R. S. Мanueva HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF

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Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Irkutsk State Medical University» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation

Department of General Hygiene

R. S. Мanueva

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF MICROCLIMATE

Study guide

Irkutsk ISMU 2019

УДК 613.646(075.8)=111 ББК 51.218я73 М24

Recommended by the CCMС of FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia as a study guide for foreign students, mastering educational programs of higher education by the educational program of the specialty of General Medicine (Protocol № 2 of 18.12.2019)

Author: R. S. Мanuevа – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of General Hygiene, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia

Translator: O. V. Antipina – Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages with Latin and «Russian for Foreigners» Programs, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia

Reviewers: L. P. Ignatieva – Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Specialized Hygienic Disciplines, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia S.V. Makarov – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department Public Health and Healthcare, FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia

Manueva, R. S. М24 Hygienic assessment of microclimate : study guide / R. S. Manueva ; FSBEI HE ISMU MOH Russia, Department of General Hygiene. – Irkutsk : ISMU, 2019. – 54 p.

The study guide contains information on the physiological and hygienic significance of the microclimate, methods for assessing the microclimate of rooms. The basic hygienic requirements for microclimate indicators in premises for various purposes are presented: residential, industrial, medical organizations. In order to assimilate the material studied and self-control, situational tasks, theoretical questions, and test tasks are also included. This edition can be used by foreign students mastering educational programs for specialists in General Medicine, in the course of studying Hygiene as an academic discipline.

УДК 613.646(075.8)=111 ББК 51.218я73

2 CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 4 INTRODUCTION 5 1. HYGIENIC VALUE OF THE MICROCLIMATE 6 2. WEATHER AND CLIMATE. THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN 14 ORGANISM 3. HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROCLIMATE 21 3.1. Determination of barometrical pressure 22 3.2. Determination of air temperature 23 3.3. Determination of humidity 24 3.4. Determination of air mobility 27 4. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES 30 5. HYGIENIC VALUE OF MOBILITY OF AIR 32 QUESTIONS 35 SAMPLE TASKS 35 TEST 38 SOLUTION PATTERNS 41 KEYS 43 RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 44 GLOSSARY 45 APPENDIX 48

3 ABBREVIATIONS

BP – blood pressure HR – heart rate GPA – hectopascal ICD – International Classification of Diseases CVS – cardiovascular system CNS – central nervous system WHO – World Health Organization

4 INTRODUCTION

The microclimate of the premises is the most important physical environmental factor, on which the state and performance of people largely depends. In practical conditions, situations often arise related to the need for people to stay in rooms with adverse microclimatic conditions. In this regard, the tasks of hygienic research of the basic laws of microclimate formation, adaptation of the organism, ways to accelerate or facilitate this process, hygienic assessment of the microclimate as the basis for predicting the state and performance of people are always relevant. As a result of studying the topic, the student should know the concept of microclimate and its physiological and hygienic significance, the main ways of heat transfer, their dependence on microclimate parameters, methods for assessing the microclimate of rooms, hygienic requirements for microclimate indicators in rooms for various purposes. To be able to give a hygienic assessment of all microclimate parameters in accordance with hygienic standards and draw up a sanitary conclusion about the microclimate in the room. To give recommendations to the public on improving health in an uncomfortable microclimate. As a result, they should handle a hygienic assessment of all microclimate parameters.

5 1. HYGIENIC VALUE OF THE MICROCLIMATE

The human body has perfect mechanisms of thermoregulation – physical and chemical, which allow it to adapt to various temperature conditions and for a short time to suffer significant temperature fluctuations for health damage. In accordance with the external temperature, both the heat generation mechanism and the mechanism regulating its loss come into effect. Chemical thermoregulation – the production of heat by the body due to oxidative processes. The body’s heat production at rest is for a “standard person” (weight 70 kg, height 170 cm, body surface 1.8 m2) up to 293 kJ per hour, with light physical work – up to 628, moderate – up to 1256, heavy – 1256–2093 and more. Metabolic heat is a kind of excretion and must be continuously removed from the body. Physical thermoregulation provides an increase or decrease in heat transfer. At a high external temperature, the skin vessels expand, the secretion of water by the sweat glands increases, the temperature of the skin rises, and as a result of this, the heat transfer from the body surface increases; at low temperature, the skin vessels narrow, the blood moves to the internal organs, the skin cools and therefore the difference between the temperature of the skin and air becomes smaller, the heat transfer decreases. Normal vital activity and a high efficiency of the human being are only possible if there is a balance between heat production and its impact on the environment. Heat exchange depends on microclimate conditions. Most of all, microclimate conditions influence physical thermoregulation

6 by reducing or increasing the surface body temperature. They indirectly affect chemical thermoregulation, reducing or increasing the intensity of metabolic processes in the body (heat production). To keep the body temperature constant, the heat in the body gained must be equal to heat lost from the body surface. There are several ways of heat transfer: 1) radiation of heat towards the colder surfaces and objects; 2) evaporation of moisture through perspiration; 3) convection – heating the layer of air adjacent to the surface of the body, followed by its displacement; 4) conduction – heat conduction due to the difference in temperature of the body surface and the contacting surfaces with him. In normal conditions (room temperature 18 ° C man loses about 85% of the heat through the skin, and 15% of the heat for heating food intake, drinking, and the inhaled air for evaporation of water in the lungs. Of the 85% of the heat given off by the skin, about 45% lost by radiation, 30% – holding, and 10% – due to the evaporation of moisture from the skin surface. These ratios vary considerably depending on microclimate conditions. 1. Radiation 45–50%, as a result of the difference between temperature of the surrounding and body temperature. 2. Evaporation 10 %, the amount of heat lost by evaporation depends on the air velocity and relative humidity. 3. Convention 15%, the air temperature and air velocity are the two factors treat loss of temperature by convection. 4. Conduction 30%, the heat loss by convection is directly

7 proportional to the difference between skin temperature and the air temperature. The heat balance provides thermal comfort of human. The heat balance ensures the temperature constancy of the organism (36,1–37,2°С) and thermal equilibrium with the environment. It is achieved by the ratio of heat production and heat output of the body. Heat production occurs during the oxidation of nutrients, the reduction of skeletal muscle. The drier the air the more water vapor it can absorb. If the humidity in the air is high, there is a corresponding reduction in cooling power. If air temperature is between 24–37°C, heat loss by radiation and convection falls but evaporation loss increases. High temperature with high relative humidity decreases the evaporation through the skin, and cause over heat of the body. Low temperature with high relative humidity causes coolness of the body. The high air velocity cause increases the heat loss by evaporation, and convention. The loss of heat by radiation according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law depends on the difference between the temperature of the skin of the human body and the radiation temperature. The radiation balance is positive when a person receives more heat radiation from walls or other objects located at a distance from him than he gives them. A similar situation is often in hot shops and contributes to overheating. In an open atmosphere, heat loss by radiation depends on solar radiation, soil temperature and building walls. Temperature, humidity and air velocity do not affect heat loss by radiation. Heat loss is carried out by contact of the human body with the surrounding air – convection or with objects (floor, wall) – conduction.

