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The Mystery of Smokeless Gunpowder

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The Mystery of Smokeless Gunpowder Iowegan’s Guide The Mysteries of Gunpowder for Handgun Reloaders Powder Quality: No matter what brand, smokeless gunpowder is the most quality- controlled material you can buy. Companies just can’t afford to be wrong when it comes to burn rates or other powder attributes, especially when it is sold to the general public. When used in the right application and loaded near upper pressure limits, smokeless gunpowder has less variation than any other reloading component. Powder performance is a direct reflection of reloading techniques. When loaded in cases with inconsistent neck tension, non-uniform bullet weights, powder weights, or at lower pressure levels, powder will burn inconsistently, which is not a fault of the powder, rather a lack of attention to detail by the person doing the reloading. Smokeless powders are extremely consistent from batch to batch, year to year, and even decade to decade. Powder Bulk/Density: Bulk and density are opposite terms used to describe a powder’s weight versus its mass. A powder with higher bulk will fill a case more than the same weight of powder with less bulk. A powder with a higher density will weigh more than an equal volume of a different powder. Some of the classic revolver cartridges such as 38 Special, 44 Special, and 45 Colt were designed for bulky black powder. A cartridge will be more accurate if the powder has enough bulk to fill the case between the base of the bullet and the head without exceeding maximum chamber pressure, however, this is usually not possible with larger revolver cases and may result in position sensitivity. Ignition/Burn Rate: Gunpowder is ignited by a primer flash. The intensity of the primer flash and the powder’s exposed surface area affect the initial ignition and may affect how well the powder burns after initial ignition. Powder burns best when granules are touching each other. As each granule gets ignited, that granule will in turn ignite the next granule until all powder has burned, much like a chain reaction. If there are air gaps between the granules, it can cause an erratic burn due to hesitations, which will affect chamber pressure and result in variations in velocity. Fast burning pistol powders such as Alliant Bullseye, Accurate Arms AA#2, Hodgdon Clays, and others are specially formulated where ignition and burn are quite uniform from shot-to-shot, even though the granules may not be touching. Mid burn rate powders such as Unique, AA#5, Universal, and others do not burn as uniform when granules are not touching but are still acceptable in most loads. Slow burning powders such as W-296, H-110, Lil’Gun, IMR 4227, and others require the granules to touch or the burn will stop prematurely, resulting in a squib load. There is a handgun powder burn rate chart page 14, which provides rank order for a host of different powders. Because powders behave differently in different sized cases and with different bullet weights, the powder’s actual burn rate can be radically different from the information in burn rate chart. The easiest way to determine powder burn rates for a specific case and bullet is to examine the loads listed in a reputable reloading manual. Assuming the same velocity, the powder that uses the lightest charge weight will be the fastest burning powder and of course, the powder that uses the heaviest charge weight will be the slowest burning powder. The Hornady manual lists their loads in order of powder burn rate. With other manuals, you will have to do some math. 1 Primers: There are two classes of primers; magnum and standard. Standard primers are intended for both fast and mid-burn rate powders. Magnum primers produce a hotter flash and are intended for slow burning powders. Within the different major brands (Federal, CCI, Winchester, and Remington), standard primer can be substituted for other brands of standard primers with virtually no difference in ignition. The same holds true for magnum primers with one exception. Winchester makes a WLP (large pistol primer) that will work for both standard and magnum loads. They are about 15% hotter than standard primers and 10% colder than magnum primers. It’s always best to use the exact primer specified in a reputable reloading manual but sometimes that is not possible. Substitution is OK but if you plan to load to max powder charges, don’t use magnum primers where a Winchester WLP is specified without backing off at least ½ grain of powder. All powders behave differently when standard primers are specified and magnum primers are used. Magnum primers can cause fast burning powder to ignite too fast and generate pressures beyond safe limits. This can happen even with reduced powder charges. Use only standard primers for fast burning powders. Slow burning powders