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Introduction to Psychrometry 1A1–1A 1A1–1B Introduction To Chapter 1 Page Page Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry 1a1–1a 1a1–1b Introduction to Notes Notes Psychrometry Learning Outcomes Learning Outcomes: When you have studied this chapter you should be able to: 1 Explain what is meant by the term ‘Psychrometry’. 2. Relate ‘Dalton’s law of Partial Pressures’ to the term ‘Atmospheric Pressure’. Introduction 3. Explain what is meant by the term ‘Saturated Vapour Pressure’. to 4. Use a ‘Psychrometric Chart to find: a. A saturated vapour pressure for a given temperature. — Psychrometry Find, for a given air sample, the following: b. The moisture content c. The percentage saturation d. The relative humidity. 5. Explain what is meant by the ‘wet-bulb’ temperature and its use in the ‘psychrometric equation’. 6. Show how the Psychrometric Chart is used to determine: a. Dew-point temperature b. Specific Enthalpy Suggested Study Time: (a) For study of chapter material; Chapter 1 (i) Initial on-screen study 1 hour (ii) Printing of notes and subsequent in-depth study 2 hours (b) For completion of the quick revision study guide ½ hour Total estimated study time 3½ hours Page2a1–2a Page2a1–2b Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry Notes Notes Chapter Contents Item page Learning Outcomes 1-1b Introduction to Psychrometry 1-3a The Atmosphere 1-3a Water Vapour 1-4a Saturated Vapour Pressure 1-5a Psychrometric Chart (Theory) 1-5b Moisture content 1-6a Relative humidity 1-6b Percentage saturation 1-7a Relationship between g, m and rh 1-7b — Comparision of percentage saturation & rh 1-8a Wet-bulb temperature 1-8b 1. The Sling Wet-bulb 1-8b 2. The Screen Wet-bulb 1-8b The Psychrometric Equation 1-9a Dew-point temperature 1-10b Specific enthalpy 1-11a Specific volume 1-12a Density 1-12a Psychrometric chart 1-13 Quick Revision Study Guide 1-14a Chapter Notes 1-15a Page3a1–3a Page3a1–3b Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry Notes Notes Introduction to Psychrometry The Atmosphere Psychrometry is the study of atmospheric air and its asso- †1.1 ciated water vapour. Air comprises a mixture of gases of which See nitrogen makes up 78%, oxygen 21% and carbon dioxide and Notes the inert gases (such as argon, neon, krypton, helium etc.) the Gas A at Gas B at Gas A + B at remainder. These are known as the dry gases of the atmosphere. partial pressure partial pressure total pressure PA Pb PA + PB Principle Dry Atmospheric Gases Dalton’s Law, illustrates that if two gases are combined into the same volume, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial gas pressures. 80 70 In a vessel open to the - 1200˚C 400km — 60 atmosphere, it is the weight 50 of the atmospheric gases - 1200˚C 350km 40 above the earth’s surface †1.2 30 See that produce the pressure - 1150˚C 300km Notes of the atmosphere. 20 10 - 1100˚C 250km Height 0 Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon Dioxide - 900˚C 200km Molecular Weight % Atmosphere IONOSPHERE Approximate Temperature Approximate - 200˚C 150km In the air mixture, the dry gases and associated water va- The Earth’s Atmosphere pour behave according to ‘Dalton’s law of Partial Pressures’. That VIDEOEO - 75˚C 100km is they behave independently of one another and the pressure each No Clouds, exerts combine to produce an overall ‘atmospheric pressure’. No Winds - 60˚C STRATOSPHERE 50km Clouds, - 60˚C TROPOPAUSE Winds + 20˚C TROPOSPHERE Page4a1–4a Page4a1–4b Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry Notes Notes Since at normal temperatures and pressures we are unable The water vapour is completely independent of the dry to condense these gases out from the atmosphere, for the purpose atmospheric gases, and its behaviour is not affected by their pres- of psychrometry, this mixture of gases can be treated as if it were ence of absence, but for any given temperature there is a maxi- a single ‘ideal’ or perfect gas behaving as a single element known mum amount of vapour that can be absorbed or associated with a as ‘dry air’. given volume of air. In addition, although the actual quantity of Note: Psychrometry is a specialised area of thermodynam- water is quite small, it can have a dramatic effect on our percep- ics but obviosuly has applications in air conditioning. None the tion of comfort. less, in order to fully appreciate the material within this course (Under certain conditions the mass of water vapour will you need to be familiar with the gas laws, the first law of thermo- change due to condensation or evaporation (known as dehu- dynamics and the concepts of internal energy, enthalpy and other Basic midification and humidification respectively), but the mass of gas properties. For those of you who lack this experience I have Thermodynamics dry air will remain constant. It is therefore convenient to relate