8 Most of the heat is lost by convection. Loss of heat by convection is directly proportional to the difference between skin temperature and air temperature - the larger the difference, the greater the heat transfer. If the air temperature rises, then the heat loss by convection decreases, and at a temperature of 35–36° C it stops. Loss of heat by convection also increases with increasing speed of air movement, but air having a high speed of movement does not have time to heat up in the body and therefore slightly enhances heat transfer. At the same time, acting on baroreceptors, it has an irritating effect. Therefore, in hot shops, where artificially created blowing is used to increase heat transfer, air velocities exceeding 2–3 m / s are not used. Loss of heat by evaporation depends on the amount of moisture (sweat) that evaporates from the surface of the body. When 1 g of moisture is evaporated, the body loses 2.43 kJ of heat (latent heat of evaporation). At room temperature, about 0.5 l of moisture per day evaporates from the surface of human skin, with which about 1200 kJ is released. With increasing temperature of air and walls, heat loss by radiation and convection decreases, a person sweats and heat loss by evaporation sharply increases. If the temperature of the environment is higher than body temperature, then the only possible is the loss of heat due to evaporation. In particularly difficult conditions (during hard work and high ambient temperature), the amount of sweat released reaches 5–10 liters per day (hot shops, deserts). Upon evaporation, his body can lose 12142–24284 kJ of heat. This type of heat transfer is very effective, but only if there are conditions for the evaporation of sweat. With profuse sweating, when sweat flows down the body, not having time to evaporate, the cooling

9 effect is small. The possibility of heat loss by evaporation increases with decreasing humidity and increasing air velocity. Air temperature and radiation temperature do not affect heat loss by evaporation. Thus, the air velocity enhances the loss of heat by convection and evaporation and, therefore, at high ambient temperatures is a favorable factor. Therefore, in hot weather, fanning, fan blowing, etc. improve well- being, and calmness, worsening heat transfer, contributes to overheating. At low temperatures, the movement of air, which increases the heat transfer by convection, should be considered as an unfavorable factor. It increases the risk of frostbite and colds. Even at a high ambient temperature, if a person’s clothing is wet or his skin is covered with sweat, a strong movement of air (draft), dramatically increasing the heat loss by evaporation, can lead to a catarrhal disease. High air humidity (over 70%) adversely affects heat transfer at both high and low temperatures. If the air temperature is high (more than 30° C), then high humidity, making evaporation of sweat more difficult, leads to overheating. At low temperatures, high air humidity contributes to stronger cooling. This is because in humid air, heat loss is increased by convection. As stated earlier, very dry air also acts adversely. Therefore, the optimum humidity is in the range of 30–60%. The microclimate is a set of physical properties of air that affect the heat exchange of a person with the environment, its thermal state in a limited space (in separate rooms, a city, a forest, etc.) and determine its well-being, performance, health and labor productivity. The indicators characterizing the climate or the physical condition of

10 the air include: 1) air temperature, 2) relative air humidity, 3) air mobility, 4) intensity of heat radiation. The microclimate has an effect upon physical activity, health and mental state of the body. The sanitary-hygienic conclusion about the microclimate of the room is based on a comparison of the measurement results of microclimatic parameters with their hygiene standards, as well as subjective and objective indicators of thermoregulation of people present in the room. The microclimate can be assessed as optimal (comfortable); valid and uncomfortable. The comfort (optimal) conditions is the physical state of the air environment, which determines the optimal thermal and functional condition of the person, provides general and local sensation of thermal comfort (for production facilities – for an 8-hour shift) with a minimum voltage of the thermoregulatory mechanisms, does not cause abnormalities in health, a prerequisite for a high level of efficiency. The acceptable microclimate conditions are set according to criteria allowable thermal and human functional state for a period of 8-hour work shift. They do not cause damage or state of health disorders, but may give rise to general and local thermal sensations of discomfort, tension thermoregulatory mechanisms, poor health and a decrease in efficiency. If you exceed the allowable values of microclimatic parameters person experiences discomfort, there is overheating or hypothermia.

11 Conditions under which the normal thermal state of a person is violated are called uncomfortable. Uncomfortable microclimate can be heating and cooling. The heating microclimate is a combination of microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, speed of motion, relative humidity, thermal radiation), in which there is a violation of human heat exchange with the environment, reflected in the accumulation of heat in the body above the upper boundary of the optimal value (> 0.87 kJ / kg) and / or increasing the proportion of heat by evaporation of sweat loss (> 30%) in the overall structure of the heat balance, the appearance of common or local discomfort heat sensations (slightly warm, warm, hot). The cooling microclimate is a combination of microclimate parameters, in which there is a change of the body heat, leading to the formation of a general or local heat deficiency in the body (> 0.87 kJ / kg) as a result of lowering the temperature of deep and superficial layers of tissues. For thermal injury, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Injuries and Causes of death include the following diseases: heat and sunstroke, heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion due to dehydration, heat exhaustion due to the reduction of salt content in the body, heat exhaustion, unspecified, thermal fatigue, transient , heat edema, other manifestations of exposure to heat, unspecified. There are acute and chronic forms of violation of thermoregulation. Heat stroke is caused by an acute insufficiency of thermoregulation of the body. There is a high level of deaths in this form. The most common heat stroke occurs in young healthy individuals during intense muscular

12 work in the heat. Decompensation of thermoregulation under the influence of exogenous and endogenous heat is occupied leading place in the mechanism of thermal shock that is not promptly given to the organism to the environment due to lack of sweating. Excessive heat accumulation causes early and strong rise in temperature of tissue and organs, and this, in turn, – changes in the central nervous system (CNS), electrolyte shifts in the exchange. The big role in the pathogenesis of heat stroke during physical work in the heat playing hypokalemia due to potassium leaving the muscles in the blood plasma and the excessive loss of his sweat. Heat stroke is accompanied by loss of consciousness, increase in body temperature to 40–41 ° C, a weak, rapid pulse. A sign of a heavy defeat when heat stroke is a complete cessation of sweating. Sunstroke. Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of sunstroke are similar to those of heat stroke, in which the leading factor causing the heat accumulation in the body above the physiological limit is an infrared radiation of the Sun, and to a lesser extent – the heat convection of the ambient air. Heat cramps (cramping disease). This form of heat injury is most often observed in severe muscular work, sweating, accompanied by plentiful drinking water. This defeat is an extracellular dehydration with intracellular hyperhydration (water intoxication). Heat cramps are caused by hot climates, a rapid shift of acid-base balance in the direction of alkalosis, leading to muscle spasms. There are a variety of seizures, especially the calf muscles, blood viscosity increases. The transient thermal fatigue, or asthenic reaction. The basis of this form of heat injury is nervous and mental exhaustion. Asthenic reaction to

13 heat is manifested slow to work, irritability when communicating, fatigue, decreased attention and memory. Heat exhaustion is one of the most common heat-related illnesses. Heat edema is associated with moderate and sustained violation of water-salt metabolism in the body. The heating microclimate leads to an increased release of salt from the body, dehydration, and also a violation of the salt balance of the body leads to decreased immunity, a significant loss of attention, a significant increase in the probability of an accident at work. Chronic forms of violation of thermoregulation lead to changes in the state of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems of a person, forming production-related (occupational) diseases.

