CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Fast Pass, Third Edition
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Decbrouter 90 Products Command Summary
DECbrouter 90 Products Command Summary Order Number: EK–DECBR-CS. A01 First Edition, May 1993 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Restricted Rights: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013. © Digital Equipment Corporation 1993. FCC NOTICE: The equipment described in this manual generates, uses, and may emit radio frequency energy. The equipment has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such radio frequency interference when operated in a commercial environment. Operation of this equipment in a residential area may cause interference, in which case the user at his own expense may be required to take measures to correct the interference. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: DEC, DECbrouter, DECnet, VAX, VMS, and the Digital logo. Apollo NCS is a trademark of Apollo Computer, Inc. -
Networking Packet Broadcast Storms
Lesson Learned Networking Packet Broadcast Storms Primary Interest Groups Balancing Authorities (BAs) Generator Operators (GOPs) Reliability Coordinators (RCs) Transmission Operators (TOPs) Transmission Owners (TOs) that own and operate an Energy Management System (EMS) Problem Statement When a second network cable was connected from a voice over internet protocol (VOIP) phone to a network switch lacking proper settings, a packet broadcast storm prevented network communications from functioning, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) was lost for several hours. Broadcast storm events have also arisen from substation local area network (LAN) issues. Details A conference room was set up for a training class that needed to accommodate multiple PCs. The bridge protocol data unit (BPDU) packet propagation prevention setting was disabled on a port in the conference room in order to place a network switch off of that port. Upon completion of the training, the network switch was removed; however, the BPDU packet propagation setting was inadvertently not restored. As part of a telephone upgrade project, the traditional phone in this conference room was recently replaced by a VOIP phone. Later, an additional network cable was connected to the output port of this VOIP phone into a secondary network jack within the conference room. When the second network cable was connected from a VOIP phone to a network switch lacking proper settings, a switching loop resulted. Spanning tree protocol is normally used to prevent switching loops from propagating broadcast packets continuously until the network capacity is overwhelmed. A broadcast packet storm from the switching loop prevented network communications from functioning and SCADA was lost for several hours. -
Computer Communication Networks (Tcit / Se / Ee)
Practical Workbook CS-351/CS-418 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (TCIT / SE / EE) Name : Year : Batch : Roll No : Department: Department of Computer & Information Systems Engineering NED University of Engineering & Technology INTRODUCTION The days of mainframe computing using dumb terminals are long gone. The present time is the era of very powerful personal computers, interconnecting with each other and even better equipped servers, sometimes connecting across continental boundaries. Computer Communication Networks is a senior level undergraduate course in Computer and Information Systems Engineering, which covers various aspects of computer networks. It covers various classifications of computer networks and gives the students a good grasp on the various topics in computer networks. This laboratory manual aims to augment the classroom teaching of the course and to provide the students essential practical knowledge in the subject. The first and second labs deal with learning IPv4 Addressing, Sub-netting & Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM). The third lab deals with making crossover and straight-through UTP cables. This skill will come in very handy in various trades when the students go into practical life. It introduces some related standards and equipment used in this regard. The fourth lab jumps into Cisco routers. It is a hands-on exercise using some commonly used Cisco IOS commands. In this lab, the students will learn how to connect to and interact with Cisco routers. The fifth lab is about connecting different IP networks by defining static routes all around. Sixth lab introduces dynamic routing using a simple routing protocol, namely RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and its later version called RIP version 2. -
Cisco IOS Appletalk Configuration Guide Release 12.4
Cisco IOS AppleTalk Configuration Guide Release 12.4 Corporate Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 526-4100 Customer Order Number: DOC-7817505= Text Part Number: 78-17505-01 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
ETR 156 TECHNICAL October 1995 REPORT
ETSI ETR 156 TECHNICAL October 1995 REPORT Source: ETSI TC-NA Reference: DTR/NA-053208 ICS: 33.020 Key words: ATM, interconnect, networks Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM); Multiprotocol interconnect over ATM based subnetworks ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI Secretariat Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: [email protected] Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16 Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media. New presentation - see History box © European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1995. All rights reserved. Page 2 ETR 156: October 1995 Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content, typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to "ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page. Page 3 ETR 156: October 1995 Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................5 1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................7 2 References..........................................................................................................................................7 -
