THE TWELVER SHIA in MODERN TIMES Religious Culture & Political History

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THE TWELVER SHIA IN MODERN TIMES Religious Culture & Political History EDITED BY RAINER BRUNNER AND WERNER ENDE BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN 2001 CONTENTS Preface ix list of Contributors xxi PART ONE Theology and Learning A Shiite in Mecca. The Strange Case of Mecca-born Syrian and Persian sayyid Muhammad Haydar (d. 1139/1727) .' 3 MARCO SALATI Casting Away the Self: The Mysticism of Shaykh Ahmad al-AhsaT 25 JUAN R. I. COLE An Absence Filled with Presences. Shaykhiyya Hermeneutics of the Occultation 38 MOHAMMAD ALI AMIR-MOEZZI Madrasa and Learning in 19th-century Najaf and Karbala' 58 MEIR LITVAK The Clerics of Jabal cAmil and the Reform of Religious Teaching in Najaf since the Beginning of the 20th Century 79 SABRINA MERVIN Aspects of the Social Structure of Shiite Society in Modern Iraq 87 PETER HEINE PART TWO Internal Debates and the Role of Dissidents 19th-century Ottoman and Iranian Encounters: Ahmed Midhat Efendi and Ebrahim Jan Mo'attar (Mohammad Baqer Bawanati) 97 JOHANN STRAUSS VI CONTENTS Why do they cry? Criticisms of Muharram Celebrations in Tsarist and Socialist Azerbaijan 114 VOLKER ADAM The Controversy about the Shaikhiyya Tendency among Shia 'ulama' in Pakistan 135 SYED HUSSAIN ARIF NAQJVI The Politics of Shahld-e Jdwld 150 EVAN SIEGEL A Shiite Cleric's Criticism of Shiism: Musa al-Musawi 178 RAINER BRUNNER Marja'iyya and Shurd 188 ROSWITHA BADRY "The Tragedy of Fatima al-Zahra"' in the Debate of two Shiite Theologians in Lebanon 207 STEPHAN ROSINY PART THREE Ideology and Politics in the 20th Century Shaykh Muhammad al-KhalisI (1890-1963) and his Political Role in Iraq and Iran in the 1910s/20s 223 PIERRE-JEAN LUIZARD The Shiites in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (al-Ahsa') 1913-1953 236 GUIDO STEINBERG Shl'i-shuyu'i or: How to Become a Communist in a Holy City 255 SILVIA NAEF The Struggle for Equal Rights as a Minority: Shia Communal Organizations in Pakistan, 1948-1968 268 ANDREAS RIECK Foreign Missionaries, Homemade Dissidents and Popular Islam. The Search for New Religious Structures in Azerbaijan 284 RAOUL MOTIKA CONTENTS Vll PART FOUR The Case of the Islamic Republic of Iran Authority in Shiism and Constitutional Developments in the Islamic Republic of Iran 301 SAID AMIR ARJOMAND Tehran's Ecumenical Society (majmac al-taqnb): a Veritable Ecumenical Revival or a Trojan Horse of Iran? 333 WlLFRIED BUCHTA The Fear of the Guardians. 24 Army Officers Write a Letter to President Khatami 354 NAVID KERMANI Bibliography and Abbreviations 365 Index 383 Index of Persons 383 Index of Geographical and Technical Terms 389.

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