2. WEATHER AND CLIMATE. THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Weather is a physical state of the low level of the atmosphere (troposphere) that is characterized with the complexity of meteorological elements simultaneously observed at a certain place of the earth and formed under the influence of sun radiation and properties of the earth surface. A comprehensive weather profile is called a weather type. There are several types of weather: hot, dry, warm, cloudy, rainy. The weather regime that lasts for years or the totality of its typical properties is called the climate of the given place. Climate is defined by a certain consequence of meteorological elements and characterizes average indexes of the meteorological state of the given place according to results

14 of continuous observation. From the point of view of medicinal climatology the way a person is influenced by any weather factors has its own peculiarities. Weather factors can be divided into 2 groups: 1. Meteofactors (weather factors). These are the temperature, intensity of sun radiation, soil temperature, etc. 2. More complicated physical phenomena at the earth level of the atmosphere are caused by helioactive, geographic and cosmic factors like:  manifestations of the sun activity (sun spots, etc.);  electromagnetic fields;  the geomagnetic field;  air ionization which can be characterized with the notion of coefficiency of unipolarization of ions (the ratio of positively charged ions to the ones negatively charged);  atmospheric electricity;  oxygen content in the air;  intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation;  the gravitational effects (caused by interaction of the moon, the sun, and the earth). Besides, such processes as atmospheric circulation and weather changes influence formation of meteolability. ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. Weather formation is influenced by two atmospheric processes called cyclonic and anticyclonic. Cyclone weather is characterized with increased mobility of the air, a decrease of the atmospheric pressure and the temperature coefficient.

15 In anticyclone the weather is calm, without rain, sunny, with increased atmospheric pressure and temperature coefficient or with a decrease of the latter. Besides, the weather is characterized with changes. A weather change can be periodic and non-periodic. A periodic weather change manifests itself in seasonal changes. For example, in the middle of the north hemisphere of the earth it is cold in winter, and then a slow transition of the weather towards warmth can be observed. At other latitudes a transition from dry and hot weather to rainy and cool one is observed. These changes are natural for a man. His biological biorhythms depend on the periodic weather rhythms. Moreover, meteothropal states do not reveal themselves. A nonperiodic change is connected with sudden weather changes at the background of its periodic changeability (e.g. thaw in winter, etc.) and leads to deviations in a smooth flow of physiological rhythms of the organism. Such deviations are considered to be meteothropal reactions. Metheothropal reactions are typical both of healthy and sick people. Without taking into consideration the mechanisms of development of meteothropal reactions, it should be mentioned that, first of all, meteofactors of the second, and not of the first group, are more important from the viewpoint of their development. Second, not weather conditions themselves, but their oscillations, especially sharp and non-typical of the given climatic conditions, are important. To characterize the influence of weather factors on a man, it is necessary to classify weather. There are a great number of weather classifications. But hygienists, climatologists and other specialists in the

16 medical field think that classifications made from the point of view of complex climatology which take into account physiological reactivity of the organism are more acceptable. From a hygienic point of view (effects on human health), a clinical classification of weather types is convenient: optimal, irritating and acute ones (we should pay more attention to the clinical classification of weather that differentiates between three types). According to the given classification, optimal weather is the one influencing the human organism positively. Here we can speak about weather complexes with a small amount of wind, dry, sunny with the daily temperature change within 2°C, and the atmospheric pressure within 4 GPa (GigaPasca) (equal to 3 mm of mercury). To the irritating type we can refer weather with a violation of a smooth flow of one or two meteorological elements: sunny or cloudy, dry or humid (with relative humidity up to 90%), when daily the variability of the atmospheric pressure does not increase 8 GPa (6 mm of mercury), the temperature is more than 4°C and the wind is up to 9 m / sec. To the acute type of weather we refer the one with a sharp difference in meteorological meanings when the atmospheric pressure rises and then falls more than 8 GPa (6 mm of mercury), the temperature is equal to 4°C and relative humidity is more than 90%. Such weather is rainy, windy, and cloudy, of the cyclone type. But such a classification brings the whole variety of weather and its influence just to dynamics of some meteofactors like temperature, humidity, and mobility (for the air), atmospheric pressure. While such factors as geomagnetic field, electromagnetic radiation, electric state of the atmosphere (electric field and air ionization, electric charges of clouds and

17 precipitations), gravitational factors play a very important role in formation of meteotropal reactions of the organism. Taking into consideration all the facts mentioned above, a modern classification of weather is used in practice now. This classification singles out 3 following types: favorable, moderately favorable, and unfavorable. Sensitivity towards weather influences is widely spread. For different contingents of the population it deviates from 10 to 90%. Besides, almost 30% of healthy people are sensitive towards the weather. Common manifestations of meteopathogenity are expressed in headaches, a feeling of anxiety, a decrease of working capacity, etc. More than 20% of meteosensitive people say that their relatives have the same sensitivity, which proves the fact of a possible hereditary predisposition to meteothropaty. Meteosensitivity of those people who live in cities is 1.5–2 times higher than that of the people who live in countries. It is closely connected with peculiarities of living conditions in cities and peculiarities of the character of weather influence on them. City inhabitants spend less time in the open air. They are less adaptive to deviations of the movement speed, the air temperature and other meteofactors. They are more inclined to hypoxic phenomena. Besides, the combination of unfavorable weather conditions and air pollution is quite possible. Thus, the weather influence causes a wide range of responses: from minor deviations of the professional stereotype of behavioral reactions at healthy people to heavy acute conditions of heart and other diseases. Let us remember that in the general complex of the weather and climate on the human organism, weather changeability plays an important

18 role. Sharp deviations of the weather not typical of the given climatic conditions are dangerous for the human health. It is also necessary to remember about the notions of adaptation and adaptive-corrective mechanisms, without whose understanding it is impossible to understand the essence of appearance and development of meteothropal reactions. In medical practice, a gentle and annoying climate is distinguished. A sparing climate is characterized by insignificant fluctuations in meteorological factors and minimal requirements for the adaptive mechanisms of the human body (the climate of central Russia, the southern coast of Crimea). The annoying climate is characterized by significant fluctuations in meteorological factors, which require the tension of adaptation mechanisms (cold climate of the North, high mountain (above 2000 m), hot in the steppes and deserts). The cold continental climate is also annoying, it causes an overstrain of thermoregulatory mechanisms, which is important to consider for people with poor health and patients. The study of the laws of the influence of climatic factors on the human body is engaged in bioclimatology. The beneficial effects of climate on human health and well-being are successfully used in balneology. It has been noted that a healthy organism adapts more easily to changing climatic conditions. Acclimatization is a process of active adaptation of an organism to unusual climatic conditions. Physiologically, there is the body’s ability to realize the most favorable relationships with the new climatic conditions associated with

19 the formation of a new dynamic stereotype that arises by establishing temporary and permanent reflex connections with the environment through the central nervous system. The main adaptive reactions in the north are an increase in heat production, an increase in the volume of the chest, circulating blood and hemoglobin, a decrease in the blood of vitamins C, B2, impaired synthesis of vitamin D. The relative increase in gamma globulins and the level of mineralization of the skeleton can also be considered as factors that increase endurance organism at low temperatures. Acclimatization in the North takes place in 3 phases (according to Danishevsky G.M.): 1) initial, which is characterized by physiological changes; 2) the restructuring of the dynamic stereotype, which is implemented according to favorable or unfavorable options; 3) persistent acclimatization. To a hot climate a person adapts harder. The adaptation process also proceeds in 3 phases: 1) preparatory (protective) – there is an appropriate distribution of water and salts in the body to meet the needs for thermoregulation; 2) stress – this phase is characterized by a thickening of the blood, an increase in its viscosity, the number of red blood cells and the content of hemoglobin; 3) recovery-adaptation – characterized by the restoration or approximation to the initial values of some blood parameters and a number of other body functions. In the process of acclimatization to a hot climate, there are reactions from the cardiovascular side (slowing of the pulse, decrease in blood

20 pressure by 15–25 mm Hg), a decrease in the frequency of respiratory movements, an increase in perspiration (more intense and even evaporation of sweat), a decrease in temperature body and basal metabolic rate by 10–15%. Adaptation is one of the fundamental qualities of a living matter. It is typical of all the known forms of life and is so universal that it is often identified with the notion of life itself. It is quite correct, because the processes of life origin and its development both have corrective properties. The climate and the geographical environment that surrounds a man influence his vital activity. It is necessary to mention that this influence is socially grounded and is formed through such conditions as nutrition, clothes and labor which ensure the character change of pathological influence of geliometeothropal factors. We can differentiate between 2 types of the organism’s reactions to the influence of weather factors: meteothropal and pathological reactions. They are connected with the organism’s inability to maintain homeostasis and physiological adaptation towards unusual climatic factors. This process is connected with working out a new stable condition.

3. HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROCLIMATE

Giving the hygienic assessment of the impact of physical factors of the air environment on the human organism, their whole complex should be taken into account. To create a comfortable well-being for people, it is necessary to keep to the following parameters of these factors

21 (microclimate) in the dwellings: – air temperature: 18–20°C; – relative air humidity: 30–60% (in educational and preschool institutions 40–60%); – air mobility: 0.1–0.3 m/s (in preschool institutions). The standards of microclimate indicators are subdivided into optimal and acceptable. In industrial dwellings, while providing for optimal indicators of the microclimate, the air temperature changes in height and horizontally, as well as those of the air temperature during a shift in the workplace, should not exceed 2°C. While providing for acceptable indicators, the air temperature changes in height should be at least 3°C. The air temperature changes horizontally and during a shift should not exceed 4–6°C for different categories of works. Normal air temperature changes between the temperature of the inside air, and the temperature of the inner surface of the outer walls should not exceed 4°C in residential dwellings, medical and educational institutions.

3.1. Determination of barometrical pressure The barometrical pressure is measured with mercury barometers or aneroid barometers. Barographs (an aneroid barometer with recording devices and the tape mechanism) are used for continuous recording. The pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury or GPas (gigapascas). Usually, variations of the barometrical pressure can be within 760±20 mmHg or 1013±26.5 GPa (1 GPa = 0.7501 mmHg). The glass of the aneroid barometer should be tapped on before its readings are taken. It is

22 necessary to overcome inertia of the barometer hand.

3.2. Determination of air temperature

In the dwelling the air temperature is usually measured with mercury and alcohol thermometers. The thermometer is left at the place of measurement for 5 minutes. It helps the liquid inside it acquire the temperature of the ambient air. After that the temperature is recorded. For this purpose, you can use an aspiration psychrometer, whose dry thermometer measures the air temperature more accurately because its container is protected against radiation. For the purpose of continuous temperature record (within a day, week, etc.) thermographs are used. They consist of a sensing element (a curved hollow metal or bimetallic plate filled with toluene) which is connected with the recorder, and the tape mechanism. To determine the temperature at the workplace we measure it at three height levels: 0.1 m 0.6 m and 1.7 m, if a person works mostly in the sitting position. To determine the average air temperature in the dwelling, 3 measures are made horizontally at the height of 1.5 m from the floor (in the middle of the dwelling – at 10 cm from the outer wall and at the inner wall), and then the average value is calculated. According to these values, the temperature uniformity is judged in the horizontal direction. To determine the temperature changes in the vertical direction, measures are made at 10 cm from the floor and at the height of 1.5 m.

23 3.3. Determination of humidity

In hygienic practice it is accepted to normalize relative humidity due to the fact that by its value it is possible to judge about the impact of humidity and other environmental factors on heat exchange in human. It is believed that the optimal value of relative humidity is in the range of 30–60%, and its permissible level is 65–75%. To describe the character of humidity the following values are used: – absolute humidity – water vapor pressure, found in the air at the time of measurement, expressed in mmHg, or the amount of water vapor, contained at the time of measurement in 1 m³ of the air, in grams; – maximum humidity – water vapor pressure at complete moisture saturation of the air at the given temperature in mm Hg, or the amount of water vapor, contained in 1 m³ of the air at the time of saturation at the same temperature; – relative humidity – the ratio of maximum and absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage; – saturation deficit (physical deficiency) – the difference between maximum and absolute humidity; – dew point – the temperature at which the air is maximally saturated with water vapor; the absolute humidity value is equal to the maximum value. Modern electronic thermohygrometers and psychrometers, hygrometers, and a hygrograph are used to determine air humidity indoors. Hygrometers record relative humidity of the air directly. They consist of a sensing element (a lock of low-fat hair), mechanically connected with

24 the recording part (an arrow). The hygrograph constantly registers relative humidity; it is a combination of the hygrometer with the recording device and the tape mechanism. Assmann’s aspiration psychrometer consists of two thermometers, enclosed in a nickel-plated metal tube through which the analyzed air goes evenly with the help of the winding fan at the top of the device. Such construction of the device protects the reservoirs of thermometers from radiant energy and ensures constant air velocity around devices, equal to 4 m / s. At the positive air temperature the aspiration psychrometer is the most reliable instrument for measuring air humidity and temperature. Due to pulling a large air mass, its readings are more accurate than the readings of August’s stationary psychrometer. Before working with Assmann’s psychrometer, it is necessary to moisten the end of the wet thermometer in distilled water with the help of a special pipette. The end of the wet thermometer should be wrapped in a thin cloth (cambric). Then, with the help of the key, the fan starts working. The psychrometer is hung on the stand at the place of moisture measurement, and in 4–5 minutes its readings are taken. At this time the fan works at full speed. When you work with the aspiration psychrometer, absolute humidity is calculated by the following formula (Shprung’s formula):

B K  F  0.5 t  t * в 1 755 , (1) where K is absolute air humidity, mm Hg; Fb is maximum water vapor pressure at the temperature of the wet thermometer (see the table); 0.5 is a psychrometric constant factor; t is the temperature of the dry thermometer, 25 °C; t1 is the temperature of the wet thermometer, °C; B is barometric pressure, mmHg; 755 is the average barometric pressure volume, mmHg. Conversion of the found value of absolute humidity into relative humidity is calculated by the following formula:

K R  100% , (2) Fс where R is relative humidity, %; K is absolute humidity, mmHg; Fс is maximum humidity at the temperature of a dry thermometer (see Table 1).

Table 1 Maximum vapor pressure at different temperatures (mmHg)

°C mmHg °C mmHg °C mmHg °C mmHg -5 3.16 5 6.54 15 12.79 25 23.76 -4 3.40 6 7.01 16 13.63 26 25.21 -3 3.67 7 7.51 17 14.53 27 26.74 -2 3.95 8 8.04 18 15.48 28 28.35 -1 4.26 9 8.61 19 16.48 29 30.04 0 4.58 10 9.21 20 17.54 30 31.82 1 4.93 11 9.84 21 18.65 31 33.70 2 5.29 12 10.52 22 19.83 32 35.66 3 5.68 13 11.23 23 21.07 33 37.73 4 6.10 14 11.99 24 22.38 34 39.90

Relative humidity can be determined with the help of special tables (see Table 2).