included within the extra notes - ‘Thermodynamics Refresher, a all properties of the mixture to the mass of dry air rather than to brief set of notes covering these topics which you are advised to Xtra the combined mass of air and water vapour). — study before continuing. A consequence to Dalton’s law of Partial Pressure is that Energy supplied to a liquid allows the particles to break the total enthalpy of a mixture of gases will equal the sum of the free of each other and enthalpies of each component part, i.e.: become a gas. If energy is h = m .h + m . h + m .h + .... etc. GAS removed from the gas it will 1 1 2 2 3 3 again condense to a liquid Water Vapour In addition to these dry gases, the air also contains varying The States of Condensing amounts of water vapour. At normal temperatures and pressures, Matter Evaporating water is able to exist in both a liquid and a gaseous (or vapour) form, but it cannot be treated in the same way as the other gases Freezing of the atmosphere because its quantity, and hence proportion are continually varying. Water vapour is said to be associated with dry air and the Melting more vapour associated with the dry gases, the more humid the SOLID LIQUID air. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is normally within the Particles in a solid normally have Particles in a liquid do not occupy range 95 to 105 Pa, but this depends upon weather conditions. no motion relative to each other fixed positions, but they are not except vibration about a fixed completely free. The particles can The agreed international standard atmosphere has a pressure of position. If we increase the energy slide over one another allowing the 101.325 kPa (1013.25 mbar) and this reduces at the rate content, particles can break the liquid to flow. bonds which bind them and the 0.013 kPa per metre of height above sea level and increases at solid melts the same rate below sea level. Page5a1–5a Page5a1–5b Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry Notes Notes †1.3 Saturated Vapour Pressure (PSS) Psychrometric Chart Heat is a form of internal energy. This is a thermodynamic See See There is a fixed relationship†1.5 between saturated vapour Notes Notes property†1.4 and represents the internal energy of the molecules. pressure and temperature, for example; With increase temperature there is an increase in molecular activ- Temperature (°C) 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 ity and thus more water can escape from the liquid into the gas as Pressure (Pa) 1.23 2.34 4.24 7.38 12.33 19.92 water vapour or steam. After a while however, even at this in- Psychro creased temperature, the air will become fully saturated with water and this relationship forms the basis for the psychrometric chart Chart vapour so that no more water can evaporate unless we again in- (click adjacent symbol), which is essentially a plot of vapour pres- crease the temperature. sure against air temperature. The pressure produced by the water vapour in this fully †1.6 saturated condition is known as the saturated vapour pressure Although the CIBSE Saturation moisture content (p ) and since at a given temperature the air cannot absorb more Psychrometric Chart against temperature ss is derived on the basis water than its saturated condition, the saturated vapour pressure of the relationship — is the maximum pressure of water vapour that can occur at any between vapour pressure and saturation given temperature. temperature, the vapour Eventually of course, if we continue to supply heat the published chart does pressure water will boil, and this will occur when the saturated vapour not show vapour moisture content pressure but rather pressure vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. shows moisture (vapour) content against temperature as this is more useful to the user. temperature Normal air temperature, as you might expect, can be meas- ured by a normal mercury-in-glass thermometer 10 20 40 60 80 20 0 0 This is known as the Dry-bulb temperature (tdb) because the bulb of the thermometer is kept dry (as opposed to the wet-bulb thermometer which we will introduce later). Vapour pressure (ps) is the actual pressure of vapour existing at any particular location and time and temperature and is a property of the moisture con- tent of the air. Page6a1–6a Page6a1–6b Chapter 1 – Introduction to Psychrometry Notes Notes Moisture content (g) Percentage saturation (µ) Dry-bulb temperature and vapour pressure are the two ba- Percentage saturation is a useful guide to comfort as the sic parameters which determine the humid condition of atmos- human body tends to respond to relative saturation rather than pheric air, but other properties can be derived from them and moisture content, and is the ratio between the actual moisture likewise, they can be derived from other properties.
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