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Disentangling Past and Present Depositional Processes and Environmental Conditions of Sub-Antarctic South Georgia Using Molecular and Isotopic Tools

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Disentangling Past and Present Depositional Processes and Environmental Conditions of Sub-Antarctic South Georgia Using Molecular and Isotopic Tools From Lake to Ocean: Disentangling past and present depositional processes and environmental conditions of sub-Antarctic South Georgia using molecular and isotopic tools Sandra Jivcov From Lake to Ocean: Disentangling past and present depositional processes and environmental conditions of sub-Antarctic South Georgia using molecular and isotopic tools Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Sandra Jivcov aus Temeschburg, Rumänien Köln, 2019 Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Martin Melles (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Janet Rethemeyer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13. Juni 2018 Abstract The sub-Antarctic is a key region for the understanding of the coupling of Northern and Southern Hemispheres’ reactions to climate change. Until now, only few marine sedimentary records from this region were investigated because they are often lacking in eligible mate- rial for radiocarbon dating. Here, this topical problem is addressed by compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of biomarkers, derived from sedimentary records of South Georgia. Intrinsic characteristics of different biomarkers as well as depositional processes were investigated, in order to identify suitable compounds for the development of confident sediment chronologies. Environmental changes in the study area were traced on the basis of comprehensive multi-proxy analyses of marine and lacustrine sedimentary records. Radiocarbon ages of n-fatty acids, n-alkanes, n-alcohols, total organic carbon (TOC) and macrofossils of a coastal marine sediment core (Co1305) of Little Jason Lagoon and a lacus- trine sediment core (Co1308) of Allen Lake A were measured, in order to identify sources of the organic matter and to asses timescales of sediment transport. Similar temporal offsets of c. 1,900 to 2,600 years between production and deposition of co-occurring plant macrofos- sils and high molecular weight (HMW) n-fatty acids and n-alkanes point to common origins and transport pathways of these different sample types. Preservation and retention of the organic matter on land seems to be favored by climatic conditions. Sedimentary bedrock is another source of land-derived organic carbon (OC) in the study area. Petrogenic OC is commonly free of 14C and therefore influences radiocarbon ages of bulk sediments considerably. In order to quantify the contributions of OC from petro- genic, terrigenous (plants and soils) and marine sources to the surface sediments of different aquatic environments (a lake, a marine inlet, two fjords and an off-shore site), three end- member mass balance calculations were successfully applied. A clear spatial trend in the proportions of ancient OC in the sediments indicates that export of petrogenic carbon is mainly controlled by the activity of glaciers in the supply area. Correlation of ice-rafted debris (IRD) with high TOC ages of the coastal marine downcore record Co1305 supports that mechanical erosion of the bedrock by glaciers most efficiently mobilizes ancient OC. Because of the influence of differently "aged" material from various sources on land, ra- diocarbon ages of terrigenous components or of TOC cannot be used for a chronological purpose in the coastal marine setting of Little Jason Lagoon. CSRA revealed that 14C ages of mainly marine biomarkers (n-C16 fatty acids and n-C22 alcohols) likely yield more conf- ident approximations of the time of sediment formation at this site. Proportions of terrige- nous homologues, contributing to sedimentary pools of n-C16 fatty acids and n-C22 alcohols, seem to be related to the individual diagenetical behaviors of the respective biomarkers. 14C ages of co-occurring n-C16 fatty acids and n-C22 alcohols indicate that post-depositional pro- cesses change proportions of marine and terrigenous homologues of n-C16 fatty acids to a higher extend than of n-C22 alcohols. It seems therefore advantageous to combine n-C16 fatty acid ages along with n-C22 alcohol ages to improve the accuracy of the marine sedi- ment chronology, particularly for the lower part of the sedimentary record Co1305. Sedimentation is assumed to have started c. 10,000 cal BP in the setting of Little Jason Lagoon. The record Co1308 of Allen Lake A is going back to c. 7,500 cal BP. A marked environmental change was encountered in both records to have happened around 4,000 cal BP, when climatic conditions ameliorated after a cold phase. A marked vegetational change at this time in the setting of Allen Lake A seems to have caused several sedimentological and geochemical changes in the lacustrine record. Where