26 Table 2 Psychrometric table

Temperature Difference between the readings of dry and wet of a dry thermometers, °С thermometer, 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 °С Relative air humidity, % 12 100 89 78 68 57 48 38 29 20 11 - 13 100 89 79 69 59 49 40 31 23 14 6 14 100 89 79 70 60 51 42 34 25 17 9 15 100 90 80 71 61 52 44 36 27 20 12 16 100 90 81 71 62 54 46 37 30 22 15 17 100 90 81 72 64 55 47 39 32 24 17 18 100 91 82 73 65 56 49 41 34 27 20 19 100 91 82 74 65 58 50 43 35 29 22 20 100 91 83 74 66 59 51 44 37 30 24 21 100 91 83 75 67 60 52 46 39 32 26 22 100 92 83 76 68 61 54 47 40 34 28 23 100 92 84 76 69 61 55 48 42 36 30 24 100 92 84 77 69 62 56 49 43 37 31 25 100 92 84 77 70 63 57 50 44 38 33

3.4. Determination of air mobility

To determine low speeds of air mobility in the dwellings (1–2 m / s) catathermometers are used, and for high speeds (up to 50 m / s) there are anemometers. A catathermometer can have a cylindrical or a spherical tank is filled with colored alcohol. The temperature scale of the cylindrical catathermometer is divided into degrees from 35 to 38°С, and for the spherical catathermometer – from 33 to 40°С. To determine the cooling capacity of the air, a catathermometer is heated in the water bath until the alcohol fills 1/2–2/3 of the upper

27 expansion of the tank. Then the catathermometer is wiped dry and hung on a tripod at the place of the speed of air mobility measurement. With the help of the stopwatch, an analyst matches the time necessary for the alcohol column to go down from 38 to 35°C. In the process of cooling the catathermometer loses a certain amount of heat, established for each device in the laboratory way. This loss of heat off 1 cm² of the tank surface is expressed in millicalories and marked on the back of each catathermometer as its constant factor f. The value of the cooling capacity H is calculated by the formula:

f H  t , (3) where f is the device factor, a constant value indicating the amount of heat which is lost off 1 cm2 of the device surface during its cooling from 38 to 35°C, mcal / cm2 * s (the constant value for each device); t is the time for the device cooling, sec. Knowing the values of the air cooling capacity and the temperature of the ambient air, it is possible to calculate the air mobility. To calculate the air mobility of less than 1 m/s the following formula is used:

2  H    0.20  Q V     0.40  ; (4)    

To calculate the air mobility of more than 1 m/s we use the formula:

28 2  H    0.13 Q V     0.47  , (5)     where V is air mobility, m / s; H is the value of the catathermometer cooling, mcal / cm2 * s; Q is the difference between the average body temperature of 36.5°C and the ambient temperature, °C; 0.20, 0.40, 0.13, and 0.47 are empirical coefficients. A spherical catathermometer, unlike a cylindrical one, has a temperature scale from 33 to 40°C. Measurements made with it are performed in the same way as with a cylindrical catathermometer. There is the only one difference between them. Observation the process of the device cooling is carried out in the ranges of 40–33, 39–44, 38–35°C, e.g. it is performed when the arithmetic average values of the maximum (T1) and the lowest (T2) temperatures are equal to 36.5°C. When using the intervals of 39–44 and 40–33°C, the value of cooling is calculated by the formula:

f T1 T2  H  , (6) t where f is the device factor; t is the time during which a catathermometer gets cooler from the temperature T1 to T2, s. To determine high speeds of air mobility two types of anemometers are used: a propeller-type anemometer and a cup-type anemometer. The first type of anemometers is used for measuring air mobility in the range from 0.5 to 15.0 m / s, and the second type – for air mobility from 1.0 to 50.0 m / s.

Fig 1. Anemometers: a – propeller-type anemometer; b – cup-type anemometer1

4. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES

In order to prevent adverse effects on the body microclimate performed four groups of measures. The first group is the scientific substantiation of hygienic standards for the microclimate of premises for different purposes. So, for residential areas in the cold season the following standards are set: air temperature 18–20 ° C, humidity 30–60%, air velocity of 0.1–0.2 m / s, temperature of the wall ± 2 ° C compared to the rated air temperature. The second group of measures is the impact on the environment in order to bring microclimate to optimal hygienic requirements or, in extreme cases, to levels that do not produce adverse effects on health and efficiency. These measures include the heating, ventilation, air conditioning, sun protection measures (visors, curtains, etc.), elimination

1 Пивоваров Ю. П. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям по гигиене и основам экологии человека [Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб. заведений / Ю. П. Пивоваров, В. В. Королик. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2006. – Режим доступа: https://studfiles.net/preview/6446222/. – Загл. с экрана.

30 of the causes overheating in the production (changing technology, heat insulation and so on. P.), The normalization of conditions in the workplace (air shower, screen et al.). The third group consists of measures aimed at the human: the selection of clothing (including electrically heated), hardening, rational mode of work and rest, good nutrition and drinking regime (special drinks, salty carbonated water, etc.). The fourth group includes medical and preventive measures: medical screening for employment, periodic medical examinations in order to identify individuals with health problems caused by the uncomfortable climate, health education for the prevention of overheating or overcooling and others. Methods for normalization of the working environment 1. Mechanization and automation of production processes, remote management. These measures are very important for the protection against harmful substances, heat radiation, especially during heavy work. 2. The use of technological processes and equipment, excluding the formation of harmful substances or hit them in the work area, heat- and water. Great value for the improvement of air quality has a reliable sealing of equipment. 3. Protection from sources of heat radiation is important to reduce the indoor air temperature and thermal radiation workers. 4. The device of effective local and the general exchange ventilation and heating, that really matter for the improvement of air quality in industrial environments. The task of ventilation is to provide clean

31 air and given weather conditions in production facilities. Improved micro-climatic conditions is achieved by removing the polluted or heated air from the room and feed it fresh air.

5. HYGIENIC VALUE OF MOBILITY OF AIR

The movement of air in the atmosphere is characterized by the direction of motion and speed. The direction is determined by the side of the world from where the wind blows, and the speed is determined by the distance traveled by the mass of air per unit time (m/s). A change in air direction serves as an indicator of weather changes. It is also important to know the prevailing wind direction in a given area in order to take it into account when planning populated areas, placing hospitals, child care facilities, residential buildings on their territory, which should be located on the windward side of industrial enterprises that can serve as a source of air pollution and other environmental objects. To clarify the prevailing wind direction for a given place, a wind rose is built. The Rose of Wind is a graphic image of repeatability of winds in a particular locality for a certain period and it is widely used for the rational distribution of various objects during construction planning. For the construction of wind rose from the center of the graph on the main (North, South, West, East) and intermediate compass points lay lengths to scale. Then the ends of the segments on rhumbs connected by straight lines. Shtil (no wind, calm) denote the circle from the graph center with a radius corresponding to the number of days of shtil.

32 The Rose of Wind indicates the dominant northeast wind direction in the study area during the year, so the residential area (houses, medical institutions, and childcare facilities should be located on the windward side- in the north-east direction), while industrial facilities and other sources of pollution – downwind (in the south-west). In fig. 2 the wind rose indicates the prevailing northeast direction of the winds in the study area during the year, so the residential area (residential buildings, medical organizations and children's institutions should be located on the windward side – in the northeast direction), and industrial enterprises and other sources of pollution – on the leeward side, i.e. in a southwest direction.

