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Spatial Differences in the Diet of the Magellanic Horned Owl Bubo Magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) in Central Chile

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Spatial Differences in the Diet of the Magellanic Horned Owl Bubo Magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) in Central Chile New Zealand Journal of Zoology ISSN: 0301-4223 (Print) 1175-8821 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnzz20 Spatial differences in the diet of the Magellanic horned owl Bubo magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) in central Chile A. Muñoz-Pedreros, J. Yáñez, C. Gil, H. V. Norambuena & E. R. Carmona To cite this article: A. Muñoz-Pedreros, J. Yáñez, C. Gil, H. V. Norambuena & E. R. Carmona (2017) Spatial differences in the diet of the Magellanic horned owl Bubo magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) in central Chile, New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 44:1, 25-38, DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2016.1249379 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2016.1249379 Published online: 23 Nov 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 20 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tnzz20 Download by: [190.217.183.9] Date: 17 March 2017, At: 05:28 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 44, NO. 1, 25–38 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2016.1249379 RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial differences in the diet of the Magellanic horned owl Bubo magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) in central Chile A. Muñoz-Pedrerosa, J. Yáñezb,c,C.Gilc, H. V. Norambuenac and E. R. Carmonaa aNúcleo de Investigación en Estudios Ambientales NEA, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile; bMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago de Chile, Chile; cPrograma de Conservación de Aves Rapaces y Control Biológico, Centro de Estudios Agrarios y Ambientales CEA, Valdivia, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Bubo magellanicus is a nocturnal raptor with a wide distribution in Received 7 June 2016 the southern cone of South America. The diet of B. magellanicus in Accepted 13 October 2016 central Chile was analysed, using the pellet analysis method. Bubo KEYWORDS magellanicus was found to consume mainly rodents (44.8%), Biosphere reserve; Bubo lagomorphs (22.0%) and birds (23.6%). The most frequent rodents magellanicus; Chile; diet; were Abrocoma bennetti (18.2%) and Abrothrix longipilis (7.3%). On latitudinal differences the other hand, a comparison of the diet of B. magellanicus with previous studies showed that the main prey species were small mammals and that the proportion of birds and insects was higher in sites located in central Chile. In addition, the geometric mean weight of prey captured decreased in sites located in southern Chile; however, the trophic niche breadth showed no clear change in the five locations analysed. Finally, the prey diversity in the diet of the B. magellanicus between sites located in three eco- regions of Chile showed significant differences. Introduction The Magellanic horned owl Bubo magellanicus (Gmelin, 1788) is a nocturnal raptor with a wide distribution in the southern cone of South America, ranging from central Peru and western Bolivia to southern Argentina and Chile (Pavez 2004). This species was originally included as a subspecies of Bubo virginianus Gmelin, 1788 (see König et al. 2008) but is now considered a separate species. It is described as a specialised rodent predator, but its diet can become more generalised in times of scarcity when it can include insects, birds and lagomorphs (Jaksic & Marti 1984; Tala et al. 1995). There are a variety of methods for assessing the diet of raptors; for example, Margalida et al. (2005) used video cameras and telescopes to directly observe the identity of food items delivered and prey remains in nests. More commonly, an analysis of pellet remains has been used. However, Sanchez et al. (2008) found that studies using a combination of prey remains, pellets and pooled data underestimated the frequency of larger prey (>601 g) but overestimated smaller and medium-sized prey (<300 g and 301–600 g). As prey CONTACT A. Muñoz-Pedreros [email protected] © 2016 The Royal Society of New Zealand 26 A. MUÑOZ-PEDREROS ET AL. larger than 600 g has not been recorded in the diet of B. magellanicus, the pellet analysis method is likely to be reliable for this species. The feeding ecology of B. magellanicus in South America has been relatively well docu- mented, particularly in Argentina (Donázar et al. 1997; Trejo & Grigera 1998; Teta et al. 2001: Trejo et al. 2005; Nabte et al. 2006; Donadio et al. 2009; Ortiz et al. 2010; Formoso et al. 2012). Several authors have also documented the diet of B. magellanicus in Chile, recording the functional and numerical responses at sites in the centre and south of the country (Jaksic et al. 1978, 1986; Jaksic & Yáñez 1980; Rau & Yáñez 