Carrera De Ciencias De La Comunicación Facultad De Ciencias Sociales Universidad De Buenos Aires

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Carrera De Ciencias De La Comunicación Facultad De Ciencias Sociales Universidad De Buenos Aires Carrera de Ciencias de la Comunicación Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Buenos Aires Tesina de grado Concentración y transnacionalización en las industrias culturales Surgimiento y consolidación de los conglomerados transnacionales de medios. Fernando Andrés Krakowiak Director: Guillermo Mastrini Noviembre 2003 fkrakowiak @yahoo.com.ar 1 “-No señor -decía Polanco indignado-, jamás entenderé que insulten así a los burgueses. Si te fijás bien, son los auténticos ciudadanos del mundo. ¿Cómo que no? Un burgués venezolano, uno español, uno francés y uno de Arabia Saudita están mucho más unidos que un comunista chino, uno peruano y uno ruso. Estos serán todo lo comunistas que quieras, pero el más acérrimo nacionalismo los separa para siempre. En cambio los burgueses tienen una sola patria que es la burguesía, y dentro de ella la distribución de los muebles es idéntica: aquí la guita, aquí la religión, allí la moral sexual, más allá la camisa a rayas. No les falta más que hablar en latín para mantener viva esa universalidad tan añorada que según parece había en la Edad Media, pero ahora con las máquinas de traducir, McLuhan y el inglés en veinte lecciones pronto no va a haber problemas, pibe”. Julio Cortázar, Ecuménicos sine die Último Round 2 INDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN.................................................................................................... 4 2. MARCO TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICO.................................................................. 6 3. UN MUNDO “DESREGULADO” PARA UN CAPITAL TRANSNACIONALIZADO………………………………………………………………... 9 3.1. Auge y caída de Bretton Woods. 3.2. La solución neoclásica. 4. EL PAPEL DE LOS MEDIOS EN EL ENTRAMADO FINANCIERO..................... 17 4.1. Las finanzas en la era de la mundialización. 4.2. Camino a la “sociedad de la información”. 4.3. La paradoja de los medios: libre flujo de la información, concentración y ganancia. 5. LAS DUEÑAS DEL MUNDO.................................................................................. 25 5.1. El oligopolio global. 5.2. Un poco de historia. 5.3. La concentración hace la fuerza. 5.4. Somos pocos y nos conocemos mucho. 5.5. Detrás del caleidoscopio. 5.5.1. Time Warner 5.5.2. The Walt Disney Company 5.5.3. News Corporation 5.5.4. Vivendi-Seagram 5.5.5. Viacom 5.5.6. Liberty Media 5.6. Tejiendo en la telaraña. 6. LA INCIDENCIA DE LOS MEDIOS GLOBALES SOBRE LA PERIFERIA: EL CASO DE LA TV POR CABLE EN ARGENTINA………............... 54 6.1. Los orígenes de la industria de la televisión por cable en Argentina. 6.2. ¿Querés ver más...de lo mismo? 7. CONCLUSIÓN....................................................................................................... 62 BIBLIOGRAFIA......................................................................................................... 64 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN La tesina se propone analizar, desde la perspectiva de la Economía Política de la Comunicación, el surgimiento y la consolidación de los conglomerados transnacionales de medios que hegemonizan el espacio económico global, construido a partir de las 1 políticas de “desregulación” y privatización implementadas desde fines de los setenta. Para ello se profundizará en las estrategias de los principales grupos, se detallará su estructura de propiedad y se focalizará en la inserción que tienen en los mercados periféricos a partir del estudio de la oferta de señales de la televisión por cable de la Argentina. La intención es ir más allá de la mera descripción de las numerosas fusiones, absorciones y compras que se concretaron fundamentalmente a partir de la década del noventa. Lo que interesa no es sólo registrar la creciente internacionalización y concentración que experimentan las industrias culturales sino poder comprender la dinámica histórica y política que impulsa este nuevo proceso en el que los medios de comunicación cumplen un papel central en el intento por superar la crisis de acumulación del capitalismo. Su capacidad para valorizar capital de manera directa e indirecta los convirtió, revolución tecnológica mediante, en un engranaje indispensable de la nueva “economía-mundo” consolidada a partir del agotamiento del modelo de acumulación fordista y la reivindicación neoclásica del libre mercado como único mecanismo signador de recursos. El concepto de “economía-mundo” supone la existencia de un “centro”, zonas intermedias alrededor de este eje central y amplios márgenes que en la división internacional del trabajo se hallan dependientes de las necesidades del centro. El mapa de las redes de comunicación manifiesta esta configuración centrípeta del mundo, con sus jerarquizaciones y la coexistencia