Fig. 2. Rose of Wind2

2 Пивоваров Ю. П. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям по гигиене и основам экологии человека [Электронный ресурс] : учеб. пособие для студ. высш. учеб. заведений / Ю. П. Пивоваров, В. В. Королик. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Издательский центр «Академия», 2006. – Режим доступа: https://studfiles.net/preview/6446222/. – Загл. с экрана. 33 The perception of heat perception by a person depends on temperature. At high temperatures, thermal health improves due to the movement of air; there is a feeling of coolness, so the movement of air at high temperature is regarded as a favorable factor. At a low temperature, thermal health deteriorates; it seems even colder due to increased heat transfer, so the movement of air at low temperatures is regarded as an unfavorable factor. The movement of air (wind) enhances the metabolic processes: the heat production increases with decreasing temperature and increasing air Strong headwinds can interfere with breathing, as in this case, exhaled air must be given a speed exceeding the wind speed, the normal act of breathing is disrupted: inhalation becomes passive, and exhalation becomes active. A strong tailwind makes it difficult to breathe, creating a rarefaction zone in front of a person. The wind with its pressure can mechanically impede movement and physical work, causing in this connection an increase in energy consumption and deterioration in the coordination of movements, which must be taken into account in certain works and in sports. The influence of wind on the neuropsychic sphere of a person can be very significant. It is known that thermally neutral wind has an invigorating effect. A strong, prolonged wind can cause both mental arousal and a depressive state, possibly under the influence of infrasound.

34 QUESTIONS

1. Foundations of human physiology heat exchange and its connection with the microclimate mode of premises. 2. The microclimate types. The concepts of comfort and discomfort in relation to the microclimate. 3. Health abnormalities and diseases caused by the influence of uncomfortable microclimate on the human organism. Prevention of this condition. 4. The weather and meteotropic reactions. 5. The climate and climatic factors. 6. The wind rose diagram: its hygienic value and drawing method. 7. Acclimatization: its entity and peculiar features on the north and south.

SAMPLE TASKS

Sample task 1 The traumatology department are allocated wards for patients with burn disease. The heating in the wards is water. Indicators of Climate Chamber as follows: air temperature 18 ° C, relative humidity 60%, air velocity of 0.2 m / s. Are comfortable microclimate conditions wards for these patients and whether they will contribute to the treatment of the open method? What is needed for climate improvement?

35 Sample task 2 In the research of the classroom microclimate in the secondary school the following results were obtained: 1) the average temperature is +24°C, the temperature changes in the vertical direction make 3°C, in the horizontal direction – 2.8°C; 2) at determination of air humidity with the help of Assmann’s psychrometer the temperature of the dry thermometer is equal to +24°C, and the temperature of the wet thermometer is +18°C; 3) the barometrical pressure is 753 mmHg; 4) at determination of air mobility at the height of 1 m from the floor, the time of the alcohol column fall in the catathermometer is 120 seconds, the device factor is 492 mcal / cm 2 * s. Make a hygienic conclusion on the microclimate in the dwelling, and give recommendations for improving the conditions if necessary.

Sample task 3 In the research of relative humidity in the operating room the following results were obtained with Assmann’s psychrometer: 1) the temperature of the dry thermometer is +15°C; 2) the temperature of the wet thermometer is +10°C; 3) the barometrical pressure is 754 mmHg. Calculate relative air humidity of the operating room; make a hygienic assessment of the microclimate parameters and give necessary recommendations.

Sample task 4 In the research of air mobility in the ward for burn patients at the height of 1.5 m from the floor the following results were obtained: 1) the

36 time of the alcohol column fall in the catathermometer is 89 seconds; 2) the device factor is 496 mcal / cm 2 * s; 3) the air temperatures is +25°C. Make a hygienic conclusion of the microclimate in the ward, and give recommendations for improving the conditions, if necessary.

Sample task 5 In the research of the three-bed ward microclimate conditions in the therapeutic department, 21 m2, the following results were obtained: the readings of the thermometer were equal to: 1) +20.5°C – at 10 cm from the outer wall; 2) +22°C – at 10 cm from the inside opposite wall; 3) + 21.5°C – on the inside sidewall. All the measurements were taken at the height of 1.5 m from the floor. The relative air humidity measured with the aspirating psychrometer is 20%; the air mobility in the center of the ward is 0.05 m / s. Make a hygienic conclusion of the microclimate in the ward, and give recommendations for improving the conditions, if necessary.

37 TEST

Choose the correct answers. Only one correct answer is possible:

1. THE DEVICE FOR MEASURING OF RELATIVE AIR HUMIDITY IS CALLED 1) barometer 2) anemometer 3) psychrometer 4) actinometer

2. THE HYGIENIC STANDARD OF RELATIVE AIR HUMIDITY IN THE DWELLING (%) IS 1) 20-30 2) 30-60 3) 70-80

3. AN ACCEPTABLE SPEED STANDARD OF AIR MOBILITY IN THE DWELLING (M/S) IS 1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0.3 4) 0.5

4. THE DEVICE FOR DETERMINING OF THE LOW SPEEDS OF AIR MOBILITY IS CALLED 1) propeller anemometer 2) catathermometer 38 3) oscillograph

5. THE RECEIVING ELEMENT OF THE TEMPERATURE RECORDER (THERMOGRAPH) IS 1) a metal plate 2) an aneroid box 3) a tungsten filament 4) a lock of hair

6. HUMIDITY DEFICIT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1) maximum and absolute humidity 2) absolute and relative humidity 3) absolute and maximum humidity

7. DUE TO MEASUREMENT ACCURACY, THIS DEVICE HAS SOME ADVANTAGES IN DETERMINING RELATIVE HUMIDITY. IT IS CALLED 1) August’s stationary psychrometer 2) Assmann’s aspiration psychrometer

Choose several correct answers:

8. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS MEASURED IN 1) mmHg 2) meq / l 3) GPa

9. MICROCLIMATE INDICATORS ARE 1) air humidity 2) air temperature 3) barometrical pressure 4) intensity of heat radiation

10. THE STANDARDS OF MICROCLIMATE INDICATORS ARE DIVIDED INTO 1) minimal 2) optimal 3) acceptable 4) maximal

40 SOLUTION PATTERNS

Solution pattern to Sample task 1 Relative humidity and air mobility are optimal, but the air temperature is +18°C, which does not meet the hygienic standards, since the allowable temperature for patients with burn diseases should be between +21–24°C. Conclusion: The microclimate parameters in the wards for patients with burn disease in the traumatology department does not meet the hygiene standards by the temperature (at the norm of +21–24°C). The microclimate is uncomfortable; it causes a sensation of cold, and does not provide with favorable conditions for burn patients treatment with the open method. The microclimate should be improved: the temperature should be risen by 3–6°C. It is possible to do by changing the mode of work of heaters in winter, or with the help of the air conditioning system.

Solution pattern to Sample task 2 1. Since the air temperature is +24°C, it does not meet the hygienic requirements, as the hygienic temperature standard for the classroom should be +18°C. The temperature changes vertically and horizontally are equal to 3 and 2.8°C. They are within the acceptable norms. 2. To calculate relative air humidity it is necessary, first of all, to calculate absolute humidity by the formula (1): B K  Fв  0,5 t  t1  , 755 where Fв is the maximum water vapor pressure equal to 15.48 mmHg (Table 1) at the temperature of the wet thermometer equal to +18°C. All

41 the parameters are put into the formula: 753 K 15.48  0.5*24 18* 12.44 mmHg 755 3. The relative air humidity is calculated by the formula (2): K R  *100% Fс In Table 1 we find the value of the maximum water vapor pressure at the temperature of the dry thermometer +24°C. It is 22.38 mmHg. We put the values into the formula (2), and we get: K 12.44 R  *100%  *100%  55.6% Fс 22.38 4. To determine the air mobility, first of all, we calculate air cooling capacity by the formula (3): f 492 H    4.1 mcal / s*cm² t 120

   H 4.1 Then we calculate Q  36.5  24.0 12.5 and   0.328 Q 12.5 As the air speed is less than 1 m / s, all the values are put into the formula (4):

2  H    0.20  2  Q   0.328  0.2  V      0.1  0.40   0.4  m / s    

Conclusion 1. The parameters of the microclimate in the classroom meet the hygienic standards: both the temperature (18–24°C), the relative humidity (40–60%) and air velocity (not more than 0.1 m / s) correspond to the norms. 2. Improvements of the microclimatic conditions are not required.

