DOCSLIB.ORG

You Have Nothing to Lose! Using Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Secondary Education to Make Space for Body Acceptance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
You Have Nothing to Lose! Using Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Secondary Education to Make Space for Body Acceptance You have nothing to lose! Using culturally relevant pedagogy in secondary education to make space for body acceptance by Ashley C. Fullbrook A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Graduate Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, Program of Curriculum Studies & Teacher Development University of Toronto © Copyright by Ashley Fullbrook 2012 You have nothing to lose! Using culturally relevant pedagogy in secondary education to make space for body acceptance Ashley C. Fullbrook Masters of Arts Graduate Department of Curriculum, Teaching and Learning, Program of Curriculum Studies & Teacher Development University of Toronto November 2012 Abstract Schools are sites of great power and influence where the “obesity” discourse is often taken uncritically as truth and reproduced, to the detriment of young people. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how theories of fatness can inform theories of culturally relevant pedagogy with the goal of helping teachers create spaces where increased size acceptance is possible for secondary students. Literature from both these areas of study was reviewed and applied to the Ontario secondary curriculum documents for science and physical education. This analysis demonstrated a body acceptance orientation in teaching these disciplines, and that doing so can mitigate many of the negative effects of living in a fat hating world. ii Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 My Story .................................................................................................................................... 1 Research Rationale .................................................................................................................... 2 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 2 – Methodology .............................................................................................................. 6 Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................. 6 Search Framework ................................................................................................................... 10 Discourse Analysis Framework ............................................................................................... 10 Chapter 3 – Fatness-as-a-Problem ............................................................................................... 14 Fat Oppression ......................................................................................................................... 14 Fat and Medicalization ............................................................................................................ 17 Countering “Obesity” Discourse from within the Medical Model ...................................... 20 Complicating the “Obesity” Discourse ................................................................................ 23 Fat Bodies as Other .............................................................................................................. 25 “Obesity” as A Measure of Health ....................................................................................... 26 Cultural Messages: The Dangers of Fat ............................................................................... 28 Cultural Messages: The Diet Industry ................................................................................. 30 Fat, Queer, and Disability ........................................................................................................ 34 Fat and Queer Theory .......................................................................................................... 35 Fat and Disability Theory .................................................................................................... 35 The Power of Non-Normativity ........................................................................................... 38 Fat and Gender ......................................................................................................................... 40 Gender Performativity ......................................................................................................... 40 Tension between Fat and Femininity ................................................................................... 42 Pedagogy and Gender .......................................................................................................... 44 Fat and Post-Structuralism ....................................................................................................... 47 Biopedagogies...................................................................................................................... 48 Healthism in Educational Spaces......................................................................................... 53 Chapter 4 – Culturally Relevant Pedagogy: A tool for teachers .................................................. 55 Implicating Schools as Part of the Problem ............................................................................. 55 Culturally Relevant Pedagogy as a Vehicle for Change .......................................................... 