sedimentary proxies of the lacustrine record Co1308 reveal a long term trend of successively ameliorating climatic conditions since c. 7,500 cal BP, various environmental changes, including glacier fluctuations and variations in marine and terrigenous productivity, are indicated in the record of Little Jason Lagoon. Combination of comprehensive information of both sedimentary records enabled the iden- tification of system dependent variability of the different aquatic environments as well as environmental transitions of a likely regional extend. Kurzfassung Für das Verständnis des Zusammenhangs von nord- und südhemispherischen Reaktionen auf Klimaänderungen ist die sub-Antarktis eine Schlüsselregion. Bisher wurden nur wenige marine Sedimentarchive aus dieser Region untersucht, weil es meist an geeignetem Ma- terial, das zur Radiokarbondatierung verwendet werden kann, mangelt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Methode der komponentenspezifischen Radiokarbondatierung von Biomarkern genutzt, um Altersdatenpunkte für aquatische Ablagerungsräume Südgeorgiens zu gene- rieren. Durch die Untersuchung von Ablagerungsprozessen und intrinsischen Eigenschaften spezifischer Komponenten, konnten geeignete Biomarker für die Erstellung verlässlicher Sedi- mentchronologien identifiziert werden. Mithilfe einer umfassenden, auf einem marinen und einem lacustrinen Sedimentkern basierenden, Multi-Proxy-Analyse konnten Umweltverän- derungen im Untersuchungsgebiet rekonstruiert werden. Radiokarbonalter von n-Fettsäuren, n-Alkanen, n-Alkoholen, des Gesamtkohlenstoffund von Makrofossilien aus einem küstennahen marinen Sedimentkern (Co1305) und aus einem Seekern (Co1308) wurden gemessen, um die Quellen des organischen Material aufzuschlüs- seln, sowie die Dauer des Sedimenttransports zu bestimmen. Ein ähnlicher zeitlicher Versatz von etwa 1.900 bis 2.600 Jahren zwischen Produktion und Ablagerung, gleichzeitig einge- tragener Landpflanzenbiomarker und makroskopischer Pflanzenteile deutet auf gemeinsame Quellen des Materials hin. Die Erhaltung und Zwischenspeicherung der Organik an Land scheint durch klimatische Bedingungen gesteuert zu sein. Sedimentgestein bildet eine weitere Quelle, aus der organischer Kohlenstoffin die aquatischen Ablagerungsräume eingetragen werden kann. Dieses Material ist üblicherweise frei von 14C, und wirkt sich somit stark auf die Radiokarbonalter der Gesamtorganik des Sediments aus. Um die Anteile organischen Kohlenstoffs aus unterschiedlichen Quellen in Oberflächensedimenten verschiedener aquati- scher Ablagerungsräume, darunter ein See, eine Lagune, zwei Fjorde und eine off-shore Site, zu quantifizieren, wurden Massenbilanzen mit drei Endmembern (fossil, marin, terrestrisch (Pflanzen und Böden)) verwendet. Der räumliche Verteilung fossilen Kohlenstoffs deutet darauf hin, dass der Eintrag 14C-freier Organik maßgeblich von der mechanischen Erosion des Gesteins durch Gletscher bestimmt wird. Durch den Einfluss von vorgealterter Organik aus verschiedenen Quellen an Land, können weder die Alter von Landpflanzenbiomarkern noch die der Gesamtorganik für die Erstellung eines Altersmodell für den Kern Co1305 ge- nutzt werden. Die Ergebnisse der komponentenspezifischen Radiokarbondatierung weisen darauf hin, dass Biomarker die aus hauptsächlich marinen Quellen stammen (n-C16 Fettsäu- ren und n-C22 Alkohole) verlässliche Sedimentalter liefern können. Die von Land eingetra- genen Anteile an n-C16 Fettsäuren und n-C22 Alkoholen im Sediment, scheinen von dem jeweiligen diagenetischen Verhalten der Biomarker abhängig zu sein. Mit zunehmender Tiefe im Kern verändert sich die anfängliche Zusammensetzung von n-C16 Fettsäuren stärker, als die der n-C22 Alkohole. Daher ist es von großem Vorteil die Altersinformationen beider Biomarker zu kombinieren um ein präzises Altersmodell für den marinen Ablagerungsraum zu entwickeln. Der marine Sedimentkern Co1305 hat ein Gesamtalter von ca. 10.000 Jahren und der Sediment-kern Co1308 aus dem See reicht ungefähr 7.500 Jahre zurück. Eine deut- liche Veränderung der Umwelt scheint sich vor etwa 4.000 Jahren zugetragen zu haben, als sich die klimatischen Bedingungen nach einer Phase niedriger Temperaturen verbessert haben. In dem Einzugsgebiet der Sees scheint sich die Vegetation zu dieser Zeit stark verändert zu haben, womit viele sedimentologische und geochemische Veränderungen im Sedimentkern begründet werden können. Generell scheint es, dass in den Sedimenten des Sees ein Langzeittrend aufgezeichnet ist, der von sich kontinuierlich verbessernden klima- tischen Bedingungen während des Holozäns zeugt, wobei die Sedimente des Lagunenkerns Hinweise auf eine größere Variabilität unterschiedlicher Umweltbedingungen liefert (z.B. Veränderung der Gletscheraktivität sowie der marinen und terrestrischen Produktivität). Durch die Kombination der umfassenden sedimentologischen und geochemischen Daten aus beiden Kernen ist es schließlich möglich sowohl Klimaänderung von regionalem
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