KEYS

№ 1 – 3 № 2 – 2 № 3 – 3 № 4 – 2 № 5 – 1 № 6 – 1 № 7 – 2 № 8 – 1, 3 № 9 – 1, 2, 4 № 10 – 2, 3

43 RECOMMENDED LITERATURE Main literature 1. Большаков, А. М. Общая гигиена : учебник / А. М. Большаков. – Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. – 432 с. 2. Григорьев, А. И. Экология человека : учебник / ред. А. И. Григорьев. – Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2016. – 240 с. 3. Мельниченко, П. И. Гигиена : учебник / ред. П. И. Мельниченко. – Москва : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2014. – 656 с. 4. Pivovaroff, Yu. P. Short textbook of: Hygiene and ecology. For students using English as a mediator language / Yu. P. Pivovaroff, A. A. Al Sabounchi. – M. : IKAR Publisher, 2016. – 548 p.

Additional literature 1. Гигиена. Соmреndium [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие / В. И. Архангельский, П. И. Мельниченко – М. : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2012. – Режим доступа: http://www.studmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970420423.htm. 2. Общая гигиена. Руководство к лабораторным занятиям [Электронный ресурс] : учебное пособие / Д. И. Кича, Н. А. Дрожжина, А. В. Фомина. – М. : ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2015. – Режим доступа: http://www.studmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970434307.html. 3. Гаврюченков Д. В. Массовые отравления грибами / Д. В. Гаврюченков, Е. Ю. Лемещенко // Медицинская сестра. – № 2. – 2015. – С. 48–49.

Electronic resources: 1. Консультант студента: электронная библиотека медицинского вуза [Сайт]. – Режим доступа: www.studmedlib.ru. 2. Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека [Сайт]. – Режим доступа: www.rospotrebnadzor.ru.

44 GLOSSARY absolute humidity абсолютная влажность acclimatization акклиматизация adaptation адаптация air humidity влажность воздуха air ionization ионизация воздуха air mobility подвижность воздуха air speed скорость движения воздуха air temperature температура воздуха anemometer анемометр annoying climate раздражающий климат anticyclone антициклон atmosphere pressure атмосферное давление atmospheric circulation атмосферная циркуляция barograph барограф barometer барометр carrying out проведение cataterometer кататермометр climate климат cold climate холодный климат comfortable conditions комфортные условия conduction кондукция convection конвекция cyclone циклон dew point точка росы

45 dry air сухой воздух electromagnetic field электромагнитное поле gentle climate щадящий климат geomagnetic field геомагнитное поле heat высокая температура heat cramps тепловые судороги heat damage тепловое поражение heat fatigue тепловое утомление heat loss потеря тепла heat production теплопродукция heat transfer теплоотдача heating microclimate нагревающий микроклимат heatstroke тепловой удар hot weather жаркая погода hygiene standard гигиенический норматив hygrograph гигрограф hygrometer гигрометр low temperature низкая температура microclimate микроклимат optimal оптимальный psychrometer психрометр radiation излучение relative humidity относительная влажность rose of wind роза ветров sunstroke солнечный удар

46 saturation deficit дефицит насыщения thermal condition тепловое состояние thermal edema тепловой отек thermal discomfort тепловой дискомфорт thermal fainting тепловой обморок thermal radiation тепловое излучение thermograph термограф thermometer термометр thermoregulation терморегуляция ultraviolet radiation ультрафиолетовое излучение weather погода weather factors метеофакторы weather sensitivity метеочувствительность well-being самочувствие wind ветер working capacity работоспособность

47 Appendix

Table 3 Standard air temperature values for medical facilities in Russia

Acceptable air temperature Types of dwellings (calculated), °C 1 2 Operating wards, recovery wards, resuscitation rooms (including 21-24 (21) wards for burn patients), intensive care wards, delivery wards, manipulation and toiletry wards for newborns Postdelivery wards, wards for burn patients, wards for aseptic 21-23 (22) patients (including immune-compromised patients) Postdelivery wards with rooming-in, wards for premature borns, 23-27 (24) wards for sucklings, wards for babies with birth traumas (the 2nd stage of nursing) Gateways in isolated or semi-isolated wards of infectious 22-24 (22) departments X-ray operating wards, including angiographic rooms 20-26 (20) Sterilization rooms at operating wards 20-27 (20) ЦСО: Clean and sterile areas: areas for control, acquisition and packaging 20-27 (20) of clean tools, dwellings for pre-treating of operating materials and laundry, sterilization and expedition rooms Dirty area: reception, disassembly, cleaning and drying of medical 20-27 (20) instruments and medical devices Boxwards of treatment departments, isolated wards 20-26 (20) Ward sections of infectious departments, including wards for 20-26 (20) tuberculous patients Wards for adult patients, rooms for mothers in children's 20-26 (20) departments Gateways in front of the wards for newborns 22-24 (22) Doctors' offices, rooms for day care patients, rooms for functional 20-27 (20) diagnostics, endoscopic (except for bronchoscopy) treatment rooms Rooms for therapeutic physical training 18-28 (18) Procedure rooms for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 20-23 (20) Procedure and aseptic rooms for dressings (dressing rooms), 22-26 (20) procedure rooms for bronchoscopy Procedure rooms for treatment with chlorpromazine 22 Procedure rooms for treatment with neuroleptics 18 Small operating rooms 20-24 (20)

48 Dispatching rooms, staff rooms, lounges for patients after 20 procedures Procedure rooms and changing rooms for fluorography and X-ray 20-26 (20) diagnostics, rooms for electrophototherapy and massage Control rooms of X-ray diagnostics and radiology departments, 18 (18) photolaboratories Clipping and washing rooms: artificial kidney, endoscopy, heart- 18 (18) lung apparatus and mortar (demineralization) rooms Bathrooms (except radon baths), rooms for paraffin and ozokerite 25-29 (25) heating, therapeutic swimming pools; rooms for patients’ sanitizing, showers Changing rooms in water and mud treatment departments 23-29 (23) Dwellings for radon baths, mud treatment rooms, rooms for 25-29 (25) abdominal procedures, shower rooms Dwellings for mud storage and regeneration 12 Dwellings for making a solution for hydrogen sulfide baths, 20 dwellings for storage of reagents Dwellings for washing and drying sheets, linen, and canvas cloth; 16 mud kitchens Storehouses (except storage of reagents), technical dwellings 18 (compressor rooms, pump stations, etc.), workshops for repairing equipments, archives Sanitary rooms, dwellings for sorting and temporary storage of dirty 18 laundry, rooms for washing and keeping stretchers and tablecloths, rooms for drying clothes and shoes of mobile medical teams Storage rooms for acids, chemicals and disinfectants 18 Registration offices, lobbies, changing rooms, dwellings for 18 receiving parcels for patients, discharge rooms, waiting rooms, pantries, dining rooms for patients, milk room Rooms for washing and sterilization of tableware and kitchen 18 utensils at the buffet and dining rooms; hairdressing rooms for patients Storage rooms for radioactive materials, rooms for dispensing and 18 washing in radiological departments Dwellings for X-ray and radiotherapy equipment 20-26 (20) Rooms for electrotherapy, phototherapy, magnitotherapy, 20-27 (20) thermotherapy, ultrasound treatment Dwellings of disinfecting rooms: receiving and loading; unloading (clean) 16 departments Sectional rooms, museums and preparation rooms of 16-22 (16) pathologoanatomic departments Dwellings for corpses’ dressing and their discharge, storage of 14-20 (14) funeral accessories, dwellings for processing and preparation for burial of infected corpses, storage rooms for bleach

