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Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Private Pharmacies of Kaski District, Nepal

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Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Private Pharmacies of Kaski District, Nepal PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE PHARMACIES OF KASKI DISTRICT, NEPAL Eknaran Paudel Bachelor of public health program School of health and allied sciences Pokhara University Pokhara-Lekhnath-30, Kaski, Nepal December, 2017 PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PRIVATE PHARMACIES OF KASKI DISTRICT, NEPAL Eknaran Paudel In Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Public Health (BPH) A dissertation Submitted to: Bachelor of public health program School of health and allied sciences Pokhara University Kaski, Nepal December, 2017 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief I declare that this dissertation entitled “Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Private Pharmacies of Kaski District, Nepal” is the result of my own research and contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement has been made. This dissertation report contains no material, which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Signature: Name: Eknaran Paudel PU Registration no: 2013-1-37-0011 Exam Roll no: 14370189 Date: 2074/09/30 Supervisor`s Certificate We Dr. Eunhwa Choi and Prof. Naveen Shrestha, being the supervisor of Mr. Eknaran Paudel who is a BPH student in the Department of Public Health, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University certify that We have sighted the documentation supporting the dissertation report entitled “Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Private Pharmacies of Kaski District, Nepal” and We are satisfied that the documentation is sufficient as the basis for examination. Signature: Signature: Name: Dr. Eunhwa Choi Name: Prof. Naveen Shrestha Designation: Visiting Professor (BPH) Designation: Professor (BPH) Date: 2074/09/30 Date: 2074/09/30 i Acknowledgment It is indeed great pleasure to acknowledge and extend my sincere appreciation to all individuals and institution for their support that helped me to make my dissertation on the topic" Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Private Pharmacies of Kaski District, Nepal ." really fruitful and successful. First and foremost, I would like to offer my sincere thanks to Bachelor of public Health program, School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University for providing me an opportunity to perform this research work. It has been an immense pleasure and honor to work under the guidance of my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Eunhwa Choi and co supervisor Prof. Naveen Shrestha. My deepest appreciation is extended towards their necessary instructions and much appreciated guidance in every aspect, during the study. I am thankful to the President of Nepal chemist and drug association (NCDA), Gandaki Zone branch, Mr. Ram Bahadur K.C. who granted permission and provided support to conduct my study. As the important part of this research I kindly thank Institutional review committee (IRC) who gave me permission to conduct this study. This dissertation would not have been possible without support of Mr. Kiran Adhikari who helped me during data collection. Finally, I am deeply indebted to my colleagues, seniors and family members who have helped me both directly and indirectly for their valuable support, input and continuous encouragement throughout the thesis work. At but not the least, my immense gratitude is extended towards all the respondents for providing their valuable time and information. Thank you. Eknaran Paudel Pokhara Lekhnath-15, Kaski, Nepal ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ................................................................................................................... iii Supervisor`s Certificate ................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................... ii List of tables ................................................................................................................... v List of figures ................................................................................................................ vi List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................... vii Abstract ...................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 Rationale of the study ........................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions ............................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 6 2.1 Literature Search method and Strategy ................................................................ 6 2.2 Findings ................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.1 WHO classification of Pharmaceutical wastes .............................................. 8 2.2.2 WHO guideline for disposal of pharmaceutical waste ................................ 10 2.2.3 Socio demographic factors .......................................................................... 11 2.2.4 Knowledge on PWM ................................................................................... 13 2.2.5 Practice of PWM ......................................................................................... 13 2.2.6 Infrastructures .............................................................................................. 14 2.3. Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................... 15 2.4. Study variables .................................................................................................. 16 Dependent variables ............................................................................................. 16 Independent variables ........................................................................................... 16 2.5. Operational definition ....................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................. 19 3.1 Study design ....................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Study method...................................................................................................... 19 3.3 Study area ........................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Study population ................................................................................................ 19 3.5 Inclusion and exclusion criteria.......................................................................... 20 3.5.1 Inclusion criteria .......................................................................................... 20 3.5.2 Exclusion criteria ......................................................................................... 20 iii 3.6 Study and sampling unit ..................................................................................... 20 3.7 Sampling strategy ............................................................................................... 20 3.8 Sample size ......................................................................................................... 20 3.9 Sampling techniques .......................................................................................... 21 3.10 Data collection techniques and Tools............................................................... 22 3.11 Pre-testing of tools ........................................................................................... 22 3.12 Validity and Reliability .................................................................................... 22 3.13 Data management and analysis ........................................................................ 23 3.14 Ethical Consideration ....................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS ........................................................................................... 27 Socio-demographic characteristics ........................................................................... 27 Qualification related factors of respondents............................................................. 28 Knowledge of pharmaceutical waste management .................................................. 29 Practices of pharmaceutical waste management ...................................................... 30 Infrastructures used for pharmaceutical waste management.................................... 31 Opinions regarding necessity of training/guidelines regarding PWM and positive attitude of suppliers .................................................................................................. 32 Association between variables ................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION ...................................................................................
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