57 Achievement and Cultural Competence .............................................................................. 59 Sociopolitical Consciousness and Critical Race Theory ..................................................... 64 Limitations to using CRP ........................................................................................................ 66 Chapter 5 – Implications for Educators ....................................................................................... 68 Linking Fat and Culture ........................................................................................................... 68 Fat and Education .................................................................................................................... 75 Attitudes of Teachers ........................................................................................................... 79 Fatness/Fitness ..................................................................................................................... 83 Strategies for Educators ........................................................................................................... 84 Ontario Curriculum .............................................................................................................. 86 Physical Education and Science .......................................................................................... 89 iii Barriers to CRP and Body Acceptance .................................................................................... 92 Conclusions and Next Steps .................................................................................................... 94 Appendix – Activities for Teachers ............................................................................................. 96 1 Word association ................................................................................................................... 96 2 Malri‟s story .......................................................................................................................... 97 3 Anonymous bodies ............................................................................................................... 98 4 How does fat fuel an industry? ........................................................................................... 100 5 Additional Resources .......................................................................................................... 101 Notes .......................................................................................................................................... 103 References.................................................................................................................................. 103 iv Chapter 1 – Introduction My Story I have been conscious of my body size for almost as long as I can remember. My earliest memories of this are connected to the attitudes of my family members who were critical of my own perceived fatness as well as their own. It was how they spoke disparagingly about their own fitness and fatness, conflating the two, that was most painful and cutting, since I was clearly fatter (in my perception at least) than all of them, so even if they usually didn't tell me directly that there was something wrong with my body, that they were criticizing their own made it crystal clear that mine was also imperfect and needing improvement. I carried these beliefs with me to school where they were, of course, validated. I was teased for being fat (and wearing glasses, being smart, being tall, being “weird”) and not once did a teacher intervene or suggest in any way that it was actually okay for my body to look how it does or, at the very least, that it was not okay for other children to mock me
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Views of Young People in the UK About Obesity, Body Size, Shape and Weight
    The views of young people in the UK about obesity, body size, shape and weight A systematic review Report written by Rebecca Rees, Jenny Caird, Kelly Dickson, Carol Vigurs, James Thomas EPPI-Centre Social Science Research Unit Institute of Education University of London EPPI-Centre report • April 2013 REPORT The authors of this report are: Rebecca Rees (RR), Jenny Caird (JC), Kelly Dickson (KD), Carol Vigurs (CV), James Thomas (JT) (EPPI-Centre). Acknowledgements It is important to acknowledge the work of the authors of the studies included in this review and the children who participated in them, without which the review would have had no data. Particular thanks also go to Claire Stansfield (CS) and Josephine Kavanagh (JK) from the EPPI-Centre, who worked on several stages of the review; to members of the Steering Group of the EPPI-Centre’s Health Promotion and Public Health Reviews Facility for their helpful suggestions and material for the review; to the participants in the National Children’s Bureau’s Young People’s Public health Education, Awareness, Research (PEAR) Group for their work reflecting on the review’s findings; to Louca-Mai Brady and Deepa Pagarani from the National Children's Bureau for facilitating a consultation session with the PEAR Group; to the Cochrane Information Retrieval Methods Group, especially Andrew Booth and Mala Mann for searching advice; and to Chloe Austerberry and other members of the Health Promotion and Public Health team for their support and advice. Funding This is an independent report commissioned and funded by the Policy Research Programme in the Department of Health.