de modos de producción diferentes, dando lugar a un intercambio desigual de los bienes culturales (Mattelart, 1997: 78). Así es como no más de diez medios globales hegemonizan la producción de los contenidos que se consumen no sólo en los países centrales, sino también en los periféricos, poniendo en riesgo el pluralismo y la diversidad de fuentes de información necesarias para fortalecer a los Estados democráticos. Esa desigualdad en los flujos fue denunciada en reiteradas ocasiones durante la década del setenta por numerosos teóricos del Tercer Mundo que reclamaron la necesidad de imponer una regulación estatal a través de Políticas Nacionales de Comunicación tendientes a consolidar un “Nuevo Orden Mundial de la Información y la Comunicación”. Sin embargo, los reclamos perdieron fuerza frente a la defensa del “libre flujo de la información”, sostenida por algunos países centrales, y las promesas de una democratización creciente generada por el avance de las nuevas tecnologías que facilitarían el acceso a la información. En los hechos, “la libre circulación de la información” sólo sirvió para favorecer los negocios de las grandes corporaciones de medios transnacionales al identificar la libertad de prensa con la libertad de empresa en detrimento de las regulaciones estatales. Mientras que las promesas de democratización se desintegraron frente a la creciente concentración de la propiedad y la profundización de la segmentación del consumo de acuerdo al nivel adquisitivo. Como señala el analista de medios Robert McChesney, “el hipercomercialismo y creciente control corporativo traen consigo un sesgo implícito en los medios de comunicación. El consumismo, la desigualdad de 1 El término “desregulación” se menciona entre comillas, pues se considera que la desregulación no es más que una “re-regulación” (Mastrini-Mestman, 1996), ya que el Estado no se retira. Lo que hace es actuar de acuerdo a los intereses de los principales grupos económicos, para los cuales no hay mejor regulación que aquella que favorece el despliegue de sus acciones con el mínimo control posible. 4 clases y el individualismo tienden a considerarse como naturales e incluso benevolentes, mientras que la actividad política, los valores cívicos y las actividades antimercado se marginan” (2002: 245). El análisis del impacto que conlleva la concentración de la propiedad de los medios sobre las identidades políticas y culturales se complementa en el presente trabajo con el estudio de la dimensión económica, ya que para comprender la tendencia hacia la oligopolización de los mercados es necesario focalizar en el bajo costo marginal de los bienes culturales que favorece las economías de escala al hacer caer el costo de producción promedio de cada unidad con el aumento del número de consumidores. Así como también es preciso tematizar la necesidad de renovación constante de los productos culturales y la consiguiente incertidumbre que genera en los niveles de demanda. Junto con un análisis de las estrategias non sanctas desplegadas en materia de contabilidad por los grupos para atraer los recursos necesarios para dominar el mercado. Es decir, consideramos necesario abordar desde la perspectiva comunicacional las condiciones de producción, distribución e intercambio de la industria cultural, revalorizando el análisis sobre las relaciones de poder al interior de la sociedad desde una perspectiva crítica. La raíz interdisciplinaria que dio origen a los estudios de comunicación permitirá abordar con mayores recursos la multidimensionalidad del fenómeno estudiado, reivindicando la “inteligencia política” que privilegia por sobre los límites de las disciplinas el interés por tratar de explicar las transformaciones que se experimentan en la denominada “sociedad de la información”. 5 2. MARCO TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICO La investigación se inscribe en la tradición de los estudios de la economía política de la comunicación iniciada a partir de los trabajos del canadiense Dallas Smythe, el norteamericano Herbert Schiller; los británicos Nicholas Garnham, Peter Golding y Graham Murdock; los franceses Patrice Flichy, Bernard Miège y Dominique Leroy; y, en una segunda etapa, el canadiense Vincent Mosco y los españoles Ramón Zallo, Enrique Bustamante y Juan Carlos Miguel de Bustos. Los autores mencionados comparten en sus respectivas obras la necesidad de explorar la vinculación entre producción material y simbólica a través de un análisis crítico del rol de los medios masivos de comunicación en el proceso de acumulación de capital y reproducción de las relaciones desiguales de clase, repensando la relación entre economía, comunicación y cultura sin caer en reduccionismos economicistas. 2 La determinación mecánica presente en ciertas interpretaciones marxistas de la metáfora base-superestructura es cuestionada de modo firme desde esta perspectiva para evitar simplificaciones al momento de analizar el efecto que
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