1981; Iriarte et al. 1990; Tala et al. 1995). For example, Jaksic et al. (1986) examined the feeding ecology of this species at sites in the Santiago, Aysén and Magallanes regions of Chile, finding that rodents were the most frequent prey, and that the proportion of birds and insects in the diet was inversely proportional to latitude. Although no changes were found in the body size of B. magellanicus, there was a decrease in mean prey size with increasing latitude. The same study also found a decrease in dietary diversity at high latitudes, a phenomenon previously documented by Knight & Jackman (1984) for a latitudinal trans- ect on the Pacific coast of the USA. However, similar changes with increasing latitude and longitude in some trophic measures (e.g. mean prey weight and trophic niche) for B. magellanicus have not been confirmed in recent studies in Argentina (Nabte et al. 2006; Ortiz et al. 2010) and Chile (Gil 2003; Rau & Jaksic 2004). Thus, new approaches are needed to obtain further information on spatial changes in trophic measures for B. magellanicus. The Lago Peñuelas National Reserve (NR) and the La Campana National Park (NP) are together recognised as a Biosphere Reserve; improved knowledge of the biodiversity of these important conservation units is necessary to optimise management planning. In an earlier work, Muñoz-Pedreros et al. (2010a) studied small mammal assemblages (mar- supials and rodents) and their α and β diversity. In addition, the diet of the barn owl (Tyto alba) has been documented and it has been shown that the population of this owl is increasing due to artificially improved habitats (e.g. nest houses, hangers; Muñoz-Pedreros et al. 2010b). Meanwhile, the trophic ecology of B. magellanicus, the largest raptor of the Lago Peñuelas NR, is poorly known. In this study we report on the diet and food selectivity of B. magellanicus in the Lago Peñuelas NR and contrast the findings with seven other studies from four sites in two eco- regions of Chile. Materials and methods Study area The study was conducted in the Lago Peñuelas NR (33°07′ S, 71°24′ W) located in the Val- paraíso Region, Chile (Figure 1). The climate is warm temperate, characterised by regular periods of rain during winter and a 6–8 month dry season (sensu Köppen 1948). Rainfall is c. 382.3 mm/year, 80% of which occurs between May and August. The mean temperature is 14.9°C, with a maximum of 22.2°C and a minimum of 9.8°C (Peñablanca Meteorologi- cal Station in Di Castri & Hajek 1976). The Lago Peñuelas NR has an area of 9260 ha; however, the study area only included 2473 ha with natural vegetation cover, including three representative environments: Acacia caven savannahs; sclerophyllous forest; and NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 27 Figure 1. Location of the five study areas in Chile. mixed scrub of A. caven and Baccharis linearis. The remaining area is covered by exotic vegetation, dominated by pine (Pinus radiata) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) plan- tations, and the surface and bed of Peñuelas Lake (see details in Hauenstein et al. 2009). Methodology Bubo magellanicus pellets were collected between September 2000 and December 2001 (n = 241). We searched for pellets every 2 months across the study area, collecting all pellets encountered. An area of 20 m was searched around known roost and nest sites. This period of sampling covered both the breeding and non-breeding seasons of owls in the study area. The material was processed according to Muñoz-Pedreros & Rau (2004), the identification of small mammals followed Reise (1973), the taxonomy of raptors and mammals followed Torres-Mura (2004) and Yáñez & Muñoz-Pedreros (2009), respectively. Names of raptors and mammals followed Tamayo (2004) and 28 A. MUÑOZ-PEDREROS ET AL. Yáñez & Tamayo (2009), respectively. For systematics of the genus Oligoryzomys we fol- lowed Belmar-Lucero et al. (2009). To analyse the contribution of each prey in terms of biomass, we multiplied the number of individuals in each pellet by the mean mass (weight in grams) of the prey species. This mass value was obtained from the databases of the National Museum of Natural History of Chile and specimens collected by Muñoz-Pedreros (1992), Jaksic (2001) and Muñoz- Pedreros & Gil (2009). For taxa in which the species could not be determined, the weight was calculated using the mean weight of the other species of the same genus. To characterise the diet, we used the following trophic parameters: 1. geometric mean mass of prey (GMMP) (Marti 1987) using the following formula: GMMP = antilog (Sni log wi/Sni) (1) where ni = number of individuals of the ith species, w = mean mass. Only the identified prey items were analysed and possible changes in GMMP between sites in Chile were eval- uated with a Spearman correlation analysis; 2. trophic niche breadth using Levins’ index (Levins 1968) and Simpson’s reciprocal index (Simpson 1949): n B = 1/ p2 (2) i=1 i where pi is the relative occurrence of prey taxon i in the diet of a given species.
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