    [Show full text]
  • EMPOWERED WELLNESS Where Health and Happiness Thrive
    EMPOWERED WELLNESS Where health and happiness thrive THE BRAIN-POWERED HEALTH, WEIGHT & FITNESS PROGRAM Developed by leading health & weight psychologist Eliza Kingsford Empowered Wellness puts teens and young adults in charge of their health, weight, energy and happiness. Science not gimmicks or fads Confident choices not restrictive diets Active fun not extreme exercise Life skills not rigid rules Empowerment not ultimatums Results not frustration Confident. Empowering. Lifelong. Questions? (844) 280-1190 7 days/week 2 [email protected] This came at the right time for me. I’m starting college this fall and I want things to be different. Questions? (844) 280-1190 7 days/week 3 [email protected] Why Empowered Wellness Works: THE BRAIN / WEIGHT EQU ATION Many of us think that weight loss is about overweight or obese—biological and external motivation and willpower. The science of factors, not lack of willpower or motivation. weight management reveals a much more complex story. Empowered Wellness is the answer. Mother Nature has trained our bodies and You learn how to retrain your brain to respond brains to hold onto fat for survival when food properly to our modern environment, using is hard to find. the latest brain science and brain plasticity research plus evidence-based cognitive- But we’re immersed in a world that’s full of behavioral principles and the most up-to-date delicious calories – and constant pressure nutrition and fitness guidelines. from food marketers to eat all of them! This has happened fairly quickly, so the biological Knowledge + skills + practice empowers and neurochemical connections between our you to make confident choices that override Mother Nature’s well-intentioned instincts, so brains, thoughts, feelings and actions you can reach your best weight—the weight haven’t caught up.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Activity and Health in Camps By
    Physical activity and health in camps By: Benjamin D. Hickerson and Karla A. Henderson. Hickerson, B., & Henderson, K. A. (2013). Physical activity and health in camps. American Camp Association Briefing Paper. Made available courtesy of American Camp Association: http://www.acacamps.org/ ***© American Camp Association. Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from American Camp Association. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document. *** Abstract: Camp experiences enrich children’s lives. Camp is a significant context for youth development. Many people who have gone to camp or served as camp staff know these statements are true. Although many positive anecdotes exist, efforts to systematically document the outcomes and benefits of camp are needed. Behavior changes regarding many of the intangible benefits of camp experience are complex and not always easy to measure. Nevertheless, researchers are showing the growing relationships between camp experiences and positive youth development. Keywords: camps | physical activity | health | children Article: ***Note: Full text of article below Physical Activity and Health in Benjamin D. Hickerson, Ph.D. Camps Penn State University Karla A. Henderson, Ph.D. North Carolina State University Camp experiences enrich Only 42% of children aged 6- to 11-years-old children’s lives. Camp is a participate in at least 60 minutes of PA per day (Troiano significant context for youth et al., 2008). development. Many people Almost 42% of US male children (6-11 years) and who have gone to camp or almost 21% of female children are sedentary as served as camp staff know interpreted against expected values for steps per day in these statements are true.
    [Show full text]
  • Body Curves and Story Arcs
    Body Curves and Story Arcs: Weight Loss in Contemporary Television Narratives ! ! ! Thesis submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University and Università degli Studi di Bergamo, as part of Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program “Cultural Studies in Literary Interzones,” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of ! Doctor of Philosophy ! ! by ! ! Margaret Hass ! ! ! Centre for English Studies School of Language, Literature and Culture Studies Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi - 110067, India 2016 ! Table of Contents !Acknowledgements !Foreword iii Introduction: Body Curves and Story Arcs Between Fat Shame and Fat Studies 1 Liquid Modernity, Consumer Culture, and Weight Loss 5 Temporality and Makeover Culture in Liquid Modernity 10 The Teleology of Weight Loss, or What Jones and Bauman Miss 13 Fat Studies and the Transformation of Discourse 17 Alternative Paradigms 23 Lessons from Feminism: Pleasure and Danger in Viewing Fat 26 Mediatization and Medicalization 29 Fictional Roles, Real Bodies 33 Weight and Television Narratology 36 Addressing Media Texts 39 Selection of Corpus 43 ! Description of Chapters 45 Part One: Reality! TV Change in “Real” Time: The Teleologies and Temporalities of the Weight Loss Makeover 48 I. Theorizing the Weight Loss Makeover: Means and Ends Paradoxes 52 Labor Revealed: Exercise and Affect 57 ! Health and the Tyranny of Numbers 65 II. The Temporality of Transformation 74 Before/After and During 81 Temporality and Mortality 89 Weight Loss and Becoming an Adult 96 I Used to Be Fat 97 ! Jung und Dick! Eine Generation im Kampf gegen Kilos 102 III. Competition and Bodily Meritocracy 111 The Biggest Loser: Competition, Social Difference, and Redemption 111 Redemption and Difference 117 Gender and Competition 120 Beyond the Telos: Rachel 129 Another Aesthetics of Competition: Dance Your Ass Off 133 ! IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Track 3 – Disease and Treatment T3:Po.01 T3:Po.02
