 Governance ..............................................................................................82 A Holistic Approach and Cooperation ……………………………………....89 Technical Issues and Skills …………………………………………………..92 Capacity Building Through Norm Setting and Conditionality ……………. 95 Current Debate on SSR ..........................................................................100 INSTITUTIONALISM ……………………………………………………………102 The Meaning of Institutionalism …………………………………………….102 Historical Institutionalism ……………………………………………………104 Rational Choice Institutionalism ……………………………………………105 Sociological Institutionalism ………………………………………………...106 SUMMARY .................................................................................................108 CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................113 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................115 THE RESEARCHER'S ROLE IN THE STUDY .......................................... 116 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY .......................................................................120 RESEARCH APPROACH ...........................................................................118 RESEARCH METHOD ...............................................................................120 Case Study .............................................................................................120 Single or Multiple Cases?........................................................................124 Selection of Cases...................................................................................126 Case Study Design..................................................................................128 DATA COLLECTION ..................................................................................130 Documentation ……………………………………………………………….131 Interviews ...............................................................................................131 Direct Observation ................................................................................. 137 ADDITIONAL RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ...............137 Institutionalism ……………………………………………………………….138 Hermeneutics ………………………………………………………………...138 Trust and Dealing with the Potential for Bias ……………………………. 139 Triangulation ………………………………………………………………….140 Workshop Papers ……………………………………………………………141 Generalised Factors …………………………………………………………141 SUMMARY ………………............................................................................141 CHAPTER 4 - THE EVOLUTION OF THE NATO ALLIANCE .......................143 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................143 GENESIS OF NATO ...................................................................................144 iv THE COLD WAR ........................................................................................146
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