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The Catholic Church and the Europeanization Process

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The Catholic Church and the Europeanization Process No. 32 TRONDHEIM STUDIES ON EAST EUROPEAN CULTURES & SOCIETIES DAG OLE HUSEBY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE EUROPEANIZATION PROCESS October 2010 Dag Ole Huseby wrote his Master’s thesis at the Department of Sociology and Political Science of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim. The present book is a thoroughly revised version of the thesis. © 2010 Dag Ole Huseby and the Program on East European Cultures and Societies, a program of the Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN 978-82-995792-8-5 ISSN 1501-6684 Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies Editors: György Péteri and Sabrina P. Ramet Editorial Board: Trond Berge, Tanja Ellingsen, Knut Andreas Grimstad, Arne Halvorsen We encourage submissions to the Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies. Inclusion in the series will be based on anonymous review. Manuscripts are expected to be in English and not to exceed 150 double spaced pages in length. Postal address for submissions: Editor, Trondheim Studies on East European Cultures and Societies, Department of History, NTNU, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. For more information on PEECS and TSEECS, visit our web-site at http://www.hf.ntnu.no/peecs/home/ The Catholic Church and the Europeanization Process. An Empirical Analysis of EU Democratic Conditionality and Anti-Discrimination Protection in Post-Communist Poland and Croatia by Dag Ole Huseby Acknowledgments I am deeply grateful for the patience and support Professor Sabrina P. Ramet has shown while I was working on this piece. Her academic knowledge, fine tuned eye for detail, constructive criticism and numerous advices has proven invaluable for the final result. Warm thoughts also go to Kristin who for a very long time now has had to put up with my tedious elaborations on the beautiful complexities of the Europeanization process. Thank you for listening. Asker, August 2010 Dag Ole Huseby List of Abbreviations AWS Electoral Action “Solidarity” (Akcja Wyborcza SolidarnoĞü) CARDS Community Assistance for Association, Democratization and Stabilization CBOS Public Opinion Research Center in Poland (Centrum Badania Opinii Spoáecznej) CEE Central and Eastern Europe CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries CEELI Central and East European Legal Initiative CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy CBCEC Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Community CoE Council of Europe CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe EC European Community/European Council ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECJ European Court of Justice EFTA European Free Trade Association EP European Parliament EU European Union EUMC European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia FCNM Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights HDZ Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica) HSLS Croatian Social Liberal Party (Hrvatska Socijalno Liberalna Stranka) HSS Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska Seljaþka Stranka) ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IMF International Monetary Fund IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance IR International Relations ISPA Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession JNA Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) KNS Coalition of People’s Agreement (Koalicija Narodnog Sporazuma) LGBTs Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transsexuals LPR League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization OBNOVA European Community Initiative for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PHARE Poland and Hungary: Assistance for Restructuring their Economies PiS Law and Justice Party (Prawo i SprawiedliwoĞü) PNCC Polish National Catholic Church PO Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska) PSL Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe) i PZPR Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza) ROP Movement for Rebuilding Poland (Ruch Odbudowy Polski) SAA Stabilization and Association Agreement SAP Stabilization and Association Process SAPARD Special Accession Program for Agriculture & Rural Development SDP Party of Democratic Changes (Stranka Demokratskih Promjena) SEE South-Eastern Europe SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SKH League of Communists in Croatia (Savez Komunista Hrvatske) SKH-SDP League of Communists in Croatia-Party of Democratic Changes (Savez Komunista Hrvatske-Stranka Demokratskih Promjena) SKL Conservative People’s Party (Stronnictwo Konserwatywno-Ludowe) SLD Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej) SP Stability Pact SRP Self Defense of the Republic of Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej) TEC Treaty establishing the European Community TEEC Treaty establishing the European Economic Community TEU Treaty on European Union UD Democratic Union (Unia Demokratyczna) UN United Nations UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UP Union of Labor (Unia Pracy) UW Union of Freedom (Unia WolnoĞci) WTO World Trade Organization ii Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................ iv 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1. 1 Objective and Background ................................................................................. 1 1. 2 Research Question ............................................................................................ 4 1. 3 Theory and Method ............................................................................................ 4 1. 4 Main Findings and Structure of this Work .......................................................... 5 2 Theoretical Approach .............................................................................................. 8 2. 1 The Origin of EU Conditionality ......................................................................... 8 2. 2 Democratic and Acquis Conditionality ............................................................... 9 2. 3 The Top-Down Approach ................................................................................. 11 2. 3. 1 The External Incentive Model ................................................................... 12 2. 3. 2 The Social Learning Model ...................................................................... 15 2. 4 The Bottom-Up Approach ................................................................................ 17 2. 4. 1 The Lesson-Drawing Model ..................................................................... 19 3 Methodological Approach .................................................................................... 22 3. 1 Process Tracing ............................................................................................... 22 3. 2 Case Selection ................................................................................................. 23 3. 3 Operationalization ............................................................................................ 24 3. 4 Research Period .............................................................................................. 25 3. 5 Collecting Data ................................................................................................. 27 4 The EU Anti-Discrimination Standards ............................................................... 29 4. 1 EU Anti-Discrimination Standards in the Founding Treaties ........................... 29 4. 2 The Maastricht Treaty and beyond .................................................................. 30 4. 3 Strength and Weaknesses ............................................................................... 38 5 The Catholic Church in International Relations and the EU ............................. 41 5. 1 Religion in International Relations ................................................................... 41 5. 2 The Catholic Church in International Relations ............................................... 43 5. 3 The Catholic Church and the EU ..................................................................... 47 6 Poland ..................................................................................................................... 50 6. 1 The EU Strategy for Poland ............................................................................. 50 6. 1. 1 A Hesitant Beginning-The Europe Agreements, 1989-1993 ................... 50 6. 1. 2 A Watershed-The Copenhagen Criteria, 1993-1997 ............................... 54 6. 1. 3 Preparing for Enlargement – The Agenda 2000 Communiqué, 1997-2004 ............................................................................................................................. 56 6. 2 EU Democratic Conditionality and Poland’s Response ................................... 59 6. 2. 1 Church-State Relations prior to 1989 ......................................................
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