    International Journal of Obesity (2007) 31, S106–S174 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0307-0565/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/ijo POSTER SESSION: TRACK 3 – DISEASE AND TREATMENT T3:PO.01 T3:PO.02 N-Terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and echocardiographic abnormalities in Presenting a new model for weight control severely obese patients: correlation with visceral fat 1 Corsi Massimiliano Marco1, Marocchi Alessandro2, Ambrosi Bruno3, Malavazos Movahedi Ahmadreza Alexis Elias3 1University, Isfahan, Iran 1Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan; 2Dept of Laboratory Medicine, Niguarda Hospital; 3Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato Hospital, The purpose of this study was to establish a metabolic dietary program University of Milan for weight loss or gain in which hypothalamus may not be stimulated in decline or increase Basal Metabolic Rate.18 healthy male and female (25 Many studies have confirmed NT-proBNP as a sensitive marker for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and/or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and it is to 50 years old) were assigned to three groups. Group A experienced particularly reliable because of its high negative predictive value To our weight loss metabolic program, they decreased 10% of their normal daily knowledge, recent findings on the relation between NT-proBNP and morphologic food amount for three days (action phase) and returned to their normal and dynamic cardiac abnormalities in obesity are still inconsistent and daily food amount for one day (return phase). They observed it for controversial. We measured NT-proBNP concentrations in 27 severely obese twelve days. The decrease for the remained each twelve -day period was women with no complications and 15 normal-weight patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Weight-Loss Camps As an Intervention Method in Childhood Obesity
    EFFECTIVENESS OF WEIGHT-LOSS CAMPS AS AN INTERVENTION METHOD IN CHILDHOOD OBESITY BY: CAROLYN EGEKEZE, BIOLOGY MENTOR: DR. MARNE CAMPBELL, AFRICAN AMERICAN STUDEIS ABSTRACT: Obesity remains a growing health issue in the United States for both adults and children. Obese children are likely to remain obese into adulthood, putting them at risk for developing chronic health issues. Many communities, public health officials, and others have begun to fight against childhood obesity, yet weight-loss camps remain largely overlooked as a potential method of intervention. While some studies suggest camps have short-term benefits in weight-loss and self-esteem, few studies have looked at long-term effectiveness of these camps. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of weight-loss camps for non-Hispanic black and Hispanic obese youth. If camps are shown to be successful in leading to sustained weight-loss and healthy living, they could be useful in helping to reduce childhood and adolescent obesity rates. Introduction Over the years, obesity has become a prominent public health issue within the United States. The percentage of people with obesity has increased for many sectors of the population, including children. In children, obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for a child’s age and sex1. For children specifically, obesity rates rose from 10.0% between 1988-1994 to 17.1% between 2003-2004, but have remained stable at 17.2% as of 2013-20142. Within the state of California, the percentage of children ages 10-17 with obesity is 31.2% as of 20163.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effectiveness of Summer Weight Loss Camp in Decreasing Body Mass Index And
    The Effectiveness of Summer Weight Loss Camp in Decreasing Body Mass Index and Increasing Self-Efficacy for Eating and Exercise A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Health and Human Services of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Melanee L. Wood June 2010 © 2010 Melanee L. Wood: All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Effectiveness of Summer Weight Loss Camp in Decreasing Body Mass Index and Increasing Self-Efficacy for Eating and Exercise by MELANEE L. WOOD has been approved for the School of Recreation and Sport Sciences and the College of Health and Human Services by Bruce Martin Assistant Professor of Recreation and Sport Sciences Randy Leite Interim Dean, College of Health and Human Services 3 ABSTRACT WOOD, MELANEE L., M.S., June 2010, Recreation Studies The Effectiveness of Summer Weight Loss Camp in Decreasing Body Mass Index and Increasing Self-Efficacy for Eating and Exercise (88 pp.) Director of Thesis: Bruce Martin Adolescent obesity is an increasingly alarming issue in the United States and abroad. This study attempted to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of a summer weight loss camp for children and adolescents. Subjects were administered eating and exercise self-efficacy questionnaires before and after camp, and again four months later. In addition to self-efficacy, Body Mass Index (BMI) and girth measurements were used to gauge changes in body size and shape. Three subject groups were compared to assess the impact of the length of stay (3, 6, or 9 weeks) at camp on success.