49 Lavatory rooms for staff and patients 20-27 (20) Enema rooms 20-27 (20) Clinical and diagnostic laboratories (dwellings for research) 20-26 (20) Dwellings for preparation of medicinal agents in aseptic conditions 18 Assistant rooms; procurement and packing rooms; beading, control 18 and marking rooms; autoclave sterilization rooms, distillation rooms Rooms for control and analytics, washing and unpacking rooms 18 Dwellings for main stock storing: 18 A) medicinal substances; ready drugs, including heat-labile drugs and medical supplies; dressing means; B) mineral waters, medicinal glass and circulating transport containers, glasses and other items of optics, accessory materials, clean dishes Dwellings for preparation and packaging of toxic drugs and 18 narcotics Dwellings for keeping of flammable and combustible liquids 18

Table 4 Optimal and acceptable norms of air temperature, relative humidity and air mobility in residential buildings in Russia

Types of dwellings Air temperature, Relative humidity, Air mobility, m / s °C % optimal acceptable optimal acceptable optimal acceptable cold season Living room 20 - 22 18 - 24 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2 Living room (the areas 21 - 23 20 - 24 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2 with the coldest five-day week) (-31°C and below) Kitchen 19 - 21 18 - 26 N/N* N/N 0.15 0.2 Toilet 19 - 21 18 - 26 N/N N/N 0.15 0.2 Bathroom, combined 24 - 26 18 - 26 N/N N/N 0.15 0.2 WC Corridor between flats 18 - 20 16 - 22 45 - 30 60 0.15 0.2 Lobby, staircase 16 - 18 14 - 20 N/N N/N 0.2 0.3 Store-rooms 16 - 18 12 - 22 N/N N/N N/N N/N warm season Living room 22 - 25 20 - 28 60 - 30 65 0.2 0.3 * N/N = no norms

50 Requirements for the air-heat mode in educational institutions Depending on the climatic conditions, the air temperature in educational dwellings, rooms, offices of a psychologist and a speech therapist, laboratories, assembly hall, dining room, recreations, library, lobby, locker room should be 18–24°C; in the gym, rooms for sports sections and workshops – 17–20°C; in bedrooms, playrooms, indoor preschool education departments and school boarding – 20–24°C; in medical offices, locker rooms of the gym – 20–22°C; and in showers – 25°C. During extracurricular time, in children’s absence, the temperature in dwellings of the educational organization should not be lower than 15°C. For temperature control classrooms and offices should be equipped with household thermometers. In dwellings of educational institutions the relative air humidity should be 40–60%, the air mobility – no higher than 0.1 m / s.

Requirements for the air-heat mode in preschool organizations in Russia In winter, the temperature of the floor in children’s rooms on the first floor should be at least 22°C. The relative air humidity in children’s rooms should be within 40– 60%, in industrial dwellings, catering and laundry rooms – no higher than 70%. The air mobility in the main areas should not be higher than 0.1 m / s. Table 5 Air temperature in the main rooms of preschool educational institutions in Russia

Dwellings Air temperature, °С Reception rooms, playing rooms for: - nursery groups 22-24 - junior groups 22-24 Reception rooms and playing rooms for pre-school group 21-23 Rooms for children, changing rooms: - nursery groups 21-23 - junior and pre-school groups 21-23 Bedrooms for nursery groups 19-20 Bedrooms for junior and pre-school groups 19-20 Toilets for nursery groups 22-24 Toilets for junior and pre-school groups 21-23 Halls for gymnastics and musical lessons 19-20 Walking parlors no less than 12 Swimming pool hall no less than 29 Locker rooms with shower in the swimming pool 25-26

51 Medical rooms 22-24 Heated corridors no less than 15

Optimal and acceptable values of the microclimate in industrial buildings in Russia

Optimal values of the microclimate at the workplace should conform to the values used for various categories of work in cold and warm seasons (Table 5). Vertical and horizontal differences of the air temperature at the workplace, as well as the air temperature changes during the shift, should not exceed 2°C or go beyond the values in Table 5 for certain categories of work.

Table 6 Optimal values of the microclimate at the workplace in industrial dwellings in Russia

Categories of work according to Air Temperature Relative air Air the level of Season temperature, of surfaces, humidity, mobility, energy °С °С % m/s consumption, W

Cold Ia (to 139) 22-24 21-25 60-40 0.1 Ib (140-174) 21-23 20-24 60-40 0.1 IIа (175-232) 19-21 18-22 60-40 0.2 IIb (233-290) 17-19 16-20 60-40 0.2 III (over 290) 16-18 15-19 60-40 0.3 Warm Ia (до 139) 23-25 22-26 60-40 0.1 Ib (140-174) 22-24 21-25 60-40 0.1 IIa (175-232) 20-22 19-23 60-40 0.2 IIb (233-290) 19-21 18-22 60-40 0.2 III (over 290) 18-20 17-21 60-40 0.3

Acceptable values of the microclimate (Table 7) are set up in cases when, according to technological requirements, or by some technical and economic reasons, optimal values cannot be provided.

52 Table 7

Acceptable values of the microclimate at the workplace in industrial dwellings in Russia

Categories of Air temperature range, Air mobility range, work °С, m/s according to Relative the level of air Season below above energy below above humidity, optimal optimal consumption, optimal optimal % values, values, W values values no more no more

Cold Ia (to 139) 20.0-21.9 24.1-25.0 15-75 0.1 0.1 Ib (140-174) 19.0-20.9 23.1-24.0 15-75 0.1 0.2 IIа (175-232) 17.0-18.9 21.1-23.0 15-75 0.1 0.3 IIb (233-290) 15.0-16.9 19.1-22.0 15-75 0.2 0.4 III (more 13.0-15.9 18,1-21,0 15-75 0.2 0.4 290) Warm Ia (to 139) 21.0-22.9 25.1-28.0 15-75 0.1 0.2 Ib (140-174) 20.0-21.9 21.4-28.0 15-75 0.1 0.3 IIа (175-232) 18.0-19.9 22.1-27.0 15-75 0.1 0.4 IIb (233-290) 16.0-18.9 21.1-27.0 15-75 0.2 0.5 III (more 15.0-17.9 20.1-26.0 15-75 0.2 0.5 290)

For providing with acceptable values of the microclimate at workplaces the air temperature vertical changes should not be more than 3°C; the air temperature horizontal changes and its changes during the shift should not exceed: 4°C for work categories Ia and Ib; 5°C for categories IIa and IIb; and 6°C for category III. When the air temperature at the workplace is 25°C and above the maximum allowable value, the relative air humidity should not go beyond: 70% at the air temperature of 25°C; 65% at the air temperature of 26°C; 60% at the air temperature of 27°C; 55% at the air temperature of 28°C. When the air temperature is 26–28°C, the air mobility for the warm season (see Table 6), should correspond to the range: 0.1–0.2 m / s for work category Ia; 0.1–0.3 m / s for work category Ib; 0.2–0.4 m / s for work category IIa; and 0.2–0.5 m / s for work categories IIb and III.

Educational edition

Manueva Ruslana Sokratovna

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF MICROCLIMATE

Study guide