Frame Relay/ATM PVC Network Interworking Implementation Agreement
Frame Relay/ATM PVC Network Interworking Implementation Agreement December 20, 1994 Editor: Doug O'Leary, Bell Atlantic Tel: 215.466.2386 Fax: 215.564.2540 Internet: [email protected] Secretariat Frame Relay Forum The Frame Relay Forum Document Number FRF.5 Abstract This Implementation Agreement provides the functional requirements configurations across interfaces for network interworking between the Frame Relaying Bearer Service and B-ISDN Permanent Virtual Connection Services. Frame Relay / ATM Network Interworking Implementation Agreement 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose This document is an implementation agreement on Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC) network interworking between Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technologies. The agreements herein were reached jointly by the Frame Relay and the ATM Forums and are based on the relevant standards referenced in section 2.0. These agreements address the optional parts of these standards, and document agreements reached among vendors and suppliers of frame relay and ATM products and services. Except as noted, these agreements will form the basis of conformance test suites produced by the Frame Relay Forum and the ATM Forum. This document may be submitted to other bodies involved in ratification of implementation agreements and conformance testing to facilitate multi-vendor interoperability. This document does not cover Q.933/Q.2931 protocol mapping. 1.2 Overview Section 3 provides a description of the various interworking scenarios. Section 4 provides implementation agreements with respect to the protocol interworking functions needed to support ITU-T I.555 Interworking Scenarios 1 and 2. The material in sections 3, 4, and 5 was jointly developed by the ATM Forum and the Frame Relay Forum. -
Ciena Acronyms Guide.Pdf
The Acronyms Guide edited by Erin Malone Chris Janson 1st edition Publisher Acknowledgement: This is the first edition of this book. Please notify us of any acronyms we may have missed by submitting them via the form at www.ciena.com/acronymsguide. We will be happy to include them in further editions of “The Acronyms Guide”. For additional information on Ciena’s Carrier Ethernet or Optical Communications Certification programs please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Numerics ..........................1 A .......................................1 B .......................................2 C .......................................3 D .......................................5 E .......................................7 F........................................9 G .....................................10 H .....................................11 I .......................................12 J ......................................14 K .....................................14 L ......................................14 M ....................................15 N .....................................17 O.....................................18 P .....................................20 Q.....................................22 R .....................................22 S......................................23 T .....................................26 U .....................................28 V .....................................29 W ....................................29 X .....................................30 Z......................................30 -
Edgeswitch User Guide Table of Contents
Configuration Interface Release Version: 1.8 EdgeSwitch User Guide Table of Contents Table of Contents Chapter 1: Overview . 1 Introduction . 1 Configuration . 1 Configuration Interface System Requirements . 1 Chapter 2: Navigation . 3 Accessing the Configuration Interface . 3 Common Interface Options . 4 Interface Screens . 5 Chapter 3: Dashboard . 7 Device Status . 8 Port Status . 8 Port Summary . 8 Chapter 4: VLANs . 13 VLANs . .. 13 Chapter 5: System Settings . 15 Device Name . 15 Management IP . 15 Spanning Tree Protocol . 17 Services . 17 System Actions . 18 Chapter 6: Tools . 21 MAC Table . 21 Ping . .. 21 Appendix A: Contact Information . 23 Ubiquiti Networks Support . 23 Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. i Table of Contents EdgeSwitch User Guide ii Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. EdgeSwitch User Guide Chapter 1: Overview Chapter 1: Overview Introduction This User Guide is designed to provide details about how to set up and use the EdgeSwitch® Configuration Interface, version 1.8 or above. This interface manages the EdgeSwitch and EdgeSwitch X models, which this User Guide will collectively refer to as EdgeSwitch. The EdgeSwitch XP models use a different user interface. This is described in the EdgeSwitch XP User Guide, which is available at: downloads.ubnt.com/edgemax Configuration This intuitive interface allows you to conveniently manage your EdgeSwitch using your web browser. There are two versions available; however, this User Guide describes the default, which is the new UI with a more graphical interface. The legacy UI is still available as an option and is described in the EdgeSwitch Administration Guide, which is available at: downloads.ubnt.com/edgemax You can also manage your device using the Ubiquiti® Network Management System, UNMS™, which lets you configure, monitor, upgrade, and back up your devices using a single software application. -
LAN Redundancy
