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Track 5 Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport P130 International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, Suppl 2, S68±S73 ß 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0307±0565/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/ijo Track 5 Physical activity, exercise and sport P130 Results indicate that severely obese children and adolescents tend to be sedentary when they have the choice, i.e. afternoons after school and in the Prediction of energy expenditure in a whole body indirect calorimeter at weekends. Future obesity interventions on young people may need to place both low and high levels of physical activity particular emphasis on adolescents and try to promote weekend activity for L de Jonge1, T Nguyen1, S Smith1, J Zachwieja1, HRoy1, and G Bray1 adolescents and girls. 1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge LA. REFERENCE: 1: Cole, TJ, et al. (1995). Archive of Disease in Childhood. 73: 70808-4 124 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 25±29 INTRODUCTION: In studies that involve the use of a room calorimeter, 24 h energy intake is often larger than 24 h energy expenditure (24-H EE), due to P132 limited space. The objective of this study was to develop a method for Role of non-exercise physical activity in body mass index predicting an individual's 24-H EE in a room calorimeter at both low and high levels of physical activity. M Yoshioka1, M Ayabe1, T Yahiro1, H Higuchi1, Y Higaki2, H Miyazaki3, METHODS: Two methods that predict an individual's 24-H EE in a metabolic H Yoshitake4, M Shindo1, and H Tanaka1 chamber are presented. The ®rst method was based on 3 components: 1) a 1Faculty of Sport and health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; 30 min measurement of resting metabolic rate (RMR) using a ventilated hood 2Department of Community Health Science, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan; system; 2) measurement of exercise energy expenditure during 10 min of 3Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Niigata University, treadmill walking; and 3) estimation of free-living energy expenditure using a Niigata, Japan; 4Kanoya Physical Education University, Kagoshima, Japan tri-axial motion sensor. Using these measurements we calculated the amount INTRODUCTION: Weight gain occurs in healthy adults when energy intake of treadmill time needed for each individual in order to obtain a total 24-H EE persistently exceeds energy expenditure. In response to overfeeding, the at either a low (1.4ÂRMR) or a high (1.8ÂRMR) level of physical activity. For variability in fat gain is inversely related to the subjects' ability to increase the second method we developed an algorithm that could predict total 24-H non-voluntary exercise (NEAT) (1). In real life, however, some people resist EE at 2 time points during the chamber stay. This would allow us to adjust the gain in weight by restrained eating and purposeful exercise. Therefore, we amount of treadmill walking or energy intake during the day in order to investigate the role of non-exercise physical activity (NEPA) in body mass achieve energy balance. index (BMI) in a free-living condition. RESULTS: Method 1: There was no signi®cant difference in expected and METHODS: 384 male and 343 female Japanese volunteers aged from 18 to 84 measured 24-H EE under either low (9.35Æ 0.56 MJ=d vs 9.51Æ 0.47 MJ=d; yrs were divided into two groups according to their BMI (non-obese group: measured vs. predicted) or high activity conditions (13.41Æ 0.74 MJ=dvs less than 25 and obese group: 25 or more). Physical activity data was collected 13.97Æ 0.78 MJ=d; measured vs. predicted). Method 2: The prediction pro- for 1 to 4 wks by using an accelerometer (Lifecorder, Suzuken Co. Ltd., gram predicted 24-H EE for 97.6Æ 4.0% of the ®nal value at 3 hours into the Nagoya, Japan). Exercise physical activity (EPA) was counted with 9 levels test day, and for 98.6Æ 3.7% at 7 hours into the test day. when more than 3 steps of activity for every 4 s was detected more than once CONCLUSIONS: Both methods provide accurate prediction of energy expen- for 2 min. When small physical movement(s) was detected and=or when EPA is diture in a room calorimeter at both high and low levels of physical activity. It 0 for each 4 s for 3 min after its movement(s), the activity is accumulate as equally shows that it is possible to accurately predict total 24-hour energy NEPA. NEPA approximately corresponds to 0.3 Mets and intensity levels 1 to 9 expenditure from energy expenditure values obtained at 3 and 7 hours into approximately correspond to 1.7 to 7.2 Mets. Age, sex, BMI, EPA=body the study. weight (BW), NEPA=BW, step, and time taken for physical activity at intensity level of 0 < 1, 1 3, 4 6, and 7 9 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Obese group showed signi®cantly lower EPA=BW, NEPA=BW, step and time taken for physical activity at intensity level of 4 to 6 and 7 to 9 compared to the non-obese group. Logistic regression analysis revealed P131 signi®cant odds ratios of age (1.016) and NEPA=BW (0.534) for obese. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that NEPA such as a talk with standing Objectively measured physical activity patterns of severely obese children position, posture change and so on play an important role in the development and adolescents: age and gender differences of obesity. E Stamatakis1, A Page1, JP Shield2, LJ Foster1, AR Cooper1, and EC Crowne2 REFERENCE: 1: Levine et al., Science 283: 212 ± 214, 1999. 1Dept. of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol; 2Institute of Child Health, University of Bristol, Bristol Low physical activity has an important role in the development of obesity in youth. To date, little evidence exists on the physical activity patterns of P133 severely obese young people and no study has examined their habitual Insulin and exercise induced adipose tissue vasodilatation activity using objective measurements. The aims of this study were to 1) objectively determine physical activity patterns of severely obese children and JBuÈlow1, L Enevoldsen1, and L Simonsen1 adolescents and 2) assess the within-sample gender and age differences. 1Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen Subjects-recruited from an obesity clinic- were 16 children (MÆ SD 9.4Æ 1.9 NV, Denmark years) and 12 adolescents (14.8Æ 1.7 years), all above the 99th percentile of INTRODUCTION: Insulin has been suggested to play a role in the regulation 1 the UK body mass index reference curves . They were given the Computer of adipose tissue blood ¯ow. However, recent evidence shows that insulin per Science and Applications Inc. (CSA, #7164) uni-axial accelerometer to wear se does not play a primary role in the regulation of adipose tissue blood ¯ow during waking hours for a period of seven days. The CSA can store onboard (1). The purpose of the present experiments was to elucidate whether an minute by minute activity data. After the measurement period, the recorded elevated insulin concentration might in¯uence the vasodilatation normally CSA data were retrieved and the average minutes of moderate or greater taking place in adipose tissue during exercise. intensity physical activity (AMA) per registered hour were computed using METHODS: 8 normal weight healthy subjects with normal insulin sensitivity age-speci®c CSA cut points. The average weekday and weekend day activity were studied. Abdominal, subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism was mea- patterns were plotted for all four sub-groups and the whole sample. Using log sured by the Fick's principle (2). The experiments were performed during 1 hour transformed AMA scores, paired and independent samples t-tests assessed rest in the postabsorptive state. Thereafter a euglycemic insulin clamp was differences between weekdays and weekends within each sub-group and established. When a steady state glucose infusion rate was reached (after about between the age and gender sub-groups, respectively. The graphic representation of the AMA revealed a sharp decrease in Control Clamp Clamp exercise activity after 16:00 h across all sub-groups and the sample as a whole. Over the 7 days, adolescents (4.6Æ 2.2 vs 3.2Æ 2.2 min=hr, log transformed Insulin (pmol=l) 43Æ 879Æ 11 87Æ 12 t 3.366, df 11, p .006) and girls (6.6Æ 4.6 vs 5.8Æ 5.0 min=hr, log transformed t 2.20, df 16, p .04) were signi®cantly less active at the Adrenaline (nmol=l) 0.22Æ 0.04 0.21Æ 0.03 0.38Æ 0.06 weekends compared with weekdays. The between-groups comparisons found ATBF (ml=100 g=min) 3.1Æ 0.7 2.8Æ 0.5 4.8Æ 0.7 that children performed signi®cantly more AMA minutes per registered hour Glycerol output 0.29Æ 0.10 0.19Æ 0.07 0.43Æ 0.14 than adolescents on weekdays (10.1Æ 4.9 vs 4.6Æ 2.2 min=hr ,log trans- (nmol=100 g=min) formed t 3.93, df 26, p .001) and on weekend days (10.1Æ 5.9 vs FFA output (nmol=100 g=min) 0.84Æ 0.28 0.33Æ 0.14 1.37Æ 0.53 3.2Æ 2.2 min=hr, log transformed t 4.68, df 26, p .000). Track 5 Physical activity, exercise and sport S69 changes were noted in all variables. Body mass was reduced by 5.4 kg 2 hours), the subjects exercised for about 1 hour at 50% of their peak oxygen (87.9Æ 27.6 kg week 0; 82.5Æ 25.8 kg week 6), % body fat by 4% consumption.
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