    [Show full text]
  • Take Off 4-Health Nutrition Education Curriculum for a Healthy Lifestyle Camp for Overweight Youth
    Top Clin Nutr Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 151–159 Copyright c 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins APPROACHES TO OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY Take Off 4-Health Nutrition Education Curriculum for a Healthy Lifestyle Camp for Overweight Youth Carolyn Dunn, PhD; Kathryn M. Kolasa, PhD, RD, LDN; Nancy Harris, MS, RD, LDN; Yancey Crawford, MPH; Sarah Henes, MA, RD, LDN; Stephanie Kinner, BA; Virginia Sutton, MPH; Sarah Colby, PhD, RD, LDN; David N. Collier, PhD, MD Evidence exists about the effectiveness of residential summer weight-loss camps for initiating or supporting small changes in childhood obesity. This report describes the development and eval- uation of a nutrition-education program for overweight adolescents attending a 3-week healthy lifestyle camp. Campers were given a diet prescription based on MyPyramid and then self-selected their meals and snacks in a family-style service format. The curriculum included eating strategies known to contribute to healthy weights in youth. Campers demonstrated an improved ability to estimate portion sizes. Thirty-four campers completed the 3-week experience with a weight loss considered to be safe. Key words: 4 H camp, nutrition-education curriculum, overweight youth ESIDENTIAL weight-loss and fitness healthy-food selections, nutrition education, Rcamps are popular in the United weight-loss tips, self-esteem building, and States.1,2 They typically feature exercise, recreational activities. In the short-term, resi- dential weight-loss programs, especially those that restrict calories, appear effective across a range of health indicators.2–4 Unfortunately, Author Affiliations: Department of 4H Youth Development and Family & Consumer Sciences, NC there are no reports of long-term successes Cooperative Extension, NC State University, Raleigh in treating childhood obesity through big (Dr Dunn), Pediatric Healthy Weight Research and changes in diet and physical activity.
    [Show full text]
  • FA Audio Recording List (Numerical Order) * an Asterisk by a Title Indicates That the Speaker Was 30 Years of Age Or Younger at the Date of the Recording
    FA Audio Recording List (numerical order) * An asterisk by a title indicates that the speaker was 30 years of age or younger at the date of the recording. Price: Audio Download (MP3) $0.99. Lists: English pgs 1-11; Historical pg 11; German pg 11; Spanish pg 12 ENGLISH SPEAKERS Item # Title (with sub-title) Length Recorded On # 102 Tough, Two-Fisted Thumb Sucker 39 minutes 7/18/1998 All she wanted was to lose a little weight from her thighs. In FA she lost 70 pounds and found a recipe for contented living. # 103 Stuffed but Never Satisfied 45 minutes 7/18/1998 She was indulged as a child after surviving nine months in an iron lung; as an adult, rage and morbid obesity drove her to FA. # 104 Lost Soul 46 minutes 7/18/1998 Fear of stuttering kept this young woman quiet. Her journey in recovery went far beyond her weight loss of twenty pounds to full acceptance of herself. # 106 Free At Last 43 minutes 11/7/1998 This early member got hope from AA. She realized the answer was to surrender the food -- no matter what -- and work the Twelve Steps. # 108 Keeping It All Inside 36 minutes 11/7/1998 Diagnosed manic-depressive and suicidal in his forties, he later came to FA, joining his wife in recovery. # 109 Love Wasn't Enough 42 minutes 11/26/1998 This young "gutter food addict" looked to therapy, sex, yoga, and humor to free her from the shame of how she ate. # 111 On Solid Ground 40 minutes 11/26/1998 She came in as a young mother over 200 pounds and clueless.