are doped with retardant and are much harder to ignite. Always use magnum primers with slow burning powders as specified in your reloading manual. Alliant 2400 powder is a slow burning powder with some strange characteristics so standard primers are recommended because magnum primers can cause very high-pressure spikes, especially at higher operating temperatures. Mid-burn rate powders can safely be used with either standard or magnum primers. Using a magnum primer when a standard primer is specified requires backing off the powder charge by about ½ grain. Position Sensitivity: In larger revolver cases, fast burning powder will ignite and burn quite uniform no matter what position the powder is in. Slow burning powder usually fills the case to at least 80% capacity so they tend to be immune to position sensitivity. Mid- burn rate powder charges are the biggest problem because they seldom occupy more than 50% of case capacity in revolver cartridges and don’t burn as uniform when the granules are not touching. This means every time you fire a round, the powder inside the case repositions but never exactly the same, thus position sensitivity And erratic velocities. The surface area of the powder exposed to the primer flash can change radically from shot-to-shot. This will adversely affect pressure and velocity, making them more erratic than either fast or slow burning powders. Position sensitivity with mid-burn rate powders is not an issue in semi-auto cases because case capacity is sized right for smokeless powders. Bullet Weights: The weight of the bullet has a dramatic affect on how powder burns. If the bullet is too light for the cartridge and the wrong powder is used, it may be pushed out of the case before the powder gets a chance to fully ignite. This will result in low or erratic velocities and both powder residue and unburned flakes of powder in the bore. Heavy for caliber bullets make the chamber pressure increase dramatically so slow burning powder must be used to keep pressures under maximum safety limits. Bullets that are within the cartridge’s design limits tend to work the best. Faster burning powders are best for light bullets, mid-burn rate powders for normal bullet weights, and slower burning powders for heavy bullets. When you step up to magnum velocities, medium slow burn rate powders work best with light bullets and slow burning powders work best for normal or heavy bullets. The heavier the bullet, the slower the burn rate should be. 2 Chamber Pressure: This is the least understood element in reloading. Many people are taught to load for the lowest possible chamber pressure for safety purposes. Although safety is the most important factor in reloading, low chamber pressures are the primary reason why so many loads fail accuracy tests or are “fussy” and may work well in one gun and not in another. When a cartridge is developed, ammunition manufacturers conduct thorough tests to find the optimum bullet weights and powder charges that produce the best accuracy and power to work well in most any gun. With very few exceptions, factory ammunition is loaded close to the SAAMI rated maximums for each different cartridge and there are good reasons for it. Jacketed bullets require a pretty high initial pressure to overcome the friction when a bullet is first “engraved” by the rifling. With lead bullets, you need enough chamber pressure to force the bullet to obturate, meaning, “bump up in diameter”. If lead bullets don’t obturate, they will foul the bore and lose accuracy. All bullets need considerable initial chamber pressures to get them started properly. After the bullet gets moving, the burn rate of the powder will determine final velocity. Fast burning powders reach peak pressure quickly then pressure drops off quickly resulting in lower muzzle velocity. Mid-burn rate powder takes a bit longer to reach peak pressure, however the pressure is maintained longer so muzzle velocity will be higher. Magnum loads use slow burning powder that takes even longer to reach peak pressure but continues to burn longer and drive bullets to high magnum velocities. All powders achieve best combustion and are most efficient at higher chamber pressures. Incomplete combustion at lower pressures result in wide variances in velocity and a dirty bore. Some powders get a bad rap for “burning dirty” when it’s really the loader’s fault for poor powder selection or poor reloading techniques. To further complicate chamber pressure issues, testing labs have changed their test methods from the old “crusher” method to the new electronic piezo transducer method. Once piezo transducers started being used, labs found out the old method of testing was not only inaccurate, but often did not respond to fast pressure spikes. A good analogy would be testing truck tire inflation by smacking the tire with a ball bat verses testing with a tire gauge.
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