LAN Redundancy Routing and Switching: Scaling Networks – Chapter 2 Copyleft 2014 Hacklab Cosenza (http://hlcs.it) Released under Creative Commons License 3.0 By-Sa Cisco name, logo and materials are Copyright Cisco Systems Inc. 1 MAC Address Table ● A switch moves traffic based on MAC addresses. ● Each switch maintains a MAC address table in high-speed memory, called content addressable memory (CAM). ● The switch recreates this table every time it is activated, using both the source MAC addresses of incoming frames and the port number through which the frame entered the switch. Mechanics of Switching ● As a unicast frame enters a port, the switch finds the source MAC address in the frame. ● It then searches the MAC table, looking for an entry that matches the address ● If the source MAC address is not in the table, the switch adds a MAC address ● Next, the switch checks the table for the destination MAC address. ● If an entry exists, the switch forwards the frame out the appropriate port number. ● If the entry does not exist, the switch floods the frame out every active port except the port upon which it was received Aging Time ● The switch deletes entries from the MAC address table if they are not used within a certain period of time. ● The name given to this period of time is the aging timer ● Removal of an entry is called aging out. ● When the switch adds a MAC address and port number entry and sets the aging timer. ● If the source MAC address already exists, the switch resets the aging timer Network Segmentation ● The size of broadcast and collision domains affect the flow of traffic. -
Developing a New HSR Switching Node (Switchbox) for Improving Traffic Performance in HSR Networks
energies Article Developing a New HSR Switching Node (SwitchBox) for Improving Traffic Performance in HSR Networks Nguyen Xuan Tien and Jong Myung Rhee * Received: 8 December 2015; Accepted: 5 January 2016; Published: 8 January 2016 Academic Editor: Neville Watson Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-10-5227-0419; Fax: +82-31-330-6824 Abstract: High availability is crucial for industrial Ethernet networks as well as Ethernet-based control systems such as automation networks and substation automation systems (SAS). Since standard Ethernet does not support fault tolerance capability, the high availability of Ethernet networks can be increased by using redundancy protocols. Various redundancy protocols for Ethernet networks have been developed and standardized, such as rapid spanning tree protocol (RSTP), media redundancy protocol (MRP), parallel redundancy protocol (PRP), high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) and others. RSTP and MRP have switchover delay drawbacks. PRP provides zero recovery time, but requires a duplicate network infrastructure. HSR operation is similar to PRP, but HSR uses a single network. However, the standard HSR protocol is mainly applied to ring-based topologies and generates excessively unnecessary redundant traffic in the network. In this paper, we develop a new switching node for the HSR protocol, called SwitchBox, which is used in HSR networks in order to support any network topology and significantly reduce redundant network traffic, including unicast, multicast and broadcast traffic, compared with standard HSR. By using the SwitchBox, HSR not only provides seamless communications with zero switchover time in case of failure, but it is also easily applied to any network topology and significantly reduces unnecessary redundant traffic in HSR networks. -
CCNA Glossary
CCNA Glossary A Term Definition A&B bit signaling Procedure used in T1 transmission facilities in which each of the 24 T1 subchannels devotes one bit of every sixth frame to the carrying of supervisory signaling information. Also called 24th channel signaling. AAL ATM adaptation layer. Service-dependent sublayer of the data link layer. The AAL accepts data from different applications and presents it to the ATM layer in the form of 48-byte ATM payload segments. AALs consist of two sublayers, CS and SAR. AALs differ on the basis of the source-destination timing used, whether they use CBR or VBR, and whether they are used for connection-oriented or connectionless mode data transfer. At present, the four types of AAL recommended by the ITU-T are AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, and AAL5. See AAL1, AAL2, AAL3/4, AAL5, CS, and SAR. See also ATM and ATM layer. AAL1 ATM adaptation layer 1. One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL1 is used for connection-oriented, delay-sensitive services requiring constant bit rates, such as uncompressed video and other isochronous traffic. See also AAL. AAL2 ATM adaptation layer 2. One of four AALs recommended by the ITU-T. AAL2 is used for connection-oriented services that support a variable bit rate, such as some isochronous video and voice traffic. See also AAL. AAL3/4 ATM adaptation layer 3/4. One of four AALs (merged from two initially distinct adaptation layers) recommended by the ITU-T. AAL3/4 supports both connectionless and connection-oriented links, but is primarily used for the transmission of SMDS packets over ATM networks. -
TR-043 Protocols at the U Interface for Accessing Data Networks Using ATM/DSL
TECHNICAL REPORT TR-043 Protocols at the U Interface for Accessing Data Networks using ATM/DSL Issue: 1.0 Issue Date: August 2001 © The Broadband Forum. All rights reserved. Protocols at the U Interface for Accessing Data Networks using ATM/DSL TR-043 Notice The Broadband Forum is a non-profit corporation organized to create guidelines for broadband network system development and deployment. This Broadband Forum Technical Report has been approved by members of the Forum. This Broadband Forum Technical Report is not binding on the Broadband Forum, any of its members, or any developer or service provider. This Broadband Forum Technical Report is subject to change, but only with approval of members of the Forum. This Technical Report is copyrighted by the Broadband Forum, and all rights are reserved. Portions of this Technical Report may be copyrighted by Broadband Forum members. This Broadband Forum Technical Report is provided AS IS, WITH ALL FAULTS. ANY PERSON HOLDING A COPYRIGHT IN THIS BROADBAND FORUM TECHNICAL REPORT, OR ANY PORTION THEREOF, DISCLAIMS TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTY: (A) OF ACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR TITLE; (B) THAT THE CONTENTS OF THIS BROADBAND FORUM TECHNICAL REPORT ARE SUITABLE FOR ANY PURPOSE, EVEN IF THAT PURPOSE IS KNOWN TO THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER; (C) THAT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTENTS OF THE DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. By using this Broadband Forum Technical Report, users acknowledge that implementation may require licenses to patents.