    [Show full text]
  • Track 5 Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport P130
    International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, Suppl 2, S68±S73 ß 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0307±0565/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/ijo Track 5 Physical activity, exercise and sport P130 Results indicate that severely obese children and adolescents tend to be sedentary when they have the choice, i.e. afternoons after school and in the Prediction of energy expenditure in a whole body indirect calorimeter at weekends. Future obesity interventions on young people may need to place both low and high levels of physical activity particular emphasis on adolescents and try to promote weekend activity for L de Jonge1, T Nguyen1, S Smith1, J Zachwieja1, HRoy1, and G Bray1 adolescents and girls. 1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge LA. REFERENCE: 1: Cole, TJ, et al. (1995). Archive of Disease in Childhood. 73: 70808-4 124 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 25±29 INTRODUCTION: In studies that involve the use of a room calorimeter, 24 h energy intake is often larger than 24 h energy expenditure (24-H EE), due to P132 limited space. The objective of this study was to develop a method for Role of non-exercise physical activity in body mass index predicting an individual's 24-H EE in a room calorimeter at both low and high levels of physical activity. M Yoshioka1, M Ayabe1, T Yahiro1, H Higuchi1, Y Higaki2, H Miyazaki3, METHODS: Two methods that predict an individual's 24-H EE in a metabolic H Yoshitake4, M Shindo1, and H Tanaka1 chamber are presented. The ®rst method was based on 3 components: 1) a 1Faculty
    [Show full text]
  • Uric Acid Is Associated with Adiposity Factors, Especially with Fat Mass
    Niu et al. Nutr Metab (Lond) (2020) 17:79 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00500-9 RESEARCH Open Access Uric acid is associated with adiposity factors, especially with fat mass reduction during weight loss in obese children and adolescents Yang Niu1†, Xue‑lin Zhao1†, Hui‑juan Ruan1, Xiao‑meng Mao1 and Qing‑ya Tang1,2* Abstract Background: Current adult studies suggest that uric acid (UA) is associated with body fat, but the relationship in obese children is unclear. Thus, we aim to evaluate the association between uric acid and body composition of obese children. Methods: A total of 79 obese children were included in this study, and 52 children (34 boys and 18 girls) underwent a 6‑week weight loss camp, including 34 boys and 18 girls. Six‑week weight‑loss interventions were performed on all participants through aerobic exercise and appropriate dietary control. Laboratory tests and body composition were collected before and after the intervention. Results: Before the intervention, correlation analysis demonstrated that uric acid was positively correlated with height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass (FM), and free fat mass (FFM) with adjusting for age and gender (P < 0.05). After 6 weeks of intervention, the participants gained 3.12 0.85 cm in height, body fat percentage decreased by 7.23 1.97%, and lost 10.30 2.83 kg in weight. Univariate and± multivariate analysis indicated that uric acid at baseline was± associated with FM reduction± during weight loss (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study is the frst report that uric acid is associated with BMI and FM, and may play an important role in the reduction of FM during weight loss in obese children and adolescents.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Short Term Weight Loss
    Best Short Term Weight Loss equalitarianSharpened EsauEdsel sometimes roof noway ensphering and magnified any gruntingly.lecture meows Parturient comfortingly. and backhanded Theodore Miltonis considered still yipping and hispermeates bombaxes improvingly indefinably. as You a reminder to feeling drained, and of ice cream with impeccable timing schedule is to accentuate the experts. Also known to optimize their own meals per day, our editorial team to do: a step i can make him to nutritional supplements? Mixing cooked lean protein is best in. The hmr calorie intake, read our physical therapy will target your best short term weight loss programs, participants know which behaves more acceptable in marketing programs in church basements for? Still enjoying what are short term weight loss and resting energy store, or running wild diet that even though the terms of. You weight loss group is best weight loss is burned; soon as consulting a piece of. Leading weight loss plan works best suited to short term? The weight in various programs, cheese and in the views of some evidence indicates fasting or ideally, the lows they will look older? Require diet includes the short term and clients. As weight loss was found on risk factors, such as both. Gaining weight loss was made in terms and further increase metabolism. Between antidepressant medication that term is best, they experienced fitness centers for best short term weight loss in counseling sessions in? Introducing meat in short term success for best short term weight loss is. Weighing yourself losing weight? For weight loss programs, particularly low in terms of the daily calorie requirements of weight fast can.
    [Show full text]